MXPA03007302A - Antifouling papermaker's fabric. - Google Patents
Antifouling papermaker's fabric.Info
- Publication number
- MXPA03007302A MXPA03007302A MXPA03007302A MXPA03007302A MX PA03007302 A MXPA03007302 A MX PA03007302A MX PA03007302 A MXPA03007302 A MX PA03007302A MX PA03007302 A MXPA03007302 A MX PA03007302A
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- fouling
- coating film
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Abstract
In an antifouling papermaker's fabric woven from a warp and weft made of synthetic resin filament, the fabric is coated with a resin composition made by blending a two-liquid reaction type epoxy resin with a prepolymer of phenolsulfonic ferric acid as a curing agent to form on the surface of a constituent yarn an antifouling coating film constituted by a reaction product of the composition.
Description
PAPERWORK FABRIC TO TIVEGETATIVE
Technical Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an anti-fouling or anti-fouling papermaking fabric suitable for forming recycled paper using waste paper including gummy pit tars, core boards, cardboards, cartons, and the like as starting materials. .
Description of the Related Art A papermaking cloth for use in a papermaking process is used in a sheet forming unit, and the papermaking fabrics include a woven warp and weft fabric made of synthetic resin or monofilament. Currently, fabrics made of synthetic resin monofilament are often used due to the ease of handling. However, compared to the fabric made of metal, the fabric made of synthetic resin monofilament is more likely to be embedded by the sticky resin particles called resin-based gummy tar present in the waste paper, and thus have there have been cases where, due to the deposition of gummy tar, the water filtration capacity of the fabric is reduced and its surface characteristics are compromised, resulting in the production of unevenly formed leaves and leaves that have very small holes, thus leading to to a situation in which the use of the fabric should be discontinued. In addition, the cleaning and treatments with high pressure shower with cleaning agents, additives and the like has been carried out to remove the gummy tar, but these measures have a problem so that the monofilament of synthetic resin is damaged or degraded, and besides, gummy tar can not be removed sufficiently. Thus, methods have been visualized to form a resin coating film less compatible with a gummy tar on the surface of a constituent yarn of a woven fabric of a monofilament of synthetic resin to prevent the deposition of gummy tar. Such methods include, for example, a method in which the fabric is coated with an idrophilic resin to form a hydrophilic coating film on the constituent yarn of the fabric, and the like, as one of the typical anti-fouling methods, but In an antifouling fabric having a conventional hydrophilic resin coating film formed thereon, the anti-fouling coating film is made to decrease by high pressure shower, alkali cleaning or the like, resulting in a reduction in the effect of anti-fouling, and in this way the fabric has the effect of anti-fouling in the early stage of use but it becomes difficult to retain the effect in the last stage of use. Typical examples include a papermaking forming fabric having a cured antifouling coating film formed on the surface of a constituent yarn of the fabric by coating a phenolic resin of the curing type of a liquid with an antifouling resin made by polymerizing a prepolymer or of phenol-sulphonated phenolsulfonic acid. The phenolic resin itself is highly hydrophilic and hygroscopic, and is insoluble in water, and the phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer is a strong acid, and is ultra-hydrophilic. A cured antifouling coating film obtained by polymerizing the phenolsulfonic acid rejects contaminating components released in the water, thereby providing a situation in which the contaminating components are difficult to stick directly to the surface of the fabric. However, a cure polycondensation reaction between the phenolic resin and the phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer is difficult to proceed enough, and if the reaction does not proceed completely, the residual acid components persistently exist, and it is necessary to carry out the cleaning to remove them after the coating film is formed. The phenolic resin used here is a curing type resin of a liquid, and is cured by applying heat to it, and the phenolic resin has sufficient reactivity to cure the phenolic resin itself, but does