NZ272277A - Organo-metallic complexes in which the ligand contains an hypoxia localising moiety (such as a nitro-substituted imidazole group); pharmaceutical compositions - Google Patents

Description

New Zealand Paient Spedficaiion for Paient Number 272277 Priority Date{s): * Complete Specification Filed: aifeJSS;. Class: ...S.PlS.MJlQkl .a^KSi/oo Publication Date: MAY...

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~Tz JUN 1935 ■" r f\\*£0 i •ui * — NEW ZEALAND PATENTS ACT, 1953 No.: Date: Divided out of No. 244613 Filed 5 October 1992 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION RHENIUM AND TECHNETIUM COMPLEXES CONTAINING A HYPOXLA-LOCALIZING MOIETY We, BRACCO INTERNATIONAL BV, a company organised under the laws of The Netherlands, of Officia 1,2nd Floor, De Boelelaan 7,1083 HJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands, hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- (followed by page la) 272,2 - la - Many of the procedures presently conducted in the field of nuclear medicine involve radiopharmaceuticals which provide diagnostic images of blood flow (perfusion) in the major organs and in tumors. The regional uptake of 10 these radiopharmaceuticals within the organ of interest is proportional to flow; high flow regions will display the highest concentration of radiopharmaceutical, while regions of little or no flow have relatively low concentrations -15 Diagnostic images showing these regional differences are useful in identifying areas of poor perfusion, but do not provide metabolic information of the state of the tissue within the region of apparently low perfusion. 20 There is a need for new radiopharmaceuticals which specifically localize in hypoxic tissue, i.e., tissue which is deficient in oxygen, but still viable. These compounds should be retained in regions which are hypoxic, but should not be 25 retained in regions which are normoxic. A radiopharmaceutical with these properties will 17 display relatively high concentrations in such hypoxic regions, with low concentrations in nontoxic and infarcted regions. Diagnostic images with this radiopharmaceutical should readily allow 5 the identification of tissue which is at risk oS progressing to infarction, but still salvagable in, for example, the heart and brain.

It is well known that tumors often have regions within their mass which are hypoxic. 10 These result when the rapid growth of the tumor is not matched by the extension of tumor vasculature. A radiopharmaceutical which localizes preferentially within regions o£ hypoxia could also be used to provide images which are useful in the diagnosis 15 and management of therapy of tumors as suggested by Chapman, "Measurement of Tumor Hypoxia by Invasive and Non-Invasive Procedures - A Review of Recent Clinical Studies", Radiother. Oncol., 20(S1), 13-19 (1991). Additionally, a compound 20 which localizes within the hypoxic region of tumors, but is labeled with a radionuclide with suitable a- or 0-emissions could be used for the internal radiotherapy of tumors.

As reported by Martin et al. ("Enhanced 25 Binding of the Hypoxic Cell Marker [3H] Fluoro-misonidazole", J. Nucl. Med.. Vol. 30, No. 2, 194-201 (1989)) and Hoffman et al. ("Binding of the Hypoxic Tracer [H-3] Misonidazole in Cerebral Ischemia", stroke. Vol. 18, 168 (1987)), hypoxia-30 localizing moieties, for example, hypoxia-mediated nitroheterocyclic compounds (e.g., nitroimidazoles and derivatives thereof ) are known to be retained in hypoxic tissue. In the brain or heart, hypoxia 27227 RB90 typically follows ischemic episodes produced by, for example, arterial occlusions or by a coinbination of izicreased demand and insufficient flow. Additionally, Koh et al., ("Hypoxia Imaging 5 of Tumors Using [F-18]Fluoronitroimidazole", J. Nucl. Med., Vol. 30, 789 (1989)) have attempted diagnostic imaging of tumors using a nitroimidazole radiolabeled with **F. A nitroimidazole labeled with 1231 has been proposed by Biskupiak et al. 10 ("Synthesis of an (iodovinyl )misonidazole derivative for hypoxia imaging", J. Med. Chem., vol. 34, No. 7, 2165-2168 (1991)) as a radiopharmaceutical suitable for use with single-photon imaging equipment.

While the precise mechanism for retention 15 of hypoxia-localizing compounds is not known, it is believed that nitroheteroaromatic compounds, such as misonidazole, undergo intracellular enzymatic reduction (for example, J. D. Chapman, "The Detection and Measurement of Hypoxic Cells in 20 Tumors", Cancer, Vol. 54, 2441-2449 (1984)). This process is believed to be reversible in cells with a normal oxygen partial pressure, but in cells which are deficient in oxygen, further reduction can take place. This leads to the formation of 25 reactive species which bind to intracellular components, providing for preferential entrapment in hypoxic cells. It is necessary, therefore, for hypoxia imaging compounds to possess certain specific properties; they must be able to traverse 30 cell membranes, and they must be capable of being reduced, for example, by reductases such as xanthine oxidase. -4 JL772H The hypoxia imaging agents mentioned above are less than ideal for routine clinical use. For example, the positron-emitting isotopes (such as 18F) are cyclotron-produced and short-lived, thus 5 requiring that isotope production/ radiochemical synthesis, and diagnostic imaging be performed at a single site or region. The costs of procedures based on positron-emitting isotopes are very high, and there are very few of these centers 10 worldwide. While 1231-radiopharmaceuticals may be used with widely-available gamma camera imaging systems, 1231 has a 13 hour half-life (which restricts the distribution of radiopharmaceuticals based on this isotope) and is expensive to 15 produce. Nitroimidazoles labeled with SH are not suitable for in vivo clinical imaging and can be used for basic research studies only.

The preferred radioisotope for medical imaging is 99lnTc. Its 140 keV -y-photon is ideal 20 for use with widely-available gamma cameras. It has a short (6 hour) half life, which is desirable when considering patient dosimetry. 99dTc is readily available at relatively low cost through commercially-produced 99Mo/99mTc generator 25 systems. As a result, over 80% of all radionuclide imaging studies conducted worldwide utilize this radioisotope. To permit widespread use of a radiopharmaceutical for hypoxia imaging, it is necessary that the compound be labeled with 99mTc. For 30 radiotherapy, the rhenium radioisotopes, particularly 186Re and 188Re, have demonstrated utility.

EP 411,491 discloses boronic acid adducts of rhenium dioxime and technetium-9 9m dioxime complexes 272277 RB90 (followed by page -5a-) linked to various nitroi midazoles. Although these complexes are believed to be useful for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, it would be desirable to obtain higher levels of the rhenium or technetium 5 radionuclide in the targeted area, than sure achieved with this class of capped-dioxime nitroimidazole complexes. It was demonstrated that the .compounds disclosed in EP 411,491 possess reduction potentials similar to 2-nitroimidazole derivatives known to 10 localize in hypoxic regions. In addition, the reduction of these compounds is catalyzed by xanthine oxidase. However, these compounds have poor membrane permeability. Thus, while these compounds might be retained by hypoxic cells, 15 delivery of these compounds to the intracellular domain of these cells may be less than ideal. In addition, the complexes described in EP 411,491 require a heating step to form the hypoxia-localizing radiolabeled compounds. It would be 20 more convenient for the routine use of such hypoxia-localizing radiolabeled compounds to be able to prepare such complexes at ambient temperatures.

Radiolabeled complexes of hypoxia-localizing moieties which retain the biochemical 25 behavior and affinity of such moieties, which are labeled at room temperature with a suitable, easy-to-use radionuclide, and which are capable of providing increased amounts of the desired radionuclide to the targeted area, would be a 30 useful addition to the art.

Accordingly, in a first aspect the present invention consists in a complex of a metal and a ligand, which ligand includes a hypoxia-localizing moiety, wherein said comp a permeability through cell membranes greater than tha 14C-sucrose, and wherein said ligand is selected from -5a- (followed by page -5b-) la N/1 / NH HN A R N OH R N R I HO and lb R JhH If R X I Ri Y.

A7 S R I Ri where at least one R is -(A)p-R2 where (A)p is a linking group and R2 is a hypoxia localizing moiety; and wherein the other R groups are the same, or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkyl, alkenyl, O alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, -COOR3, -C-NHR3, -NH2, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyaryl, haloalkyl, arylalkyl, -alkyl-COOR3 , -alkyl-C0N(R3 )2 , -alkyl-N(R3 )2 -aryl-COOR3, -aryl-C0N(R3 )2, -aryl-N(R3)2, and 5- or 6-membered nitrogen- or oxygen-containing heterocycle as defined on pages 9 and 10 herein; or two R groups taken together with the one or more atoms to which they are attached form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic, saturated or unsaturated spiro or fused ring which may be substituted with R groups; Rj is hydrogen, a thiol protecting group or - (A) P-R2; R3 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; m - 2 to 5; p ■ 0 to 20, and, throughout this embodiment 272277 -5b- by 'C-) 'aryl' is as defined on page 9 herein; and with the proviso that when the ligand is- a compound of formula la/ and when m is 3, and when there is only one -(A)p-R2 moiety present in the compound of formula la, then the moiety -(A)p-R2 is not present on the central carbon of the group -(CRR)3-. consists in a process for preparing an alkylene diamineoxime comprising reacting an alkylene diamine with two equivalents of a haloketone to provide an alkylene diaminediketone which is thereafter converted to said alkylene diaminedioxime; or reacting an alkylene diamine with one equivalent of a first haloketone and reacting the resulting product with one equivalent of a second haloketone and thereafter converting to said alkylene diaminedioxime; or reacting an alkylene diamine with one equivalent of a chloronitroso, then reacting the product with a haloketone, thereafter converting to said alkylene diamine dioxime.

In accordance with the present invention and/or that of the parent specification, NZ 244613, novel In a further aspect the present invention RB90 processes for their preparation, and diagnostic and therapeutic methods for their use, are disclosed. In particular, metal complexes, e.g., technetium and rhenium complexes, which are linked to a hypoxia that of 14C-sucrose, are disclosed. Exemplary complexes are useful as diagnostic imaging agents in the case of technetium radionuclides and 10 improved agents for radiotherapy in the case of rhenium radionuclides. Suitable novel ligands to form these complexes may include, but are not limited to, di-, tri- or tetradentate ligands forming neutral complexes of technetium or rhenium 15 with the metal preferably in the +5 oxidation state. Examples of such ligands are represented by the formulae localizing moiety, and wherein the complex has at permeability through cell membranes greater than la I OH HO or RB90 ' r. lb V/® R R^k R S k (CRR) nN.

✓ A;1 Ri or Ic R NH x *~A.

R S— Y R where at least one R is -(A)p-R2 where (A)p is a linking group and R2 is a hypoxia localizing moiety; and wherein the other R groups are the same, or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkyl, alkenyl, . -L alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, -COORs, -C-KHR3, -NH2, hydroxy alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyaryl, haloalkyl, arylalkyl, -alkyl-COOR3, -alkyl-CON(R3)2, -alkyl-N(Ra) 2, -aryl-COORa, -aryl-CON(Rs) 2, -aryl-N(R3 )2, 5- or 6-membered nitrogen- or oxygen-containing heterocycle; or two R groups taken together with the one or more atoms to which they are attached for a carbocyclic or heterocyclic, 8- 27227 7 RB90 saturated or unsaturated spiro or fused ring which may be substituted with R groups; Ri is hydrogen, a thiol protecting group or -(A)p-R2; R3 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; * m = 2 to 5; and, p = 0 to 20.

It should be apparent that the disulfide of Ic can be reduced to the corresponding dithiol of 10 lb by known methodology prior to complexing with a metal.

The linking group (A)p can be any chemical moiety which can serve to physically distance, or otherwise isolate, the hypoxia localizing moiety 15 from the rest of the complex of formula I. This might be important if the hypoxia localizing moiety is likely to be inhibited in its action by the rest of the complex. For example, in the linking group, wherein p is one, A, or the various A units in 20 forming a straight or branched chain if p > 1, are independently selected from -CH2-, -CHR4-, -CR4RS-, -CH=CH-, -CH=CR4-, -CR4=CR5-, -C=C-, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclo, oxygen, sulfur, -C-, -NH-, -HC=N-, -CR4=N-, -NR4-, -CS-; wherein R4 and R5 are independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, aryl, 5- or 6-membered nitrogen or oxygen containing heterocycle, halogen, hydroxy or hydroxyalkyl. For example, (A)p can be oxa-30 alkyl, alkenyl arylalkyl, arylalkylamide, alkylamide or (alkylamine)alkyl.

In considering the various linking groups known In the art, it is understood that p could be any convenient value depending upon the design m?.n KB90 choices for the desired complex. Preferably, p is < 20 and most preferably p < 10.

Listed below are definitions of the terms used to describe the complexes of this invention.

These definitions apply to the terms as they are4, used throughout the specification (unless they are otherwise limited in specific instances) either individually or as part of a larger group.

The terms "alkyl", "alkenyl" and "alkoxy" 10 refer to both straight and branched chain groups. Those groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms are preferred.

The term "aryl" refers to phenyl and substituted phenyl. Preferred are phenyl and 15 phenyl substituted with 1, 2 or 3 alkyl, haloalkyl, ami no alkyl, alkyl amino alkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, halogen, amino, hydroxy, or formyl groups.

The terms "halide", "halo" and "halogen" 20 refer to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

The expression "5- or 6-membered nitrogen containing heterocycle" refers to all 5- and 6-membered rings containing at least one nitrogen atom. Exemplary aliphatic nitrogen heterocyclic 25 derivatives have the formula .CH2 - (CH2 HN A wherein r is 0 or 1 and A is -O-, -N-R6» -S- or -CB-Re wherein Re is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl. Such groups include pyrrolidinyl, 27 t: ■ RB90 ^ ®7 • P / piperidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, 4-alkyl-piperazinyl, 4-alkylpiperidinyl, and 3-alkyl-pyrrolidinyl groups. Also included within the expression "5- or 6-membered nitrogen containing 5 heterocycle" are aromatic groups. Exemplary v aromatic groups are pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, thiophenyl, pyridazinyl, thi azolyl, triazolyl and pyrimidinyl groups. The above groups can be linked via a hetero atom or a 10 carbon atom.

The expression "5- or 6-membered nitrogen or oxygen containing heterocycle" refers to all 5-and 6-membered rings containing at least one nitrogen or oxygen atom. Exemplary groups are 15 those described above under the definition of the expression "5- or 6-membered nitrogen containing heterocycle". Additional exemplary groups are 1,4-dioxanyl and furanyl.

It has now been found that metal complexes having a permeability through cell membranes greater than that of 14C-sucrose provide enhanced products when linked to a hypoxia localizing moiety. Depending upon the metal used, complexes 25 employing such hypoxia-localizing moiety-containing ligands are useful as imaging agents, therapeutic agents, radiosensitizers and hypoxic tissue cytotoxins.

Cell permeability is a property of a cell membrane which describes the mobility of 30 extraneous molecules (permeants) within the internal structure of the membrane (W. D. Stein, "Transport and Diffusion Across Cell Membrane", X Mew York Academic Press Inc. (1986); A. Kotyk, K. Janacek, J. Koryta, Biophysical Chemistry 2117,17 RB90 of Membrane Functions, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, (1988)). Molecules to which the membrane is permeable are able to penetrate through the membrane to reach the environment on the opposite 5 side. * The examples which follow utilize a model of cell pexmeability based on the studies of Audus and Borchardt ("Bovine Brain Microvessel Endothelial Cell Monolayers as a Model System for 10 the Blood-Brain Barrier", Ann. New York Accad. Sci., 1988; 9-18). The model consists of a cultured monolayer of bovine brain endothelial cells, which form tight intercellular junctions. Transit of compounds across the monolayer reflects 15 the ability of such compounds to cross the intact cell membrane by passive, active and/or facilitated diffusion mechanisms. The rate of transit is compared with 3H20 (a highly permeable tracer) and 14C-sucrose (a non-permeable tracer). 20 As discussed above, in accordance with the present invention, it has been found that complexes containing a hypoxia localizing moiety and having cell permeability greater than that of sucrose provide benefits to diagnostic and/or therapeutic 25 procedures employing such complexes.

The present complexes, when used with a radioactive metal, provide levels of radionuclide within hypoxic tissue sufficient to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic methods employing such 30 complexes.

Exemplary complexes of the present invention can be shown as lilt RB90 Ia' / /I /V R N I O X ».

M N N R I O H' lb1 ^CRRJ^R where "the R groups are as defined above, where M can be a radioactive or non-radioactive metal which may have other ligand(s) X and/or Y in the unfilled coordination sites. For example, in the cases where M = rhenium or technetium, the portion can be shown as 117111 RB90 sfly A • Any radioactive metal can be employed in the 5 present complexes, for example, technetium or k rhenium for the complexes of lb', and technetium for the complexes of la*. Rhenium Includes Re-186 and Re-188 radionuclides and mixtures thereof, and may also include Re-185 and Re-187. Technetium includes Tc-99m, Tc-94m and Tc-96. The 10, co-ordination number of such complexes is preferably less than 7.

Complexes of the present invention have not been heretofore disclosed and are useful in that they utilize the properties of the hypoxia localizing grouap to provide imaging or treatment of 15 hypoxic tissue at a particular site. The complexes of the present invention wherein M is technetium provide highly effective, relatively easy to use diagnostic imaging products which are characterized by a covalent bond between the radionuclide complex 20 and the hypoxia localizing group while substantially retaining the retention properties of the free hypoxia localizing group. It can be appreciated that typical examples of diagnostic uses for the complexes of the present invention when M is 25 technetium include, but are not limited to, imaging of hypoxic tissue, present under pathological conditions in e.g., the heart, brain, lungs, liver, kidneys or in tumors. 27997 7 RB90 In addition to being useful in imaging hypoxic tissue, the present complexes can also be used as blood flow markers, i.e., for perfusion imaging. The initial distribution of the novel complexes is 5 proportional to blood flow and therefore imaging carried out soon after administration is an indicator of perfusion. A short time later, as the present complexes wash out of the normoxic tissue but are retained in the hypoxic tissue, imaging of the 10 hypoxic tissue is realized.

