JP5865992B2 - System and method for securing network communications - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to wireless communication technology.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application, March 2011 U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 466,662 Pat filed 23rd August 2011, filed 19th U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 525,575, and US Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 466,852, filed March 23, 2011, the contents of these provisional applications are The entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

  In communication networks, various forms of communication between network entities can be affected by third-party attacks. For example, according to one embodiment, a user device may attempt to access a service (eg, a website) from a service provider via a communication network. This access attempt and / or other communication from the user device may be intercepted by a third party or MitM (man-in-the-middle). The third party can pretend to be the intended service provider to gain access to information associated with the user device, eg, authentication information (eg, username and / or password). If the third party succeeds in obtaining authentication information from the user device, the third party can use the authentication information for unintended or malicious purposes. For example, the third party can pretend to be a user device to access services and / or other information from the intended service provider.

  In one embodiment, network communication may be vulnerable to attacks. This is because they may not be well protected and / or they are received by the network entity to which they are being sent. Because it may be transmitted without proper assurance that it is a genuine or intended network entity. For example, network communication may be performed using a single-sided authentication protocol, for example, via transmission of a public key, so that network communication remains vulnerable to third party or MitM attacks. There is a case.

  This "Summary of the Invention" is provided to introduce in a simplified form various concepts that are further described below in the Detailed Description.

  Embodiments of systems, methods, and apparatus for establishing secure communications between a service provider and a UE (user equipment) are described herein. For example, network communication can be implemented in a system that includes a UE, a service provider, and / or an identity provider. A secure channel can be established between the UE and the service provider. Authentication parameters for performing authentication of the UE with the ID provider can be sent to the ID provider. A UE authentication assertion indicating successful authentication of the UE may be determined at the UE. For example, the UE authentication assertion can be received from an external network entity or can be determined locally at the UE. The UE can verify that the service provider with which the secure channel is established is the intended service provider. Intended service providers may include service providers that are intended to receive services and / or that will be authenticated for access to such services. The service provider can be verified as the intended service provider using at least one parameter generated during authentication of the UE with the identity provider and / or during establishment of the secure channel. .

  According to another exemplary embodiment, the UE may be configured to establish secure communication with a service provider. The UE may include a memory having computer-executable instructions stored thereon and a processor configured to execute the computer-executable instructions. The UE may be configured to establish a secure channel between the UE and the service provider. The UE may send an authentication parameter for performing authentication of the UE using the ID provider to the ID provider. An authentication assertion indicating successful authentication of the UE can be determined at the UE. For example, the UE authentication assertion can be received from an external network entity or can be determined locally at the UE. The UE may also be configured to verify that the service provider with which the secure channel is established is the intended service provider in order to perform authentication for the service. Intended service providers may include service providers that are intended to receive services and / or that will be authenticated for access to such services. The UE verifies that the service provider is the intended service provider using at least one parameter generated during authentication of the UE with the identity provider and / or during establishment of the secure channel. be able to.

  According to another exemplary embodiment, a secure channel can be established between the identity provider and the service provider. For example, key information can be received at the service provider via a secure channel between the identity provider and the service provider. A secure channel may also be established between the service provider and the UE, such as by using received key information. At the service provider, an authentication assertion indicating the authentication of the UE can be received. Authentication assertions can be verified at the service provider using information received over the secure channel between the identity provider and the service provider and / or the secure channel between the service provider and the UE. It is.

  This "Summary of Invention" is provided to introduce in a simplified form an excerpt from the concepts further described in the "Detailed Description of the Invention" below. This Summary of the Invention is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, but is used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Also not intended. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to any limitation that solves any or all disadvantages described in any part of this disclosure.

A more detailed understanding can be gained from the following description, which is given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 6 is an exemplary message flow diagram for a provisioning phase for establishing a secure channel between an identity provider and a UE (user equipment). FIG. 4 is an exemplary message flow diagram for an authentication phase using a local identity provider. FIG. 6 is an exemplary message flow diagram for message exchange for service provider authentication. FIG. 6 is another exemplary message flow diagram for message exchange for service provider authentication. FIG. 4 is an exemplary message flow diagram illustrating establishment of a secure channel for local identity provider authentication using a pre-established secure channel between a UE and a service provider. FIG. 3 is an exemplary message flow diagram for an example of a GBA (Generic Bootstrap Architecture) / GBA_H protocol. It is an example message flow diagram for binding TLS (Transport-Layer Security) and GBA using SIP-Digest (Session Initiation Protocol Digest) authentication. 1 illustrates an exemplary communication system implementing a local authentication entity / ID provider and a cloud / remote computing service. FIG. FIG. 6 is an exemplary message flow diagram using SIP-Digest authentication and including service provider authentication. FIG. 3 is an example message flow diagram of an example protocol with service provider authentication for an identity provider. FIG. 4 is an exemplary message flow diagram for a provisioning phase using a local ID provider. FIG. 4 is an example message flow diagram of an example authentication phase using a local assertion provider. 1 is a system diagram of an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. FIG. FIG. 13B is a system diagram of an example WTRU (wireless transmit / receive unit) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 13A. FIG. 13B is a system diagram of an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 13A. FIG. 3 is another system diagram of an exemplary RAN and core network according to one embodiment. FIG. 3 is another system diagram of an exemplary RAN and core network according to one embodiment.

  Embodiments of the systems, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein can be secured between network entities, such as, for example, a user / UE (user equipment), a service provider, and / or an identity provider. Provide communication. As described herein, secure communication can be performed between network entities using shared keys / secrets between network entities and / or using public / private keys. It can be performed over an established secure channel. These secure channels can be used to prevent attacks from third parties, eg, MitM (man-in-the-middle) attacks.

  In one embodiment described herein, secure communications use a shared key or shared secret to identify the intended authenticated entity for sending and / or receiving communications. Can be executed. For example, shared keys or shared secrets can be used to encrypt and / or sign messages sent between network entities in a manner that indicates the authenticity of those network entities. It is.

  In one exemplary embodiment, the secure communications described herein can be based on and / or bound to an OpenID authentication protocol. In OpenID authentication, the service provider can be a RP (relying party) and / or the ID provider can be an OP (OpenID identity provider). OpenID authentication can include the use of OpenID, and / or a variant called local OpenID, where any function of the OP in OpenID allows a local entity (eg, UE, gateway, smart card, UICC (Universal) Integrated Circuit Card)).

  Here, RP authentication in the OpenID authentication flow will be described. This can be useful, for example, when the user / UE and the RP are established using a trust relationship (website certificate and / or a set of credentials for the UE that can be accessed by the RP, eg, from an AAA database). This is a case where it is not possible to have a trust relationship that is possible. Another embodiment may include establishing a local OP / RP private shared secret as described herein.

  Local mobile SSO (single sign-on) is a term used to generically refer to some or all of SSO and / or related identity management functions, which are conventionally performed by, for example, a web-based SSO server. May currently be performed by a local-based entity or module (eg, a secure environment that exists in a UE, smart card, or UICC), such as the communication device itself Or such entities / modules are physically and / or logically located in close proximity to the communication device and / or its user (eg, gateway The Such as to be connected, it is arranged locally) in some cases. For example, an entity / module can be incorporated into the device, connected to the device, and / or connected to the device by a local interface, wiring, or short-range wireless means.

  Local OpenID can be used as a term to indicate the type of local mobile SSO, whereby the SSO or ID management is based on the OpenID protocol. For example, the local OpenID can be used to indicate an OP or IdP (OpenID Identity Provider) function that can be executed by a locally deployed entity / module.

Local IdP is a term used to indicate a local entity or module that performs local authentication and / or assertion functions. For example, the local IdP may perform an OpenID server authentication and / or assertion function for the local OpenID. The abbreviation OP _loc can be used to indicate the local IdP that implements the OpenID function, but the local IdP can perform a similar function and is required to implement the OpenID protocol. It is possible not to. One function of the local IdP may be to facilitate user and / or device authentication through assertion (s) regarding the identity of the user and / or device. In one exemplary embodiment, such an authentication assertion can be sent from a local IdP to a BA (browser agent) operating on the device, and the BA externalizes the authentication assertion. To the RP. If the function (s) provided by the local IdP is primarily limited to providing such authentication assertions, the local IdP is called a LAE (Local Association Entity). sell.

  The local IdP may process, create, manage, and / or send authentication assertion messages to one or more external recipients. The authentication assertion message can assert the status of verification of one or more IDs associated with the user and / or device. For example, in the OpenID protocol, a third party entity such as an RP can be one of the recipients of an authentication assertion message. The local IdP may also sign the authentication assertion message using cryptographic techniques such as a shared key or public / private key combination.

Local OpenID implementations can use one or more encryption keys, such as a root session key. The root session key may be intended for use between the RP and the OP _loc present on the UE. Such a key can serve as a root session key between the RP and the underlying OP from which other keys can be derived. The local OpenID method can also use an authentication assertion key, which is used to sign one or more of the authentication assertion message (s) for user authentication. Can be done. Such an authentication assertion key can be derived from the root session key.

  Local OpenID implementations can use a service called OPSF (OpenID Server Function), where the role of OPSF is to generate secrets that can be used by local IdP and / or RP, shared And / or distribution. In one exemplary embodiment, the OPSF and local IdP can be viewed as a single entity by the external RP. The OPSF can allow a signature issued by a local OpenID to be verified and / or made reachable directly by the RP, for example, via the public Internet. By modifying the local DNS resolving module on the device so that the OPSF address maps to the local IdP, the browser on the device can be redirected to the local IdP.

  OpenID implementations can use services that facilitate local IdP discovery for RPs. Such a service can be indicated, for example, by OP-agg.

  Disclosed herein are security systems, methods, and apparatus that can be implemented using OpenID (eg, including OpenID and / or local OpenID). Some of the embodiments described herein may be implemented at the UE, for example. The user equipment can communicate an OpenID request to the OP. The OP can be used to authenticate the UE and / or RP as further described herein.

Embodiments related to transparent delegated authentication of RP to local OP are described. According to embodiments described herein, how to perform RP authentication using OpenID and / or utilizing a local provider of signed authentication assertion, eg, OP _loc A protocol for indicating such is disclosed. As described herein, a challenge value and / or a nonce may be added for replay protection (eg, protocol steps 112 and 120 in FIG. 1). ).

One aspect of the described implementation for authenticating an RP may include an aspect of delegated authentication by an OPSF node. That aspect can follow a general challenge-response strategy where OP _loc presents a challenge RP _Chv . This challenge can be encrypted by the OPSF in an appropriate manner so that the authentic RP can decrypt the challenge. For example, RP and OPSF can share the secret K _{r, o,} the secret K _{r, o} may be used to challenge for encrypting and decrypting.

FIG. 1 shows an example provisioning phase (PP) message flow diagram. As shown in FIG. 1, this provisioning phase may include UE / OP _loc 102, RP 104, OPSF 106, and / or HSS (Home Subscription Service) 108. The UE / OP _loc 102 may submit a login identifier (eg, an OID (OpenID identifier) such as an http address or email) to the RP 104 at 110. The message at 110 may include an RP challenge value RP _Chv . The RP challenge value RP _Chv is a value with which the RP ₁₀₄ can appropriately respond to prove its authenticity. For example, this can be a random value that can be used only once. At 112, the RP 104 can send an association request (eg, an http POST OpenID association request) to the OPSF 106. The association request may include an RP credentials _{RP Cred,} and / or RP challenge value _{RP Chv} corresponding to RP104. RP _Cred may be an identifier of RP ₁₀₄ , which may allow OPSF 106 to select the correct pre-shared key K _{r, o} that is shared between OPSF 106 and RP _104. it can. RP _Cred can be omitted from messaging if the OPSF _{106 identifies the} RP ₁₀₄ by other means (eg, an Internet URL). At 114, OPSF 106 can determine whether a shared secret K ₀ between OPSF 106 and UE / OP _loc 102 has been provisioned. If the shared secret K ₀ is provisioned, the OPSF 106 may proceed to an authentication phase (AP) (eg, as shown in FIG. 2). If the shared secret K ₀ is not a professional vision, provisioning phase may continue.

At 116, the OPSF 106 can select the shared secret K _{r, o} based on, for example, RP _Cred or another trusted identifier of the RP ₁₀₄ . The OPSF 106 can perform an association with the RP 104 at 118. The OPSF 106 may generate an association handle A and / or a signature key S at 118. The signature key S can be generated based on a function of the association handle A. The OPSF 106 can send the association handle A and the signature key S to the RP 104. The signature key S can be encrypted using the shared key K _{r, o} , which can be called, for example, EK _{r, o} (S). RP 104 may send a redirect message to UE / OP _loc 102 at 120. The redirect message may include parameters such as, for example, sessionID, returnURL, nonce, login identifier (eg, OID), and / or association handle A. UE / OP _loc 102 may send a request (eg, http GET request) to OPSF 106 at 122. The request (eg, http GET request) can include parameters such as, for example, sessionID, returnURL, nonce, login identifier (eg, OID), and / or association handle A.