not have sufficient reactivity to react with the phenolsufonic acid prepolymer mixed with the phenolic resin. The phenolsufonic acid prepolymer is deficient in reactivity, and therefore unreacted components tend to exist after polymerization with the phenolic resin. In addition, the fabric has satisfactory anti-fouling properties at the early stage of use because the hydrophilic coating film is formed on the constituent yarn of the fabric, but since the resin only sticks to the constituent yarn by adhesiveness, the With curing and the like of the phenolic resin, the resin coating film is decreased under severe conditions of use, resulting in a reduction in the anti-fouling effect, and a gummy tar begins to deposit on the fabric in the middle stage of the resin. use. The gummy tar can be easily removed if the caustic soda (strong alkali), hydrochloric or similar is used, but the curable coating film is deficient in resistance to such reagents, and therefore there have been cases where the use of the reagent causes the Resin coating film decreases, resulting in a further reduction in the anti-fouling effect. Patent No. 2976152 describes a papermaking forming network such that a vinylpyrrolidone polymer having a hydrophilic nature is mixed with a synthetic resin having an epoxy base resin mixed with a hydrophilic modified polyamide curing agent, a constituent yarn of the fabric is coated with the resin to form a cured coating film, thereby preventing the deposition of contaminants such as a gummy tar. The polyamide resin is used as a curing agent for the epoxy resin, but the polyamide resin only contributes to an improvement in the moisture capacity of water and can not provide an excellent anti-fouling effect even though it contains a hydrophilic amide group. In addition, this papermaking forming network has a hydrophilic curable coating film formed on the constituent yarn of the fabric and retains the anti-fouling effect at the early stage of use, but as used, although the epoxy resin as a base resin remains on the constituent yarn of the fabric, the vinylpyrrolidone polymer which is a hydrophilic substance mixed in the epoxy resin is released into the water to compromise the hydrophilic nature of the resin itself, thus making it impossible to retain a sufficient level of anti-aging effect. -incrustation. This is due to the fact that vinylpyrrolidone is a water-soluble substance, and is only mixed with the epoxy resin instead of being strongly bound thereto through a reaction, binding force or the like.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention is to provide a papermaking cloth having an antifouling resin coating film formed on a constituent yarn of the fabric, which is capable of retaining an excellent antifouling effect from the early stage of use. until the last stage of use, it is excellent in chemical resistance, and does not cause the constituent yarn of the fabric to degrade. The present invention relates to an anti-fouling paper cloth woven from a warp and weft made of synthetic resin filament, wherein the cloth is coated with a resin composition made by mixing an epoxy reaction resin of two liquid with a phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer as a curing agent to form on the surface of a constituent yarn an anti-fouling coating film constituted by a reaction product of the composition. In the anti-fouling paper fabric woven from a warp and weft made of synthetic resin filament, the fabric can be coated with a resin composition made by mixing a double liquid reaction epoxy resin with a phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer as a curing agent in the ratio of 10: 2 to 10: 6 to form on the surface of the constituent yarn an anti-fouling coating film constituted by a reaction product of the composition; The fabric can be woven using a constituent yarn having an antifouling coating film formed on the surface when coating the surface of a warp and synthetic resin filament weft with a resin composition made by mixing an epoxy reaction resin of double liquid with a phenolsufonic acid prepolymer, and subjecting the composition to a reaction. The anti-fouling papermaking fabric can be made by mixing an acid dye and / or complex metal salt dye with the resin made by mixing a double-liquid reaction epoxy resin with a phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer. The woven warp and weft fabric made of synthetic resin filament or the resin composition coated on the warp and weft can be heated to a temperature of 100 ° C or more and cured accordingly.