Additionally, the present invention provides stably bound complexes when M is Re for radio-therapeutic indications. To the extent that hypoxic tissue is known to be present in tumors, Re 15 complexes of the present invention are suitable for 27?.? 7 y RB90 radiotherapy. The compounds of this invention when H is Re for use in radiotherapy can be injected into humans and concentrate in hypoxic tissue.

This allows for the targeting of radionuclides to 5 the desired sites with great specificity. It i^ understood, however, that radiotherapy will only be possible in those areas where a sufficient quantity of hypoxic tissue is present so as to provide therapeutic levels of rhenium to the area needing 10 treatment.

Examples of hypoxia localizing groups are hypoxia-mediated nitro-heterocyclic groups, (i.e., ni tr o -he ter o eye lie groups that can be trapped by hypoxia-mediated reduction of the nitro moiety). 15 In addition to those described in the Koh et al. and Hoffman et al. references above, hypoxia-localizing moieties may include those described in "The Metabolic Activation of Nitro-Heterocyclic Therapeutic Agents", G. L. Kedderis et al., Drug 20 Metabolism Reviews, 19(1), p. 33-62 (1988), "Hypoxia Mediated Nitro-Heterocyclic Drugs in the Radio- and Chemotherapy of Cancer", G. E. Adams, et al., Biochem. Pharmacology, Vol. 35, No. 1, pages 71-76 (1986); "Structure-Activity Relationships of 25 1-Substituted 2-Nitroimidazoles: Effect of Partition Coefficient and Sidechain Hydroxyl Groups on ^ Radiosensitization In vztro", D. M. Brown et al-, Rad. Research, 90, 98-108 (1982); "Structure-Activity Relationships in the Development of Hypoxic Cell 30 Radiosensitizers", G. E. Adams et al., Int. J.

Radiat. Biol., Vol. 35, No. 2, 133-150 (1979); and "Structure-Activity Relationships in the Development of Hypoxic Cell Radiosensitizers", G. E. Adams 16- 27? ?77 RB90 et al.. Int. J. Radiat. Biol.. Vol. 38, No. 6, 613-626 (1980). These all disclose various nitro-heterocyclic moieties suitable for incorporation into the complexes of the present invention and are 5 incorporated herein by reference. These compounds comprise a nitro-heterocyclic group which may include a sidechain, (A)^, which can serve as the linking group connecting the nitro-heterocyclic portion to the rest of the complex of formula I of 10 this invention.

When the hypoxia localizing group is a hypoxia-mediated nitro-heterocyclic group, the linker/localizing group portion of the complex can be represented by no2 <R'>n-2 NO; or (R*W ' RB90 the ring portion being a 5- or 6-membered cyclic or aromatic ring, wherein n is the total number of substitution positions available on the 5- or 6-membered ring; the one or more R7 substituents are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkyl, aryl/ alkoxy, hydroxy-alkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkenyl, aryl alkyl, arylalkylami.de, alkylamide, alkyl amine and (alkylamine) alkyl; 10 Xi can be nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, -CR4, -CR7=, CR7R7 or -CRR-; and when (A)p is absent (i.e., p = 0) the nitro-heterocyclic hypoxia localizing moiety is linked to the rest of the complex of this invention via a 15 nitrogen or carbon atom of the cyclic ring.

The references, above, regarding hypoxia localizing moieties serve to illustrate that the present thinking in the art is that the reduction potential of the nitro-heterocyclic group directly 20 affects its retention in hypoxic tissue. The linking group, (A)p, may therefore be selected not only according to its capacity to distance the hypoxia localizing moiety from the rest of the complex, but also in accordance with its effect on 25 the reduction potential of the hypoxia-mediated nitro-heterocyclic group.

Preferred hypoxia localizing moieties (shown with the linking groups) are 2-, 4- and 5-nitro-imidazoles which can be represented by 272277 RB90 ^n02 (r7)2 (r7)2 -<A) -N ~~N, -(A) -N^4) and -(A) p p i ] (r7>2 n02 n02 * and nitrofuran and ni-trothi azole derivatives, such ,o_^NO2 B / as -(Al^fr- l[ and -(A)p P | ^ r7 no2 Exemplary groups (including (a)p linking groups) include, but are not limited to, 15 ch3 no2 . X ?h X —choh—ch2—n ^ , —m2ov^ti2 "t;tmi2 —n n , N02 no2 -^0/^(CH2)i.2-N^N , 25 n02 n02 J02 N ^ 5? -(ch2) -n n , -(ch2) -n n , -nhcch2-n n, 9 ' ' q I — I no2 27??7? RB90 I -ch2-n n h-* o II ch2 -o-c-nh2 no2 \ I—I N N-N=CH-|^V- V I—T NO2 02 / -NH-i:-NH-N=CB-|^'0^—N02 , and JTL/" T v o \ no2 where g = 0 to 5. Most preferred are nitroinxida-zoles and derivatives thereof.

The ligands of formula la can be prepared by known methods such as those described in U. S. Patent 4,615,876. For example an alkylene diamine of the formula ii h2n he2 is reacted with one equivalent of the chloro oxime III r r r-c-c=noh CI 7 rb90 to provide the di amine monooxime IV / R KB v A R y OH (CRR) NH2 When the compound of formula la includes a hypoxia-localizing moiety (and optional linking group) on one hut not both of the oxime portions, compound IV prepared as above, is reacted with R2 III to provide r (a) l IP r-c—c=noh il la" / R NH V /V R N Ah (CRR)^ HN R y (A)p-R2 HO RB90 Compounds of formula la having the hypoxia localizing moiety, R2, (and optional linking group) on the alkylene portion la « II (crr)t I BO where s = 0 to 4 and t = 0 to 4 with the proviso that s + t is not greater than 4, can be prepared by reacting a compound of the formula fo®)t nh2 with two equivalents of a compound of formula III when the oxime portions are to be identically substituted. Similarly, when the oxime portions are to include different substituents, a compound of formula V can be reacted with one equivalent of a first compound of formula III and the so-formed intermediate can thereafter be reacted with one equivalent of a second compound of formula III*. 27??77 RB90 A novel and preferred process for preparing the compounds of formula la is outlined below.

This novel process is also useful for preparing any alkylene diaminedioxime.

The novel process for the preparation of* PnAO derivatives could easily be adapted to prepare compounds outside of the scope of this disclosure by those skilled in the art.

The novel process involves the use of a 10 haloketone instead of the chloro oxime of compounds III and III* shown above. Thus, in its broad aspects, the novel process involves the preparation of alkylene diaminedioximes by first reacting an alkylene diamine with two equivalents of a halo-15 ketone and converting the so-formed diketone to the corresponding alkylene diaminedioxime. Similarly, where different oxime portions are desired the alkylene diamine can be reacted with one equivalent of a first haloketone and then with one equivalent 20 of a second haloketone. The so-formed unsymmetrical diketone is converted to the corresponding dioxime by known methodology as discussed above.

For example, the diamine II of the formula II /(CRR)^ h2n h2n can be reacted with the haloketone VI r r I I r-c-c=0 halogen 27??77 rb90 where halogen can be Br, CI, I, F, preferably Br, to provide the diketone vii v R O hn v: O R Diketone VII can be converted to the corresponding dioxime product by known methods, e.g., treatment with O-triinethylsilyl hydroxylamine.

When each of the oxime portions of the final product aire intended to be different, the novel method herein involves reacting a compound of formula II with a chloro oxime of formula III to provide the diamine monooxime of formula IV. The monooxime IV can thereafter be reacted with the differently substituted haloketone VI to provide the monoketone VIII /<cre>»K 'n/ N iH I t V O R 11211 RB90 Monoketone VIII can be converted to the corresponding dioxime product by known methods as described above.

Alternatively, to provide unsymmetrical oximes the diamine of II can be reacted with one equivalent of a first haloketone of VI and the so-formed intermediate can thereafter be reacted with an equivalent of a second haloketone of VI.

Specifically regarding the novel process to prepare products of formula la, a diamine of formula V can be reacted with two equivalents of the haloketone VI to provide the diketone intermediates of the formula VII Diketone VII ' can be converted to the corresponding dioxime by known methods as described above, to provide the corresponding products of formula la where the -(A)p-R2. group is on the alkylene portion of the ligand.

Unsymmetrical compounds of formula la can be prepared using such starting materials in the methodology described above, i.e., the sequential 27?.? 7 7 RB90 coupling of two dissimilar haloketones of VI to an alkylene diamine of II or V.

Similarly, a compound of formula IV can be reacted with a compound of the formula R'R' VI1 R'-C-C=0 halo gen where R' = R with the proviso that one of the R1 groups must he -(A)p-R2/ e.g., f (A), I P VI' a R-C—C=0 halogen to provide, in the case using VI'a, the corresponding ketone-oxime IX R HH HN R' R X. r , N OR' I OH (where one of the R' groups must be -(A)p-R2) Ketone-oxime IX can be converted to the dioxime of Ia,( using known methodology as shown above.

RB90 To prepare the compounds of the formula 0. y *y lb' R^.NH N R y\ R X s k s I R1 a compound of the formula R MB HN R y R S- Y at* -S XR (prepared as described in WO 89 10759 to Mallinckrodt) can be coupled with a compound of the formula XI L-(A)p-R2 where L is a leaving group, e.g., halogen, to provide 279 9T1 RB90' XII ^(CRIO^^AJp-R* NH N R /K1 ■S R The tertiary amine disulfide of formula XII can thereafter be reduced to the desired dithiol product of formula lb' (where R! = H) using known disulfide reducing agents, e.g., tris(2-carboxy-ethyl)phosphine, dithiothreitol, and the like, as disclosed for example in the aforementioned WO 89 10759. Alternatively, the disulfide X can be reduced to the dithiol form prior to coupling with compound XI. In this case, standard sulfide protection should be employed prior to coupling with XI.

To prepare the compounds of the formula lb'" a coxnpound of formula V can be reacted with a compound of the formula xiii V R \ V M R R . (prepared as described in Kung et al., "Synthesis and Biodistribution of Neutral Lipid-soluble Tc-99m Complexes that Cross the Blood-Brain-Barrier", J. Nucl. Med., 25. 326-332 (1984)) to provide compounds of the formula xiv Treatment of compound XIV with a reducing agent, e.g., sodium borohydride, provides intermediates of the formula ?? 7 XV f. <f)P (csr)b R ME i^TCRR)^ I x Y R , which can he reduced -to the corresponding disulfide products of Ibw using known sulfide reducing agents as discussed above.

Compounds of the formula lb" /<CRRV R NH HN S X Y.

•W SRj RjS where Z and/or W are -(A) '-R2 and the other of Z and W can be R, can be prepared using known peptide coupling methodology. For example/ a compound of the formula XVI /<CRR»iK Bj.N COOC2H5 can be coupled with a compound of the formula COOH XVII R SRX to provide intermediates of the formula XVIII /(CBR)itS ) COOH nT' R^^ SRj Intermediate XVIII can thereafter be coupled with a compound of the formula XIX H2N, RiS- -W wherein Z and w are as defined above in formula lb1" , to provide .27?? 7 7 XX (CRR>&-^0 hn p: R Reduction of compound XX, e.g., by 10 treatment with borane, provides compounds of Ib,M having the following structure xxi (CRR) NH ■/ /^SRj R m HN RaS z w R In all of the above reactions described for preparing compounds of this invention and/or that of NZ 244613, it should be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that sulfur groups, amine groups and ketone groups may need to be protected during the various reactions and that the so-protected resulting products can thereafter be deprotected by known techniques.

All of the examples and the process description below where M is rhenium involve the use of "carrier rhenium" except as otherwise noted. The phrase "carrier rhenium" means that the rhenium compounds used contain non-radioactive rhenium at concentrations of >10 M. wQ>79e>7 7 Preparation of the complexes of this invention wherein M is rhenium can be accomplished using rhenium in the +5 or +7 oxidation state.

Examples of compounds in which rhenium is in the Be(VII) state are NHjReO.* or KRe04. Re(V) is w available as, for example, [ReOCl4](NBu4), [ReOCl* ] (AsPht), ReOCl3(PPh3)2 and as k Re02 (pyridine )4 . other rhenium reagents known to those skilled in the art can also be used. 10 Preparation of the complexes of this invention wherein M is technetium can best be accomplished using technetium in the form of the pertechnetate ion. For Tc~99m, the pertechne-tate ion can best be obtained from commercially 15 available technetium-99m parent-daughter generators; such technetium is in the +7 oxidation state. The generation of the pertechnetate ion using this type of generator is well known in the art, and is described in more detail in U. s. Patent No. 20 3,369,121 and 3,920,995. These generators are usually eluted with saline solution and the pertechnetate ion is obtained as the sodium salt. Pertechnetate can also be prepared from cyclotron-produced radioactive technetium using 25 procedures well known in the art.

The formation of the technetium complexes proceeds best if a mixture of pertechnetate ion in normal saline is mixed with the appropriate ligand containing at least one R group of the form 30 -(A)p-R2 where (A)p is a linking group and R2 is a hypoxia-localizing moiety. An appropriate buffer or physiologically acceptable acid or base may be used to adjust the pH to a value suitable for 1 labeling the ligand. This will vary dependent upon the nature of the ligand; for example, for ligands of type la, a pH in the range between ~5.5 to ~9.5 should be used, and preferably a pH value 5 in the range 7.0-8.5. For ligands of the type lib, a pH value in the range 3-8 should be used, with a pH of ~6.0 being preferred. A source of reducing agent is then added to bring the pertechnetate down to the oxidation state of Tc(V) 10 for chelation with the ligand. Stannous ion is the preferred reducing agent, and may be introduced in the form of a stannous salt such as stannous chloride, stannous fluoride, stannous tartrate, or stannous citrate, but other suitable 15 reducing agents are known in the art. The reaction is preferably run in an aqueous or aqueous/alcohol mixture, at or about room temperature, using a reaction time of about 1 minute to about 1 hour. The reducing agent 20 should be present at a concentration of 5-50 Mg/mL. The ligand should optimally be present in a concentration of 0.5-2 mg/mL.

Alternatively, the technetium complexes of this invention can be prepared by ligand exchange. 25 A labile Tc(V) complex is prepared by the reduction of Tc04~ in the presence of a ligand which forms a labile technetium complex, such as mannitol, the hydroxycarboxylate ligands glucoheptonate, gluconate, citrate, malate or tartrate at a pH value that is 30 appropriate for the exchange ligand in question (usually 5-8). A reducing agent such as the stannous salts described above is added, which causes the formation of a labile reduced complex of 7 9 9 1 7 Tc with the exchange ligand. This reduced Tc complex is then mixed with the ligand containing — (A)p—R2 at an appropriate pH value (as described above). The labile exchange ligand is displaced 5 from the metal by the ligand containing the hypoxia-localizing moiety, thus forming the desired technetium complexes of this invention.

It is convenient to prepare the complexes of this invention at, or near, the site where they 10 are to be used. A single, or multi-vial kit that contains all of the components needed to prepare the complexes of this invention (other than the Rhenium or Technetium ion) is an integral part of this invention.

A single-vial kit would contain ligand, a source of stannous salt, or other pharmaceutically acceptable reducing agent, and be appropriately buffered with pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base to adjust the pH to a value as indicated 20 above. It is preferred that the kit contents be in the lyophilized form. Such a single vial kit may optionally contain exchange ligands such as glucoheptonate, gluconate, mannitol, malate, citric or tazrtaric acid and can also contain 25 reaction modifiers, such as diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. Additional additives, such as solubilizers (for example a-, p- or y-cyclodextrin), antioxidants (for example ascorbic acid), fillers (for 30 example, NaCl ) may be necessary to improve the radiochemical purity and stability of the final product, or to aid in the production of the kit. - rb90 991 A multi-vial kit could contain, in one vial/ the ingredients except pertechnetate that are required to form a labile Tc(V) complex as described above. The quantity and type of ligand, 5 buffer pH and amount and type of reducing agent used would depend highly on the nature of the exchange complex to be formed. The proper conditions cure well known to those that are skilled in the art. Pertechnetate is added to 10 this vial, and after waiting an appropriate period of time, the contents of this vial are added to a second vial that cohtains a source of the ligand containing the hypoxia-localizing moiety, as well as buffers appropriate to adjust the pH to its 15 optimal value. After a reaction time of about 5 to 60 minutes, the complexes of the present invention are formed. It is advantageous that the contents of both vials of this multi-vial kit be lyophilized. As described for the single vial kit, 20 additional additives may be necessary to improve the radiochemical purity and stability of the final product, or to aid in the production of the kit. administered to a host by bolus or slow infusion intravenous injection. The amount injected will be determined by the desired uses, e.g. to produce a useful diagnostic image or a desired radiothera-peutic effect, as is known in the art.

Preferred complexes of this invention are those wherein the hypoxia localizing moiety is a hypoxia-mediated nitro-heterocyclic group. Most The complexes of this invention can be rb90 preferred are those wherein the hypoxia localizing moiety is 2-nitroimidazole or a derivative thereof.

In the complexes of the present invention the preferred values for (A)p are alkyl, oxa-alkyl, hydroxy alkyl, hydroxy alkoxy, alkenyl, arylalkyl* arylalkylamide, alkylamide, alkyl amine and (alkyl-amine)alkyl.

The most preferred values for (A)p are selected from -(CH2), -CH2-CH=CH-CH2-< -(CH2)1_2-C-NH-(CH2)ji3, )JZ2' -(ch2 )2o-, -ch2ch(oh)ch2och2-/ -ch2-c-nh-ch-/oV, -(A3-O-A3 ' )1-3 and -(A3-NH-A3 ' )1-3; wherein A3 and A3' are the same or different alkyl. Preferred complexes are \ A.

N ] H and 11771 RB90 where Mi is technetium and M2 is technetium or rhenium" and wherin at least one R group is -<A)p-R2.

