JP6062362B2 - Pkc活性化剤を使用した、異常な樹状突起棘に関連した認知障害の治療 - Google Patents
Pkc活性化剤を使用した、異常な樹状突起棘に関連した認知障害の治療 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6062362B2 JP6062362B2 JP2013525006A JP2013525006A JP6062362B2 JP 6062362 B2 JP6062362 B2 JP 6062362B2 JP 2013525006 A JP2013525006 A JP 2013525006A JP 2013525006 A JP2013525006 A JP 2013525006A JP 6062362 B2 JP6062362 B2 JP 6062362B2
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Description
樹状突起棘は、脳内の最も主要なニューロンの樹状突起上に認められる小さい(μm未満の)膜質の突出である。樹状突起棘は、シナプスの2分の1を形成している、樹状突起細胞から突出し、神経伝達物質、たとえばグルタメートの受容体を含有する。成熟した樹状突起棘は、細い棘頸部を通して親の樹状突起に連結されている球根状の頭部(棘頭部)を有する。未成熟の棘は、損なわれたシグナル伝達能力を有し、典型的には、球根状の頭部を欠いているかまたはきわめて小さい頭部を有する。
脆弱性X症候群は、3600名の男性中約1名および5000名の女性中約1名に影響を及ぼしているX連鎖性の障害であり、遺伝性の精神的、身体的、および情動的障害の最も一般的な原因である。精神的障害は、学習能力障害から、「自閉様」行動を含む、より重症の認知または知性能力障害までに及びうる。
プロテインキナーゼC(PKC)は、プロテインキナーゼの最も大きな遺伝子ファミリーのうちの1つである。LiuおよびHeckman、Cellular Signalling、1998、10(8):529〜42。いくつかのPKCアイソザイムは、脳内で発現され、PKC−α、PKC−β1、PKC−βII、PKC−δ、PKC−ε、およびPKC−λなどが挙げられる。PKCは、主として細胞質ゾルタンパク質であるが、刺激に応じて膜に転位する。PKCは、アルツハイマー病に関連した多数の生化学的プロセスに関与することが示されている。
「脆弱性X症候群」は、GCCリピートの数の増加に関与するFMR1遺伝子の変異に関連した疾患である。正常なFMR1遺伝子は、最大54個までのCGGリピートを有するが、完全変異は、200個を超えるCGGリピートをもたらす。過度のCGGリピートによって引き起こされるFMR1遺伝子の不活性化は、脆弱性X症候群の原因となる。
本開示との使用が意図されるPKC活性化剤としては、ベンゾラクタム、ピロリジノン、ブラジキニン、ボンベシン、コレシストキニン、トロンビン、プロスタグランジンF2αおよびバソプレッシンなどが挙げられる。他のPKC活性化剤としては、1,2−sn立体配置にある多様な脂肪酸を有するジアシルグリセロールを含む、天然および非天然のジアシルグリセロール(DAG)などが挙げられる。より最近では、多価不飽和脂肪酸誘導体がPKCεを選択的に活性化することが示されている。PCT特許出願公開第WO2010/014585号を参照されたい。
好適なブリオスタチン類似体の第3のクラスは、A環ブリオログである。これらのブリオログは、ブリオスタチンIよりもわずかに低い、PKCに対する親和性(ブリオログ3、4、および5についてそれぞれ6.5、2.3、および1.9nM)を有するが、より低い分子量を有する。
CH3(CH2)xCH=CH(CH2)yCOOH
式中、xおよびyのそれぞれは、互いとは独立して、3〜11の奇数の整数である。例としては、cis−およびtrans−MUFA、たとえばオレイン酸、エライジン酸、オブツシル酸、カプロレイン酸、ラウロレイン酸、リンデリン酸、ミリストレイン酸、パルミトレイン酸、バクセン酸、ガドレイン酸、エルカ酸、およびペトロセリン酸などが挙げられる。MUFAアルコールの例としては、たとえば、エライジルアルコール、オレイルアルコール、および1−モノリノレイルrac−グリセロールなどが挙げられる。シクロプロパン化およびエポキシ化されたMUFA誘導体の特定の例としては、エリアジル(eliadic)アルコールシクロプロパン(BR−106)、エリアジン(eliadic)酸シクロプロパン(BR−107)、オレイルアルコールシクロプロパン(BR−108)、およびエポキシステアリン酸(BR−116)などが挙げられる。
CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)x(CH2)yCOOH
式中、xおよびyは、それぞれ独立に、2〜6の範囲に及ぶ整数であり、メチレンおよび/またはポリメチレンで中断されたポリエンを含む。これらは、オメガ−6 PUFAである。例としては、これらに限定されないが、リノール酸、γ−リノール酸、アラキドン酸、およびアドレン酸などが挙げられ、これらは以下の構造を有する:
リノール酸 CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH
γ−リノレン酸 CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)3COOH
アラキドン酸 CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2COOH
アドレン酸 CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)4COOH
本開示の脂肪酸誘導体の基礎となりうるPUFAのさらなる例としては、以下の構造などが挙げられる:
CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)x(CH2)yCOOH
式中、xおよびyは、それぞれ独立に、2〜6の範囲に及ぶ整数であり、メチレンおよび/またはポリメチレンで中断されたポリエンを含む。これらは、オメガ−3 PUFAである。例としては、これらに限定されないが、α−リノール酸、ドコサヘキサエン酸、エイコサペンタエン酸、およびエイコサテトラエン酸などが挙げられ、これらは以下の構造を有する:
α−リノレン酸 CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH
エイコサテトラエン酸 CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)5COOH
エイコサペンタエン酸 CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)5(CH2)2COOH
ドコサヘキサエン酸 CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)6(CH2)2COOH
PUFA誘導体としては、PUFA(カルボン酸、アルコール、またはエステル末端基)などが挙げられ、このとき、少なくとも1個のC=C二重結合は、シクロプロパン化またはエポキシ化されている。cis−PUFAエステルの例としては、以下の構造などが挙げられる:
CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)x(CH2)yCOOR
CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)x(CH2)yCOOR
式中、xおよびyは、それぞれ独立に、2〜6の範囲に及ぶ整数であり、Rはアルキル基である。いくつかの態様において、Rは、アルコール、たとえば一価または多価アルコールのアルキル基である。アルコールの例としては、これらに限定されないが、メタノール、エタノール、プロパノール、ブタノール、ペンタノール、グリセロール、マンニトール、およびソルビトールなどが挙げられる。こうした場合において、アルコールは、分枝または非分枝のアルキル鎖を含んでいてもよく、または芳香族アルキル、たとえばフェノールアルコールを含んでいてもよい。PUFA誘導体の例としては、これらに限定されないが、リノールアルコールジシクロプロパン(BR−105)、リノレルアルコールトリシクロプロパン(BR−104)、およびベルノル酸メチルエステルシクロプロパン(BR−109)などが挙げられる。
PKC活性化剤は、それが血液脳関門を越えることを可能にすることになる任意の経路による投与用の有用な投与量単位中に生産されていてもよい。血漿からの多価不飽和脂肪酸(PUFA)は、脳内に越えて入ることが可能なことが実証されている。Rapoportら、J.Lipid Res.、2001、42:678〜685。したがって、一態様において、PKC活性化剤は、PUFA−誘導体化合物として製剤化される。本明細書中に開示の組成物の例示的な投与の経路としては、経口、非経口、経粘膜、鼻内、吸入、または経皮経路などが挙げられる。非経口経路としては、静脈内、細動脈内、筋肉内、皮内、皮下、腹腔内、脳室内、包膜内、および頭蓋内投与などが挙げられる。
本開示のPKC活性化剤を用いた処置の評価は、疾患の症状または臨床代用マーカーにおける改善の評価によって行うことができる。たとえば、治療した対象における記憶または認知技能の改善により、シナプス形成の増加があることが示唆されてもよい。本開示の方法による改善について評価されうる認知表現型の例としては、これらに限定されないが、軽度から中等度の自閉様行動(たとえば、手のフラッピング、およびアイコンタクトの回避)、内気、知覚統合困難、注意欠陥、活動過多、衝動性、注意欠陥障害(ADD)、注意欠陥多動性障害(ADHD)、抑うつ性の情動、不安、精神遅滞(知能指数[IQ]は典型的には35〜70である)、数学的学習能力障害、攻撃的傾向、抽象的思考の欠如、早期のマイルストーンに達した後の発達遅延(特に発言および言語の遅延)、ならびに年齢増加に伴うIQの低下などが挙げられる。
本開示のPKC活性化剤は、現在使用されているまたは使用されるようになる、薬物療法、行動療法、コミュニケーションおよび教育療法を含む、脆弱性X症候群のためのいかなる療法とも組み合わせて投与することができる。
例1:ブリオスタチンは、脆弱性Xマウスにおいて学習および記憶を改善する
動物。以下の2種類のマウス(雄、The Jackson Laboratories、ME、USA;1群あたり9〜10匹)を試験において使用した:FVB.129P2−Fmrltm1Cgr/J(FMR1)およびFVB.129P2−Pde6b+Tyrc−ch/AntJ(対照群として)。
共焦点インビボ実験。麻酔下(抱水クロラール;Sigma−Aldrich;400mg/kg体重、腹腔内)で、ラットを、重力によってPBSで心臓を通して灌流させて血液を洗い出し、次いで、冷却した固定液の代わりに、室温でPBS中4%のパラホルムアルデヒド150mlを用いて軽く固定した。これは、低体温が樹状突起棘の数を減少させうるからである。脳を摘出して、10分間、後固定した。その後、海馬を右脳半球から単離して、背側海馬を、DiI染色および免疫組織化学法用にビブラトームを用いて400μmで切片化した。
FMR1(FVB.129P2−Fmrltm1Cgr/J)および対照(FVB.129P2−Pde6b+Tyrc−ch/AntJ)マウスを、例1に記載のようにブリオスタチン−1で処理した。次いで、マウスを屠殺し、例2に記載のように海馬切片を摘出して処理した。
以下に、当初の特許請求の範囲に記載していた発明を付記する。
[1]
異常な樹状突起棘に関連した認知障害を、それを必要とする対象において治療する方法であって、薬学的に許容される担体中の有効量のPKC活性化剤を前記対象に投与することを含み、
PKCが、下方制御されることなく活性化され、
前記PKC活性化剤が、(a)認知機能を改善する、(b)ニューロン中の樹状突起棘の形態を回復させる、および/または(c)シナプトフィジンの量を増加させる方法。
[2]
[2]に記載の方法であって、前記PKC活性化剤が大環状ラクトンである方法。
[3]
[2]に記載の方法であって、前記大環状ラクトンが、ブリオスタチンまたはネリスタチン化合物である方法。
[4]
[3]に記載の方法であって、前記ブリオスタチン化合物が、ブリオスタチン−1、−2、−3、−4、−5、−6、−7、−8、−9、−10、−11、−12、−13、−14、−15、−16、−17、または−18である方法。
[5]
[3]に記載の方法であって、前記ネリスタチン化合物がネリスタチン−1である方法。
[6]
[2]に記載の方法であって、前記大環状ラクトンがブリオログである方法。
[7]
[1]に記載の方法であって、前記認知機能が、学習、記憶、注意、自閉様行動内気、知覚統合困難、注意欠陥、活動過多、衝動性、抑うつ不安、数学的学習能力障害、攻撃的傾向、抽象的思考の欠如、発言および言語の遅延、ならびに低下したIQを含む方法。
[8]