At 124, OPSF 106 can obtain an authentication vector and / or other information from HSS 108. OPSF 106 may send an authentication challenge to UE / OP _loc 102 at 126. At 128, the UE / OP _loc 102 may calculate an authentication response and send the authentication response to the OPSF 106. At 130, the OPSF 106 can validate the authentication response and generate a shared secret K ₀ that is shared between the OPSF 106 and the UE / OP _loc 102. By thus generating the shared secret K ₀ after confirming the validity of the authentication response, the establishment of a security association between the UE / OP _loc 102 and the OPSF 106 can be bound to this authentication. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, this binding is said to be to bind on procedure validation of the authentication response to the generation of the shared secret K _0. UE / OP _loc 102 may generate a shared secret K ₀ at 132. At 134, the OPSF 106 may generate an authentication assertion message UE _Assert after authenticating the UE / OP _loc 102. The authentication assertion, _{K 0} by can include _{RP Cred} and _{RP Chv} being encrypted, which is, for example, _{K 0 (RP Cred, RP Chv} ) may be referred to as. _{K 0 (RP Cred, RP Chv} ) This authentication assertion containing may indicate that OPSF106 authenticates the RP104 to _{UE / OP} loc 102, thereby _{UE / OP} loc 102 may he a real RP104 It can be assured that they are interacting. In one exemplary embodiment, RP _Cred may be a name (or other text value) representing RP _{104 that} is identifiable by UE / OP _loc 102. The OPSF 106 may also encrypt the authentication assertion message UE _Assert with the signature key S, which may be referred to as E _S (UE _Assert ), for example. The OPSF 106 may send a redirect message to the UE / OP _loc 102 at 136. This redirect message can redirect the UE / OP _loc 102 to the RP ₁₀₄ along with the signed assertion message. UE / OP _loc 102 may send a request (eg, http GET request) to RP 104 at 138 with the signed assertion message. At 140, the RP 104 can decrypt the signature key S using the shared key K _{r, o} and / or authenticate using the signature key S by decrypting E _S (UE _Assert ). An assertion message (eg, OpenID assertion message) can be verified. The RP 104 may send a notification including the authentication assertion UE _Assert to the UE / OP _loc 102 at 142. In _{144, UE / OP} loc 102 _by decoding the _{RP Chv} and / or _{RP Cred,} it is possible to confirm the validity of the authentication assertion _{UE Assert.}

As shown in FIG. 1, a protocol that can establish a shared secret K ₀ between the OPSF 106 and the UE / OP _loc 102 can be implemented. In one exemplary embodiment, before or during the provisioning phase, OPSF 106 and UE / OP _loc 102 are not yet able to share secrets. This shared secret can be established when the protocol is executed, for example using network entity HSS 108, by including network-based authentication. By including the _{RP Chv} and _{RP Cred} to using K ₀ in encrypted _{UE Assert, UE / OP} loc 102, it received _message, arose from RP104 identified by _{RP Cred} Can be guaranteed. By comparing the ID declared in RP _{Cred with the} ID of RP ₁₀₄ , UE / OP _loc 102 _confirms that there is no other RP that has received the authentication information and that RP ₁₀₄ performs authentication by UE / OP _loc 102. It can be verified that it is the intended RP that he wanted to do. The piece of information RP _Cred in the UE _Assert can be replaced by some explicit statement RP _Assert generated by the OPSF 106 to indicate the UE 102 with the ID of the RP ₁₀₄ . The UE _Assert can be a signed OpenID assertion message signed with the signature key S.

FIG. 1 also shows that RP 104 can be authenticated (eg, implicitly authenticated) to UE / OP _loc 102. The RP ₁₀₄ can perform OpenID authentication of the UE / OP _loc 102 if the RP ₁₀₄ is a genuine RP identified by RP _Cred (the signature key S can be decrypted thereafter). is there). A unique UE / OP _loc 102 that is authenticated in the protocol by the OPSF 106 to the RP 104 can authenticate the RP 104. In one exemplary embodiment, the protocol flow may not be modified from local OpenID authentication. Network authentication can also remain unaffected. Additional cryptographic operations can be performed at one or more parties in the protocol to ensure further protection.

For possible implementations for the interaction of GBA (Generic Bootstrapping Architecture) (eg 3GPP GBA) and local OpenID, if there is a pre-shared secret K ₀ between UE / OP _loc 102 and OPSF 106 The protocol can be implemented.

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary message flow diagram for an authentication phase (AP). For example, the authentication phase may implement UE / OP _loc 202, RP 204, OPSF 206, and / or HSS 208. The protocol flow shown in FIG. 2 uses a shared secret between the UE / OP _loc 102 and the OPSF 106 (for example, if the shared secret does not already exist as a pre-shared key). ), Can be applied alone or in conjunction with the protocol provisioning phase (PP) described in FIG. 1 to establish a secure channel.

As shown in FIG. 2, UE / OP _loc 202 may submit a login identifier (eg, an OID (OpenID identifier) such as an http address or email) to RP 204 at 210. At 212, the RP 204 can send an association request (eg, an http POST OpenID association request) to the OPSF 206. This association request may include an RP credential RP _Credit identifying the RP ₂₀₄ . In 214, OPSF206, when shared key K ₀ is able to determine whether the determined or provisioned, not determined or provisioned shared key K ₀ is the protocol, K ₀ in provisioning phase Can proceed with provisioning. If _K0 has already been provisioned, the protocol can proceed to the authentication phase. For example, at 216, the OPSF 206 can select the shared key K _{r, o} based on the RP _Cred corresponding to the RP ₂₀₄ . At 218, the OPSF 206 can perform an association with the RP 204. OPSF206 may generate an association handle A and / or the shared key _{K 1.} Shared key K ₁ may be a shared key between OPSF 206, UE / OP _loc 202, and / or RP ₂₀₄ , _eg , generated from a function of association handle A, RP _Cred , and / or shared key K ₀ It is. For _{example, UE / OP} loc 202 and / or OPSF206 may be configured to generate a shared key _{K 1.} RP204 receives the shared key _{K 1,} the shared key _{K 1,} can be used for secure communication with the _{UE / OP} loc 202. OPSF206 includes association handle A, and _{K 1} encrypted can be sent to the RP204, _{K 1} is shared keys _{K r,} it is encrypted by _o, which, for example _{EK r,} o ( K ₁ ). RP ₂₀₄ may send a message at 220 to UE / OP _loc 202 that includes parameters such as _sessionID , returnURL, nonce, login identifier (eg, OID), association handle A, and / or RP _Cred . The message at 220 may be a redirect message that redirects UE / OP _loc 202 to RP 204, for example. In _{222, UE / OP} loc 202 may generate a _{K 1.} For example, K ₁ can be generated from a function of association handle A, RP _Cred , and / or K ₀ . UE / OP _loc 202 may perform local authentication at 222, may generate an authentication assertion message UE _Assert including RP _Chv , and / or encrypt UE _Assert with key K ₁ at 222 This can be called, for example, EK ₁ (UE _Assert ). UE _Assert is possible for example, OpenID assertion message. UE / OP _loc 202 may send an encrypted assertion message UE _Assert to RP 204. At 224, the UE / OP _loc 202 can send a request (eg, an http GET request) to the RP 204 with a signed assertion. RP 204 can decrypt K ₁ using K _{r, o} at 226. The RP 204 may decrypt the authentication assertion message UE _Assert at 226 using the decrypted K ₁ . RP204 is, using the shared key _{K 1,} it is possible to verify the OpenID assertion. At 228, the RP 204 can send a notification including an authentication assertion message UE _Assert to the UE / OP _loc 202. The UE / OP _loc 202 can check the validity of the authentication assertion message UE _Assert at 230.

Information in _{UE Assert} received at 228, by verifying that matches the information in the transmitted _{UE Assert} that at _{224, UE / OP} loc 202, a message received at _228, the _{RP Cred} It can be assured that it originated from the identified RP 204 (the RP 204 to which he submitted login information at 210). For example, by comparing the ID declared in RP _{Cred with the} ID of RP ₁₀₄ , UE / OP _loc 202 is notified that there is no other RP that has received the authentication information and that RP ₁₀₄ is authenticated by UE / OP _loc 202. Can be verified to be the intended RP that wished to execute.

The novelty of authentication can be _ensured by including a new challenge RP _Chv in the UE _Assert . UE _{/ OP} loc 202 is received _{UE Assert} that by verifying that it contains the challenge value, it is possible to confirm the validity of the received _{UE Assert,} RP204 is UE _{/ OP loc} If the UE _Assert can be decrypted with a real K ₁ that can be shared by 202 and RP 204, its challenge value can be known. Using real K ₁ can prove that the RP ₂₀₄ owns K _{r, o} shared by the _OPSF 206 and the RP identified by RP _Cred .

According to an exemplary embodiment, RP authentication can be performed using an OP without a local OpenID (eg, with a non-local OpenID). Including RP authentication within the OpenID protocol may include changes to the OpenID protocol itself and / or changes to the OP and / or RP implementations. RP authentication can add security benefits, such as providing a countermeasure against attacks that can be caused by fake or unauthorized RPs. The implementation on the UE for OpenID (or local OpenID) may be unaffected by any such RP authentication. For example, the UE may not be able to incorporate the local OP function and in one embodiment may not be able to send a challenge RP _Chv to the RP. RP authentication can include a challenge response step between the OP and the RP, in which case the OP sends the challenge to the RP (eg, via an encrypted nonce) with proof of freshness. can do. The RP can decrypt this nonce using a pre-established shared secret K _{r, o} and return a reply to the OP. Alternatively or additionally, this nonce can be signed by the RP in its reply without being encrypted. The response to the authentication challenge can be made as a direct response to the OP authentication challenge or can be integrated into a redirect message, for example, the redirect message can send the UE to the OP. In either case, the OP can have reliable evidence to authenticate the RP before engaging in UE authentication. This may allow protocol outage in the case of a failed RP authentication and / or save communication effort between the UE and OP in such a failed RP authentication case. . The OP can then communicate information regarding the failed RP authentication directly to the UE.

  FIG. 3 shows a message flow diagram of an exemplary portion of message exchange for authenticating RP 304. This message flow diagram includes communication between UE 302, RP 304, and OP 306. In the case of authentication failure, the OP 306 may force HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) communication with the UE 302 and / or notify the UE 302 of the failure. In the case of successful authentication, OpenID authentication can proceed.

As shown in FIG. 3, the UE 302 can submit a login identifier (eg, OID) to the RP 304 at 308. The RP 304 may send an association request (eg, http POST OpenID association request) to the OP 306 at 310. The association request at 310 may include RP _Cred . At 312, the OP 306 can select a shared secret K _{r, o} between the OP 306 and the RP ₃₀₄ based on, for example, RP _Cred or another trusted identifier of the RP ₃₀₄ . The OP 306 can perform an association with the RP 304 at 314. In 314, OP306 may generate an association handle A, signing key S, and / or _{RP Chv.} RP _Chv can be encrypted using K _{r, o} , which can be referred to as, for example, EK _{r, o} (RP _Chv ). OP306 is association handle A, signing key S, and / or _EK r, o a _{(RP Chv)} can be transmitted to the RP304.

RP304 can decode the _{RP Chv} using the shared key _{K r, o} at 316. At 318, the RP 304 can send a message to the OP 306 via the UE 302, which includes parameters such as sessionID, returnURL, nonce, login identifier (eg, OID), association handle A, and / or RP _Chv. Can be included. For example, the message at 318 can include a redirect message, which can redirect the UE 302 to the OP 306. The UE 302 can send a message (eg, an http GET request) to the OP 306 at 320. The message at 320 may include parameters such as sessionID, returnURL, nonce, login identifier (eg, OID), association handle A, and / or RP _Chv . In 322, OP306 _can confirm the validity of the RP304 of ID using _{RP Chv.} If it is determined at 324 that the RP 304 ID is not valid, the OP 306 provides a notification indicating that the RP 304 is not valid (eg, via an HTTPS notification indicating that the RP 304 is not valid) at 326 the UE 302. Can be sent to. If the RP 304 ID is valid, authentication (eg, OpenID authentication) may continue at 328 and / or OP 306 a notification (not shown) indicating that the RP 304 ID is valid. Can be sent.