The following examples are specific embodiments of this invention. embodiments of this invention and/or that of NZ 244613- 27 22 RB90 Example 1 3,3,9,9-Tetramethyl-l- ( 2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl )-4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione d-i raH mp A. N- (Dimethvlallvl )-2-nitroimidazole Sodium bicarbonate (0.42 g, 50 mmol) and dimethylallyl bromide (3.28 g, 22 mmol) were added to a suspension of 2-nitroimidazole (2.26 g, 20 10 mmol) in dry acetonitrile (10 mL). The mixture was stirred under reflux for 16 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate. The solution was filtered, and dried with anhydrous 15 sodium sulfate. Removal of the solvent gave an oil which was recrystallized from petroleum ether (35—50°C) . Yield 1.83 g, m.p. 48-49°C. 1H NMR (CDC13) 6 7.24 (s, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 5.46 (m, IE), 5.1 (d, 2H), 1.91 (s, 3H) and 1.90 (s, 3H).

B. 3-Chloro-3-methyl-l-(2-nitro-lE-imidazo- 1 -yl) -2 -nitroBobutane Concentrated hydrochloric acid (1 mL, 10 mmol) was added slowly to a stirred suspension of 25 the title A compound (1.81 g, 10 mmol) in isoamyl nitrite (1.18 g, 10 mmol) at 0°C, with vigorous stirring. The solution was allowed to come to room temperature, and was stirred at this temperature for 4-6 hours. The precipitated solid was filtered 30 and washed thoroughly with ethanol and dried.

Yield 0.31 g, m.p. 102-108°C (decomp). MMR (DMSO-d6) 6 11.9 (S, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 7.05 (s, IB), 5.45 (s, 2B) and 1.8 (s, 6B).

RB90 -39— C. N-(3-Aminopropyl )-l-amino-l, l-dimethyl-2- butanoneoxime A suspension of 3-chloro-3-methyl-2-nitro-isobutane (2.72 g, 20 mmol (prepared according -to 5 E. G. Vassian et al., Inorq. Chem., 1967; 6:2043-2046)) in methanol (20 mL) was added drop-wise to a solution of 1,3-diaminopropane (8.8 g, 120 mmol) in dry methanol (15 mL). During ..the addition of diamine, the reaction mixture was stirred at 10 0-5°C. After the addition, the reaction mixture was allowed to come to room temperature and then heated under reflux for 6 hours. Methanol was removed by distillation and the residue was treated with water and cooled in ice. The solid was 15 filtered and washed with ice cold water. The filtrate was adjusted to pH 11 with 10% sodium hydroxide and then evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The gummy solid was repeatedly extracted with isopropyl ether and the combined 20 filtrate was cooled and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and the oily residue was again extracted with 1:1 hot ether/hexanes. The combined extracts were cooled and filtered again. Evaporation of the solvents gave a semi-solid which was 25 recrystallized from hexanes/ether twice to yield a colorless solid. Yield: 1.8 g, m.p. 72-74°C. 1H NMR (DMSO-de) <8 2.6 (t, 2H), 2.3 (t, 2H), 1.8 (s, 3H), 1.5 (m, 2B) and 1.2 (s, 6H).

D. 3,3,9,9-Tetramethyl-l-(2-nitro-lH-imidazo- 1-yl) -4,8-diazaundecane-2.10-dione dioxime Diethylisopropylamine (2.6 g, 20 mmol) and the title B compound (2.47 g, 10 mmol) were added 2722 7 7 RB90 to a solution of the title C compound (2.0 g, 12 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (15 mL). The resultant mixture was refluxed under nitrogen for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with 5 15 mL of anhydrous ether and the precipitated t solid was filtered and thoroughly washed with hot 1:1 ether/dichloromethane several times. The dried solid was powdered and stirred with 25 mL of water at 5°C for 10 minutes. The insoluble 10 material was removed by filtration and washed several times with ice-cold water until only one peak was observed on HPLC analysis. The product was obtained as a pale yellow solid after air drying for several hours. Yield 1.27 g, m.p. 15 146-148°C. *H NMR (CD3OD) 6 7.4 (s, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 5.4 (s, 2H, NI-CH2), 2.4 (q, 4H, N-CH2 ) / 1-9 (s, 3H, N=C-CH3), 1.6 (m, 2H, C-CH2-C), 1.35 (s, 6H, gem dimethyl) and 1.3 (s, 6H, gem dimethyl). M.S. 384 (M+H) and 401 (M+NH4).

Analysis calc'd for C16H2gN704 *2.5 H20: C, 47.33; H, 7.20; N, 24.15; Found: C, 47.26; H, 7.24; N, 22.58.

Example 2 3,3,9,9-Tetramethyl-l- (4-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl) -4,e-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioxime.

A. N-( Dimethyl ally 1 )-4-nitroimidcizole A solution of 4(5)-nitroimidazole (5.65 g, 50 mmol) in dry dimethylformamide (10 mL) was treated with anhydrous sodium bicarbonate (8.3 g, 100 mmol) and stirred for 15 minutes. 4-Bromo-2- Z7?J> RB90 methyl-2-butene was added to the reaction mixture dropwise at room temperature and stirred under nitrogen at 50-60°C for 16 hours. Dimethyl-formamide was removed under reduced pressure and 5 the residue was taken up in ether (100 mL). The ether layer was washed with water and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Evaporation of ether left behind an oil which was repeatedly washed with petroleum ether (5 x 25 mL). The resulting 10 pale red oil was homogeneous on TLC and was taken on to the next step without further purification. Yield: 7.95 g. *H NMR (CDC13) 6 1.7 (s, 3H, Me), 1.75 (s, 3H, Me), 4.6 (d, 2H, N-CH2), 5.4 (t, 1H, olefinic H), 7.5 (s, 1H, imi H) and 7.8 (s, 1H, 15 imi H). M.S. [M+H]+ 182.

B. 3-Chloro-3-methyl-l- (4-nitro-lH-imidazo- 1-yl)-2-nitrosobutane A solution of the title A olefin (7.9 g, 40 20 mmol) and isoamyl nitrite (5.3 g, 45 mmol) in dichloromethane was cooled to 0°C and was treated with dropwise addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid (5 mL, 50 mmol) keeping the reaction temperature at 0-5°C. The reaction mixture was 25 stirred until all the starting olefin was consumed (by TLC, approximately 2 hours). The precipitated solid was filtered off and washed with ethanol and dried under vacuum at room temperature for 16 hours. The product was used without 30 further purification. Yield: 0.6 g, m.p. 120-122°C. lH NMR (DMSO-d6) 5 1.9 (s, 6H, gem dimethyls), 5.18 (s, 2H, N-CH2), 7.94 (s, 1H, imi H), 8.32 (s, 1H, imi H) and 12.24 (s, 1H, N-OH). M.S. [M+H]+ 247. 272^7? RB90 C. 3,3,9,9-Tetramethyl-l- (4-nitro-lH-imidazo- 1-yl)-4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioxime To a solution of the title C compound of Example 1 (0.356 g, 2 mmol) in dry dichloromethane 5 (5 mL), diethylisopropylamine (0.36 g, 2 mmol) was added followed by solid title B chloro oxime (0.446 g, 1.8 mmol) and the mixture was refluxed with stirring under nitrogen for 16 hours. The crude product was adsorbed onto flash silica gel and 10 chromatographed. Elution with 15:85 MeOH/CH2Cl2 yielded a gum which was recrystallized from isopropyl ether and acetone three times to yield a colorless solid. Yield: 0.06 g, m.p. 152-154°C. NMR (DMSO-d6) 6 1.17 (s, 6H, 2CH3), 1.26 (s, 6H, 15 2CH3), 1.41 (m, N-CH2-CH2-N, 2H), 1.76 (s, 3H, N=C-CH3), 2.26 (m, 4H, N-CH2), 4.98 (s, 2H, imi N-CH2), 7.9 (s, 1H, imi H), 8.29 (s, 1H, imi H), .42 (s, 1H, N-OH) and 11.63 (s, IE, N-OH).

Analysis calc'd for C16H29N704*H20: C, 48.96; H, 7.45; N, 24.98; Found: C, 49.11; H, 7.49; N, 24.76.

Example 3 4,4,10,10-Tetramethyl-l- (2-nitro-lH-imi dazo-l-yl )-5,9-dia2adodecane-3 , ll-dione dioxime A. N- (4-Methylpent-3-en-l-yl) -2 -ni troimi - dazole To a solution of 2-nitroimidazole (3.0 g, 27 mmol) in dry dimethylformamide (25 mL), was added anhydrous sodium bicarbonate (4.2 g, 50 mmol) followed by 5-bromo-2-methyl-2-pentene (5.0 g, rb90 .67 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 60-70°C with stirring under nitrogen for 16 hours. Solvent dimethylformamide and the unreacted bromide were removed under reduced pressure (<1 mm) 5 at 50-60°C to yield a paste which was dissolved in water (50 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (5 x 50 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried and concentrated to give a brown oil which was recrystallized from petroleum ether (b.p. 40-60°C) 10 to yield a yellow solid. Yield: 4.8 g, m.p. 51—52°C. XH NMR (CDC13) 6 1.55 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.75 (s, 3E, CH3), 2-7 (q, 2H, olefinic CH2), 4.5 (t, 2H, N-CH2), 5.2 (t, 1H, olefinic H), 7.1 (s, 1H, imidazole H), 7.2 (s, 1H, imidazole H). M.S. 15 [M+H]+ 196, [M+NH4]+ 213.

B. 4-Chloro-4-methyl-l- (2-nitro-lH-i.Tnidazo-l- yl )-3-nitrosopentane Isoamyl nitrite (1.4 g, 12 mmol) was added 20 to an ice-cooled solution of the title A olefin (2.17 g, 12 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL), and the mixture was treated with a dropwise addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid, keeping the temperature of the reaction mixture below 0°C. 25 After stirring for an additional 2 hours, the solid formed was isolated by filtration and washed with ice cold ethanol. The pale yellow product was dried under vacuum and used in the next step without further purification. Yield: 1.7 g, m.p. 30 105—107°C. NMR (DMSO-de) 6 1.7 (s, 6H, gem dimethyl), 2.9 (t, 2H, oxime CH2)/ 4.7 (t, 2H, N-CH2), 7.1 (s, 1H, imidazole H) and 7.5 (s, 1H, imidazole H). M.S. [M+H]+ 261, [M+NH4]+ 278- m?n RB90 c. 4,4,10, lO-Tetramethyl-l-^-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl )-5,9-diazadodecane-3,11- dione dioxime Sodium bicarbonate (0.42 g, 5 mmol) was 5 added to a solution of the title C compound of Example 1 (0.86 g, 5 mmol) in dry te tr ahydro fur an (10 mL), and then the reaction mixture was treated with the title B compound (1.3 g, 5 mmol). The mixture was heated with stirring tinder reflux for 6 10 hours. The solution was reduced in volume to about 5 mL and the cxrude product was treated with 5 g of flash silica gel and then dried under vacuum to a free flowing powder. This powder was loaded on to a silica gel column and chromatographed three 15 times. The product was eluted as a low melting solid with 9:1 dichloromethane/methanol. Yield: 0.13 g, m.p. 65-67°C. XH NMR (DMSO-d6) 6 1.2 (s, 12H, 4 CH3), 1.45 (m, 2H, 5 CH2), 1.8 (s, 3H, =N-CH3), 2.3 (m, 4H, N-CH2), 2.85 (t, 2H, =N-CH2), 20 4.8 (t, 2H, imidazole N-CH2)< 7-2 (s, 1H, imidazole H), 7.6 (s, 1H, imidazole H), 10.4 (s, 1H, N-OH), 10.85 (s, 1H, N-OE). M.S. [M+H]+ 398.

Analysis calc'd for C17H3iN704: C, 51.37; H, 7.86; N, 24.67; Found: C, 51.89; E, 7.89; N, 23.27.

Example 4 6-Hydroxy-3,3,9,9-tetramethyl-l- (2-nitro-lH-imi-30 dazo-l-yl)-4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioxime A. N- (3 -Amino -2 -hydroxypr opy 1)-1-amino-l, 1- dimethyl - 2 -butanoneoxime 3-Chloro-3-methyl-2-nitrosobutane (6.75 g, 35 0.05 mol) was added portionwise to a cooled (0°C) 45- 21?71^ RB90 solution of 1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane (14 g, 0.155 mol) in methanol (75 mL). After the addition, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and heated under reflux for 12 5 hours. Methanol was removed on a rotary k evaporator. The residue was neutralized with methanolic ammonia. Excess methanol was removed on a rotary evaporator. The residue was dissolved in dioxane-water (2:1, 300 mL) and the 10 solution was cooled to 0°C. Sodium carbonate (31.8 g, 0.3 mol) was added to this mixture followed by di-t-butyl dicarbonate (65.47 g, 0.3 mol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 2 hours and at room temperature for 6 hours. 15 Dioxane and water were removed on a rotary evaporator and the residue was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate solution was washed with water and dried with sodium sulfate. Ethyl acetate was removed on 20 a rotary evaporator and the residue was chromato-graphed over silica gel (hexane-ethyl acetate 50:50). Di-t-Boc-1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane eluted in the earlier fractions. These fractions were collected and solvent was evaporated to yield 25 a thick oil. Yield 4.9 g. This was treated with methanolic hydrochloric acid (25 mL) at room temperature for 2 hours. Methanol was removed under reduced pressure and the solid obtained was neutralized with methanolic ammonia to yield the 30 product as a white solid. This was used for the next step without further purification. Yield: 3.98 g. 1H NMR (D20) 6 1.54 (s, 6H, C(CH3)2), 1.80 (s, 3H, CHS), 2.92-3.32 (m, 4H, CH2), 4.18 (m, 1H, CHOH).

RB90 B. 6-Hydroxy-3,3,9,9-tetramethyl-l-(2-nitro-lH- imidazo-l-yl )-4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioxime dihydrochloride - The title B compound of Example 1 (1.6 g, 5 0-0065 mol) was added to a slurry of the title 4 compound (1.4 g, 0.0075 mol) and diisopropylethyl-amine (1 g, 0.0078 mol) in acetonitrile (10 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Acetonitrile was removed on a rotary 10 evaporator and the thick yellow oil obtained was chromatographed over silica gel (CE2C12 : CH3OH, (9:1) and CH2C12:CH30H, (9:2)). Fractions containing the product were combined and solvent was evaporated to yield a thick oil. *H NMR of the 15 oil indicated the presence of the product and diisopropylethylamine. The oil was left under vacuum for 12 hours. The thick oil was then triturated several times with methylene choride to remove the diisopropylethylamine. The residue was 20 then dissolved in water and freeze dried. Yield: 0.65 g, ».p. 114-115°C. lH NMR (D20) 6 1.33, 1.44 and 1.88 (s, 15H, CHS), 2.42-2.92 (m, 4H, CH2), 3-90 (m, m, CHOH), 5.34 (s, 2H, CH2N), 7.14 and 7.31 (s, 2H, C=N and C=C). M.S. calc'd 400.2308? 25 found: 400.2298.

Example 5 3,3,9,9-Tetramethyl-6-((2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-30 yl) acetamido)-4,S-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioxime A. (N,N'-bis-t-Boc)-2-mesyloxypropane- 1,3-diamine .

Methanesulfonyl chloride (6.01 g, 4.1 mL, 35 0.0525 mol) was added to an ice-cooled (0°C) # 2722 7 7.

RB90 solution of 1,3-Bis-N-t-Boc-2-hydroxypropane (14.5 g, 0.05 mol) and triethylamine (6.07 g, 8.5 mL) in methylene chloride over a period of 45 minutes. The reaction mixture was then stirred at 0°C for 1 5 hour and at room temperature for 12 hours. Precipitated triethylamine hydrochloride was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was . evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was poured into water. The resultant 10 solid was isolated by filtration, air dried and used without further purification. Yield 18 g, m.p. 139-140°C. NMR (CDC13) 6 1.41 (s, 18H), 3.08 (s, 3H), 3.30 (m, 2H), 3.45 (m, 2H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 5.15 (bs, 2H).

B. 1,3-Bis—N-t-Boc-2-agidopropane Sodium azide (6.5 g, 0.1 mol) was added to a solution of the title A compound (9.2 g, 0.025 mol) in dry dimethylformamide (50 mL), and the 20 mixture was stirred at 70°C for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and poured into water. The precipitated solid was isolated by filtration, and was washed with water and air dried. Yield 6.45 g, m.p. 90-91°C. NMR 25 (CDCI3) 6 1.45 (s, 18H), 3.15 (m, 2H), 3.35 (m, 2H), 3.64 (m, IE), 5.04 (bs, 2H).

C. 1,3-Bis-N-t—Boc-1,2.3-triaminopropane % Palladium-on-carbon (1 g) was added to 30 a solution of the title B compound (6.5 g, 0.0205 mol) in methanol (25 mL) and hydrogenated at 50 psi for 12 hours. The catalyst was removed by filtration and methanol was removed on a rotary 17?? RB90 evaporator- The resultant oil solidified on standing. Yield 4.82 g (82%), m.p. 94-96°C. NMR (CDC13) 6 1.42 (s, 18H, Boc), 2.89 (m, 1H, CHNH2), 3.12 (m, 4H, CBz), 5.20 (m, 2H, NH).

. D. 1,3-Bis-N-t-Boc-2-(2-nitroimidazol-l-yl )- acetanri do-1,3-diaminopropane Carbonydiimidazole (3.08 g, 0.019 mol) was added to a solution of 2- (2-nitroimidazol-l-yl) 10 acetic acid (3.1 g, 0.018 mol (prepared according to P. Webb et al., J. Lab. Cmpds. Radiopharm., 1990; 28:265-271)) in dimethylformamide (25 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes. l,3-Bis-N-t-Boc-2-aminopropane (5.3 g, 15 0.018 mol) was added and the resultant mixture was stirred at 50°C for 12 hours. Dimethylforrnamide was removed under vacuum and the residue was treated with water. The solid which formed was isolated by filtration and air dried. Yield 6.5 g. 20 aH NMR (CDCI3) 6 1.44 (s, 18H), 2.90 (m, 1H), 3.08 (m, 4H), 5.24 (bs, 2H).