Detailed Description of the Invention To solve the aforementioned problems, a double liquid reaction epoxy resin is used for a base resin, a phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer is mixed therewith with a curing agent so that the epoxy resin produces a composition of anti-fouling resin, and the resin composition is coated on a fabric constituting yarn to form an anti-fouling coating film constituted by a reaction product of the composition, thereby imparting an anti-fouling property to an anti-fouling cloth. stationer. The double-liquid reaction epoxy resin is not cured when the resin is used alone, but is cured when the epoxy resin is mixed with a substance that causes the resin to form a three-dimensional bond and polymerize. The curing agents for the epoxy resin generally include polyamine, polimercapt and polycarboxylic acid, but a phenolsufonic acid prepolymer is used for the epoxy resin curing agent in the present invention. This is because the phenolsufonic acid prepolymer is ultra-hydrophilic and functions as a curing agent for the double-liquid reaction epoxy resin, and a resin produced by polymerizing such a prepolymer is easily adsorbed to a polyamide resin which is Frequently used as a constituent yarn of a papermaking cloth. The double liquid curing epoxy resin forms a three dimensional network structure when a curing agent adheres thereto, and in this invention, the epoxy resin is cured through a polyaddition reaction in which the phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer as a healing agent by itself it is incorporated into the part of the network structure. Even if the phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer is deficient in reactivity, the polymerization reaction between itself and the double liquid curing epoxy resin proceeds sufficiently in relation between a substrate resin and a curing agent, thereby eliminating the likelihood that unreacted phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer components remain in the resin. As a result, the resin produced is free of residual acid components and is thus ultra-hydrophilic. The first reason why a phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer is used for the curing agent which is a hydrophilic curing agent. The phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer plays a major role in initiating a reaction to cure an epoxy resin, and is effective in making the ultra-hydrophilic resin. The second reason is that a fabric constituent yarn, especially a polyamide yarn, is easily hydrolyzed by a resin made by polymerizing phenolsulfonic acid which is a strong acid. The monomers penetrate into the polyamide through hydrolysis, and consequently, the yarn itself becomes hydrophilic. That is, unlike a conventional structure in which a hydrophilic coating film constituted by an epoxy resin, a polyamine and polyvinylpyrrolidone curing agent is only formed on a constituent yarn of the fabric, and the phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer has the function of making the yarn itself hydrophilic in addition to forming a hydrophilic coating film having high level of film strength, thereby making it possible to retain the anti-fouling effect even if the resin coating film is decreased by abrasion and the high pressure shower. Here, there may be a concern about degradation or the like of the constituent yarn of the fabric due to hydrolysis, but such concern is eliminated as long as none of the residual acid components remain on the mixed resin, and once it is fully cured the resin, the hydrolysis is no longer applicable, and therefore there is no possibility that the properties of the paper cloth will degrade. The resin can be dried and cured in a short time by being made, and the stability of the fabric can be improved by heat, thus the passage of the resin through the heater is preferable in a variety of aspects. The cure temperature after coating the resin may be 100 ° C or more, for example, about 100 to 130 ° C, but preferably about 120 ° C in terms of drying efficiency and other aspects related to production. In addition, there is an advantage that the cleaning required in a conventional antifouling fabric coated with a resin made by polymerizing a phenolic resin with a phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer is not necessary in the present invention. A curing reaction proceeds when a curing agent is mixed with the double liquid reaction type resin and in the present invention, even if the phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer is deficient in reactivity, the reaction proceeds easily due to the ratio between a resin Reactive double liquid and a curing agent is retained, and therefore almost none of the unreacted components exists after the reaction. In this way, cleaning to remove residual acid components is not required. In addition, if the epoxy resin is mixed with the phenolsufonic acid prepolymer in a suitable ratio, the amount of unreacted residual acid components can be considerably reduced. The suitable mixing ratio more or less varies depending on the temperature and other conditions, but the epoxy resin is mixed with the phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer preferably in the ratio of about 10: 2 to 10: 6 by weight of the resin. Also, preferably it is the ratio of 10: 3. The level at which the reaction proceeds may change depending on the temperature and a variety of conditions, and if the amount of epoxy resin is excessive with respect to the curing agent, the curing reaction of the resin may be difficult to proceed sufficiently, resulting in a situation in which a resin coating film having a satisfactory hardness it is not formed, or the coating film on the constituent yarn is easily made to decrease. Further, if the amount of the phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer is excessive, a large amount of the phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer which is a strong acid may remain in the resin after the reaction, and therefore a fabric having a