In another embodiment, if the RP 304 establishes a security association with the OP 306, the corresponding steps can be modified to incorporate the challenge from the OP 306 within the protocol for establishing the security association. is there. During association establishment, the OP 306 and RP 304 can set up a MAC (Message Authentication Code) key, which can be used to sign the authentication assertion message UE _Assert . This key can be transmitted encrypted using a temporary secret key, which is transmitted between the OP 306 and the RP 304 (eg, DH (Diffie-Hellman)). Can be negotiated (using a procedure). The OP 306 can include a nonce in the response to the RP 304 in addition to its temporary secret key. This nonce can be encrypted using, for example, its temporary secret key (eg, DH key).

The RP 304 can decrypt the nonce and / or MAC key based on the negotiated key (eg, DH key). The RP 304 can use its own pre-established K _{r, o} key to encrypt or sign the nonce received from the OP 306. The RP 304 can add this key as a parameter to a redirect message that can be sent to the UE 302, for example. Since UE 302 can follow a redirect to OP 306, OP 306 can receive a signed or encrypted nonce and can authenticate RP 304 using the shared key K _{r, o} . In the case of failed authentication, OP 306 may send an alert message to UE 302 to protect UE 302 from unauthenticated RP. In the case of successful RP authentication, OP 306 can proceed with the protocol.

  In an exemplary embodiment, the OP 306 may allow information to be sent to the RP 304 when no association is established between the OP 306 and the RP 304 (eg, stateless mode in OpenID). In stateless mode, information can be exchanged between OP 306 and RP 304, for example during discovery. However, it may not be guaranteed that the discovery includes OP306 (eg, in the case of delegated discovery. In that case, the user identifier may be at https://myblog.blog.com, for example) Yes, and / or may point to the OpenID OP endpoint URL (OpenID OP endpoint URL) of the OP at https://myblog.myopenid.com). Therefore, myopenid. The OP 306 in the com may not be directly included in the discovery, and the RP 304 may not be authenticated at this stage.

  If the OP 306 can provide information to the RP 304 during the discovery step (eg, if the user identifier page can be hosted in the OP 306 itself), the nonce will be included as part of the discovery information page. It can be dynamically generated and / or its nonce associated with an identifier (eg, URL or email address) of the RP 304 making the HTTP request. The OP 306 can expect the RP 304 to sign or encrypt this nonce and / or include that information in the redirect message.

  The OP 306 can force the use of HTTPS. For example, the UE 302 can be redirected to the use of HTTPS by the OP 306 so that any subsequent communication between the UE 302 and the OP 306 can be protected using the HTTPS. . This feature can be explicitly enabled by embodiments of the OpenID standard such as, for example, OpenID Authentication 2.0. Such protection may enable prevention of MitM (man-in-the-middle) attacks on OpenID authentication challenge messages from OP 306 to UE 302, for example. Such protection may allow alert messages to be sent in a protected manner to UE 302 in the case of failed RP authentication.

  Here, an exemplary embodiment relating to an embodiment of a segmented terminal is described. A partitioned terminal implementation may refer to a scenario where two entities may exist on the user side of the network. For example, AA (Authentication Agent) and BA (Browsing Agent) can be associated with and / or reside on a UE, such as UE 302, for example. AA can perform the steps for authentication, while BA can be the viewer or consuming entity of the service. In one example of a split terminal implementation, a user can open a browser to search for some service (eg, a website) from an RP, such as RP 304, for example. The RP 304 may perform several steps (eg, association and / or discovery) using the OP 306 and the user's AA. For example, UE 302 can be contacted by OP 306. The OP 306 and UE 302 may perform authentication based on, for example, GBA network credentials, which may not be known to the BA. The BA can gain access to services in the RP 304, for example, when authentication between the OP 306 and AA is successful. There can be multiple variations that can be implemented. Each variation can include a physical channel between AA and BA, which can be, for example, a local interface (eg, BLUETOOTH®) or a logical channel. The logic channel can be created by the user entering the information shown on the AA into the BA, so that the two sessions can be logically combined, for example. .

  Mobile Network Operator (MNO) own services and / or third party service provider services can be provided to the UE 302 or to devices not known to the MNO. If the MNO wants to allow a user to connect separate / multiple devices with a single authenticator (eg, UE 302), a split terminal implementation can be used.

  Exemplary options for the split terminal implementation may include an option for creating a cryptographic binding between two sessions. In some embodiments, the AA displays the credential information to the user, and the user enters the credential information into the BA to authenticate to the RP 304 (eg, using the logical channel described herein). It can also include scenarios that can be performed.

Alternatively or additionally, credentials can be sent over a secured local link between the BA and AA (eg, using the physical channel described herein). It is. In this embodiment, AA can be used as an authentication token / password generator. In one exemplary embodiment, the BA may be encrypted by the shared key K ₁ and the authentication assertion message UE _Assert (which can be encrypted by K _{r, o} , eg, EK _{r, o} (K ₁ , UE _Assert ) can be received from AA and transmitted to RP 304. This information can be used by the RP 304 to authenticate the user. In an exemplary embodiment, the split terminal implementation can be set up with a local assertion provider, which sends an authentication assertion message UE _Assert within the UE 302 / AA. Generate.

Further security functions can be implemented in response to authentication based on the local OpenID. Authentication can be based on the local OpenID to provide a private secret (eg, encryption key E shown at 410 and 414 in FIG. 4). This secret is, for example, between the OP _loc and / or the trusted environment in which the OP _loc exists (eg, a smart card or other trusted computing environment) and the RP. It can be used to establish a private secure channel. Alternatively, the secure channel can have an endpoint in some relatively insecure portion of the UE, which can be referred to as a UE platform.

Described here is an option to bind such a secure channel to local OpenID authentication. In an exemplary embodiment, a secure channel can be established with the UE platform, and RP and local OpenID authentication can be performed within the secure channel. This exemplary embodiment may be sufficient for some implementations, but may not meet the security needs of other implementations. For example, a UE platform that establishes a secure channel may be less secure than the trusted environment in which OP _loc exists (eg, smart card or other trusted computing environment). Private data coming from the same trusted environment and directed to the RP may travel on a channel with a relatively insecure inner node in the UE. Accordingly, an alternative embodiment may be implemented, which may include an OP _loc and / or a trusted computing environment in which the OP _loc resides depending on the UE platform properties. It is possible to exchange secrets with the RP independent of the RP, and to bind such privacy properties of the message to local OpenID authentication for the RP.

FIG. 4 shows a message flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment for creating and / or implementing a secure channel between a local authentication entity such as UE / OP _loc 402 and RP 404. The flow diagram shown in FIG. 4 includes communication between UE / OP _loc 402, RP 404, and / or OPSF 406. As shown at 408, local OpenID authentication may be performed until the time that the UE / OP _loc 402 generates a signed authentication assertion at 410. At 410, the UE / OP _loc 402 can generate a signature key S, which is derived from a function of the association handle A and the shared key K ₀ using a key derivation function (KDF). It is possible. The shared key K ₀ can be shared between the UE / OP _loc 402 and the OPSF 406 for secure communication. The signature key S can be, for example, an OpenID signature key. The UE / OP _loc 402 may perform local authentication, and an authentication assertion message UE _Assert may be generated at 410, the authentication assertion message UE _Assert being an encrypted seed value (Seed ) Can be included. Seed can be used to hide a shared secret among multiple parties. For example, a shared secret can be hidden because a shared secret cannot be transmitted between parties. Alternatively, Seed can be forwarded and used to derive a shared secret at each of the parties with which the secret is shared (eg, locally).

The authentication assertion message UE _Assert can be, for example, an OpenID assertion. The UE / OP _loc 402 can encrypt Seed with a signature key S (referred to as E _S (Seed)), which is private to OPSF 406, UE / OP _loc 402, and / or RP 404 Is possible. In an alternative embodiment, the UE / OP _loc 402 may encrypt Seed using a key derived from S in a predetermined manner. The UE / OP _loc 402 can generate an encryption key E from Seed in a predetermined manner, which encryption key E can be known to the RP 404, for example. The UE / OP _loc 402 can sign the authentication assertion message UE _Assert with the signature key S. By thus generating the encryption key E from the local authentication, the establishment of a secure channel between the UE / OP _loc 402 and the RP 404 can be bound to this local authentication.

At 412, the UE / OP _loc 402 may send a message (eg, an http GET request) to the RP 404 with a signed assertion UE _Assert . The RP 404 can verify the authentication assertion message UE _Assert at 414 and decrypt the Seed information using the signature key S. The RP 404 can generate the encryption key E based on the Seed information. For example, the RP 404 can generate the encryption key E from the Seed information in a predetermined manner, and the encryption key E can be known to the UE / OP _loc 402. The encryption key E can be private to the UE / OP _loc 402 and the RP 404.

The RP 404 can encrypt the previously verified authentication assertion UE _Assert with the encryption key E and send it back to the UE / OP _loc 402. For example, in 416, RP404 is a notification containing an authentication assertion message _{UE Assert} can be sent to the _{UE / OP} loc 402, the authentication assertion message _{UE Assert,} for example be encrypted using an encryption key E Is possible (E _E (UE _Assert )). This may provide confirmation to the UE / OP _loc 402 that a secret has been established. UE _{/ OP} loc 402, at 418, by decoding the authentication assertion message _{UE Assert} using an encryption key E, it is possible to confirm the validity of the authentication assertion message _{UE Assert.} Information in _{UE Assert} received at 416, by verifying that matches the information _{UE Assert} transmitted in _{412, UE / OP} loc 402 from RP404 received message, which is intended in 416 It can be guaranteed that it has occurred. For example, by comparing the Seed in the notification received from the RP 404 at 416 with the Seed included in the UE _{Assert at} 410, the UE / OP _loc 402 has no other RP that received the authentication information. , RP 404 can be verified to be the intended RP that UE / OP _loc 402 wanted to perform authentication. UE / OP _loc 402 can rely on this verification at 418 as an indication that RP 404 has obtained a key S that RP 404 can use in decrypting Seed to derive E. At 420, an encryption key E can be used (eg, in another protocol) to establish a secure channel between the UE / OP _loc 402 and the RP 404. One exemplary protocol that can be used to establish this secure channel can include the TLS-PSK protocol, which accepts a pre-shared key as input. It can be said that this is a modification of a general TLS protocol that realizes a secure channel based on the pre-shared key. An exemplary embodiment of TLS-PSK is shown in Request for Comments (RFC) document 4279 and Request for Comments (RFC) document 4785 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

As shown in FIG. 4, the derivation of the encryption key E can be performed using the knowledge of Seed and KDF (which may be public). Seed can be known to RP 404 and can be protected from others by being encrypted using signature key S. S can be revealed to the RP 404 by the OPSF 406 via a secure channel such as, for example, a certificate-based TLS (transport layer security). The UE 402 can obtain confirmation that the RP 404 owns the signature key S. This is because the RP 404 can return E _E (UE _Assert ) to the UE 402, which can be implemented if the RP 404 can decode Seed. Therefore, the UE 402 can obtain the key confirmation from the RP 404. The protocol flow shown in FIG. 4 can be combined with an RP authentication protocol, such as the RP authentication protocol described herein, to enable secure communication.

  Although it has been shown that Seed information can be used to derive private shared keys between entities, private shared keys can also be derived in other ways. Is possible. For example, embodiments can implement the Diffie-Hellman key establishment.

As described herein, some initial value, such as Seed, for example, can be transferred between entities that wish to establish a shared secret. Seed encryption can be used to protect Seed from man-in-the-middle attacks. For the binding to local OpenID authentication, a specific encryption with a signature key S or a key derived from S can be used. An encrypted notification message can be used to bind to local OpenID authentication. This can add a function to UE / OP _loc 402 to check for secret establishment.

Secret establishment can be initiated earlier in the local OpenID protocol flow by the RP 404 sending the encrypted Seed in a redirect message to the UE / OP _loc 402.

In another embodiment, RP 404 may be an intermediate node on the path to the desired secure channel endpoint. In this case, RP 404 can receive Seed from this endpoint, which can be the server with which the UE / OP _loc 402 may wish to establish a secure channel. In contrast, the RP 404 can function as an authentication gateway and optionally as an authorization gateway. In order to establish a secure channel between the UE / OP _loc 402 or UE platform and the RP 404, the encryption key E can be used in another protocol. Candidate protocols for using encryption key E in such a manner can include the TLS-PSK protocol, which accepts a pre-shared key as input and is based on that pre-shared key. It can be said that this is a modification of the TLS protocol for realizing a secure channel. In some embodiments, secret establishment can be combined with RP authentication.

FIG. 5 shows a secure channel for local OpenID authentication using a pre-established secure channel between UE / RP with post-authentication key confirmation (UE-RP pre-established secure channel) It is a flowchart which shows establishment of. For example, secure channel establishment may allow UE / OP _loc 502 or UE platform and RP 504 to establish a secure channel and proceed with local OpenID authentication. The flowchart shown in FIG. 5 can be used to verify a secure channel key against RP 504 during authentication, and can be bound to authentication, for example. This can be done, for example, by extracting the key material XS from a secure channel such as a transport-layer security (TLS) tunnel and / or deriving the binding response B _res therefrom.