E - 2- (2-Nitroimidaaol-l-yl) acetamido-1,3- diami nopropane dihydrochloride The title D compound (6.5 g) was dissolved in methanolic hydrochloric acid (20 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The diamine dihydrochloride was precipitated by the addition of dry ether (200 30 mL). Yield 4.25 g. 1H NMR (dihydrochloride in D20) 6 3.08-3.35 (m, 4H), 4.51 (m, 1H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H). lH NMR (free base in D20) 6 3.01-3.28 (m, 4H), 4.45 (m, 1H), 5.21 (s, 2H), 7.15 (S, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H). 11? •=? RB90 F. 3,3,9,9-Tetramethyl-6- (( 2-nitro-lH- imidazo-l-yl) acetamido) -4,8-diazaun- decane-2,10-dione Sodium hydrogen carbonate (5.88 g, 0.07 5 mol) and 2 -br omo-2 -me thylbutan-3 - one (6.1 g, 0.07 mol (prepared according to W. Pfleiderer et al., Ann. Chem., 1966; 99:3008-3021)) were added to a slurry of the title E compound (4.25 g, 0.0135 mol) in dry dimethylformamide (40 mL). The reaction 10 mixture was stirred at 45°C for 12 hours. Methylene chloride (200 mL) was added to this reaction mixture, and the insoluble material was removed by filtration. Methylene chloride was removed on a rotary evaporator and the dimethylformamide was 15 removed under vacuum. The residue was chromato-graphed on silica gel and eluted with ethyl acetate-methanol (9:1). Fractions containing the product were collected. Evaporation of the solvent yielded the desired diaminediketone♦ Yield 2.56 g. 20 A sample of the product was crystallized from hexane, to provide product with a m.p. of 96-97°C. JH NMR (D20) 6 1.22 (d, 12H, C(CB3 )2 ), 2.12 (s, 6H, CH3), 2.32-2.58 (m, 4H), 3.9 (m, 1H, CH), 5.21 (s, 2H), 7.15 (S, IE) , 7.39 (s, 1H). M.S. (M+H)+ = 411.

G. 3,3,9,9-Tetramethyl-6-((2-nitro-lH- imidazo-l-yl) acetamido) -4,8-diazaundecane- 2,10-dione dioxime O-Trimethylsilyl hydroxylamine (1 g, 1.22 30 mL, 0.01 mol) was added to a solution of the title F compound (550 mg, 0.00133 mol) in methylene chloride (2 mL). The reaction mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 24 hours. 2799 ? RB90 Methanol <2.0 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and the solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator. The resultant solid was crystallized from water. Yield 329 mg, m.p. 72-73°C. XH NMR 5 (D20) 6 1.12 (S/ 12H, C(CH3)2), 1.72 (s, 6H, 0%), 2.22-2.45 (m, 4H), 3.8 (m, 1H, CH), 5.1 (s, 2H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H). M.S. (M+H)+ = 441. Analysis calc'd for Ci8H32N8Os: C, 49.08; H, 7.32; N, 25.44; Found: C, 49.42; H, 7.54; N, 25.65.

Example 5a 3,3,9,9-Tetramethyl-6-((2 -ni tr o - 1H- imi daz o -1 -y 1) -15 ethyl)-4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioxime A. Benzyl 2-methylsulphonyloxyethyl ether Triethylamine (18 g, 0.178 mol) was added to a solution of benzyloxyethanol (25 g, 0.165 mol) in 20 methylene chloride (200 mL). The solution was cooled to 0°C and methanesulfonyl chloride (19.95 g, 0.174 mol) was added dropwise over a period of 0.5 hour. After the addition was complete the reaction mixture was stirred at 0°c for an 25 additional 1 hour and at room temperature for 12 hours. The precipitated triethylamine hydrochloride was filtered and washed with dry ether. The combined filtrate and the washings were concentrated to a thick viscous oil (37 g). 30 lH NMR (CDC13) 6 3.15 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.82 (t, 2E), 4.52 (t, 3H), 4.67 (s, 2H) and 7.42 (m, 5H, Ar-H).

B. Benzyl 2-bromoethyl ether The title A compound (37 g, 0.16 mol) was added to a solution of lithium bromide (86.85 g, ^R^90 0.8 mol) in ace-tone (300 mL), and the resulting solution was heated under gentle reflux for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and the acetone was removed on a rotary evaporator. The 5 residue was taken up in ether and washed ^ successively with water and dried. Evaporation of ether afforded a liquid which was distilled under reduced pressure to yield the product (32 g), b.p. 95°C/1.5mm. XH NMR (CDCI3) 6 3.60 (t, 2H), 3.90 10 (t, 3H), 4.70 (s, 2H) and 7.46 (m, 5H, Ar-H).

C. Diethyl 1- (2-Benzyloxvethyl )malonate Diethyl malonate (8.0 g, 0.05 mol) was added to a solution of sodium ethoxide prepared 15 from 1.2 g (0.052 g atom) of sodium in ethanol (300 mL). The title B compound (10.75 g, 0.05 mole) was added dropwise to this solution and the reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 12 hours. Ethanol was evaporated on a rotary 20 evaporator and the residue was poured into water and extracted with ether and dried with sodium sulfate. Evaporation of ether gave an oil. This was distilled under vacuum to yield 9.5 g of the product, b.p. 185°C/2mm. XH NMR (CDC13) 6 1.21 (t, 25 6H), 2.24 (q, 2H), 3.52 (m, 3H), 4.15 (m, 4H), 4.45 (s, 2H) and 7.31 (m, 5H, Ar-H).

D. 1- ( 2-Benzyloxyethyl )malonamide The title C compound (9.0 g) was treated 30 with ethanolic aqueous ammonia and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. Evaporation of the solvent gave a white solid which was crystallized from water to yield 27?.?jy rb90 the product (4.5 g), m.p. 165-70°C. 1H NMR (DMSO-de) 6 1.92 (m, 2H), 3.14 (t, 1H), 3.35 (m, 2H), 4.12 (s, 2H), 7.05 (s, 2H), 7.22 (s, 2H) and 7.34 (m, 5H, Ar-H).

E. l/S-Diamino-^N'-di-t-Boo^-benzyloxy- ethylpropane BH3-THF complex (1M, 750 mL) was added to a slurry of the title D compound (28.0 g, 0.118 mol) 10 in dry tetrahydro fur an (500 mL) over a period of 1 hour and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 48 hours. Excess borane was decomposed by the dropwise addition of water.

Dilute hydrochloric acid was added until the 15 solution became acidic. Tetr ahydro fur an was removed on a rotary evaporator. The residue was suspended in dioxane-water (2:1, 500 mL). Sodium carbonate (31.8 g, 0.3 mol) was added and the mixture was cooled to 0°C. Di-t-butyl dicarbonate 20 (58.9 g, 0.27 mol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 0°C for 2 hours and at room temperature for 12 hours. Dioxane-water was removed on a rotary evaporator and the residue was treated with water. The crude product was extracted with ethyl 25 acetate, and the extract was dried over sodium sulfate. Ethyl acetate was removed on a rotary evaporator and the thick oil obtained was chromatographed over silica gel (hexane: ethyl acetate, 7:3) to yield 27 g of the title E compound. 30 XH NMR (CDC13) A 1.41 (s, 18H, tBoc), 1.52 (m, 2H, CH2CH), 1.72 (m, 1, CH)/ 2.9-3.2 (m, 4H, CH(CH2-NEtBoc)2), 3.6 (m, 2H, OCT2 ), 4.5 (s, 2H, FI1CH2), 5.2 (m, 2H, NH), 7.3 (m, 5H, ArH).

RB90 F. l/S-Diamino-I^N'-di-t-Boc^-hydroxyethyl- propane - Palladium on carbon (10%, 1 g) was added to a solution of the title E compound (7.5 g) in 5 methanol (50 mL) and hydrogenated at 50 psi for w24 hours. Methanol was removed on a rotary evaporator, 1,3-bis-N-t-butyloxycarbonyl-2 (2-hydroxyefchyl )-propane was obtained as a white solid (5 g), m.p. 101-02°C. *H NMR (CDC13) 6 1.45 (s, 18H, tBoc), 10 1.65 (m, 1H, CH), 2.9-3.2 (m, 6H, CH(CH2NHtBoc)2 and q&CH), 3.78 (m, 2H, 0CH2), 5-2 (m, 2H, NH).

G. 1,3-Diaroino-N,N1-di-t-Boc-2-mesyloxyethyl-propane Triethylamine (1.36 g, 1.89 mL, 0.0134 mol) was added to a solution of hydroxyethyl derivative (3.5 g, 0.0112 mol) in metfryxene chloride (15 mL) was added and the mixture was cooled to 0°C. Methanesulfonyl chloride (1.43 g, 0.0125 mol) was 20 added slowly over a period of 0.5 hour and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1 hour and at room temperature for 12 hours. Methylene chloride was removed and the solid obtained was crystallized from hexane to yield 3.9 g of the 25 title G compound, m.p. 109-10°C. XH NMR (CDC13 ) 6 1.41 (s, 18H, tBoc), 1.52 (m, 2H, CH2CH), 1.72 (m 1H, CH), 3.0 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.1 <m, 4H, CH(CH2-NHtBoc)2), 4.45 (m, 2H, OCH2), 5.15 (m, 2H, NH) • H. 2-Bromoethyl-l/3-diamino-N,N'-di-t-Boc propane A solution of the title G compound (1.98 g, 0.5 mol) and lithium bromide (4.34 g, 0.05 mol) in 2722 rb90 acetone (50 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Acetone was removed on a rotary evaporator and the title H compound as obtained as an oil (1.5 g). This product was used without 5 further purification. 1. 1,3-Diamino-N, N' -di-t-Boc-2-(2- ( 2-nitro-lH- imidazo-l-yl )ethylpropane Sodium hydride (0.12 g, 0.005 moL) was 10 added to a suspension of 2-nitroimidazole (0.56 g, 0.005 mol) in dry acetonitrile (5 mL), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. Acetonitrile was removed under vacuum and the residue was dissolved in dry dimethyl-15 formamide (5.0 mL). The title S compound (1.14 g, 0.003 mol) was added to the dimethylformamide solution and the mixture was heated in an oil bath at 110°C for 2 hours. The mixture was cooled, and dimethylformamide was removed under vacuum. The 20 residue was treated with water and extracted with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride solution was separated, dried over sodium sulfate, and solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator. The crude product was chromatographed over silica 25 gel (hexane:ethyl acetate, 50:50). The fractions containing the product were collected and evaporated to afford the product as a thick yellow oil which solidified on standing. Yield 0.52 g. *H NMR (CDCla) 6 1.35 (s, 18H, Boc), 1.6 (m, 2H, 30 CH(CH2CH2N)/ 3.12 (m, 5H, CH(CH2NH)2 and CH), 4.50 (t, 2H, CH(CH2CH2N), 5.12 (m, 2H, NH), 7.0 and 7.25 (s, 2H, CH=CH). 2 RB90 J. 3,3,9,9-Tetr amethyl-6-((2-nitro-lH-imidazo- 1-yl) ethyl) -4,8-di az aundecane-2,10-dione The t-Boc protecting groups were removed from the title I compound by treatment with 5 methanolic hydrochloric acid (2 mL). Methanol w^s removed tinder vacuum to afford the dihydrochloride. *H NMR (D20) 6 2.0 (m, 2H, GH(GH2CH2N), 2.20 (m, 1H, CH)/ 3.12 (d, 4H, CH(CH2NH), 4.50 (t, 2E, CH(CH2CB2N), 7.10 and 7.42 (s, 2H, CH=CE). The 10 dihydrochloride was neutralized with ethanolic ammonia and the diamine free base obtained was used as such without further purification. 3-Bromo-3-methylbutan-2-one (0.5 g, 3.0 mmol) was added to a mixture of the diamine (0.2 15 g, 1 mmol) and sodium biccirbonate (0.25 g, 3.0 mmol) in dimethylformamide (2.0 ml) and the mixture was stirred at 50°C for 24 hours. Dimethylformamide was removed under vacuum and the crude product was chromatographed over silica gel 20 (ch2c12 :CH3OH, 9:1, 8:2). Fractions containing the product were collected and evaporated to give the title J compound (110 mg) as a thick oil. iE NMR (D20) 6 1.33 (d and m, 13H, C(CH3) and CH), .1.80 (m, 2H, CH(CH2CH2N), 2.19 (s, 5H, CH3), 2.65 25 (m, 4H, CH(CH2NH), 4.40 (t, 2B, CH(CH2CH2N), 7.10 and 7.39 (s, 2H, CH=CH).

K. 3,3,9/9-Tetramethyl-6-( (2-nitro-lH-imidazo- 1-yl) ethyl) -4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioxime Diketone (65 mg) was dissolved in dry methylene chloride (0.5 ml) and treated with trimethylsilyl hydroxylamine (0.3 mL). The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 24 hours. Methylene chloride was removed and the residue was treated with methanol. Evaporation of methanol afforded the product as a thick paste 5 which was dissolved in water and freeze dried t® yield 62 mg of the title K compound, m.p. 174-76°C. 1H NMR <D20) 6 1.2 (d and m, 13H, C(CH3) and CH), 1.75 (s and m, 8H, CH(CHzCH2N) and CH$), 2.55 (m, 4H, CH(CH2NH), 4.36 (t, 2H, CH(CH2CH2N), 7.06 and 10 7.34 (s, 2H, CH=CH), MS: (M+H)+ = 412+.

Analysis calc'd for Ci8HasN704-4H20: C, 44.70; H, 7.30; N, 20.29; Found: C, 45.08; H, 7.14; N, 20.18.

Example 5b ,8-Diaza-l, 2-dithia-5- (2- (2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl) ethyl) -3,3,10,10-tetramethylcyclodecane A. 5,8-Diaza-l,2-dithia-3,3,10,10-tetra- methylcyclodecane Sodium borohydride (9.12 g, 0.24 mole) was added in portions at room temperature with stirring over a period of about 2 hours to a 25 solution of 5,8-diaza-l,2-dithia-5-3,3,6,6-tetra-methylcyclodeca-4,8-diene (9.2 g, 40 mmol, reported by H. F. Kung, M. Molnar, J. Billings, R. Wicks, M. Blau, "Synthesis and Biodistribution of Neutral Lipid-Soluble Tc-99m Complexes that 30 Cross the Blood-Brain-Barrier", J. Nucl. Med., 1984; 25:326-332) in ethanol (500 mL). The reaction mixture stirred at room temperature for an additional 20 hours. Ethanol was removed under RB90 reduced pressure and the crude product was chromatographed over a flash silica gel column. Elution with 9:1 dichloromethane/methanol furnished the cyclized product (described by S. Z.

Lever, "Correction: Design, Preparation and t Biodistribution of a Technetium-9 9m Triaminedithiol Complex to Assess Regional Cerebral Blood Flow", J. Nucl. Med., 1987; 28:1064-1065) followed by the reguired diamine on 10 continued elution with 9:1:0.1 dichlorometbane/ methanol/ammonia. The product was recrystallized from petroleum ether to yield a colorless solid. Yield: 0.66 g, m.p. 58-60°C.

B. 5,8-Diaza-l, 2-dithia-5-( 2-(2-nitro-lH- imidazol-yl) ethyl) -3,3,10,10-tetramethyl- cyclodecane Potassium fluoride on celite (0.82 g, 14.1 mmol) was added to a solution of the title A 20 compound (0.66 g, 2.82 mmol) in dry acetonitrile (10 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 minutes. Bromoethyl nitroimidazole (0.65 g, 2.82 mmol, described by D. C. Heimbrook, K. Shy am, A. C. Sartorelli, "Novel l-haloalkyl-2-nitroimidazole 25 Bioreductive Alkylating Agents", Anti-Cancer Drug Design, 1988, 2:339-350) was added and stirred under nitrogen and under reflux for 16 hours. Additional bromoethyl nitroimidazole (0.22 g, 1 mmol) was added followed by potassium fluoride on 30 celite (0.3 g, 5 mmol) and stirring with reflux was continued for another 24 hours. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was treated with 20 mL of water . The pH of the 272277 RB90 solution was ad jus-ted with sodium bicarbonate to >S. The solution was extracted with dichlorometbane (5 x 20 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with water and dried with anhydrous 5 sodium sulfate. Removal of the solvent gave a* semi-solid which was chromatographed over flash silica gel. Elution with 5% methanol in dichlorometbane furnished an oil which was homogeneous on TLC. Yield: 0.065 g. XH NMR (CDC13) 6 1.1, 1.3, 10 1.35 and 1.45 (4s, 12H, gem dimethyls), 2.5-3.2 (m, 10H, N-CH2), 3.9 (bs, 1H, NH), 4.5 (m, 2H, imi CH2), 7.1 (s, 1H, imid H) and 7.4 (s, 1H, imi H). M.S. [M+H]+ = 374. TLC (9:1, dichlorometbane/ methanol, silica gel): Rf 0.38. EPLC: Single 15 peak, Rfc = 10.06 min, with UV detection (230 nm) with a Dynamax C18 column, 25 cm X 0.46 cm, and gradient elution with acetonitrile and water (containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid).