composition coated thereon. which contains an excessive amount of phenolsufonic acid precondensate may require a cleaning step after forming a coating film. The phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer for use in the present invention is not specifically limited, but a material with a formalin-based compound fused with phenolsulfonic acid or the like is preferable. Additionally, in addition to the precondensation of phenolsulfonic acid, a dye, an antifoaming agent, a leveling agent which helps to flatten the resin, a tackifier that improves the adhesion resistance between the resin and the constituting yarn, an agent of silane coupling which improves the adhesion properties, a solvent for diluting the resin and the like can be mixed. Particularly, by mixing an acid dye and complex metal salt dye with the antifouling resin of the present invention, the durability and hydrophilic nature of the resin coating film is further improved. The dye can contain the resin, allow the unevenness of the coating, the durability and similar of the resin that is usually verified, but the durability of the resin coating film is also improved by mixing the acid dye and the complex salt dye of metal with the anti-incrustation resin of the present invention. The acid dye and the complex metal salt dye adsorb very well on a polyester resin and a polyamide resin that makes up the yarns, and is more easily adsorbed on the polyamide resin. This is due to the fact that the active dye staining point is a carboxyl group or an amino group which is a terminal group of polyamide, and the adsorption also occurs in the amide group in the main chain in an acid solvent. The dye is negatively charged, in the carboxyl group, the amino group and the amide group of polyamide are positively charged, resulting in the occurrence of ionic bonds. The staining molecules are strongly adsorbed on the synthetic resin which is a constituent yarn of the fabric, thereby making it possible to further strengthen the adhesion between a thermosetting resin and the constituent yarn of the fabric. In the present invention, the anti-fouling resin coating film formed by coating the constituent yarn of the fabric with a resin made by mixing the acid dye and complex metal salt dye with a resin made by mixing the prepolymer of Phenolsulfonic acid with the epoxy resin and curing thereof can impart an ultra-hydrophilic nature in addition to excellent adhesion and durability properties of the epoxy resin, thereby making it possible to avoid the deposition of a gummy tar for a long period of time. In addition, the resin coating film is chemically resistant so that the resin coating film does not cause failure even if the caustic soda, kerosene, limonene or the like are used to remove a persistent gummy adhesive tar to the network. A specific example of a method for forming the anti-fouling resin coating film on the surface of the constituent yarn of the fabric will now be described. For papermaking cloth, a synthetic resin filament woven using a warp and a weft and formed into an endless form by a known sewing method is used. The antifouling resin is prepared by mixing a modified urethane type epoxy resin that cures two liquids with the phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer in the ratio of 10: 3 by sufficiently polymerizing the same, and the prepared resin is diluted in a concentration of 5% with MEK and methyl alcohol and then coated on the surface of the fabric. For the coating method, a roller or brush can be used, or a spray or the like can be used. The resin can be coated on either side or both sides, but a sufficient anti-fouling effect can be shown by coating the resin on only one side of the fabric. Then, the fabric coated with the resin is passed to a heater at about 120 ° C to volatilize a solvent and the like and dry the fabric in a short time and the resin is cured. Here, a method for coating a woven fabric with a resin is used but instead, a method can be used in which a yarn itself is coated with a resin to form an anti-fouling resin coating film on the surface of the resin. spinning before the fabric that is going to form in an endless form is woven. For the constituent yarn of the papermaking fabric for use in the present invention, the polyester and the polyamide monofilaments having dimensional stability, abrasion resistance, stiffness and the like required by the papermaking cloth are used simply alone or in combination , but instead of them, the polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polypropylene, aramid, polyether ether ketone, polyethylene naphthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene and the like can be used. Of course, yarns with a variety of substances mixed or incorporated into copolymers and the above materials for predetermined purposes can be used. For the type of yarn, multifilaments, spun yarns, finished yarns generally referred to as textured yarns, bulky yarns and stretch yarns subject to undulation, bulkiness or the like, or spun yarns when interlacing the above yarns, etc., may be used in place of monofilaments. Furthermore, for the shape of the yarn, not only the circular yarns but also the yarns of rectangles such as tetragons and star-shaped, elliptical and hollow yarns and the like can be used, and for fabric structures, both single-layer fabrics and multilayer fabrics such as bilayer fabrics and trilayer fabrics can be applied, and there is no specific limitation on the texture of the fabric. Particularly, since the antifouling resin of the present invention is adsorbed on a polyamide filament, the adhesion strength between the antifouling resin and the polyamide filament is improved, thereby making it possible to retain the anti-fouling effect. for a long period of time, and therefore a fabric with the polyamide filament placed on parts of the surface of the fabric that is coated with the resin, and combined with a polyester filament can provide an excellent anti-incrustation effect without damage of several required properties like a paper cloth.