As shown in FIG. 5, UE / OP _loc 502 and RP 504 may establish a secure channel at 508. For example, this secure channel can be established using TLS. At 510, UE / OP _loc 502 may submit a login identifier (eg, OID) to RP 504. The RP 504 may send an association request (eg, an http POST OpenID association request) to the OPSF 506 at 512. The OPSF 506 can perform an association with the RP 504 at 514. For example, OPSF506 may generate an association handle A and / or the shared key _{K 1.} Shared key K ₁ may be a shared key between OPSF 506, RP 504, and / or UE / OP _loc 502. Shared key K ₁ may be derived from association handle A and / or the shared key K _0. OPSF 506 can send association handle A and / or shared key K ₁ to RP 504.

At 516, RP 504 can send a redirect message to UE / OP _loc 502, which redirects UE / OP _loc 502 to OP and resides locally on UE / OP _loc 502. This redirect message may include parameters such as sessionID, returnURL, nonce, login identifier (eg, OID), and / or association handle A. In _{518, UE / OP} loc 502 may perform local authentication can generate a shared key _{K 1.} Shared key K ₁ may be generated from the association handle A and / or the shared key K _0. By thus generating the shared secret K ₁ from the local authentication, the establishment of the secure channel 508 between the UE / OP _loc 502 and the RP 506 can be bound to this local authentication. The UE / OP _loc 502 can extract the key material XS from the secure channel and can generate a binding response B _res from XS (B _res = g (XS)). According to an exemplary embodiment, the derivation of the binding response B _res can be performed by using a MAC algorithm with an additional nonce, such as association handle A, for example. UE / OP _loc 502 may include the binding response B _res in the authentication assertion message UE _Assert . B _res is, for example in accordance with the permission OpenID, can be included in the extension field of the authentication assertion message _{UE Assert.} The authentication assertion message UE _Assert can be signed by the UE / OP _loc 502 using the shared key K ₁ and may be referred to as, for example, SigK ₁ (UE _Assert ). At 520, the UE / OP _loc 502 may send a signed assertion message SigK ₁ (UE _Assert ) to the RP 504. For example, a signed assertion message can be sent in an http GET request. In one exemplary embodiment, XS should not be used directly in the message to RP 504. This is because information on the secure channel may be leaked to the attacker.

The RP 504 can verify the signed assertion SigK ₁ (UE _Assert ) using the shared key K ₁ at 522. For example, after successful verification of the authentication assertion from UE / OP _loc 502, RP 504 derives comparison value B _res ^* from RP 504's own secure channel key material XS ^* and the comparison value B _res ^* is received. It is possible to notice that it matches the matched B _res . For example, the RP 504 can extract the key material XS ^* from the secure channel, generate a binding response B _res ^* from the key material XS ^* (B _res ^* = g (XS ^* )), and the binding response It can be verified that B _res ^* is equal to the binding response B _res shown in the signed assertion. The RP 504 can know that the authenticated party is a secure channel endpoint. This is because the party possesses the correct secure channel key for the channel on which the authentication protocol was executed, and the authentication protocol can be used as a key confirmation of the secure channel key. If the RP 504 verifies that the binding response B _res ^* is equal to the binding response B _res , authentication can be determined to be successful and the channel between the UE / OP _loc 502 and the RP 504 is secure. It can be said that. At 524, RP 504 may send a notification to UE / OP _loc 502 indicating that authentication was successful and that the channel is secure.

As shown in FIG. 5, a secure channel can be established using TLS. UE / OP _loc 502 and RP 504 have key confirmation in the protocol that can ensure that RP 504 can also be said that the authenticated party is also the endpoint of a previously established secure channel (eg, by OpenID authentication). Can be included. The exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 5 may include key confirmation and secure channel establishment and use of OP _loc as a trust anchor for authentication. Embodiments that attempt to achieve the same or similar security without using OP _loc (eg, using an external OP) may result in additional communication steps between the RP 504 and the network OP. The exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 5 is a MitM (man-in-the-middle) attack (an attack that MitM establishes itself first, for example as a TLS relay, when setting up a secure (TLS) channel. Etc.) can be reduced. Embodiments described herein may allow MitM to be explicitly detected by RP 504.

If it is not desired to use the extended field of the authentication assertion, XS can be used for key verification. For example, UE / OP _loc 502 is a signing key

(Not shown) can be derived and its signature key is used to sign the authentication assertion. The RP 504 can do the same to verify the signed assertion. If successful, the RP 504 can simultaneously achieve authentication and key verification for the secure channel. This can be achieved at the expense of reduced semantics. This is because the presence of MitM may no longer be recognized due to authentication failure.

The embodiment shown in FIG. 5 can be combined with RP authentication, such as, for example, the RP authentication embodiments described herein. For example, channel security guarantees may only be one side as shown in the protocol of FIG. To make it both sides, the protocol can be combined with an RP authentication protocol such as the RP authentication protocol shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, for example. To this end, the UE / OP _loc 502 can include an encrypted challenge value EK ₁ (RP _Chv ) in the authentication assertion message. If K ₁ is not to leak never _{MitM, UE / OP} loc 502 receives a notice including the RP challenge value _{RP Chv,} be reasonable RP504 has performed an assessment of _{B res} successfully, thus MitM is It can be assumed that there is no possibility of being present. Therefore, RP504, if you have the correct _{K 1 can} decode the _{RP Chv.}

In another embodiment, the RP 504 may have knowledge of the binding response B _res . For example, B _res can be used to encrypt the RP challenge value RP _Chv in the notification sent back to UE / OP _loc 502 at 524. UE / OP _loc 502 may, for example, than K ₀ or K ₁ to encrypt the RP _Chv in the authentication assertion message UE _Assert .

Can be used. RP504 was then derived from the correct XS value

RP _Chv can be extracted.

  The authentication and key agreement protocol described herein can include various implementations for protection from attacks, such as attacks such as MitM attacks. One way to provide such protection is to establish a secure channel (sometimes called an external channel), such as a TLS tunnel, before the authentication flow. Authentication can be performed within this secure channel. For example, a protocol called GBA_H can be sufficiently secure to combat attacks on external authentication protocols established by TLS tunnels. GBA_H may include an authentication procedure based on an HTTP digest over TLS, for example. An exemplary embodiment of GBA_H is shown in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Technical Specification (TS) number 33.220.

FIG. 6 shows a message flow diagram illustrating an example of the GBA_H protocol using HTTP-SIP digests. As shown in FIG. 6, communication may be performed using UE 602, BSF 604, and / or HSS 606. At 608, UE 602 can establish a TLS tunnel with BSF 604. UE 602 may send the request to BSF 604 at 610 using, for example, a TLS tunnel. The request at 610 may include a permission header that includes a private ID, as shown at 612. BSF 604 and HSS 606 can use the Zh reference point at 614 to exchange authentication information. For example, as shown at 616, the B SF 604 can use the Zh reference point to retrieve AV (authorization vector) and / or user profile information from the HSS 606.

  At 618, the BSF 604 can send an authentication challenge (eg, including the authentication challenge in the HTTP 401 unauthorized response) to the UE 602. As shown at 620, the message at 618 may include private ID information, realm, nonce, quality of protection (qop) value, authentication algorithm, domain, and / or opaque. . In one exemplary embodiment, this information can be included in the authentication header of the message. The private ID information can include an ID that the network uses to identify the user. This private ID may allow the network to search for user profiles and / or authentication vectors for challenge. In one exemplary embodiment, the realm, nonce, qop value, authentication algorithm, domain, and / or opaque can be said to be indicated in the RFC document 2617 by the IETF. At 622, the UE 602 can calculate an authentication response. The UE may send an authentication request to BSF 604 at 624. As shown at 626, the authentication request may include private ID information, realm, nonce, c nonce, qop value, nonce count, authentication algorithm, digest URI, and opaque. In one exemplary embodiment, the c nonce, nonce count, and / or digest URI may be described by the IETF in RFC document 2617. At 628, the BSF 604 can calculate a response and compare the value received from the UE 602 with the calculated value at the BSF 604. At 630, the BSF 604 can send a message (eg, a 200 OK message) to the UE 602 confirming to the UE 602 that the authentication was successful. The message at 630 may include a B_TID (binding trusted identifier) and / or a lifetime of key Ks, as indicated at 632. In one exemplary embodiment, the validity period of B_TID and Ks can be said to be indicated in 3GPP TS number 33.220. At 634, the UE 602 and BSF 604 can calculate Ks_NAF.

Another exemplary embodiment may include binding between TLS external authentication and authentication established by the GBA mechanism described herein. The proposed binding solution can be organized, for example, by the UE 602 adding a binding response B _res to the message at 624. B _res can depend on the secure channel in a manner known to BSF 604 and UE 602 but not to MitM. B _res can be derived from the secure channel message in a manner similar (or exactly the same) as an internal authentication (eg, AKA) response, but can be independent of that response. For example, B _res cannot be derived from the response in a general publicly known manner, otherwise MitM may be able to derive B _{res in a} similar manner. . If MitM is present, the BSF 604 can perform B _res verification using parameters from the secure channel BSF 604 -MitM that are different from the parameters of the secure channel UE 602 -MitM. The prerequisites for this may be met by a protocol (eg, TLS, etc.) that may allow both BSF 604 and UE 602 to introduce their own selected parameters (eg, nonce) in establishing the channel. It can include the uniqueness of the secure channel that is possible. B _res verification and / or recalculation can fail if performed by MitM. Because, MitM is because it is impossible to know whether derived as how the value of the allowable B _res, on the other hand, recalculation of GBA response by MitM may succeed. In this way, MitM can be detected.

  In an exemplary embodiment, the UE 602 can take a TLS encryption key and hash the TLS encryption key using a keyed hash function H where the key depends on an AKA authentication challenge. This can be presented in a message at 618 by the BSF 604. For example, the AV can be properly formatted and injected directly into the GBA response calculation algorithm instead of the AKA challenge value. This can reduce replay and bind the secure TLS channel 608 to the execution of GBA authentication.

According to an exemplary embodiment, a secure channel 608 binding to challenge response authentication 618-630 may be established. For example, after receiving an authentication challenge 620 (eg, inner_auth_challenge), UE 602 applies digest algorithm H (eg, HMAC algorithm) with TLS_key extracted from the TLS channel at 608 to obtain a modified challenge ^*. Can do. This can be expressed, for example, as H (TLS_key, inner_auth_challenge) → challenge ^* . An exemplary embodiment of a key extraction method for TLS is shown in RFC document 5705 by the IETF. The UE 608 can calculate a response to the challenge presented by the BSF 604 at 622 and, at the same time, can calculate the binding response B _res using the same or similar algorithm. This, for example, AKA-RESPONSE (inner_auth_challenge) → response; AKA-RESPONSE (challenge *, IK) → can be represented as _{B res.} The UE may send both a response and a B _{res back} to the BSF 604 at 624.

The BSF 604 can obtain a binding guarantee via checking the UE 602 response. If the response is confirmed, the BSF 604 knows that the entity at the other end of the communication is authenticated. BSF604 in a state in which uses the TLS key of their own end for _{verification,} if _{the B res} was also confirmed, Authenticated entity is the entity having the TLS tunnel with BSF604 say _also, in the case _{of B res} is not confirmed, it can be said that there is a suspicion of MitM.

  FIG. 7 is a diagram of an exemplary call flow for binding TLS and GBA using SIP-Digest authentication. As shown in FIG. 7, UE 702 can initiate a bootstrapping procedure by initiating a TLS session with BSF 704. The UE 702 can authenticate the BSF 704 with a certificate presented by the BSF 704. The BSF 704 may not require authentication from the UE 702 at this point. Following establishment of the TLS tunnel at 708, the UE 702 may send a request message (eg, an HTTP GET request) including a private identifier (eg, IMPI (private multimedia private identifier)) to the BSF 704 at 710. The BSF 704 may request authentication information (eg, AV (s)) from the HSS 706 at 712. At 714, the HSS 706 can provide the requested data (eg, including the AV (s)) to the BSF 704. The BSF 704 may send an authentication challenge at 716 to the UE 702 (eg, included in an HTTP 401 unauthorized response). The authentication challenge may include an authentication header and / or a randomly generated nonce. In addition to the nonce, the authentication header can include additional parameters such as private ID, realm, qop value, algorithm information, and / or domain.