Example 6 Qq [ Tc]Oxo[ [3,3,9,9-tetramethyl-l-(2-nitro-lH-imi-dazo-l-yl)-4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioximato ] -(3-)-N.Nf,N",N" * 1 technetium^) 99 NH* Tc04 (26.6 mg, 0.148 mmoles) was dissolved in saline (4 mL). The title compound from Example 1 (86.4 mg, 0.225 mmoles) was dissolved in saline (10 mL) containing 10 drops 3 30 M hydrochloric acid, and the pH of the solution adjusted to 6.3 with sodium hydroxide solution. The solutions of ligand and pertechnetate were combined. 0.1 M Sodium hydrogen carbonate (5 mL) >72 RB90 was added and the pB was adjusted to pH 8.5-9.0 with potassium hydroxide. Diethyl ether (60 mL) was added, followed by a dropwise addition of a suspension of stannous tartrate (83.6 mg, 0.313 5 mmol) in saline (5 mL). The reaction mixture k was stirred for 10 minutes. The ether layer was separated and the aqueous layer extracted with several aliquots of ether (until the yellow color of product was no longer observed in the ether 10 layer). The combined ether aliquots (110 mL) were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and reduced to 2 mL by rotary evaporation. The product was purified by silica gel column chromatography, using ether as eluent. Solvent was removed to a 15 volume of ~1 mL, and stored overnight in a -18°C freezer. Medium orange crystals were obtained. These were separated by filtration, washed with cold ether, and vacuum dried for four hours. Yield: 25.8 mg. *H NMR (CD2C12) 6 1.39-1.49 (m, 20 12H, C(CH3)2), 1.73-1.77 (m, 1H, CH), 2.33 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.35-2.41 (m, 1H, CH), 3.34-3.40 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.46-3.51 (m, 2H, CH2), 5.63-5.73 (m, 2H, CH2), 7.09 (s, 1H, imidazole CH), 7.47 (s, 1H, imidazole CH). M.S.: (M+H)+ = 496, <M-H)~ = 494. 25 Analysis calc'd for C16H26N705Tc: C, 38.79; H, 5.29; N, 19.79; Found: C, 39.21; H, 5.60; N, 19.47. 2722 RB90 -60-Example 6a QQ [ Tc] Oxo [ [3,3,9,9-tetramethyl-l-(4-nitro-lE-imidazo-l-yl )-4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione 5 dioximato'l-(3-)-N,yt ,N",N"' 1 technetiums) » To a stirring solution of [N(butyl)43-TcOCl4~ (45.5 mg, 0.091 mmol) (prepared by the method of F. A. Cotton, A. Davison, V. Day et al., 10 Inorq. Chem., 1979, 18, 3024) was added 1 mL of methanol and 120 pL of neat ethylene glycol, followed by 1.2 mL of 0.75M sodium acetate in methanol. Addition of the ligand of Example 2 (namely 3,3,9,9-tetramethyl-l- (4-nitro-lH-imi-15 dazo-l-yl)4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioxime (53.6 mg, 0.14 mmol) caused the purple solution to turn deep yellow orange. After 3 minutes, 10 mL of methylene chloride was added, and the reaction was stripped to an orange oil by rotary evaporation. 20 The complex was purified by passage through a silica gel column that was conditioned and eluted with methylene chloride. The red-orange band was evaporated to an oil, triturated to a solid with 15 mL of hexanes, and the solid was isolated and dried 25 in vacuo overnight to yield 30.3 mg of the title compound. M.S.: (M+H)+ = 496; (M+H - 4-nitxo imidazole)* =383; (M-H)~ » 494. *H NMR (C6D6): 6 1.4-1.6 (m, 12H, CHa), 1.75 (m, 1H, CCH2C), 2.4 (m, IE, CCH2C), 2.34 (s, 3H, CH3C=N), 3.35 (t, 1H, 30 NCE2), 3.5 (m IE, NCB2), 4.9 (d, IE, imidazole N CBZ, J = 14 Ez), 5.3 (d, IE, imidazole NGE2, J = 14 Hz), 7.7 (s, IE, imidazole NGEC), 8.1 (s, IE, imidazole NCHC), 18.1 (br, O..H..O). 27 RB90 -61-Example 6b [99Tc]Oxo[ [6-hydroxy-3,3,9,9-tetramethyl-(2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl) -4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-5 dione dioximato~l-(3--)-N,N' ,N" ,N" ' "[technetium (V> To a stirring solution of [N(butyl)4]TcOCl4"" (57.5 mg, 0.115 lomol) was added 1 mL of methanol and 150 pL of neat ethylene 10 glycol, followed by 1-5 mL of 0.75M sodium acetate in methanol. Addition of the ligand of Example 4 (60 mg, 0.13 mmol) caused the purple solution to turn deep yellow-brown. After 5 minutes, the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation to give a 15 yellow-brown oil. The oil was loaded onto a 1-5 x 6 cm silica gel column that was eluted with methylene chloride until the major product was well separated from impurity bands at the head of the column. The head of the column was removed (and 20 discarded) and the product (as a very broad band) was eluted from the column with 10% methanol/90% methylene chloride. Solvent was removed and the product was redissolved in minimal methylene chloride, washed with saturated sodium chloride, 25 dried over sodium sulfate and re chroma to gr aphe d using 1:1 ACN:CH2Cl2 as the eluant. Solvent was evaporated to yield an orange oil, which was triturated with hexanes until the product solidified. The solid was isolated by suction 30 filtration, rinsed with hexanes and dried in vacuo overnight. The yield of pure title complex was 8.4 mg. M.S.: (M+H)+ = 512, (M-H)~ = 510. IR(KBr): 922 cm""1, Tc = O. 2722 RB90 -62-Exanrple 7 Preparation of ^9mTc Complexes The following general method was used to * produce the 9 9mTc complexes of the ligands given in Examples 1-5.

Ligand (2.5 mg) was dissolved in 0.9% saline (2 mL) and 0.1M sodium hydrogen carbonate 10 buffer (0.5 mL) in a 10 mL glass vial. Eluate from a 99Mo/99xnTc generator (0.4 mL) was added. The vial was sealed, and a saturated solution of stannous tartrate in saline (50 pL) was added to the vial. The vial was shaken to mix the reagents, 15 and allowed to stand at room temperature for 10 minutes.

When required, the 99idTc complex was separated from the other kit components by an isolation procedure involving PRP-1 resin 20 (as described by S. Jurisson et al., "Chloro-* Hydroxy Substitution on Technetium BATO [TcCl(diox-ime)3BR] Complexes", Nuc. Med. Biol, 18(7), 735-744 (1991). This provided the complex in ethanolic solution. The ethanol fraction was blown to 25 dryness under nitrogen gas and redissolved in normal saline.

Tbe radiochemical purity of the "®Tc complexes were determined by HPLC and/or TLC. HPLC analyses were conducted on a 5jj 15 cm PRP-1 column 30 with 65/35 ACN/0. 1M NH4OAc pH 4.6 as eluent at a flow rate of 1 mL/min., and a radiometric detector connected to an integrator . TLC analyses were conducted on two 20 cm SAF Instant thin layer RB90 ■m chromatography (ITLC ) strips. 5pL samples were applied to the origin of these strips. One strip was developed with saline, and one with methylethyl ketone (MEK). After development, strips were cut 1 5 cm above the origin, and each section was counted. The % RCP was determined as: %RCP = % on upper segment of MEK strip - % on upper segment on saline strip. The RCP of 99mTc complexes was generally >92%.

Example 7a [ 99mTc] Oxo [ [3,3,9,9-tetramethyl-l- (2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl)-4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione 15 dioximato]-(3-)-N,N' ]technetium(V) by ligand exchange from 99mTc-tartrate To 0.5 mL of an 0.1M solution of disodium tartrate in water was added 0-5 mL of 20 physiological saline. The mixture was dispensed into a crimp-sealed vial and purged with nitrogen to remove oxygen. To this was added 5 pL of a freshly prepared solution of stannous chloride (2 mg/mL in degassed IN HCl), followed by 1 mL of 25 99lnTc04' eluted from a 9W99oTc generator.

After 10 minutes at room temperature, the resulting Tc-tartrate complex was added to another vial that contained 1.75 mg of the nitroimidazole ligand of Example 1. After 10 minutes at room 30 temperature, the radiochemical purity of the title 99®Tc 2-nitroimidazole complex was 92%, as determined by high pressure liquid chromatography conducted on a 10 micron, 15 cm PRP-1 reverse phase 272 RB90 column that was eluted with 65/35 acetonitrile/0. 1M NH4OAC (pH 4.6) at a flow of 2 mL/minute. The complex thus prepared had a retention time that was identical to that of an authentic sample of the QQ Tc complex of Example 6. * Example 7b [99mTc]Oxo [[3,3,9/ 9-tetramethyl-l- (2-nitro-lH-10 imidazo-l-yl) -4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioximato]-(3-)-N/N' ,K",NM •]technetium(V) by ligand exchange from 99mTc-citrate 99lnTc04~ (1 ml, ~30 mCi) in saline was 15 added to a vial containing trisodium citrate (0.05M) in saline (1 ml, pH adjusted to 6.1), 5 nl of stannous chloride solution (2.2 mg/ml) in 0.1H hydrochloric acid was added, and the solution was allowed to stand for 10 minutes to complete the 20 formation of 99inTc-citrate. This solution (pE .8) was added to a second vial containing 2 mg of the ligand described in Example 1, and the reaction mixture was allowed to react for 20 minutes at room temperature. The final pH was 25 7.1. The radiochemical purity (determined by HPLC, as described in Example 7A) was >94%, and the radiochemical purity remained at this level for > 1 hour.

RB90 -65-Example 7c [ 99mTc]Oxo [ [4,7-Diaz a-2,9-dimercapto-2,9-dimethyl-4- (2 - (2 -nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl) ethyl) decane J-.( 3 - ) -5 N,N*,S,S' Ttechnetium(V) t Dithiothreitol (16.3 mg, 106 pmoles) was added to a solution of 5,8-diaza-l, 2-dithi a-5-( 2- ( 2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl) ethyl) -3,3,10,10-tetra-10 methylcyclodecane (6.83 mg, 18.3 pinoles, prepared as described in Example 5b) dissolved in 1.0 ml methanol, and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The volume of the reaction solution was reduced under argon to <0.25 15 ml and 1.25 ml pH 2.9 EBr/saline was added. The aqueous solution was extracted several times with diethyl ether to isolate the dithiol from unreacted disulfide. The ether layers were combined, blown to dryness under argon, and the residue was 20 dissolved in pH 1.6 HBr/saline. This solution was washed with diethyl ether (to remove dithiothreitol), and the pH adjusted with sodium hydroxide to 6.2 to give 4,7-diaza-2,9-dimercapto-2,9-dimethyl-4-(2-(2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl)ethyl)decane, which was used 25 without further purification. 99mTc-glucoheptonate was prepared by adding "®Tc04~ (0.1 ml, 39.2 mCi) to a solution containing sodium glucoheptonate (0.5 ml of 2.42 mg/ml solution in saline) and sodium acetate (0.5 30 ml of 0.1 M; pH 7.03), followed by stannous chloride (25 |il of 5.51 mg/ml solution, 0.725 Mmoles, in 0.1 M HC1). After standing at room temperature for 30 minutes, 0.9 mL of this RB90 solution was added to a solution of 4,7-diaza-2,9-dimercapto-2, S-dimethyl-4- (2 - (2 -nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl) ethyl)decane iii saline. The mixture was allowed to stand at ambient temperature for 30 5 minutes, then heated to 70°c. HPLC analysis *■ indicated two major products, presumed to be syn-and anti-isomeric complexes, as found with other N-substituted-DADT complexes (e.g., L. A. Epps, H. D. Burns, S. Z. Lever, H. W. Goldfarb, H. N. 10 Wagner, "Brain Imaging Agents: Synthesis and Characterization of (N-piperidinyl Hexamethyl Diaminodi thiol ate) oxo Technetium(V) Complexes", Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotop, 1987, 38:661-664; A. Mahmood, W. A. Halpin, K. E. Baidoo, D. A. 15 Sweigart, S. Z. Lever, "Structure of a Neutral N-alkylated Diaminedi thiol (dadt) Tc-99(V) Complex Syn (TcO(NEt-tmdadt) ]Tc-99", Acta Crvstalloqr., Sect. C: Cryst. Struct. Commtin., 1991, 47:254-257).

Example 8 Determination of Reduction Potential The reduction potentials of misonidazole, 99 99 TcO(PnAO), and Tc-hypoxia-localizing tracers were determined by cyclic voltammetry (C.v.) in dimethylformamide. C.V. experiments employed a Princeton Applied Research (P.A.R.) Model 174A Polarographic Analyzer with a Model 303 static Mercury Drop Electrode and were recorded on a Model RE0074 X-Y Recorder. The reference electrode was Ag/AgN03 with an acetonitrile filling solution 272 RB90 saturated with LiCl. The counter electrode was a platinum wire. Voltammograms at mercury were determined at scan rates of 50, 100, 200, and 500 mV/s. contained test sample at a concentration of 0.2-0.7 xnM and tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (Bu4NBF4 ) or tetrabutyl ammonium hexafluorophosphate (Bu4NPF6 ) supporting electrolyte at a 10 concentration of 0.1M. The solution was deoxygenated by bubbling solvent-saturated nitrogen or argon through the solution for 15 minutes. Variations in the reference potential were accounted for by determining the C.V. of a 15 Ru(acac>3 standard on a daily basis. All measured potentials were corrected according to an absolute peak reduction potential for Ru(acac)3 of -1.210 V vs. Ag/AgN03 at Hg. The results are shown in the table below: The solutions used in C.V. studies Compound name/ Example number EpC(V) Reduction process onidazole 25 Misonidazole 99TcO(PnAO) 1.62 1.49 2.15 reversible reversible irreversible Compound from Sx. 1 1.52 reversible Compound from 30 Ex. 6 1.49 1.99 reversible irreversible and 2/22 RB90 These results demonstrate that hoth the ligands of this invention and the technetium complexes thereof are reduced electrochemically at potentials that are similar to that of the bioreducible 2-nitro-5 imidazole compound misonidazole, and core thus * expected to undergo bioreduction in vivo. In contrast, electrochemical reduction of the non-nitroimidazole control Tc (V ) Oxo 3,3,9,9-tetr a-methyl-4-8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione-dioxime 10 (TcO(PnAO) prepared by the method of Jurisson et al-, Inorq. Chem.> 1986, 25, 543) occurred at a potential that was far more negative than that of the first reduction wave observed for the compound of Example 6.

Example 8a Demonstration of Efficacy: Reduction of the Tc Nitroimidazole Complexes by Xanthine Oxidase The enzyme xanthine oxidase (in the presence of xanthine or hypoxanthine) is known to reduce the nitro group of such nitroimidazole-containing compounds as misonidazole and metronidazole (see for example P. D. Josephy, B. Palcic and L. D. Skarsgard, "Reduction of Misonidazole and its Derivatives by Xanthine Oxidase", Biochem- Pharmacol., 1981, 30, 849), and it has been postulated that such nitro reduction under anaerobic conditions is responsible for the selective trapping of these compounds in hypoxic tissue. Thus, a technetium or rhenium containing nitroimidazole complex should be capable of being 272 RB90 reduced by xanthine oxidase under anaerobic conditions in the presence of hypoxanthine. The results from the enzyme assay below demonstrate that the Tc-nitroimi dazole complexes of this 5 invention are recognized as suitable substrates tby xanthine oxidase.

To a 2.5 mL quartz cuvette was added 0.25 99 micromoles of the Tc-nitroimidazole complex of Example 6 or 6b in 125 pL of dimethylformamide, 1 10 mL of 0.01M hypoxanthine in pH 7.4 sodium phosphate buffer (0.1M), and 0.875 mL of 0.1H sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) that contained 20 mg/L of disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). The cuvette was sealed with a rubber 15 septum, and purged with argon for 15 minutes to remove oxygen. To this was added 1.25 units of the enzyme xanthine oxidase (Boeringer) in 0.5 mL of deoxygenated pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. The cuvette was inverted to mix, and the UV/visible spectrum of 20 the solution was recorded from 280 to 600 am at 15 minute intervals.

The absorbance peak at approximately 320 nm, which is characteristic of the nitroimidazole functionality, decreased in intensity. It is 25 believed that the disappearance of this nitro absorbance is due to reduction of the nitro group by xanthine oxidase. In a control reaction that contained no enzyme, no spectral changes were observed over a period of 7 hours. 30 in a parallel control reaction, the reagents above were mixed in the same fashion, but QQ the Tc complex of 3,3,9,9-tetramethyl-4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioxime (prepared by the 272277 RB90 method of Jurisson et al., Inorg. Chem., 1986, 25, 543) was substituted for the technetium complexes of Examples 6 or 6b. In this reaction, which did not contain a bioreducible nitroimidazole 5 functionality, no spectral changes were observed over a period of 7 hours.

Example 9 Demonstration of the Ability to Cross Endothelial Monolayers Bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells were isolated using a modification of the Audus-15 Borchardt method (K. L. Audus et al., Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 1988; 9-18). The measurements of bovine brain microvessel endothelial permeability in vitro were adapted from models by Audus and Borchardt (K. L. Audus et al., J. Neurochem., 1986; 20 47:484-488 and M. V. Shah et al., Pharm. Res. 1989; 6:624-627) and W. M. Pardridge et al. (J. Pharmacol. Exptl♦ Therap.. 1990; 253:884-891) except that Anocell inserts were used in place of Transwells containing polycarbonate filters, or 25 polycarbonate filters placed into a side-by-side apparatus. The use of electrical resistance as an indication of tight junction formation (P. Artursson et al., J. Pharm, Sci., 1990; 79:595-600 and S. G. Milton et al., J. Cell. Physiol., 1990; 144:498-504) 30 was applied by using the Millicell-ERS resistance system from Millipore. An asymptotic level of high electrical resistance (-600 Ohms-cm2) at morphological confluence indicated tight junction formation. 272 RB90 Only -those wells with resistance >500 Ohms-cm2 were used. Further modifications of the Audus-Borchardt method were the use of DMEM/F-12 media with 10% plasma derived horse serum as the experimental 5 medium inside the Anocell insert and in the outer well.

A study of the permeability of a single test compound utilized 12 Anocell inserts: 4 wells containing monolayers, 0.4 mL of 10 media with 10% plasma-derived horse serum, 5jjCi of sH-water, 2mCi of 14C-sucrose, and 20pCi of the Tc-99m complex; 4 wells containing the same as above, but without the monolayers; and 4 wells containing the same but with neither monolayers nor the 10% plasma-derived horse serum.