[1]に記載の方法であって、前記樹状突起棘がマッシュルーム型棘である方法。
[9]
[1]に記載の方法であって、前記認知障害が、脆弱性X症候群、脆弱性X関連振戦/運動失調症候群、自閉症、および精神遅滞から選択される方法。
Claims (3)
- 異常な樹状突起棘に関連した認知障害を、それを必要とする対象において治療するためのPKC活性化剤を含む医薬組成物であって、
PKCが、下方制御されることなく活性化され、
前記PKC活性化剤が、(a)認知機能を改善する、(b)ニューロン中の樹状突起棘の形態を回復させる、および/または(c)シナプトフィジンの量を増加させ、
前記認知障害が、脆弱性X症候群、脆弱性X関連振戦/運動失調症候群、自閉症、および精神遅滞から選択され
薬学的に許容される担体中に有効量のPKC活性化剤を含む前記医薬組成物が前記対象に投与され、
前記PKC活性化剤が、ブリオスタチン−1、−2、−3、−4、−5、−6、−7、−8、−9、−10、−11、−12、−13、−14、−15、−16、−17、または−18である、医薬組成物。 - 請求項1に記載の医薬組成物であって、前記認知機能が、学習、記憶、注意、自閉様行動内気、知覚統合困難、注意欠陥、活動過多、衝動性、抑うつ不安、数学的学習能力障害、攻撃的傾向、抽象的思考の欠如、発言および言語の遅延、ならびに低下したIQを含む医薬組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の医薬組成物であって、前記樹状突起棘がマッシュルーム型棘である医薬組成物。
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US9272118B1 (en) * | 2012-03-02 | 2016-03-01 | George Acton | Methods for treating brain malfunctions |
DK2875355T3 (da) | 2012-07-22 | 2020-03-02 | Univ Indiana Res & Tech Corp | Modulation af sapp-, sapp-alpha- og bdnf-niveauer hos individeer diagnosticeret med fxs og asd |
CA2926645C (en) | 2013-10-14 | 2022-10-25 | Indiana University Research And Technology Corporation | Use of acamprosate to modulate erk 1/2 activation in animal models for fxs and asd and individuals diagnosed with fxs and asd |
MX2018013324A (es) * | 2016-05-04 | 2019-08-01 | Neurotrope Bioscience Inc | Métodos y composiciones para el tratamiento del síndrome de rett. |
WO2019212691A1 (en) * | 2018-04-30 | 2019-11-07 | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | Diagnostic and drug screening for molecular signatures of early onset sporadic parkinson's disease |
EP3964210A1 (en) * | 2018-05-18 | 2022-03-09 | Neurotrope Bioscience, Inc. | Methods and compositions for treatment of alzheimer's disease |
WO2020061169A1 (en) * | 2018-09-18 | 2020-03-26 | The Johns Hopkins University | Methods of treating or preventing conditions of dendritic and neural spine defects |
US20220184028A1 (en) * | 2020-12-16 | 2022-06-16 | Synaptogenix, Inc. | Treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using pkc activators |
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US4560774A (en) | 1982-11-17 | 1985-12-24 | Arizona State University | Macrocyclic lactones |
US4611066A (en) | 1984-08-10 | 1986-09-09 | Arizona State University | Bryostatins 4 to 8 |
US6043270A (en) | 1986-06-11 | 2000-03-28 | Procyon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Protein kinase C modulators V |
US4833257A (en) | 1986-07-28 | 1989-05-23 | Arizona Board Of Regents | Compositions of matter and methods of using same |
US5072004A (en) | 1990-12-31 | 1991-12-10 | Arizona Board Of Regents Acting On Behalf Of Arizona State University | Synthetic conversion of bryostatin 2 into bryostatin 1 |
US5196447A (en) | 1991-08-08 | 1993-03-23 | Arizona Board Of Regents, A Body Corporate Of The State Of Arizona, Acting On Behalf Of Arizona State University | Neristatin 1 |