As shown at 718, when responding to a challenge from the BSF 704, the UE 702 can generate a random c nonce and can compute an authentication response by using the SIP Digest credentials. . The UE 702 may generate a MAC (messages authentication code) value B _res using, for example, both a TLS tunnel session key and a session key. The TLS tunnel session key and / or session key may include, for example, IK (integrity key) or CK (confidentiality key). In an exemplary embodiment, IK can be used instead of CK. This is because the IK can be designated to be used for integrity protection purposes. These keys can be generated from an authentication challenge RAND taken from the AV received by the UE 702. This allows TLS tunnel authentication to be bound with the GBA protocol. Both the authentication challenge response and B _res can be placed in the authorization header and included in a request message at 720 (eg, an HTTP GET request message) and sent back to the BSF 704. B _res can be calculated by the same algorithm as the authentication response, but can also be calculated using different input parameters as described.

BSF704 _can be checked against the _{B res} in their own expected value _{B res} ^*. BSF704 the can do this is because a key that is used in the calculation of B _res, both the key used in the calculation of the authentication response is expected BSF704 know. Received _{B res} matches the _{B res} ^*, if the received authentication response is consistent with its predicted value, BSF704 may determine the UE702 is authentic, also two comparative Thanks to the binding effect verified from the match, it can be ascertained that the UE 702 that it authenticated in the TLS tunnel organization is the same as the UE 702 that it authenticated in the GBA aspect of the protocol. The BSF 704 may generate a bootstrapping key material such as a key validity period of the GBA / GAA master session key Ks and B-TID at 722. At 724, the BSF 704 can send a message (eg, a 200 OK message) including the B-TID and the key Ks to the UE 702. UE 702 and / or BSF 704 may derive bootstrapping key material Ks_NAF using Ks. For example, at 726, the UE 702 can generate Ks_NAF from Ks. Ks_NAF can be used to secure the Ua reference point.

  An application-specific key for security via the Ua reference point (between UE 702 and NAF (network authentication function) (not shown)) is at least partially bootstrapped via GBA Can be derived from For example, Ks_NAF can be derived from Ks = CK‖IK, where CK and IK are part of the AV delivered from HSS 706 to BSF 704 at 714. If Ks_NAF is derived from both Ks and the master key established during TLS tunnel organization, the binding can still be valid. Therefore, Ks_NAF can be shared between UE 702 and the network. Ks_NAF may be unavailable to any MitM.

  The embodiments described herein can be implemented in a cloud computing scenario. According to an exemplary embodiment, local OpenID features and / or technical features may be combined to enable multi-tenant enabled cloud access from one or more private devices. For example, local OP authentication, RP authentication, secret establishment, and / or registration procedures can be combined. At least two aspects of outsourcing for an organization's computing resources can be combined as described herein. In one exemplary aspect, a modern working class of remote workers, external workers, mobile workers, and field workers encourages organizations to use workers' private devices for business purposes. It can be said. In another exemplary aspect, it can be said that information and computing resources are increasingly being outsourced to a computer cloud (eg, multi-tenant hosting multiple infrastructures and / or multiple servers). The security requirements of the outsourcing organization in this dual outsourcing scenario may impose constraints on the security architecture chosen for the outsourcing implementation. These can be described in terms of protection purposes and / or security controls that can be used, for example, to protect an organization's assets.

  User devices may be considered insecure. Even if full protection of corporate data may not be possible on the device, organizational data is possible, at least in cloud storage, to prevent data loss and / or leakage through user devices, etc. It can be secured within a certain range. One way to do this can be to allow access to the cloud via a remote desktop application that can be connected to a virtual workstation in the cloud, for example. As one advantage, this may allow remote workers and / or virtual workstations to use another operating system (OS). For example, the user device can be a tablet running an ANDROID® or APPLE® OS, for example, via some remote desktop protocol (RDP) client application, etc. MICROSOFT WINDOWS®. ) Can connect to virtual machines. User authentication can be secured by hardware protection measures at the user's end, which can be bound to, for example, a smart card or other trusted environment. Provided with a smart card or other trusted environment that is made available to the user equipment (s) user (s) using the local OpenID as described herein. Is possible. A user account can be registered for use in the smart card or other secure environment embodiments described herein.

  The cloud host can provide some security controls and / or contractual guarantees. Organizations using cloud services can establish additional unique security controls to combat data loss and / or leakage in such multi-tenant environments. As an example, an organization's IT department can install a disk encryption solution for a (virtual) hard drive of a cloud workstation.

  The protection provided by disk encryption on cloud computers may be limited. The cloud host hypervisor can have full data access while the virtual workstation is in operation. The cloud host hypervisor can listen to the incoming credentials used to decrypt the hard drive when the user logs on to the workstation. Disk encryption may be bound to the hosting hardware in some manner, such as by using Trusted Computing-based virtualization support technology.

  The remote user device can submit secret data, such as disk encryption credentials (eg, password), to a virtual machine in the cloud. Such data can be protected to secretly arrive at its destination and can be unknown to the user. This credential can be stored secretly on a smart card or other trusted environment that is enabled with a local OpenID in a manner that is forwarded to a designated virtual machine.

FIG. 8 shows a diagram of an exemplary communication system implementing a local authentication entity and a cloud / remote computing service. As shown in FIG. 8, at 816, a corporate user can obtain a smart card 818, or other trusted environment, from the company 814, for example. This smart card can be a local OpenID compatible smart card. Smart card 818 can include, for example, OP _loc . The smart card 818 can include a credential vault for private access to company 814 resources hosted elsewhere, such as in a cloud hosted virtual machine (VM) 810. At 812, company 814 can connect to cloud-hosted VM 810 and store / upload company 814 information, services, documents, etc. for access by user device 802 via smart card 818. it can.

A user may insert a smart card 818 (eg, a smart card enabled using local OpenID technology to perform OP _loc functions) into user device 802 at 820. User device 802 can be, for example, a tablet, smartphone, mobile phone, laptop computer, or other mobile device. User device 802 need not be a mobile device, but any other configured to access services on cloud-hosted VM 810 using smart card 818 or other trusted environment. It can be a computing device. Several applications can be installed on the user device 802, which can include, for example, a remote desktop protocol (RDP) client to access a remote desktop on a cloud-hosted VM 810 . Login to the remote desktop can be mediated through a web-based gateway 806, which can serve as an RP for a smart card authentication (eg, OpenID authentication) procedure. This RP 806 can reside in the cloud-hosted VM 810 or can be an independent entity. The RP 806 can be provided as a security service to the outsourcing company or can be operated by the company 814 itself. The gateway RP 806 may have a secure and private connection to the cloud hosted VM 810 at 808.

Local OpenID-based logon can combine one or more of at least three security features described herein. For example, a local OpenID-based logon can include (1) authenticating a user via OP _loc , (2) authenticating RP 806 (eg, security gateway) to OP _loc on smart card 818, and / or (3) smart card. It may include private and secret end-to-end establishment between 818 and RP 806, and optionally further delegated to cloud-hosted VM 810. Authentication of the user via OP _loc on the smart card 818 may include (at least) two-factor authentication via smart card 818 ownership and authentication secret knowledge and biometric user authentication. Authentication and / or secret communication may be performed at 804 via secure communication between the user device 802 and the RP 806. RP 806 authentication for OP _loc on smart card 818 can be extended to the user to ensure that the user connects to a designated corporate resource rather than to a spoofed site. For example, credentials for RP 806 authentication can be securely contained within the smart card 818. The RP 806 can delegate a secret with the user device 802 to the cloud-hosted VM 810, or function as an intermediate point between two secure channels, for example.

If a secret is established between OP _loc on smart card 818 and RP 806, the credential vault on smart card 818 can be unlocked. Credentials for data access on the cloud-hosted VM 810 may be encrypted using an established secret (eg, on the card) and / or submitted to the cloud-hosted VM 810 Is possible. The credentials can then be decrypted and verified, and if verification is successful, the secret can be used to decrypt the user data. A user can work on the VM 810 hosted in the cloud via a remote desktop application. A user may have access to corporate resources, for example, via a secure connection from a cloud hosted VM 810 to the corporate intranet.

FIG. 9 shows an exemplary protocol flow, which uses SIP Digest authentication and includes RP904 authentication in OpenID. This authentication may include UE 902 authentication to OP 908 using pre-shared key K _{r, o} between RP 904 and OP 908. RP authentication in OpenID authentication can be bootstrapped from SIP Digest authentication. The protocol flow shown in FIG. 9 includes communication between UE 902, RP 904 (eg, application server), OP 908 (eg, SSO (Single-Sign-on) server), and HSS 910. The RP 904 and OP 908 can pre-establish in 906 a shared secret K _{r, o} that is used for secure communication between entities.

In the protocol shown in FIG. 9, OpenID can be used in stateless mode for UE 902 authentication. To achieve RP904 authentication in OP908, a combination of steps 912 to 918 can be used. In 912, the UE 902 can register with IMS (IP (Internet Protocol) multimedia subsystem). UE 902 can send an authentication request (eg, OpenID authentication request) to RP 904 at 914. The authentication request can include an authentication identifier (eg, OID). The RP 904 may send a redirect request to the UE 902 at 916. The redirect request at 916 can redirect the UE 902 to the OP 908. This redirect request may include an authentication identifier (eg, OID) and / or an RP credential RP _Cred corresponding to RP ₉₀₄ . The RP _Cred can be signed using the pre-shared key K _{r, o} shared with the OP 908. At 918, the UE 902 can send a redirect request message to the OP 908. This redirect request message may include an authentication identifier (eg, OID) and / or RP credential RP _{Credit received} from RP ₉₀₄ at ₉₁₆ .

At 920, the OP 908 can perform RP ₉₀₄ authentication using RP _Credit and / or generate an RP authentication assertion. The OP 908 checks the shared key K ₀ (which can be a shared key between the UE 902 and the OP 908) to ensure secure communication between the UE 902 and the OP 908. It can also be executed. At 922, OP 908 can determine whether RP 904 has been authenticated. If the RP 904 is not properly authenticated at 922, the OP 908 may send an alert at 924 to the UE 902 indicating that the RP 904 is a fake RP and the procedure should be terminated. If the RP 904 is properly authenticated at 922, the OP 908 can continue the protocol. In one exemplary embodiment, generation of an RP 904 authentication assertion at 920 can occur when RP 904 is determined to be authentic at 926. In an exemplary embodiment (not shown in FIG. 9), if the RP 904 authentication decision at 922 is considered a point for the OP 908 to make a decision regarding RP authentication, the use of the RP _Assert is RP 904 authentication. It can be omitted from the protocol in the step following the determination.

In one exemplary variation, RP _Cred can be a plain text identifier of RP ₉₀₄ (ie, not signed by any key), which is correct for OP 908 for further use. The shared key K _{r, o} can be selected. In this case, if RP _Cred does not correspond to any RP known by OP ₉₀₈ , OP 908 may decide to terminate the procedure and notify UE 902.

  Continuing with the example message flow shown in FIG. 9, SIP-Digest authentication can be performed. For example, the OP 908 can obtain the SD-AV (SIP digest authorization vector) and / or user profile information from the HSS 910 at 928. OP 908 can obtain such information based on user credentials (eg, username / password). OP 908 may also obtain user credentials, realm, qop value, authentication algorithm, and / or hash H (A1) from HSS 910. In an exemplary embodiment, the realm, qop value, authentication algorithm, and / or hash H (A1) can be said to be indicated by the IETF in RFC document 2069 and RFC document 2617.

At 930, OP 908 can generate a nonce and store the nonce and H (A1). The OP 908 may send an authentication challenge (eg, an HTTP 401 unauthorized message with an authentication challenge) to the UE 902 at 932. The authentication challenge can include user credentials, nonce, realm, qop value, and / or an authentication algorithm. In 934, UE 902 is, c nonce, H (A1), and / or can generate a secret key _{K 0} is shared between the OP908 for secure communication. The UE 902 may also calculate a challenge response and send the challenge response (eg, an HTTP GET message with an authentication response) to the OP 908 at 936. The challenge response may include c nonce, response, nonce, user credential, realm, qop value, authentication algorithm, digest URL, and / or nonce count. In an exemplary embodiment, the c nonce, nonce, realm, qop value, authentication algorithm, digest URL, and / or nonce count can be said to be indicated by the IETF in RFC document 2617. The shared key K ₀ can be derived from an authentication response that can bind the shared key K ₀ to SIP Digest authentication. At 938, the OP 908 can check against the nonce, calculate the Xresponse, and / or compare the Xresponse with the response received from the UE 902.