This system was placed into a 37°C, 5% C02 incubator which contains an orbiting tissue 20 culture plate shaker for agitation and 10 mL samples, from both inside (donor) and outside (acceptor) compartments, were taken simultaneously from a set of 4 Anocell inserts. These samples were counted first in a Gamma counter then, after 25 72 hours, in a scintillation counter with dual channel capabilities. The fraction of radioactivity transported from the donor to the acceptor wells at each time point over the first 10 minutes of the study was calculated. The average percent 30 of radioactivity transported was plotted vs. time and the slope was estimated by linear regression analysis. The slope of the clearance curve with filter alone is equal to PS^, where PS=permeability 272277 RB90 surface area product. The slope of the clearance curve of the wells containing the filter plus endothelial cells was denoted PS . The slope of m the clearance curve was linear up to 10 minutes for all agents tested. The corrected PS value for the endothelial monolayer, called PSe, was computed as follows (according to Pardridge et al., J. Pharmacol. Bxptl. Therap., 1990, 253, 884-891): 1.1 1 PS^ PS„ PS _ e m t The permeability index (P^) is calculated using the PSe for each agent as follows: / 5S(agent) ~ PS(sucrose)\ Pi = j x 100 Vs(water) ~ PS(sucrose)/ The following table provides the determined values for several of the compounds examined: Compound name/Example number P^ 99mTc-PnAO (1) 6474 99mTc-HM-BAT (2) 44.3 99mTc-TMR (3) 50.3 99mTcCl(DMG)32MP (4) -9.3 99inTc complex from ligand in Ex. 1 63.2 99inTc complex from ligand in Ex. 5 0.2 99inTc complex from ligand in Ex. 2 15.2 99oTc complex from ligand in Ex. 4 1.8 9 9mTcCl(DMG)3 BBN02 (5) 4.5 (1) W. A. Volkert, T. J. Hoffman, S. M. Seger, 30 D. E. Troutner, R. A. Holmes, "Tc-99m Propylene Amine Oxime (Tc-99m PnAO); A Potential Brain Radiopharmaceutical", Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1984, 9:511-516. mm RB90 H. F. Kung, M. Molnar, J. Billings, R.

Wicks, M. Blau, "Synthesis and Biodistri-bution of Neutral Lipid-Soluble Tc-99m Complexes that Cross the Blood-Brain-Barrier", J. Nucl. Med., 1984, 25:326-332.

R. H. Mach, H. F. Kung, Y-Z, Guo, C-C Yu, V. Subramanyam, J. c. Calabrese, "Synthesis, Characterization and Biodistribution of Neutral and Lipid-Soluble ^^c-PAT-EM and "®Tc-TMR for Brain Imaging", Nucl. Med.

Biol., 1989, 16:829-837.

E. N. Treher, L. C. Francesconi, J. Z.

Gougoutas, M. F. Malley, A. D. Nunn, "Monocapped Tris (dioxime) Complexes of Technetium(III): Synthesis and Structural Characterization of TcX(dioxime)3B-R (X = CI, Br; dioxime - dimethylglyoxime, cyclo-hexanedione dioxime; R = CH3, C4H9), Inorg.

Chem., 1989, 28:3411-3416.

K. E. Linder, S. Jurisson, A. 0. Nunn, •■Boronic Acid Adducts of Technetium-99m Dioxime Complexes and Rhenium Dioxime Complexes Containing a Biochemically Active Group, European Patent No. 411,491; 1991. 272277 RB90 -74-Example 9a The biodistribution of 99mTc-complexes in normal _ (normoxic) Spraque-Dawley rats ■ ■ The biodistribution of 99BQTc~coiaplexes was determined to demonstrate delivery of the radiotracers to the target organs, and the clearance of radioactivity from normoxic tissue in 10 the target area and nearby tissues.

Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with Nembutal (50 mg/kg) and injected with 0.1 mL (20 pCi) of radioactivity via the jugular vein. At 1 minute, 5 minutes and 60 minutes after admini-15 stration of the radiotracers (n = 4 for all time points), the animals were sacrificed by exsanguination, and the target tissues removed, weighed and assayed for radioactivity. The rats were allowed to respire room air throughout the 20 course of the study.

The results are shown in the following tables: % w Ul Ul o tv) Ol M o H ui M O ui Table 1 Percent ID/q for the 99mTc-complex of the ligand in Example 1 1 Min.

Min. 60 Min.

Tissue MEAN SEM MEAN SEM MEAN SEM Brain 0.30 0.03 0.11 0.01 0.02 0.00 Blood 0.47 0.06 0.36 0.01 0.28 0.02 Heart 1.32 0.19 0.34 0.03 0.09 0.01 Lungs 0.71 0.09 0.39 0.03 0.16 0.01 Kidneys 2.59 0.27 1.15 0.12 0.45 0.04 Liver 2.06 0 >25 3.63 0.18 2.45 0.18 Muscle 0.25 0.07 0.14 0.02 0.05 0.02 Bone 0.37 0.02 0.23 0.01 0.11 0.05 Stomach 0.67 0.10 0.56 0.03 1.80 0.34 Thyroid 0.65 0.10 0.77 0.28 0.15 0.02 Thymus 0.55 0.06 0.25 0.06 0.05 0.00 Upper Intestine 1.13 0.05 0.98 0.09 4.60 0.22 Lower Intestine 0.50 0.06 0.40 0.03 0.36 0.04 Bladder 0.15 0.02 0.68 0.12 2.84 0.41 Spleen 0.84 0.02 0.45 0.02 0.23 0.03 (SEM = standard error of the mean) i Ol I S IN3 vo o u> Ul w o (O Ul to o H Ul H o Ul Table 2 Percent ID/g for the 99mTc-complex of the ligand in Example 4 1 Min.

Min. 60 Min.

Tissue MEAN SEM MEAN SEM MEAN SEM Brain 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 Blood 0.62 0.07 0.29 0.01 0.09 0.01 Heart 1.02 0.08 0.22 0.01 0.05 0.00 Lungs 0.63 0.03 0.25 0.01 0.05 0.01 Kidneys 2.53 . 0.22 0.94 0.04 0.70 0.04 Liver 2.19 0.14 2.69 0.19 1.09 0.05 Muscle 0.19 0.05 0.16 0.02 0.04 0.00 Bone 0.34 0.00 0.16 0.01 0.03 0.00 stomach 0.30 0.06 0.25 0.04 0.23 0.03 Thyroid 0.61 0.05 0.37 0.02 0.08 0.01 Thymus 7.01 0.26 0.20 0.01 0.04 0.00 Upper Intestine 0.72 0.06 1.18 0.21 .36 0.14 Lower Intestine 0.29 0.04 0.45 0.16 0.39 0.01 Bladder 0.09 0.03 2.59 0.75 6.40 1.12 Spleen 0.94 0.10 0.41 0.02 0.09 0.02 (SEM = standard error of the mean) 2722 RB90 -77-Example 10 Demonstration of Efficacy in a Rabbit: Focal Myocardial Ischemia Model 5 * A model of focal myocardial ischemia in the rabbit was developed, using permanent ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. The model consisted of two studies. In the first, 10 relative regional myocardial blood flow (MBF) and relative regional myocardial rate of glucose metabolism (MMR^) were determined by autoradiography using a double-label study with the flow tracer 99nTcCl(CDO)sMeB (R. K. Narra et al., 15 J. Nucl. Med.. 1989; 30:1830-1837) and 14C-deoxy-glucose for MMRgl (L. Sokoloff et al., J. Neuro-chem., 1977, 28, 897-916). 14C-deoxyglucose and the 99mTc-hypoxia-localizing tracer were administered to a second group of rabbits with LAD 20 coronary artery occlusion.

After the surgical preparation and 20 minutes of LAD occlusion, 14C-deoxyglucose (130-150 MCi) was injected as an intravenous bolus, and timed arterial blood samples were obtained. 25 Twenty-five minutes later, 99mTcCl(CDO)3MeB (10-12 mCi) was administered intravenously. Five minutes later, the rabbits were sacrificed by intravenous injection of Nembutal and potassium chloride. The heart was excised, frozen in liquid Freon-22, 30 and 20 pm coronal sections obtained with a Microtome. Autoradiographs were obtained on all sections. For the first exposure (~14 hours duration) of Kodak XAR film, extra heavy duty aluminum foil was 27 RB90 intexposed between the tissue and film to block completely the radiation emanating from 14C to obtain the MBF information derived from 99mTcCl-(CD0)3HeB alone. After three days (to allow for 5 decay of 99mTc), a second autoradiograph was obtained without foil. The second exposure lasted 6-8 days, and provided an image of the regional distribution of 14C-deoxyglucose. These images established that there is a zone of increased 10 glycolysis bordering on the ischemic territory.

This region of increased glycolysis, induced by reduced tissue p02, marks the hypoxic ischemic border zone.

In a second group of animals, the protocol 15 was similar, except that the 99mTc complex of the ligand described in Example 1 was co-injected with 14C-deoxyglucose, and the animal sacrificed 30 minutes later.

Autoradiography revealed an isomorphic 20 relationship between the regional myocardial distribution pattern of this complex and that for 14C-deoxyglucose. Both tracers displayed high uptake in the ischemic border zone, with low levels of radioactivity in the regions of normal perfusion, 25 and virtually no radioactivity in the region of no flow. The microregional distribution of both the tracers was virtually identical. By comparison, the ischemic zone in the study with the 99BTc-flow tracer showed little accumulation of radioactivity, 30 while regions of normal perfusion displayed high levels of radioactivity.

The 99inTc-complex of 3,3,6,9,9-pentamethyl-4,8—diazaundecane—2,10-dione dioxime was examined 27227 RB90 in this model as an example of a ""to -PnAO-complex which does not possess a hypoxia-localizing functionality. The autoradiograms obtained with this tracer showed no differentiation of ischemic 5 and non-ischemic regions indicating that a hypoxia-localizing moiety such ap 2-nitroimidazole is essential, for specific localization of these complexes within hypoxic regions.

In a separate experiment using the rabbit 10 LAD occlusion model and the double-label autoradiography procedures described above, the performance of the 99inTc complex of the ligand described in Example 1 was compared to that of 14C-misonidazole. The microregional distribution 15 of both agents was virtually identical and was similar to that found previously for 14C-deoxy— glucose: high uptake in the hypoxic border zone of the ischemic territory and low uptake in normoxic regions and in the center of the ischemic 20 territory/ where flow is limiting.

Example 10a Demonstration of Efficacy in a Rat Focal Cerebral 25 Ischemia Model ~ .

A model of focal cerebral ischemia involving tandem occlusion of the internal carotid artery and the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery 30 (MCA) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was characterized using the double-label autoradiography procedure described in Exaiqple 10. In this case, 99nTcCl(DMG)32MP (Narra et al., J. Nucl. Med./ 27 RB90 1990, 31(8), 1370-1377) was used as the indicator for cerebral blood flow (CBF) and, as before, 14 C-deoxyglucose was used to demonstrate areas of increased glycolysis indicative of tissue 5 hypoxia. Following surgery, which was performed under Halothane anesthesia, the rats were allowed to recover and one hour after the HCA occlusion, 14C-deoxyglucose was injected as an IV bolus and timed arterial samples were obtained. Twenty-five 10 minutes after 14C-deoxyglucose injection, 99raTcCl-(DMG)a2MP was injected as an IV bolus and the rat was sacrificed 15 seconds later. The brain was rapidly removed and sections and autoradiograms were obtained as described in Example 10. As 15 found in Example 10 for the rabbit LAD occlusion model, the ischemic territory was bordered by a rim of tissue in which glycolysis was elevated. Unlike the previously cited example of myocardial ischemia, the hypoxic region in the brain did not 20 have as great an increase in glycolysis compared to normoxic regions because the brain uses glucose as the preferred substrate for oxidation in normoxic tissue. Nevertheless, it was clear that the ischemic region is surrounded by a border zone 25 of increased glycolysis. In a second series of experiments, the 99lDTc complex of the ligand 1A described in Example 1 and C-deoxyglucose were co-injected 1 hour or five days after MCA occlusion. Autoradiograms were obtained as described above and 30 revealed, for both time points, that both agents displayed an increased uptake in the hypoxic border zone relative -to surrounding normoxic tissue. Moreover computer assisted image analysis showed 272277 RB90 that, in the case of 99mTc complex of the ligand described in Example l, the hypoxic-normoxic optical density ratio was 7:1. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of the 99inTc complex of 5 the ligand described in Example 1 for both acute and chronic episodes of focal cerebral ischemia.

Example 11 Demonstration of Efficacy: Isolated Perfused Beart Studies Hearts were excised from male Sprague Dawley rats (275-325 g) and were perfused 15 retrogradely using the Langendorff method (O. Langendorff, Pfleuqers Arch. eyes. Physiol, 61, 291, 1985) with modifications described previously (W. Rumsey, D. F. Wilson and M. Erecinska, Am. J. Physiol., 253 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 22): H1098, 20 1987) in the isolated state at 37°C with Krebs- Henseleit buffer. The perfusate contained [in mM] NaCl [118], KCl [4.7], CaCl2 [1.8], Na2EDTA [0.5], KH2P04 [1.2], MgS04 [1.2], NaHC03 [25], glucose [11], pyruvate [0.2], and insulin. (12 IU/L) and was 25 equilibrated with 02:C02 (95:5) (global normoxia) or n2:C02 (95:5) (global hypoxia). The hearts were paced continuously at 5 Hz. Perfusion pressure was maintained at 72 cm H20 for 20 minutes in order to allow the hearts to adjust to 30 the isolated state. After this initial adjustment: period, perfusate flow was maintained constant at a level similar to that obtained at the end of the adjustment period, i.e., 7-8 mL/min/g wet weight, using a peristaltic pump. 27 RB90 For determination of oxygen consumption, a cannula was placed in the right ventricle via the pulmonary artery. A pump removed a small fraction of the corcaary effluent at 1 mL/min., and its 5 oxygen concentr tion was monitored continuously by an in-line Clarx-type electrode. In the normoxic state, the influent oxygen concentration was maintained at 956 pM. Coronary flow was measured by collecting the effluent from the right and left 10 pulmonary arteries in a 10 mL graduated cylinder. Oxygen consumption was calculated from the product of the influent-effluent oxygen concentration difference and the coronary flow. During perfusion with hypoxic medium, only the effluent 15 oxygen concentration was recorded. Typically, effluent oxygen concentration was 505 mM in the normoxic studies and 17 mM in the hypoxic studies.

The heart was perfused with either normoxic 20 or hypoxic medium for 30 minutes prior to the administration of the test compound. The Tc-99m tracer was administered over 20 minutes by infusion into the perfusate, and radioactivity in the perfused heart was detected by a collimated Nal 25 crystal positioned 3-4 cm from the right ventricle and perpendicular to the vertical axis of the heart. The radioactivity remaining in the heart at 40 minutes after the end of the infusion period was divided by the peak level of radioactivity to 30 give a measure of retention. Results (n=4) are shown in the table, below: 27227? RB90 % Retention of Tracer in the Isolated Perfused Rat Heart Normoxia Hypoxia Tc-99m complex of ligand in Ex. 1 [Tc-99m]TcCl (CDO) sMeB** [Tc-99m]TcCl (DMG) 32MP** 33.5±2.5 65.3±3 71.3±5.5* 63.3±3.7 68.5±0.5 48.7±1.3 *n = 3 **Prior Art Boronic Acid Adducts (U. s. Patent 4/705,849) The Tc-99m complex of ligand 1 demonstrates greater retention in the hypoxic heart, compared 15 to the normoxic heart. By comparison, the flow tracers TcCl (DMG)32MP and TcCl(CDO)3MeB do not show an increase in retention under hypoxic conditions compared to normoxia.

Example 12 Demonstration of Efficacy: Isolated Cardiac Myocyte studies Calcium-tolerant ventricular myocytes were isolated from hearts of male Sprague Dawley rats (200 g) according to the procedure of Wittenberg and Robinson (B. A. Wittenberg and T. F. Robinson, Cell Tissue Res., 216: 231, 1981) with 30 modifications described previously (W. Rumsey, C. Schlosser, E. M. Nuutinen, M. Robiolio and D. F. Wilson, J. Biol. Chem., 265 (26): 15392, 1990). Cells were used immediately following 2722 RB90 morphological analysis (using a hemocytometer) of viability and were maintained at 37°C during the experiments. The number of quiescent, rod shaped cells ranged from 70-90% within a total population 5 of 5-9 X 10® cells.

The isolated myocytes were maintained in either a normoxic, hypoxic or anoxic state.

Hypoxia was induced by providing an atmosphere of argon atop of the cells and sealing the flask 10 during the incubation period. Glucose oxidase plus catalase (5/5 mg) was added to argon treated cells to provide anoxia. Cells were suspended (6.5-7.5 X 104 cells/ml) in isolation media and aliquots were added to incubation vials maintained 15 at 37°C.

After incubation with a test compound, myocytes were deproteinated with 1% ice-cold perchloric acid and centrifuged at 12,000 rpra for 30 sec. The supematent was separated from the 20 pellet and each counted using a LKB 1282 gamma counter. Alternatively, myocytes were separated from the suspending media by passing the cells through 99% dibutyl phthalate by centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 30 sec. The three phases were 25 separated and counted as described above. Results for the Tc-99m complex of the compound in Example 1 are given below: /' RB90 Condition PCA Pellet: Cell Pellet Oil Normoxia (n=5) 40.5±2.7 23.2±3.7 22.812.2 Hypoxia (Argon) (n=4) 48.5±3.4 36.9±8.8 20.1±5*3 Anoxia (Glucose Oxidase) (n=4) 55.5±5.8 48.8±4.2 9.0±2.6 Values represent means ± S.E.H. for the number of 10 experiments noted in the parentheses. The values are the percent of total radioactivity represented by each case. PCA pellet = perchloric acid-precipitated pellet which represents the activity associated with proteins/membranes. Cell pellet = 15 whole cells passed through a layer of dibutyl phthalate (oil).

These data demonstrate that the Tc-99m complex of the compound in Example 1 shows 20 retention in the sequence anoxia>hypoxia>normoxia. Since a significant proportion of tracer was retained in normoxic myocytes, a separate study with isolated myocytes was undertaken.

Addition of an uncoupler of 0-oxidative 25 phosphorylation, carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-methoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), which completely oxidizes the mitochondrial electron transport chain (MADH/NAD* ratio and the redox potential of the cells decrease) but decreases the 30 phosphorylation potential ([ATP]/[ADP] [Pi]) to levels similar to that found in hypoxia, had no effect on the retention of the Tc-99m complex of the compound in Example 1 in normoxic cells.