Examples The example of the present invention will be described compared to the Comparative Examples.
Example 1 A resin made by mixing an epoxy-modified resin with urethane of the double-liquid reaction type with a phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer constituted with a condensate of phenolsufonic acid and formalin in the ratio of 10: 3 and sufficiently polymerizing the same was diluted in a concentration of 5% with MEK and methyl alcohol, the resin was coated on one side of a single layer woven fabric of a warp and weft constituted by a synthetic resin monofilament by a roller coating apparatus, and The resin-coated fabric was heated to 120 ° C to form an anti-fouling resin coating film on the surface of a fabric constituent yarn.
Comparative Example 1 A resin made by mixing a phenolic resin with a phenolsulfonic acid precondensate in the ratio of 1: 1 was diluted in a concentration of 5% with MEK and methyl alcohol, and the resin was coated on one side of a cloth of single layer woven of a warp and weft constituted with a monofilament of synthetic resin by means of a roller coating apparatus, and heated to 120 ° C to form an anti-fouling resin coating film on the surface of a fabric constituent yarn .
Example 2 Comparative Single woven fabric of a warp and weft constituted with a synthetic resin monofilament [Comparative Test] Comparative test items included (1) retention performance of anti-fouling effect, (2) chemical resistance and (3) acidity of the resin. (1) A fabric was subjected to a cleaning test as assumed use of the fabric, and thereafter a release stress of rubbery tape on the fabric was measured to make a comparison on the susceptibility to the deposition of a gummy tar. A comparison was made on the anti-fouling effect with a gummy strip release stress test due to the gummy tar components deposited on the fabric during the papermaking of waste paper and the like equivalent to the sticky components of the tape. gummy (2) Four types of reagents generally used in the removal of gummy tar were used to make a comparison on the durability of the resin by visual observations. A dye was added to the resin, so that a change caused by the chemical resistance of an anti-fouling resin could be recognized when each fabric sample was immersed in the reagent. (3) pH measurement. Each sample coated with resin was placed in a test tube together with 20 minutes of water, and the pH of the water was measured.
(1) Anti-fouling retention performance Samples of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were immersed in water for 30 minutes, and were thereafter subjected to fan shower cleaning. This was carried out as a preliminary arrangement to adapt the samples to the water to further improve their anti-fouling effects. Afterwards, the samples were subjected to cleaning by a washing machine for 3 days, 10 days and 30 days, followed by carrying out the rubber tape release stress test to make a comparison on the susceptibility of the fabric to the deposition of tar rubbery. The results of the test are shown in Table 1. The unit of the release tension is g / 25 mm because the width of the rubber band used in the gummy strip release tension test is 25 mm, and it can be considered that the smaller the value, the less susceptible the deposition of the gummy tar. In this comparison test, a comparison is made on the anti-fouling effect based on the type and existence / non-existence of the anti-fouling resin, but the abrasion that results from the friction between the fabric and a paper forming apparatus caused by the trip of the web is implied in a full-scale practice, and therefore the value shown in the Table are only reference values.
[Table 1]
From the above results, Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 almost have the same results before cleaning. It can be said that in both cases, gummy tar is difficult to deposit at the early stage of use. In Example 1, the release stress is further reduced after 3 days, and this is attributable to the gradual adaptation of the resin to water. No significant reduction in release stress is found after 30 days in Example 1. From the results, it can be said that in Example 1, a sufficient anti-fouling effect could be retained from the early to the last stage stage. In addition, in Comparative Example 1, the susceptibility to the deposition of gummy tar increased when the test proceeded. In addition, in the Comparative Example 2 in which the resin finish was made, the release stress was maintained at a high level, and a high level of susceptibility to the deposition of the gummy tar was maintained from the early to the last stage. stage of use.