If SIP Digest authentication is successful (eg, if Xresponse or a specific parameter in it matches a response or a specific parameter in it), OP 908 may send a UE Authentication Assertion UE _Assert and / or Share in 938. it is possible to generate a key K _0. At 940, OP 908 can generate nonce 1 and / or K ₁ , where K ₁ is used to establish a secure channel between UE 902 and RP 904, UE 902, OP 908, and / or RP 904. Can be a shared key between. K ₁ can be generated by OP 908 using nonce 1 in generation for newness. K ₀ may be used to encrypt the nonce 1 and / or RP authentication assertion message RP _Assert , which may be referred to as, for example, EK ₀ (nonce 1, RP _Assert ). Encryption with K ₀ may allow a legitimate authenticated UE 902 to obtain an RP _Assert that that UE 902 is communicating with the intended authentic RP 904. It can be said that it is confirming with respect to UE902. The OP 908 may encrypt the key K ₁ and / or the UE authentication assertion message UE _Assert using the shared key K _{r, o} , for example, EK _{r, o} (K ₁ , UE _Assert ) and Can be called. At 942, the OP 908 can send a redirect message to the UE 902, which can redirect the UE 902 to the RP 904. This redirect message may include EK ₀ (nonce 1, RP _Assert ) and / or EK _{r, o} (K ₁ , UE _Assert ). In an exemplary embodiment, the RP authentication assertion message RP _Assert may not be used at a particular point in the protocol flow, as shown at 944. This is because OP908 can be a determination point regarding the reliability of RP904. The UE 902 is securely communicating with the intended RP 904 when the RP 904 is performing communication with the UE 902 (eg, when performing implementation specific steps 952 and / or 954). to ensure state, it is possible to K ₁ is used.

In 946, UE 902 may use the _{K 0} decrypting the nonce 1 and / or RP authentication assertion message _{RP Assert.} By being able to decrypt the RP authentication assertion RP _Assert using K ₀ , the UE 902 can confirm that it is communicating with the intended authentic RP 904. The UE 902 can obtain the RP authentication assertion message RP _Assert and nonce 1. The UE 902 can authenticate the RP 904 based on the received RP authentication assertion RP _Assert . UE 902 may generate K ₁ using nonce 1. Encrypted using a shared key _{K 1} can is legitimate authentication UE902 is it possible to obtain a _{UE Author, UE Author} is to function as an access token for use with the service it can. UE 902 can be redirected to RP 904 at 948. At 948, the UE 902 can send a key K ₁ and a UE authentication assertion message UE _Assert to the RP 904. Key K ₁ and UE _Assert can be encrypted using shared key K _{r, o} , which can be referred to as, for example, EK _{r, o} (K ₁ , UE _Assert ). This encryption can have been performed in advance by OP908. At 950, the RP 904 can decode EK _{r, o} (K ₁ , UE _Assert ) using K _{r, o} to obtain UE _Assert and K ₁ . Information regarding UE 902 may be authorized at 950. For example, RP 904 may use K ₁ to verify the UE _Assert signature. After successful verification of the UE _Assert, RP904 can generate a permission information _{UE Author,} the permission information _{UE Author} is capable of being encrypted using the key _{K 1,} for example _EK 1 ( UE _Author ). The UE _Author may include authorization information or authorization parameters that indicate that the UE 902 is authorized to access one or more services in the RP 904. The RP 904 may inform the UE 902 at 952 whether the UE 902 is authorized for service on the RP 904. For example, the RP 904 may send a UE authorization parameter or information UE _Author . The UE _Author can be encrypted between the secret key K ₁ (EK ₁ (UE _Author )) and shared between the UE 902 and the RP 904. At 954, the UE 902 can decode EK ₁ (UE _Author ) and can access the requested service from the RP 904 using the UE _Author . Steps 952 and / or 954 can be implementation specific steps, can be optional, and can depend on the service implementation of UE 902 and / or RP 904. For example, they can be specific to the desired application of providing general service access to UE 902 after authentication. If these steps are not used, K ₁ is said not required.

In one exemplary embodiment, the protocol flow shown in FIG. 9 can achieve RP904 authentication for OP 908 using secret K _{r, o} . For example, secret K _{r, o} can be used for authentication if it is not used to sign a message with RP _Cred to OP 908 (eg, in steps 912 to 918). . For example, if OP 908 and RP 904 already share secret K _{r, o} , this secret can be used for RP 904 authentication with OP 908. The discovery step of the authentication protocol (eg OpenID protocol) and the (optional) association creation step are not shown in the protocol shown in FIG. Implementations on the UE 902 may not be affected by any such RP904 authentication. For example, in one embodiment, the UE 902 may not include the OP _loc function and therefore may not be able to send a challenge RP _Chv to the RP.

  FIG. 10 shows a message flow diagram of an exemplary protocol using RP1004 authentication for OP1008. In FIG. 10, communication may be performed between UE 1002, RP 1004 (eg, application server), OP 1008 (eg, SSO server), and / or HSS 1010. RP 1004 and OP 1008 may have a pre-established shared secret, indicated at 1006, to allow secure communication over a secure channel.

As shown in FIG. 10, UE 1002 may issue an authentication request (eg, OpenID authentication request) to RP 1004 at 1012, which may include a login identifier (eg, URL or email address, etc.). OpenID identifier). The RP 1004 can discover the OP 1008 at 1014. At 1016, the RP 1004 may send an association request (eg, OpenID association request) to the OP 1008. The RP 1004 and the OP 1008 can establish a Diffie-Hellman key DH. The OP 1008 can generate an association secret and / or an association handle, and the association secret and / or association handle may be collectively referred to as an association. At 1018, the OP 1008 may send an association response to the RP 1004, and the association response may include an association secret and nonce 0. The association secret and / or nonce 0 can be encrypted using the established DH key. The RP 1004 can decrypt the received encrypted nonce 0 and the encrypted association secret at 1020. Then RP1004 may be signed nonce 0 using the shared key _{K r, o,} that the shared key _{K r, o} is a key that is established in advance that is shared between the RP1004 and OP1008 Is possible. To sign nonce 0, HMAC or another suitable symmetric signature algorithm can be used. RP 1004 and OP 1008 may have a shared secret K _{r, o} using known mechanisms, eg, using a Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol or a pre-shared secret. With this shared secret, OP 1008 and RP 1004 can sign the message and verify each other's message signed with the shared secret K _{r, o} .

At 1022, the RP 1004 can redirect the authentication request sent by the UE 1002 using a redirect message. This redirect message may include a login identifier (eg, OpenID identifier), an RP1004 identifier ( _RPCred ), and / or a signed nonce 0. For example, the UE 1002 can be redirected to the OP 1008. The authentication request can be redirected to OP 1008 at 1024. This redirection may include a login identifier (eg, OpenID identifier) and / or RP _Credit . The OP 1006 may force the use of HTTPS for communication with the UE 1002 at 1026 for secure communication. Forcing the use of HTTPS can be performed by the configuration of the web server of OP 1002 (eg, address rewrite). At 1028, the OP 1008 can verify the nonce 0 signature to authenticate the RP 1004. For example, the OP 1008 can verify the signature using the shared key K _{r, o} . The RP 1004 authentication of step 1028 can be determined at 1030, and if the RP 1004 authentication fails, the OP 1008 sends an alert message to indicate the failure of the RP 1004 authentication (this is protected by eg HTTPS) Can be transmitted to the UE 1002 at 1032. If the RP 1004 authentication at step 1028 is successful, the protocol flow may continue at step 1034, for example.

At 1034, the OP 1008 may determine whether a secure channel has been established between the OP 1008 and the UE 1002. For example, OP 1008 can determine whether a valid key K ₀ exists. If a valid key K ₀ is actually present, the protocol flow can proceed to step 1048 with generation of a UE authentication assertion UE _Assert . If there is no valid key K ₀ , the protocol flow can proceed to perform UE 1002 authentication. In one exemplary embodiment, secure channel establishment (eg, as shown in FIG. 4) and UE 1002 authentication may be bound together in the same protocol flow. As shown at 1036, the OP 1008 can send an authentication request to a Home Subscription Server (HSS) 1010, and based on user credentials from the HSS 1010, an SD-AV (SIP Digest Authenticator) and / or a user. A profile can be obtained. The SD-AV can include a qop value, an authentication algorithm, a realm, and a user credential, realm, and password hash (referred to as H (A1)). In a plurality of HSS environments, the OP 1008 can obtain the address of the HSS 1010 in which the details of the subscription of the UE 1002 are stored by making a query to a Service Layer Function (SLF). At 1038, the OP 1008 can generate a random nonce and store the hash H (A1) and nonce against the user credentials. The OP 1008 may send an authentication challenge message (eg, a 401 authentication challenge as a SIP-Digest authentication challenge) at 1040 to the UE 1002 (eg, included in a protected HTTPS message), where the authentication challenge message is Nonces, realms, qop values, authentication algorithms, and / or user credentials may be included.

Upon receiving the challenge at 1040, UE 1002 may generate a random c nonce and H (A1) at 1042. UE 1002 may generate a shared secret K ₀ based on H (A1), c nonce, and / or other information such as, for example, material included in the authentication challenge. The shared secret K ₀ can be a shared secret between the UE 1002 and the OP 1008, which allows communication between the UE 1002 and the OP 1008 to be transmitted using a secure channel. can do. The UE 1002 may calculate an authentication response using the c nonce and / or other parameters provided within the authentication challenge (eg, nonce, user credentials, and / or qop value, etc.). . At 1044, the UE 1002 can send a challenge response (eg, can be a protected HTTPS message) to the OP 1008. This challenge response can include, for example, c nonce, nonce, response, realm, user credential, qop value, authentication algorithm, nonce count, and / or digest URL. Upon receiving the response at 1044, the OP 1008 can use the previously stored nonce to check for the nonce included in the response. If the check is successful, the OP 1008 will store the previously stored hash H (A1) and nonce, along with other parameters included in the response (eg, c nonce, nonce count, qop value, etc.). Can be used to calculate an expected response (Xresponse), which can be used to check for a response received from the UE 1002. If the check is successful, the authentication of UE 1002 can be considered successful. If the check is not successful, the authentication can be considered failed. If the UE1002 authentication is successful, OP1008 may generate a shared secret _{K 0,} the shared secret _{K 0} is the hash H (A1), c nonce, and / or, for example, contained in the authentication challenge It can be generated based on other information such as the material being used. Alternatively or additionally, OP 1008 may create an authentication assertion UE _Assert upon receiving a response at 1044. The UE _Assert can be signed using an association secret, which can be, for example, the association secret used in the message at 1018.

At 1050, the OP 1008 can generate a random nonce 1 and / or can generate a shared secret K ₁ based on K ₀ and nonce 1. The shared secret K ₁ may be a shared secret between the UE 1002, the OP 1008, and / or the RP 1004 for establishing a secure channel between the UE 1002 and the RP 1004. OP 1008 can encrypt nonce 1 using K ₀ (which may be referred to as, for example, EK ₀ (nonce 1)), and K ₁ and signed assertions using K _{r, o} The message UE _Assert can be encrypted (this can be referred to as, for example, EK _{r, o} (K ₁ , signed (UE _Assert ))). The OP 1008 may send a message (eg, a redirect message) to the UE 1002 at 1052, which message may be EK ₀ (nonce 1) and / or EK _{r, o} (K ₁ , signed (UE) along with redirection to the RP 1004. _Assert ))). At 1054, the UE 1002 can decrypt EK ₀ (nonce 1) using the shared key K ₀ and obtain nonce 1. The UE 1002 can generate a shared secret K ₁ based on K ₀ and nonce 1. The message sent by OP 1008 can be redirected to RP 1004 at 1056. The message at 1056 may include EK _{r, o} (K ₁ , signed UE _Assert ). RP 1004 may decode EK _{r, o} (K ₁ , signed UE _Assert ) at 1058 to obtain UE _Assert and K ₁ . The RP 1004 can verify the signature of the assertion message UE _Assert using the association secret shared with the OP 1008. After validating the assertion message UE _Assert , the RP 1004 can generate authorization information for the UE 1002. For example, the RP 1004 can generate the authorization information UE _Author and encrypt the UE _Author using K ₁ , which can be referred to as EK ₁ (UE _Author ), for example. RP1004, in 1060, the application-specific authorization information contained in this message, it is possible to notify the UE1002 is encrypted using _{K 1.} UE 1002 may decrypt EK ₁ (UE _Author ) using shared key K ₁ at 1062 and then access the requested service.

In FIG. 10, the authorization information or parameter UE _Author may be application specific and / or OP 1008 specific. If UE _Author is unique to OP1008 _{is UE Author} may be signed by _{K 0.} If the authorization information or parameter UE _Author is specific to the application, the UE _Author can be signed by either K _{r, o} or the signature key S. The transfer can function using the signature key S.

  In one exemplary embodiment, the protocol flow shown in FIG. 10 may be implemented when using a segmented terminal scenario as described herein.