Moreover, addition of cyanide to separate cell suspensions (n=3), which inhibits electron transport between cytochrome oxidase and oxygen (NADH/NAD+ ratio and redox potential increase) but 5 also decreases the phosphorylation potential to1, very low levels, had no effect on retention in normoxic cells. These results suggest that: 1) retention of the Tc-99m complex of the compound in Example 1 in normoxic cells is not dependent on the redox state of the intramito- chondrial pyridine nucleotides and is most likely due to its lipophilicity or other molecular interactions affecting binding to cellular material. If the amount retained in normoxic cells was dependent upon the redox state, retention would have been expected to decrease upon addition of FCCP. 2) Significant retention of the Tc-99m complex of the compound in Example 1 requires an oxygen-free or low oxygen milieu. An increase in the redox potential (cyanide) is not sufficient to affect the level of retention. The latter results were confirmed using Na Amobarbital which also inhibits electron flux but at site I of the respiratory chain (NADH/NAD* ratio increases). 3) Most importantly, by uncoupling the cells and by addition of cyanide, the energy state of the cells was reduced to levels that were likely similar to that obtained with oxygen deprivation. Thus, any changes in cellular permeability, geometry and viability were also similar, suggesting that retention was due to reduction of the nitro moiety of the Tc-99m RB90 complex of the confound in Example l in the absence of oxygen. These data indicate that, in hypoxia, the Tc-99m complex of the compound in Example 1 becomes trapped within the hypoxic cells. freezing and thawing the cells (3X) before incubation with the Tc-99m complex of the compound in Example 1 under normoxic and hypoxic (glucose oxidase) conditions, the percentage of activity 10 associated with the protein/membrane fragments was similar (normoxic = 23.310.8%, anoxic = 25.312.5%, n = 3). The latter indicates that an intact cell is required for trapping of the compound. isolated myocytes using the protocol described above. The percentage of activity retained in the cell pellet was determined under anoxic and normoxic states. Results are shown below: When cellular integrity was disrupted by* Several Tc-99m complexes were examined in % in Cell Pellet 99inTc Complex of 99mTc Complex of Compound in Ex. 1 Compound in Ex. 2 Normoxia Anoxia 25 Anoxia/normoxia ratio 24.112.3 53.012.2 23.511.7 39.910.5 2.3 1.7 /'.. '■ RB90 % in Cell Pellet 99mTc Complex of 99inTc Complex of Compound in Ex. 4 Compound in Ex. 5 Nonnoxia .9±0.8 .0 (n=l) Anoxia 48.6±9.8 18.2 (n=l) anoxi a/normoxi a ratio 4.4 1.8 99inTc Complex of "®Tc Complex of 6-methyl-PnAO 6-hydroxy-PnAO Normoxia 17.4 (n=l) 7.1 (n=l) Anoxia 22.7 (n=l) 9.2 (n=l) anoxia/normoxia ratio 1.3 1.3 99mTc Complex of 99idTc Complex of TcCl(CDO)smeb TcCl ( DMG ) a 2NP Normoxia 73.6 (n=2) 69.5 (n=2) Anoxia 83.5 (n=2) 80.0 (n=2) anoxia/normoxia ratio 1.1 1.2 The 99inTc-coioplexes of 6-methyl PnAO 25 (3,3,6,9,9-pentamethyl-4,8-diazaundecane~2, 10-dione dioxime) and 6-hydroxy PnAO(6-hydroxy-3,3,9,9-tetramethyl-4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioxime) and the 99inTc-complexes TcCl(CD0)3MeB and TcCl(DMG)32MP (U. S. Patent 4,705,849) are 30 representative neutral, lipophilic complexes which do not contain a hypoxia-localizing moiety. These data demonstrate greater anoxia/normoxia ratios 2722"?? RB90 for the hypoxia-localizing compounds of this disclosure than the complexes without a hypoxia-localizing moiety.

QQ In a separate study, the uptake of the Tc 5 complex of the ligand of Example 1 in isolated myocytes under normoxia, hypoxia and anoxia was compared to sH-FMISO and 12SI~iodovinyl MISO. The anoxia/normoxia and hypoxia/ normoxia ratios indicate that the 99mTc complex of the compound in 10 Example 1 shows similar selective retention in anoxic cells to the hypoxia-localizing compounds labeled with 3H and 12 ® I described in the literature. u> Ul Ul o N) ui N) O Normoxia Hypoxia Anoxia Hypoxia/normoxia Anoxia/normoxia 99mTc Complex of ligand in Ex. 1 1811 (3) 3017 (3) 4816 (3) 1.7 2.7 Ul 3B-FMIS0 311 (3) 511 (3) 812 (3) 1.7 2.7 Ul 12 5I-iodovinyl MISO 1211 (3) 1613 (2) 2413 (3) 1.4 2.0 (3H-FMIS0 and I2sI-iodovinylMIS0 are hypoxia-localizing compounds previously reported in the literature? G. V. Martin, J. S. Rasey, J. C. Caldwell, Z. Grunbaum, K. A. Krohn (1987): Fluoromisonidazole uptake in ischemic canine myocardium, J. Nucl. Med., 28, 668 and J. E. Biskupiak, J. R. Grierson, J. S. Rasey, G. v. Martin, K. A. Krohn (1991): Synthesis of an (Iodovinyl)misonidazole Derivative for Hypoxia imaging, J. Med. Chem. 34(7), 2165-2168)) 27?;27? RB90 -91-Example 13 Demonstration of Efficacy: Studies in isolated Mitochondria * Mitochondria were prepared from hearts of male Sprague Dawley rats (200 g) using the isolation procedure of Fuller et al., (E. 0. Fuller, D. I. Golderg, J. W. starnes, M. Sacks, 10 and M. J. Delavoria-Papadopoulos, Mol. Cell.

Cardiol., 17:71, 1985). The heart was excised from anesthetized rats and trimmed free of the atria and great vessels. The ventricles were minced in ice-cold isolation medium (0.225 M 15 mannitol, 75 mM sucrose, 1.0 mM E6TA and 10 mM MOPS, pH 7.4), briefly exposed to the proteolytic enzyme preparation, Nagase (Enzyme Development Corp., New York, NY), and homogenized with a polytron. The mitochondria were separated from 20 the remainder of the broken cells using density gradient centrifugation.

Three nitroimidazole compounds were incubated at 37°C for 60 minutes in isolated mitochodria. Hypoxia and anoxia were induced as 25 outlined in Example 12. The percentage of radioactivity associated with the mitochondria are shown in the following table: it * a —, L.

RB90 99mTc Complex of 99mTc Complex of Ligand in Ex. 1 Ligand in Ex. 4 Normoxia 27.8±1.2 15.7±0.4 Hypoxia 39.2±1.0 47.7±3i7 Hypoxia/Normoxia 1.4±0.1 3.1±0.3 1 Values are given in percent of total radioactivity within an aliquot and represent means ±S.E.M. Compounds were tested using the same preparation 10 of mitochondria.

These data indicate that mitochondria may have a role in the selective retention of these radiotracers under hypoxic and normoxic 15 conditions.

RB90 :{f% "=? 93 Examplft 14 Synthesis of 3,3,6, 6,9,9-Hexamethyl-l-(2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-vl) -4 . 8-diazaundecane-2 .10-dione dioxime dimethyl-2-butanone oxime To a solution of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3 -propane diamine (69 g, 0.75 mole) in dry methanol (100 mL), 10 3-chloro-3-methyl-2-nitrosobutane (20.55 g, 0.15 mole, Example 1) was added in portions at 0°C over a period of 2 hours. The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a 15 paste. Water (50 mL) was added, and the solution was cooled in an ice bath. The solution was filtered and the filtrate was adjusted to pH 10-11 by the addition of sodium hydroxide. The solution was cooled again and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated tinder 20 reduced pressure to a paste and then extracted with ether repeatedly (10 x 50 mL). The combined ether solution was concentrated to give an oil which was reciystallized twice from petroleum ether to yield the title A compound as a colorless crystalline solid 25 (20.0 g) , m.p. 58-60°C. ^-H NMR [CDCI3] : 5 0.85 (S, 6H, C-Me2), 1.28 (s, 6H, N-CMe2) , 1.9 (s, 3H, N=CMe), 2.2 (s, 2H, NCH2) and 2.6 (s, 2H, N-CH2).

B. 3,3, 6, 6,9,9-Hexamethyl-l- (2-nitro-lH-imidazo- 1-vl)-A fl-diazatindecane-2.10-dione dioxime A.

N- (3-Amino-2,2 -diraethy lpropy 1) -1-amino-l, 1- A solution of the the title A compound (0.8 g, 4 mmol) was treated with diisopropylethylamine (0.39 g, 3 mmol) in diciiloromethane (5 mL) and stirred. "7 '■?*) ^-v RB90 3--Chloro-3-niethyl-l- (2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl) -2-nitrosobutane (0.783 g, 3 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 48 hours. All volatile material was removed under 5 reduced pressure and the resultant paste was dissolved dichloromethane (2 mL). This solution was loaded onto a flash silica gel column. The column was slowly eluted with 0-5% methanol in dichloromethane until all of the product had eluted. The crude product was purified by chromatography twice more to give a pale yellow product with -97% purity by HPLC analysis. The product was dried under vacuum at room temperature for 24 hours to give 0.12 g of the title compound, m.p: - the solid becomes a glass at 80-83°C and melts at 118-120°C with decomposition. XH NMR [CDCI3] : 8 0.8 (s, 6H, CMe2) , 1.2 (s, 12 H, N-CMe2), 1.9 (S, 3H, N=CMe), 2.2 (2s d, 4H, N-CH2)# 5.4 (s, 2H, imidazole CH2), 7.1 (s, 1H, imidH) and 7.15 (s, 1H, imidH). M.S. [M + H3+ 412.

Analysis calc'd for C18H33N7O4 • 0.6 THF and 0.1 H2O: C, 53.73; H, 8.39; N, 21.50; Found: C, 53.73; H, 8.55; N, 21.28.

Example 15 Synthesis of 6,6-Diethyl-3,3,9,9-tetramethyl-l-(2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl)-4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione flioxime : ——_ A. N- (2-Aminomethyl-2-ethylbutyl) -1-amino-l, 1- flimethyl-2-butanone oxime , 3-Chloro-3-methyl-2-nitrosobutane (4.59 g, 0.034 mol) was added portionwise to a cooled (0°C) solution of 5,5-diethyl-l,3-diaminopropane (8.86 g, 271^' RB90 0. 068 mol) in methanol (40 mL). After the addition, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 48 hours. Methanol was removed on a rotary evaporator. The residue was 5 dissolved in dioxane-water (2:1, 300 mL) and the *> solution was cooled to 0°C. Sodium carbonate (15.9 g, 0.15 mol) was added to this mixture followed by di-t-butyl dicarbonate (32.73 g, 0.15 mol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 2 hours and 10 at room temperature for 12 hours. Dioxane and water were removed on a rotary evaporator and the residue was poured into water and extracted with ether. The ether solution was washed with water and dried with sodium sulfate. Ether was removed on a rotary 15 evaporator and the residue was chromatographed over silica gel (hexane-ethyl acetate, 7:3). Di-t-Boc-5,5-diethyl-1,3-diamino propane eluted in the earlier fractions. The fractions containing the boc derivative of the product were collected and the 20 solvent was evaporated to yield a thick oil which solidified on standing (4.2 g) . This was treated with methanolic HC1 (25 raL) at room temperature for 30 minutes. Methanol was removed under reduced pressure and the solid obtained was neutralized with 25 methanolic ammonia to yield the title A compound as a white solid. This was used for the next step without further purification. XH NMR (D2O) 5 0.8 (t, 6H, CH3), 1.43 (q, 4H, CH2) , 1.52 (s, 6H, C (CH3) 2) #' 1.84 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.99 (d, 4H, CH2).

RB90 B. 6,6-Diethyl-3,3,9,9-tetramethyl-l-(2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl)-4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioxime ; ___ Diisopropylethylamine (0.65 g, 0.005 mol) was 5 added to a slurry of N-(2-arainomethyl-2-ethylbutyliJ-l-amino~l,1-dimethyl-2-butanone oxime (1.15 g, 0.005 mol) and 3-chloro-3-methyl-l-(2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl) -2-nitrosobutane (1.23 g, 0.005 mol, Example 1) in acetonitrile. The reaction mixture was stirred at 10 room temperature for 48 hours, Acetonitrile was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was chromatographed over silica gel (methylene chloride-methanol, 95.5:0.5). Fractions containing the product were collected and evaporated on a rotary 15 evaporator. The resultant oil was dissolved in a minimum amount of CHCI3 and left in the refrigerator. The solid which formed was removed by filtration, and air dried (0.62g), m.p. 124-125°C.

Analysis calc'd for C20H37N7O4: C, 54.64; H. 8.48; N, 22.29; Found: C, 54.45; H, 8.50; N, 22.16.

Example 16 Synthesis of 6,6-Diethyl-3,3,9,9-tetramethyl-l-(4-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl) -4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioxime Diisopropylethylamine (0.65 g, 0.005 mol) was 30 added to a slurry of N-(2-aminomethyl-2-ethylbutyl)-1-amino-l,l-dimethyl-2-butanoneoxime (0.46 g, 0.002 mol, Example 15) and 3-chloro-3-methyl-1-(4-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl)-2-nitrosobutane (0.47 g, 0.002 mol. Example 2) in acetonitrile was added and the mixture 27 22? 7 RB90 was stirred at room temperature for 48 hours. Acetonitrile was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was chromatographed over silica gel (methylene chloride-methanol, 80:20 ). UV positive 5 fractions were collected and evaporated on a rotary evaporator. The light yellow oil obtained solidified on standing (0.52 g>. % NMR (DMSO-d6> : 8 0.76 (m, 6H, CH3), 1.24 (m and S , 16H, CH2CH3 and C (CH3)2), 1.48 (s, 3H", CH3) 1.73 and 1.85 (s, 4H, CH2NH) , 5.02 10 ( s, 2H, N-CH2)/ 7.8 and 8.24 (s, 2H, imi.H), 11.1 and 11.8(s, 2H, N-OH).

Analysis calc'd for C20H37N7O4 . 2.71 H20: C, 49.19; H, 8.75; N, 20.08; Found: C, 49.17; H, 8.13; N, 19.72.

Example 17 Synthesis of 3,3,9,9-Tetramethyl-l,ll-bis(2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-vl)-4.8-diazaundecane-2.10-dione dioxime A slurry of 3-chloro-3-methyl-l-(2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl)-2-nitrosobutane (0.5 g, 0.002 mol, Example 1) in acetonitrile (5 mL) was maintained at 45°C for 10 minutes. To this suspension was added a 25 mixture of 1,3-propanediamine (75 rag, 0.001 mol) and diisopropylethylamine (300 mg, 0.002 mol). The stirred mixture was maintained at 45°C for 15 min. A clear solution was formed in 10 minutes.

Acetonitrile and diisopropylethylamine were removed 30 on a rotary evaporator and the residue was dissolved in water (0.5 mL) and made basic with aqueous ammonia. The solution was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the ethyl acetate layer was removed and dried with sodium sulfate. Evaporation of ethyl Al *«*■ 27 RB90 acetate gave an oil which was chromatographed over silica gel (methylene chloride:methanol, 8:2). w visible fractions were combined and evaporated to give a thick oil which was dried under vacuum. The 5 product was crystallized from acetonitrile (172 mg>, mp 163-64°C. ^-H NMR (EMSO d6> 5 1.26 (s, li'H, CH3) , 1.89 (m, 2H, HNCH2CH2CH2NH), 2.12 (m, 4H, HNqH2CH2Cli2NH) . 5.22(s, 2H, CH2N<), 7.07 and 7.23 (s, 2H, imiH) , 11.4 (s,2H, OH). MS (FAB); (M+H)+ = 495.

Analysis Calc'd for Ci9H3oNioO$.0.56 H20: C, 45.22; H, 6.22; N, 27.66; Found: C, 45.32; H, 6.09; N, 27.66.

Example 18 Synthesis of 3,3,9,9-Tetramethyl-6-methoxy-l-(2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl) -4,8 -diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioxime , . _ A. 2-Methoxv-l, 3-diaminonronane Sodium hydride (2.4 g, 0.1 mol) was added in small portions to a solution of 2-hydroxy-1,3-propanediamine (30 g, 103 mol) in dry THF (600 mL) over a period of 30 minutes. Methyl iodide (21.3 g, 0.15 mol) was added dropwise and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 6 hours. Additional methyl iodide (21.3 g, 0.15 mol) was added and the stirring was continued for further 6 hours. THF and excess methyl iodide were removed on a rotary evaporator and the viscous oil obtained was chromatographed over silica gel (hexane:ethyl acetate 9:1). Fractions containing the N,N'-di-t-boc-2-metho3cy-l,3-diamino-propane were collected and evaporated. The resultant oil solidified on standing. It was crystallized from RB90 hexane (17.2 g), mp 74-75°C. 2H NMR (CDCI3) 8 1.45 (s, 9H, t-C4Hg) , 3.05-3.35 (m, 4H, HNqfcCHOCH3Cfl2NH), 3.41 (s, 3H, OCH3), 5.05 (m,bs, 1H, NHCO) .