US5393897A (en) | 1993-07-02 | 1995-02-28 | Arizona Board Of Regents Acting On Behalf Of Arizona State University | Isolation and structure of spongistatins 5,7,8 and 9 |
US6001998A (en) | 1994-11-10 | 1999-12-14 | Pfizer Inc | Macrocyclic lactone compounds and their production process |
WO2001040214A1 (en) | 1999-11-30 | 2001-06-07 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Bryostatin analogues, synthetic methods and uses |
US7256286B2 (en) | 1999-11-30 | 2007-08-14 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Bryostatin analogues, synthetic methods and uses |
ES2272754T3 (es) * | 2001-04-02 | 2007-05-01 | Brown University Research Foundation | Uso de antagonistas mglur5 en la fabricacion de un medicamento en el tratamiento de sindrome x fragil, autismo y retardo mental. |
US6825229B2 (en) * | 2002-03-07 | 2004-11-30 | Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute | Methods for Alzheimer's Disease treatment and cognitive enhancement |
CN1678304B (zh) * | 2002-07-02 | 2012-06-27 | 布朗歇特洛克菲勒神经科学研究所 | 苔藓抑制素类化合物在制备用于活化PKC而增强sAPPα分泌和改善认知的药物中的应用 |
KR101215284B1 (ko) * | 2002-07-02 | 2012-12-26 | 블랜체트 록펠러 뉴로사이언시즈 인스티튜트 | 브리오스타틴형 화합물을 사용한 sAPPα 분비의 증진 및 인지 개선을 위한 수단으로서의 PKC 활성화 |
KR101186210B1 (ko) | 2002-12-03 | 2012-10-08 | 블랜체트 록펠러 뉴로사이언시즈 인스티튜트 | 혈뇌장벽을 통과하는 물질 수송용 인공 저밀도 지단백질 운반체 |
US7595167B2 (en) | 2005-10-11 | 2009-09-29 | Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute | Alzheimer's disease-specific alterations of the Erk1/Erk2 phosphorylation ratio |
CA2659242C (en) * | 2006-07-28 | 2015-08-11 | Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute | Methods of stimulating cellular growth, synaptic remodeling and consolidation of long-term memory |
US20080058396A1 (en) * | 2006-07-28 | 2008-03-06 | Alkon Daniel L | Methods of stimulating cellular growth, synaptic remodelling and consolidation of long-term memory |
WO2008015416A1 (en) * | 2006-08-01 | 2008-02-07 | Glaxo Group Limited | Pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine compounds, and their use as pde4 inhibitors |
EP3403650A3 (en) | 2008-07-28 | 2019-02-13 | Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences, Institute | Pkc-activating compounds for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases |
WO2010091399A2 (en) * | 2009-02-09 | 2010-08-12 | University Of South Florida | Reelin rescues cognitive function |
KR20120103587A (ko) * | 2009-11-12 | 2012-09-19 | 제넨테크, 인크. | 수상돌기 소극 밀도를 증진시키는 방법 |
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WO2012024630A1 (en) | 2012-02-23 |
JP2013537553A (ja) | 2013-10-03 |
CA2808660A1 (en) | 2012-02-23 |
US20130331444A1 (en) | 2013-12-12 |
US9597312B2 (en) | 2017-03-21 |
EP2605773A1 (en) | 2013-06-26 |
JP6466375B2 (ja) | 2019-02-06 |
JP2017019821A (ja) | 2017-01-26 |
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