In another exemplary embodiment, RP 1004 authentication may be included in a challenge response step between OP 1008 and RP 1004, in which case OP 1008 will challenge the RP 1004 with proof of freshness. To (e.g., via nonce). The RP 1004 can sign this nonce using the pre-established shared secret K _{r, o} and return a reply to the OP 1008. The response to the authentication challenge can be made as a direct response to the OP 1008 authentication challenge or can be integrated into a redirect message, which sends the UE 1002 to the OP 1008. In either case, OP 1008 may have reliable evidence to authenticate RP 1004 (eg, before engaging in UE authentication). This can allow the OP 1008 to stop the protocol in the case of a failed RP 1004 authentication, and save the communication effort between the UE 1002 and the OP 1008 in such a failed RP 1004 authentication case. . The OP 1008 may communicate information regarding the failed RP 1004 authentication directly to the UE 1002, for example as shown at 1032.

  Associations can be used for RP1004 authentication as described herein. For example, if RP 1004 establishes an association with OP 1008, the corresponding steps can be modified to incorporate the challenge from OP 1008. During association establishment, the OP 1008 and RP 1004 can set up a MAC key, which can be used to sign an authentication assertion message. This key can be transmitted encrypted using a temporary secret key, and the temporary secret key is, for example, a DH (Diffie-Hellman) key between the OP 1008 and the RP 1004. Can be negotiated. In addition to its temporary secret key, the OP 1008 can include a nonce (which can also be encrypted using, for example, a DH key) in the response to the RP 1004.

The RP 1004 can decrypt the nonce and MAC key based on the negotiated DH key. The RP 1004 can use its own pre-established shared key K _{r, o} to sign or encrypt the nonce received from the OP 1008, and send that key to the UE 1002 as a further parameter. Can be added to the redirect message. Since the UE 1002 follows the redirect to the OP 1008, the OP 1008 can receive a signed or encrypted nonce and can authenticate the RP 1004 using the shared key K _{r, o} . In the case of failed authentication, the OP 1008 can send an alert message to the UE 1002 to protect the UE 1002 from an unauthenticated RP. In the case of successful RP 1004 authentication, the OP 1002 can proceed with the protocol.

  An exemplary embodiment for using discovery mode for RP 1004 authentication is described. For example, the OP 1008 may allow information to be sent to the RP 1004 in cases where no association has been established between the OP 1008 and the RP 1004 (ie, stateless mode in OpenID). In the stateless mode, information exchange between the OP 1008 and the RP 1004 can be performed during discovery. However, discovery may or may not include OP 1008, such as in the case of delegated discovery. In delegated discovery, the user identifier can be, for example, at https://myblog.blog.com, and the OP endpoint URL of OP 1008 (eg, at https://myblog.myopenid.com) May point to. Thus, the OP 1008 (eg, in myopenid.com) may not be included in the direct discovery and may not be able to authenticate the RP 1004 at this stage. The OP 1008 may be able to authenticate the RP 1004 during association at 1016, 1018 instead of determining authentication at 1028, 1030, for example as shown in FIG.

  The OP 1008 can provide additional information to the RP 1004 during the discovery step (ie, if the user identifier page is hosted in the OP 1008 itself) as a part of the discovery information page. Can be generated dynamically, and its nonce can be associated with the identifier (eg, URL or email address) of the RP 1004 making the HTTP request. The OP 1008 can then expect the RP 1004 to sign or encrypt this nonce and include that information in the redirect message.

  As shown herein, the OP 1008 can protect communications between the OP 1008 and the UE 1002. For example, as shown at 1026, the OP 1008 may force the use of HTTPS (ie, the UE 1002 may be redirected to the use of HTTPS by the OP 1008, thereby allowing the UE 1002 and Any subsequent communication with the OP 1008 can be protected). For example, TLS can be used. TLS can work by automatically importing the certificate of OP 1008 or forcing UE 1002 to use a pre-installed OP certificate. Both forcing can be checked, for example, against a root certificate (eg, signed by a root CA) by a BA. Such protection may be able to prevent MitM attacks on the authentication challenge message from OP 1008 to UE 1002 at 1040, for example. Also, in the case of a failed RP 1004 authentication, such protection may allow the OP 1008 to send an alert message to the UE 1002 in a protected manner.

The embodiments described herein can be implemented using a local assertion provider. Described herein is an exemplary protocol that leverages a local assertion provider by reconciling RP authentication and OpenID. The described embodiment describes a pre-established shared secret K _r, between the RP and the OP when there is a contact (eg, the first contact) between the RP and the (network side) OP _. Based on _o , RP authentication can be enabled. In the OpenID association mode, this is the association phase.

  FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a message flow diagram for a provisioning phase using a local assertion provider. As shown in FIG. 11, UE 1102, RP 1104, OP 1106, and / or HSS 1108 may be implemented in communications performed within a provisioning phase with a local assertion provider. Nonces can be implemented for replay protection at various stages within the provisioning phase.

As shown in FIG. 11, UE 1102 may submit a login identifier (eg, OID) to RP 1104 at 1110. The RP 1104 may send an association request (eg, http POST OpenID association request) to the OP 1106 at 1112. The association request may include an RP1104 credentials _{RP Cred,} RP1104 credentials _{RP Cred} may be encrypted using a shared key _{K r, o} that is shared between the RP1104 and OP1106 . This encrypted _{RP Cred,} for example _EK r, may be referred to as _{o (RP Cred).} The RP credential RP _Cred can be a general type of credential that can include a pre-shared secret or identifier. In 1114, OP1106 can determine whether there is a shared key _{K 0.} If the shared key _{K 0} is actually present, OP1106 is, can proceed to the authentication phase (AP). If the shared key K ₀ does not exist, the OP 1106 can proceed with the provisioning phase. For example, OP 1106 can proceed to step 1116.

At 1116, the OP 1106 can perform an association with the RP 1104. For example, OP 1106 can generate an association handle A and / or a signature key S. The signature key S can be generated from a function of the association handle A. The OP 1106 can encrypt the signature key S using the key K _{r, o} , which can be called, for example, EK _{r, o} (S). The OP 1106 can send the association handle A and / or the encrypted signature key S to the RP 1104. At 1118, RP 1104 may send a message (eg, a redirect message) to redirect UE 1102 to OP 1106 to UE 1102. The message at 1118 may include parameters such as sessionID, returnURL, nonce, login identifier (eg, OID), and / or association handle A. At 1120, UE 1102 can send a message (eg, an http GET request) including one or more of the parameters received from RP 1104 to OP 1106. For example, the message at 1120 may include a sessionID, returnURL, nonce, login identifier (eg, OID), and / or association handle.

The OP 1106 may obtain an SD-AV (SIP digest authentication vector) and / or other information from the HSS 1108 at 1122. The OP 1106 may send an authentication challenge to the UE 1102 at 1124. UE 1102 may generate a shared key K ₀ at 1126. The UE 1102 may also calculate an authentication response and / or send the authentication response to the OP 1106 at 1126. For example, the authentication response can be computed by UE 1102 using pre-provisioned user credentials (eg, username and password). At 1128, the OP 1106 can confirm the validity of the authentication response, such as by comparing the received response with an expected response calculated from the authentication vector SD-AV. When the user / UE1102 is authenticated in OP1106, OP1106 may generate a shared secret _{K 0,} the shared secret _{K 0} may be shared between the UE1102 and OP1106. Encrypted using K ₀ may UE1102 that is always valid authentication so as to obtain the _{UE Author, UE Author} is can be a service access token for use in subsequent accompanying the service It is. In one exemplary embodiment, K ₀ can be a random number and can be generated using a cryptographic function.

At 1130, the OP 1106 may sign an authentication assertion message UE _Assert indicating that the user / UE 1102 authentication was successful. For example, the OP 1106 may sign the UE _Assert using the signature key S. The signed UE _Asser may be referred to as Sig _S (UE _Assert ). The OP 1106 may send an association handle A, a signed assertion UE _Assert , and / or an authorization message UE _Author to the UE 1102. The signed assertion UE _Assert can be encrypted using the signature key S, which can be referred to as, for example, E _S (Sig _S (UE _Assert )). The authorization message UE _Author can be encrypted using the shared key K ₀ , which can be referred to as EK ₀ (UE _Author ), for example. In an exemplary embodiment, instead of both encrypting and signing the authentication assertion message UE _Assert , it may be sufficient to sign the authentication assertion message using the signature key S. Association handle A, UE _Assert , and / or UE _Author may be sent included in a redirect message at 1132, which may redirect UE 1102 to RP 1104. At 1134, the UE 1102 may send a message (eg, an http GET request) to the RP 1104, which message is an association handle, E _S (Sig _S (UE _Assert )), and / or EK ₀ (UE _Author ). Can be included. At 1136, the RP 1104 can decrypt the signature key S, decrypt the signed assertion Sig _S (UE _Assert ), verify the assertion (eg, OpenID assertion) using S, and / or encrypt It is possible to decrypt the authorized permission message EK ₀ (UE _Author ). The RP 1104 may send a notification including the EK ₀ (UE _Author ) to the UE 1102 at 1138. EK ₀ (UE _Author ) may indicate to UE 1102 that RP 1104 is authenticated as a legitimate RP and is not an unauthorized RP or other MitM. This is because the notification can include EK ₀ (UE _Author ), and if it is an illegal RP or other MitM, the EK ₀ (UE _Author ) cannot be decoded.

  The RP authentication shown in FIG. 11 can be similarly performed in other embodiments described herein. For example, the authentication implementation shown in FIG. 11 can be similarly implemented in the authentication phase shown in FIG.

FIG. 12 illustrates a message flow diagram of an exemplary authentication phase using a local assertion provider according to embodiments described herein. As shown in FIG. 12, the authentication phase can include communication between UE 1202, RP 1204, OP 1206, and / or HSS 1208. In one exemplary embodiment, UE 1202 can include a local OP function OP _loc to perform local authentication and sign an authentication assertion (eg, OpenID authentication assertion), while OP 1206 is external Such external OPs can be located in a network, for example. UE 1202 may send a login identifier (eg, OID) to RP 1204 at 1210. At 1212, the RP 1204 can send an association request message (eg, an http POST OpenID association request) to the OP 1206. This association request message may include an RP credential RP _Credit corresponding to RP ₁₂₀₄ . RP _Cred can be encrypted using shared key K _{r, o} , and shared key K _{r, o} can be shared between RP 1204 and OP 1206.

In 1214, OP1206 may determine whether the shared key _{K 0} shared between these entities for secure communication between the UE1202 and OP1206 is provisioned. If the shared key K ₀ is not provisioned, the protocol can proceed to provisioning phase to provision a shared key K _0. If the shared key K ₀ is provisioned, the protocol can proceed with authentication phase. In one exemplary embodiment, OP 1206 may not determine whether shared key K ₀ is provisioned and the protocol flow may continue without such determination.

At 1216, the OP 1206 can perform an association with the RP 1204. For example, OP 1206 can generate association handle A and / or signature key K ₁ . The shared key K ₁ can be derived, for example, from a function of the shared key K ₀ and the association handle A. The shared key K ₁ can be encrypted using the shared key K _{r, o} , which can be referred to as, for example, EK _{r, o} (K ₁ ). Association handle A and encrypted key K ₁ can be sent to RP 1204. RP 1204 may send a message to UE 1202 at 1218 including parameters such as sessionID, returnURL, nonce, login identifier (eg, OID), and / or association handle A. The message at 1218 may be a redirect message that redirects the UE 1202 to an OP _loc (not shown) on the UE 1202 for authentication. At 1220, UE 1202 may perform local authentication. UE 1202 may generate shared key K ₁ at 1220 using a function of shared key K ₀ and association handle A. Encrypted using K ₀ may UE1202 that is always valid authentication so as to obtain the _{UE Author, UE Author} is can be a service access token for use in subsequent accompanying the service It is. UE 1202 may sign an authentication assertion message UE _Assert with shared key K ₁ , which may be referred to as SigK ₁ (UE _Assert ). UE 1202 may generate authorization information or parameter UE _Author (eg, using a local OP on UE 1202). The UE 1202 may encrypt the UE _Author with the shared key K ₀ , which may be referred to as EK ₀ (UE _Author ), for example. The UE 1202 may encrypt SigK ₁ (UE _Assert ) and / or EK ₀ (UE _Author ) using the shared key K ₁ (this is EK ₁ (SigK ₁ (UE _Assert ), EK ₀ (UE _Author)) may be referred to as), also association handle a and _{EK 1 (SigK 1 (UE Assert} ), EK 0 to _{(UE Author))} can be transmitted to the RP1204. As shown at 1222, UE 1202 may send a message (eg, an http GET request) to RP 1204 with a signed assertion UE _Assert .