N,N" -Di-t-boc-2-methoxy-l, 3 -diamir.opropane 5 (31.7 g, 0.1 mol) was added to methanolic HCl (100 mL) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Methanol was removed on a rotary evaporator and the residue was treated with methanolic ammonia to afford the title A compound as 10 a thick viscous oil (9.2 g). ^-H NMR (DgO) 8 3.08-3.32 (ro, 4H, H2NCH2CHOCH3CH2NH2), 3.31 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.52 (m, 1H, CH) B. N- (3-Amino-2-methoxypropy 1) -1-amino-1,1- dimethyl-2 -butanona oximp The title A compound (9.2 g, 0.091 mol) was dissolved in absolute methanol (50 mL) and the solution was cooled to 0°C. 3-Chloro-3-methyl-2-nitrosobutane (6.25 g, 0.04 mol, Example 1) was added 20 over a period of 1 hour. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for further 1 hour and at room temperature for 12 hours. Methanol was removed on a rotary evaporator and the residue was dissolved in dioxane-water (2:1, 300 mL) and the solution was 25 cooled to 0°C. Sodium carbonate (21.2 g, 0.2 mol) was added to this solution, followed by di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (42.0 g, 0.2 mol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1 hour and room temperature for 6 hours. Dioxane-water was removed 30 on a rotary evaporator and the residue was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with water and dried (NazSO*). This solution was evaporated on a rotary evaporator and the residue was chromatographed over 272; RB90 silica gel (hexane:ethyl acetate 50:50). N,N'-di-t-boc-2-methoxy-l,3-diaminopropane (formed from the unreacted 2-methoxy-1,3-diaminopropane) eluted first. The t-boc derivative of the product was collected and 5 evaporated to a thick oil which solidified on standing. Yield 7.5 g (25%). XH NMR (CDCI3) 8 1.22 (s, 6H, CH3), 1.42 (s, 9H, t-C4Hg}, 1.6.. (bs, 1H, NH) , 1.85 (S, 3H, CH3C=NOH), 2.52-3.28 (m, 4H, HNCH2CHOCH3CH2NH2) , 3.41 (s, 3H, OCH3), 4.12 (q, 1H, 10 CH) , 5.35 (bs, 1H, NHCO) .

The t-Boc derivative (7.5 g, 0.0035 mol) was dissolved in methanolic HC1 (50 mL) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Anhydrous ether (300 mL) was added and the 15 precipitated amine-oxime hydrochloride was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. The solid was dissolved in methanol and neutralized with methanolic ammonia. Methanol was removed on a rotary evaporator and the free base thus obtained was dried under 20 vacuum (3.8 g) . XH NMR (D^O) 8 1.22 (s, 6H, CH3 ), 1.81 (s, CH3C=NOH) , 2.52-3.18 (m, 4H, HNCH2CHCHOCH3CH2NH2), 3.31 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.52 (m, 1H, CH) .

C. 3,3,9,9-Tetramethyl-6-methoxy-l-(2-nitro-lH- iraidazo-l-yl) -4 ,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioxime —- Diisopropylethylamine (0.35 g, 0.0028 mol) was added to a slurry of the title B compound (0.5 g, 30 0.0025 mol) and 3-chloro-3-methyl-l-(2-nitro-lH- imidazo-l-yl)-2-nitrosobutane (0.7 g, 0.0028 mol) in acetonitrile (? t&L) , and the reaction mixture was heated to 45°C, with stirring. A clear solution was formed in 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was RB90 stirred at 45°C for further 1 hour. Acetonitrile was removed on a rotary evaporator and the residue was dried under vacuum. The viscous oil obtained was treated with methanolic ammonia and methanol was 5 removed under vacuum. The resultant oil was k chromatographed over silica gel (methylene chloride: methanol 8:2). UV visible fractions were collected and evaporated on a rotary evaporator. The resultant solid was crystallized from acetonitrile (0.12 g), mp 10 169-70°C. MS: (M+H) + calc'd: 414.2465; found: 414.2472.

Anal, calc'd for. C17H31N7O5: C, 49.38; H, 7.56; N, 23.71; Found: C, 49.70; H, 7.59; N, 23.73.

Example 1Q Synthesis of [99Tc] Oxo[ [4,4,10,10-tetramethyl-l-(2-nitro-lH-imidazo-1-yl) -5,9-diazadodecane-3,11-dione 20 dioximatol (3-)-N.N' t-erhnefciumfV) _____ Ethylene glycol (150 mL) was added to a stirred solution of [N(t-butyl)4]TcOCl4" (59.9 mg, 0.120 mmoles) dissolveid in 1.0 ml MeOH. This was 25 followed by the addition of 0.75M Na acetate in MeOH (1.5 mL) and 4,4,10,10-tetramethyl-l-(2-nitro-lH-imidazol-l-yl) -5,9-diazadodecane-3,11-dione dioxime (70.6 mg, 0.178 mmoles, Example 3) which caused the solution to turn clear red-orange-brown. After 5 30 minutes the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation to give a viscous, red-orange, opaque oil. The product was redissolved in methylene chloride, and this solution was washed with water (2 x 2.5 mL), and then dried over Na2S04. This solution was evaporated 272277 RB90 by rotary evaporation to yield to a bright orange solid. The solid was redissolved in <1 ml CH2Cl2» and the product purified by passage through a silica gel column that was conditioned and eluted with 5 diethyl ether. The orange band was collected, and* the solvent evaporated to give a bright red solid and which was recrystallized from CH2Cl2/hexane. The product was isolated by suction filtration, rinsed with hexane and dried in vacuo overnight. The yield 10 of the product was 29.5 mg as small, bright orange crystals. M.S.: (M+H)+ = 510; (MH) ~ = 508.

Analysis calc;d. for C17H28N7O5TC: C, 40.08; H, 5.54? N, 19.25; Found: C, 39.92; H, 5.84; N, 19.15.

Example 20 Synthesis of r99inTc] Oxo[ [3,3, 6, 6, 9,g-hexamethyl-l-^-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl) -4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-20 dione dioximato] (3-) -N,N* ,N" ,N"' ] technetium(V), by reaction in aqueous ethanol 3,3,6,6,9,9-Hexaxnethyl-l- (2-nitro-lH-imidazo-1-yl)-4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioxime (3.08 mg, 25 Example 5c) was dissolved in EtOH (1 mL) . 0.1M Aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (0.5 mL) and 99iotc04~ in saline (0.8 mL, 57.1 mCi) were added, followed by a saturated solution of stannous tartrate in saline (150 uL) . The mixture was shaken, and 30 allowed to stand at room temperature for 10 minutes. 77 103- sxanrole 21 Synthesis of [99nrc] Oxo[[3,3,9, 9-tetraroethyl-l- (2-nitro-lH-imidazo-1-yl) -4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione 5 dioximato] (3-)-N,N',N" »N"' ] technetium (V) using h SnPTPft as the reducing agent 1 in a lyophilized form was prepared. A vial of the 10 above lyophilized formulation was reconstituted with saline and 99l0Tc-generator eluate, such that the total reconstitution volume was 2 mL and the radioactive concentration adjusted as required. A vial of a commercially-available kit containing 500 15 jig of stannous chloride and 10 mg of DTPA was reconstituted with 2 mL of saline. 100 *iL of the stannous DTPA solution was transferred to the above reconstituted kit of the ligand in Example 1. The vial was shaken and allowed to stand at room 20 temperature for 10 minutes. The radiochemical purity of the product was assayed by HPLC, and determined to be >95%.

A kit containing 2 mg of the ligand in Example RB90 Exanrole 22 The results of the further compounds tested in accordance with Example 8 are summarized below.

Coxnpound name/number EB£(V) -1.81 Reduction xrroc&ss Compound from Ex. 2 reversible Compound from Ex. 3 -1.54 reversible 0 1 0 1 from Ex. 4 -1.51 reversible Compound from Ex. -1.52 reversible Compound from Ex. 6a -1.81 -2.02 reversible irreversible Compound from Ex. 6b -1.48 -1.96 reversible irreversible Compound from Ex. 19 -1.53 -2.07 reversible irrevers ible 272277

Claims (34)

WHAT WE CLAIM IS:

1. A complex of a metal and a ligand, which ligand includes a hypoxia-localizing moiety, wherein said complex has a permeability through cell membranes greater than that of 14C-sucrose, and wherein said ligand is selected from la / NH (CRR) A R N 1 OH nK HN N I HO R and lb R I$H A (CRR) R I R, iK R A R X. R /V* S R I Ri where at least one R is -(A)p-R2 where (A)p is a linking group ai \Y R2 is a hypoxia localizing moiety; and wherein the other R groups are the same, or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, halog&n, hydroxy, alkyl, alkenyl, O alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, -COOR3, -C-NHR3, -NH2, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyaryl, haloalkyl ai^lalkyl, -alkyl-COOR3, -alkyl-C0N(R3 )2, -alkyl-N(R3)2 -aryl-COOR3, -aryl-CON(R3 )2/ 272277 -106- -aryl-N (R3) 2, and 5- or 6-membered nitrogen- or oxygen-containing heterocycle as defined on pages 9 and 10 herein; or two R groups taken together with the one or more atoms to which they are attached form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic, saturated or unsaturated spiro or fused ring which may be substituted with R groups; R2 is hydrogen, a thiol protecting group or -(A)p-R2; R3 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; m = 2 to 5; p = 0 to 20, and, throughout this claim,'aryl' is as defined on page 9 herein; and with the proviso that when the ligand is a compound of formula la, and when m is 3, and when there is only one ~(A)P- Rj moiety present in the compound of formula la, then the moiety - (A) p-Ra is not present on the central carbon of the group -(CRR) 3~.

2. The complex of claim 1 wherein the metal is non-radioactive.

3. The complex of claim 1 wherein the metal is radioactive.

4. The complex of claim 3 wherein said metal is technetium or rhenium.

5. The complex of claim 4 wherein said metal is in the +5 oxidation state.

6. The complex of claim 1 wherein said ligand forms a chelate with said metal. RB90 -107-

7. The complex of formula la or lb in claim l where the metal is a radionuclide of technetium.

8. The complex of formula lb in claim l 20 wherein said metal is a radionuclide of rhenium.

9- The metal complex of claim l containing the linking group (A)p/ where3' p is an integer greater than zero, and the v^tious A units (which form a straight or branched chain) are independently 25 selected from -CH2-, -CHR4-, -CR4R5-, -CH=CH-, -CH=CR4-, —CR4=CR5"/ -C=C-, cycloalkyl, cyclo-alkenyl, aryl, heterocyclo, O oxygen, sulfur, -C-, -NH-, -HC=N-, -CR4=N--r 30 -NR,-, and -CS-; wherein R4 and Rs are independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, aryl, 5- or 272277 -108- 6-menibered nitrogen- or oxygen-containing heterocycle as defined on pages 9 and 10 herein, halogen, hydroxy eind hydroxyalkyl, wherein, throughout tiils claim, 'aryl' is as defined on page 9 herein.

10. The metal complex of claim 9 wherein (A)p is absent or is selected from alkyl, oxa-alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkenyl arylalkyl, alkenyl, arylalkylaniide, alkylamide, alkylamine and (alkylamine)alkyl, wherein 'aryl' is as defined on page 9 herein.

11. The metal complex of claim 10 wherein (A)p is absent or is selected from -(CH2)1-5-/ O |i -ch2-ch=ch-ch2-, -(ch2 )0__3-c-nh-(ch2 )0_3-, >0.3-nh-co(ch2 )Q_3-, >0-2"' o -CH2CH(OH)CH2OCH2-, -CH2-C-NH-CH2 - (A3 -0-A3 ■) 1_3- or - (A3 -NH-A3 •) ^3-; wherein A3 and A3 ' are the same or different alkyl.

12. A metal complex in accordance with claim 1 wherein the hypoxia localizing moiety (R2) is a hypoxia-mediated nitro-heterocyclic group. 272277 RB90 -109-

13. A complex in accordance with claim 12 wherein said linker/hypoxia-localizing portion of the complex are selected from »5 no2 <A)P-(7(R7)n-2 *1 10 15 and 20 "(A), cl n02 -Q the ring portion being a 5- or 6-membered cyclic or aromatic ring, wherein; n is the total number of substitution 25 positions available on the 5- or 6-membered ring; one or more of said R7 groups are independently hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkenyl, arylalkyl, arylalkylamide, alkyl amide, 30 alkylamine or (alkylamine) alkyl; Xj is nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, -CR7= or -CRR-; and 272277 -110- rb90 10 (A)p can be absent in which case the nitro-heterocyclic hypoxia localizing moiety is linked to the rest of the complex of claim 12 via a ring nitrogen or carbon atom, or (A)p comprises the link between the nitro-heterocyclic group and said rest of the complex of claim 12, and throughout this claim 'aryl' is as defined on page 9 herein. 1

14. The complex of claim 12 wherein said hypoxia-mediated nitro-heterocyclic group is selected from 2-, 4- or 5-nitroimidazoles, nitro-furans, nitrothiazoles and derivatives thereof.

15. The complex of claim 14 wherein said localizing group of the complex is selected from 15 20 n02 -N^N, l-U 1 (^7 } 2 0 no2 (£7)2 ( &7 ): -N ' N H and n02 25 wherein R, is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkenyl, arylalkyl, arylalkyiamide, alkylamide, or alkylamine(alkyl).

16. The complex of claim 14 wherein the linking group/localizing moiety portion of the complex is selected from CH3 n02 JL oh i -choh-ch2 -n n , -ch2 och2 -chcb2 -n n , ' ' L=J no2 111- RB90 N02 (P)-«3hh-2-f^f ' . no2 J? ■ (ch2 )i c-n n , -nhcch2-n n 1-5 , , n02 o II ch2 —0—c—nh2 X -ch2-n n no2 V ■N N-N=CE_^°v_N02 , , O N-N=CH_/ °\_N02 Y^^cr- ■ hi H ■—■ H o o ° o I i /• -NH-C-NH-N=CH-T^ >—NO, , and -n N—(' O 272277 RB90 -112-

17. The complex of claim l wherein said ligand is of the foxmula 10 15 <A)p-R2 , wherein A, p and Ra are as defined in claim 1.

18. The complex of claim 17 wherein R2 is nitroheterocyclic group and each R is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy or alkyl.

19. The complex of claim l wherein said ligand is of the formula 20 25 30 wherein R2, A, p and R are as defined in claim 1, s is an integer from 0 to 4 and t is an integer from 0 to 4, with the proviso that s + t is not greater than 4 and is greater than zero.

20. The complex of claim 19 wherein Ri is a nitroheterocyclic group and each R can be hydrogen or alk 272 RB90 -113-

21. a complex of claim l comprising a radionuclide and a ligand bound to a hypoxia-localizing moiety, wherein said ligand/localizing moiety has the name 3,3,9,9-tetramethyl-l-(2- 5 nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl )-4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioxime.

22. A complex of claim l comprising a radionuclide and a ligand bound to a hypoxia-localizing moiety, wherein said ligand/localizing 10 moiety has the name 3,3,9,9-tetramethyl-l- (4-nitro-lH-i mi dazo-l-yl )-4,8-diazaundecane>2,10-dione dioxime.

23. A complex of claim l comprising a radionuclide and a ligand bound to a hypoxia- 15 localizing moiety, wherein said ligand/localizing moiety has the name 4,4,10,10-tetramethyl-l-(2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl)-5, 9-diazadodecane-3,11-dione dioxime.

24. A complex of claim l comprising a 20 radionuclide and a ligand bound to a hypoxia- localizing moiety, wherein said ligand/localizing moiety has the name 6-hydroxy-3,3,9,9-tetramethyl-1- (2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl) -4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioxime.

25 25. a complex of claim l comprising a radionuclide and a ligand bound to a hypoxia-localizing moiety, wherein said ligand/localizing moiety has the name 3,3,9,9-tetramethyl-6-((2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl) acetamido ) -4,8-diazaundecane- 30 2,10-dione dioxime. 272277 RB90 -114-

26. a complex of claim l comprising a radionuclide and a ligand bound to a hypoxia-localizing moiety, wherein said ligand/localizing moiety has the name 3,3,9,9-tetramethyl-6-((2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl) ethyl )-4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioxime.

27. The complex of claim l wherein the ligand is of the formula 10 15 -R ,/Wp-R* 20 wherein R, is selected from H and a thiol protecting group and the other R groups are independently selected from H, hydroxy and alkyl, wherein R2, a and p are as defined in claim 1.

28. A complex of claim 27 comprising a radionuclide and a ligand bound to a hypoxia-25 localizing moiety wherein said ligand has the name 5,8-diaza-l, 2-dithia-5-(2-(2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl )-ethyl )-3,3,10,10-tetramethylcyclodecane. 272277 RB90 -115-

29. The complex of claim l wherein the ligand is of the formula 10 <A)p-R2 wherein R, is selected from H and a thiol protecting group and the 15 other R groups are independently selected from H, hydroxy and alkyl, wherein R2, A and p are as defined in claim i.

30. The complex of claim l wherein the ligand is of the formula 20 25 30 35 R R—X. / R NH X s i Ri (A)p-Rz wherein Rx is selected from Hand a thiol protecting group and the other R groups are independently selected from H, hydroxy and alkyl or two R groups taken together with the one or more atoms to which they are attached form a carbocyclic or heterocycl saturated or unsaturated spiro or fused ring whi may be substituted with R groups. 272277 -116-

31. a complex of claim l comprising a radionuclide and a ligand bound to a hypoxia-localizing moiety, wherein said ligand/localizing moiety has the name [99nTc] oxo[[4,4,10,10-5 tetramethyl-1- (2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl) -5,9- diazadodecane-3,11-dione dioximato] (3-)-n,n',n",n"' ] technetium (V) .

32. A complex of claim l comprising a radionuclide and a ligand bound to a hypoxia-10 localizing moiety, wherein said ligand/localizing moiety has the name [99mTc] oxo[ [3,3,6,6,9,9-hexamethy 1 -1 - (2-nitro-lH-imidazo-l-yl) -4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioximato] (3-)-n,n*,n",n" *] technetium (V) . 15

33. A complex of claim l comprising a radionuclide and a ligand bound to a hypoxia-localizing moiety, wherein said ligand/localizing moiety has the name [99mTc] oxo [ [3 , 3, 9, 9-tetramethyl-1- (2-nitro-lH-imida.zo-l-yl) -4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-20 dione dioximato.l (3-) -N,N' ,N" ,N"' ] technetium (V). .

34. A process for preparing an alkylene diamineoxime comprising reacting an alkylene dicimine with two equivalents of a haloketone to provide an alkylene diaminediketone which is thereafter converted to said alkylene diaminedioxime; or reacting an alkylene diamine with one equivalent of a first haloketone and reacting the resulting product with one equivalent of a second haloketone and thereafter converting to said alkylene diaminedioxime; or reacting an alkylene diamine with one equivalent of a chloronit^oso, then reacting the product with a haloketone, thereafter converting to said alkylene diamine dioxime.