(2) Chemical resistance A dye was incorporated into each resin for use in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, and a fabric coated with the resin to form an antifouling coating film thereon was immersed in four reagents shown in FIG. next for 10 minutes, followed by making a judgment about the chemical resistance by visual observations from the loss of the dye. 1) caustic soda (10%) 2) hydrochloric acid 3) kerosene
[Table 2]
The high level of chemical resistance © > O > ? > X low level of chemical resistance. As shown in Table 2, the resin coating film did not decrease in Example 1. That is, the caustic soda, the hydrochloric acid, the kerosene or the like can be used to remove the gummy tar adhering persistently to the fabric, and It is effective to use MEK in the event that obturation occurs due to excessive coating of the resin. In this way, if reagents are selected and used as appropriate for cleaning the fabric, etc., the anti-fouling effect can be maintained for a long period of time. On the other hand, in the result of the Comparative Example, it can almost be that which was retained by an excellent chemical resistance. (3) Each sample with the resin coated thereon was placed in a test tube together with 20 cm3 of water, and treated in an ultrasonic cleaner for 30 minutes, and then the pH of the water was measured. In addition, the pH of the water after being allowed to remain for 3 days was measured.
[Table 3]
As shown in Table 3, the acidity of the resin in Example 1 is apparently different from that of Comparative Example 1. Example 1 shows an almost neutral value, while in Comparative Example 1, it can be understood that since the phenolic resin and the phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer did not react completely, the residual acid components existed after the reaction even if the Resin coating was apparently formed, and the acid components dissolved in water, resulting in acidification of the water. In the fabric represented by Comparative Example 1, a nylon yarn can be degraded due to the existence of residual acid components, and therefore cleaning with water is required. As described above, the anti-fouling papercloth of the present invention is provided with anti-fouling properties by coating the surface of a constituent yarn with a resin composition consisting of a double-liquid reaction epoxy resin and a Phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer as a curing agent to form an anti-fouling coating film, and this paper cloth exhibits excellent effects so that an excellent anti-fouling effect can be stopped for a long period of time from the stage early use until the last stage of use, the resin coating film was almost even decreased due to the high pressure shower for the increased resistance of the film of the resin coating and the increased resistance of the adhesion between the resin coating film and the constituent yarn, the fabric It is highly resistant to a reagent used for the removal of a gummy tar, etc. Although some exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described in detail in or before, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without departing materially from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention.
Claims (5)
- CLAIMS 1. An anti-fouling or anti-fouling woven fabric of a warp and weft made of synthetic resin filament, where the cloth is coated with a resin composition made by mixing a dual-liquid reaction epoxy resin with an acid prepolymer phenolsulfonic as a curing agent to form on the surface of a constituent yarn an anti-fouling coating film constituted by a reaction product of the composition.
- 2. The woven anti-fouling tissue of a warp and weft made of synthetic resin filament according to claim 1, wherein the fabric is coated with a resin composition made by mixing a double liquid reaction epoxy resin. with a phenolsufonic acid prepolymer as a curing agent in the ratio of 10: 2 to 10: 6 to form on the surface of the constituent yarn an anti-fouling coating film constituted by a reaction product of the composition. 3. The anti-fouling papermaking fabric according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the fabric is woven using a constituent yarn having an anti-fouling coating film formed on the surface when coating the surface of a warp and weft. synthetic resin filament with a resin composition made by mixing a double liquid reaction epoxy resin with a phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer, and by subjecting the composition to a reaction. 4. The anti-fouling papermaking fabric made by mixing an acid dye and / or complex metal salt dye with the resin made by mixing a double-liquid epoxy reaction resin with a phenolsulfonic acid prepolymer in accordance with claims 1 to
- 3. The anti-fouling papermaking fabric according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the woven fabric of a warp and weft made of synthetic resin filament or the resin composition coated on the warp and the weft is heated to a temperature of 100 ° C or more and therefore cured.
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MXPA03007302 MXPA03007302A (en) | 2003-08-15 | 2003-08-15 | Antifouling papermaker's fabric. |
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MXPA03007302 MXPA03007302A (en) | 2003-08-15 | 2003-08-15 | Antifouling papermaker's fabric. |
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