The RP 1204 may decrypt K ₁ at 1224 using the shared key K _{r, o} . RP 1204 can decrypt SigK ₁ (UE _Assert ) and can use K ₁ to verify the authentication assertion message UE _Assert . At 1224, RP 1204 may decode EK ₀ (UE _Author ) using K ₁ . The RP 1204 may not be able to decode the UE _Author . This is because the UE _Author may be encrypted with the shared key K ₀ shared between the UE 1202 and the OP 1206. In 1226, RP1204 may send a notification to UEs 1202, the notification, RP1204 is, UEs 1202 is valid RP of the person you have established a secure channel using the _{K 1,} illegal RP or Indicates that it is not other MitM. This is because the notification can include the information EK ₀ (UE _Author ), and the EK ₀ (UE _Author ) cannot be decrypted by an unauthorized RP or other MitM.

  FIGS. 13A-13E illustrate exemplary network systems and network devices that may be implemented in performing the embodiments described herein. FIG. 13A is a diagram of an example communications system 1300 in which one or more disclosed embodiments can be implemented. The communications system 1300 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 1300 may allow multiple wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communication system 1300 may include one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), OFDMA (orthogonal DMAF, OFDMA (Single-carrier FDMA) or the like can be employed.

  As shown in FIG. 13A, a communication system 1300 includes a WTRU (wireless transmit / receive unit) 1302a, 1302b, 1302c, and 1302d, a RAN (radio access network) 1304, a core network 1306, a public switched telephony (PSTN) network. 1308, the Internet 1310, and other networks 1312 may be included, but it will be appreciated that in the disclosed embodiments, any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements are contemplated. Let's go. Each of the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c, and 1302d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c, 1302d can be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and can be a UE (user equipment), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile It may include a subscriber unit, pager, cellular phone, PDA (personal digital assistant), smartphone, laptop, netbook, personal computer, wireless sensor, consumer electronics, and the like.

  The communication system 1300 may also include a base station 1314a and a base station 1314b. Each of the base stations 1314a, 1314b is one of the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c, 1302d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks such as the core network 1306, the Internet 1310, and / or the network 1312. It can be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one. As an example, the base stations 1314a and 1314b may be a BTS (base transceiver station), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a site controller, an AP (access point), a wireless router, and the like. Although base stations 1314a, 1314b are each shown as a single element, it will be appreciated that base stations 1314a, 1314b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements. Will.

  Base station 1314a may be part of RAN 1304, which may be another base station and / or network element (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), or a relay node. Etc. can also be included. Base station 1314a and / or base station 1314b can be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region, which is a cell (not shown). Sometimes called. A cell can be further divided into multiple cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with base station 1314a can be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 1314a can include three transceivers, ie, one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In another embodiment, the base station 1314a can employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and thus can utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell.

  Base stations 1314a, 1314b may communicate with one or more of WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c, 1302d via air interface 1316, which may be connected to any suitable wireless communication link (eg, RF (Radio frequency), microwave, IR (infrared), UV (ultraviolet), visible light, and the like). The air interface 1316 can be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

  More specifically, as described above, communication system 1300 can be a multiple access system and employs one or more channel access schemes such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. be able to. For example, base station 1314a and WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, and 1302c in RAN 1304 may implement UTRA (a wireless technology such as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Terrestrial Radio Access), which is a trademark of W (Wideband CDMA) may be used to establish the air interface 1316. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as HSPA (High-Speed Packet Access) and / or HSPA + (Evolved HSPA). The HSPA may include HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) and / or HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access).

  In another embodiment, the base station 1314a and the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c can implement a radio technology such as E-UTRA (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access), which is LTE (Long Term Evolution). And / or LTE-A (LTE-Advanced) may be used to establish air interface 1316.

  In other embodiments, the base station 1314a and the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c may be configured with a wireless technology, such as IEEE 802.16 (i.e., WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability Access) (CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X-CDMADO, 2000 (Interim Standard 2000), IS-95 (Interim Standard 95), IS-856 (Interim Standard 856), GSM (registered trademark) (Global System for Mobile communications), EDGE (Endhar SM) volution), it can be performed, such as GERAN (GSM EDGE).

  Base station 1314b in FIG. 13A can be, for example, a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point to facilitate wireless connectivity in local areas such as offices, homes, vehicles, campuses, etc. Any suitable RAT can be used to do this. In one embodiment, base station 1314b and WTRUs 1302c, 1302d may implement a wireless technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a WLAN (wireless local area network). In another embodiment, the base station 1314b and the WTRU 1302c, 1302d can implement a wireless technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, base station 1314b and WTRU 1302c, 1302d utilize a cellular-based RAT (eg, WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. be able to. As shown in FIG. 13A, the base station 1314b may have a direct connection to the Internet 1310. Accordingly, the base station 1314b may not be required to access the Internet 1310 via the core network 1306.

  The RAN 1304 can be in communication with the core network 1306, which provides voice, data, application, and / or VoIP (voice over internet protocol) services among the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c, and 1302d. It can be any type of network that is configured to provide to one or more. For example, the core network 1306 can provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video delivery, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions such as user authentication. is there. Although not shown in FIG. 13A, RAN 1304 and / or core network 1306 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as RAN 1304 or a different RAT. You will understand. For example, the core network 1306 communicates with another RAN (not shown) that employs GSM radio technology in addition to being connected to a RAN 1304 that may be utilizing E-UTRA radio technology. It can also be in a state.

  The core network 1306 may also function as a gateway for the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c, and 1302d to access the PSTN 1308, the Internet 1310, and / or other networks 1312. The PSTN 1308 may include a circuit switched telephone network that provides a plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 1310 consists of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols such as TCP (transmission control protocol), UDP (user datagram protocol), and IP (internet protocol) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. A global system can be included. Network 1312 may include wired or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the network 1312 may include another core network connected to one or more RANs that may employ the same RAT as the RAN 1304 or a different RAT.

  Some or all of the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c, and 1302d in the communication system 1300 may include multi-mode capability, i.e., the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c, and 1302d are separated via separate wireless links. Multiple transceivers may be included for communicating with the wireless network. For example, the WTRU 1302c shown in FIG. 13A communicates with a base station 1314a that may employ cellular-based radio technology and a base station 1314b that may employ IEEE 802 radio technology. It can be configured as follows.

  FIG. 13B is a system diagram of an example WTRU 1302. As shown in FIG. 13B, the WTRU 1302 includes a processor 1318, a transceiver 1320, a transmit / receive element 1322, a speaker / microphone 1324, a keypad 1326, a display / touchpad 1328, a non-removable memory 1330, a removable memory 1332, a power supply. 1334, GPS (global positioning system) chipset 1336, and other peripherals 1338. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 1302 may include any sub-combination of the above-described elements while remaining consistent with one embodiment.

  The processor 1318 includes a general-purpose processor, a dedicated processor, a conventional processor, a DSP (digital signal processor), a plurality of microprocessors, one or a plurality of microprocessors associated with the DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, and an ASIC (Application Specific). It can be an Integrated Circuit (FPGA), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of IC (Integrated Circuit), a state machine, or the like. The processor 1318 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 1302 to function within a wireless environment. The processor 1318 can be coupled to the transceiver 1320 and the transceiver 1320 can be coupled to the transmit / receive element 1322. Although FIG. 13B depicts the processor 1318 and the transceiver 1320 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 1318 and the transceiver 1320 can be integrated into one electronic package or chip.

  Transmit / receive element 1322 is configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (eg, base station 1314a) over air interface 1316. Is possible. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 1322 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 1322 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 1322 can be configured to transmit and receive both RF and optical signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 1322 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

  In addition, although the transmit / receive element 1322 is shown as a single element in FIG. 13B, the WTRU 1302 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 1322. More specifically, the WTRU 1302 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 1302 may include multiple transmit / receive elements 1322 (eg, multiple antennas) to transmit and receive wireless signals over the air interface 1316.

  The transceiver 1320 can be configured to modulate the signal transmitted by the transmit / receive element 1322 and to demodulate the signal received by the transmit / receive element 1322. As described above, the WTRU 1302 may have a multi-mode function. Accordingly, the transceiver 1320 can include multiple transceivers to allow the WTRU 1302 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as, for example, UTRA and IEEE 802.11.

  The processor 1318 of the WTRU 1302 is coupled to a speaker / microphone 1324, a keypad 1326, and / or a display / touchpad 1328 (eg, a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). From which user input data can be received. The processor 1318 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 1324, the keypad 1326, and / or the display / touchpad 1328. In addition, processor 1318 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as non-removable memory 1330 and / or removable memory 1332. Non-removable memory 1330 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 1332 may include a GSM SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card, a UICC (that is, a UMTS version of the SIM card), a memory stick, an SD (secure digital) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 1318 accesses information from and stores data in memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 1302, such as on a server or home computer (not shown). It is possible.

  The processor 1318 can receive power from the power source 1334 and can be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components within the WTRU 1302. The power source 1334 can be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 1302. For example, the power source 1334 may include one or more dry cells (eg, NiCd (nickel-cadmium), NiZn (nickel-zinc), NiMH (nickel metal hydride), Li-ion (lithium-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel A battery or the like can be included.

  The processor 1318 can also be coupled to a GPS chipset 1336, which can be configured to provide location information (eg, longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 1302. is there. In addition to or instead of information from the GPS chipset 1336, the WTRU 1302 may receive location information from the base station (eg, base stations 1314a, 1314b) via the air interface 1316, and / or It is possible to identify one's location based on the timing of signals received from neighboring base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 1302 can obtain location information through any suitable location method while maintaining consistency with one embodiment.

  The processor 1318 can be further coupled to other peripheral devices 1338, which can include additional features, functions, and / or one or more software modules that provide wired or wireless connections. And / or hardware modules. For example, the peripheral device 1338 includes an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photography or video), a USB (universal serial bus) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, BLUETOOTH (registered trademark). ) Modules, FM (frequency modulated) radio units, digital music players, media players, video game player modules, Internet browsers, and the like.

  FIG. 13C is a system diagram of the RAN 1304 and the core network 1306 according to an embodiment. As described above, the RAN 1304 may employ UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c via the air interface 1316. The RAN 1304 can be in communication with the core network 1306. As shown in FIG. 13C, the RAN 1304 may include Node-Bs 1340a, 1340b, 1340c, each of which communicates with the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c via the air interface 1316. One or more transceivers may be included. Each Node-B 1340a, 1340b, 1340c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) within the RAN 1304. The RAN 1304 may also include RNCs 1342a and 1342b. It will be appreciated that the RAN 1304 may include any number of Node-Bs and RNCs while maintaining consistency with one embodiment.

  As shown in FIG. 13C, Node-B 1340a, 1340b may be in communication with RNC 1342a. In addition, Node-B 1340c can be in communication with RNC 1342b. The Node-Bs 1340a, 1340b, and 1340c can communicate with the respective RNCs 1342a and 1342b via the Iub interface. The RNCs 1342a and 1342b can be in communication with each other via the Iur interface. Each RNC 1342a, 1342b may be configured to control a respective Node-B 1340a, 1340b, 1340c to which it is connected. In addition, each of the RNCs 1342a, 1342b performs or supports other functions such as outer loop power control, load control, admission control, packet scheduling, handover control, macro diversity, security functions, data encryption, etc. It can be configured as follows.

  The core network 1306 shown in FIG. 13C includes an MGW (media gateway) 1344, an MSC (mobile switching center) 1346, an SGSN (serving GPRS support node) 1348, and / or a GGSN (gateway GPp 13p Can do. Each of the above elements are shown as part of the core network 1306, but any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by entities other than the core network operator. You will understand that.

  The RNC 1342a in the RAN 1304 can be connected to the MSC 1346 in the core network 1306 via the IuCS interface. The MSC 1346 can be connected to the MGW 1344. MSC 1346 and MGW 1344 provide WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c with access to a circuit switched network, such as PSTN 1308, to facilitate communication between WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c and conventional landline communication devices. be able to.

  The RNC 1342a in the RAN 1304 may be connected to the SGSN 1348 in the core network 1306 via the IuPS interface. SGSN 1348 may be connected to GGSN 1350. SGSN 1348 and GGSN 1350 may provide WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c with access to a packet switched network, such as the Internet 1310, to facilitate communication between the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c and IP-enabled devices.

  As described above, the core network 1306 can also be connected to the network 1312, which can include other wired or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. it can.

  FIG. 13D is a system diagram of the RAN 1304 and the core network 1306 according to an embodiment. As described above, the RAN 1304 may employ E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c via the air interface 1316. The RAN 1304 can be in communication with the core network 1306.

  While RAN 1304 can include eNode-Bs 1340a, 1340b, 1340c, it can be seen that RAN 1304 can include any number of eNode-Bs while maintaining consistency with one embodiment. Let's go. Each eNode-B 1340a, 1340b, 1340c may include one or more transceivers to communicate with the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c via the air interface 1316. In one embodiment, the eNode-B 1340a, 1340b, 1340c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, eNode-B 1340a may use multiple antennas, for example, to transmit wireless signals to WTRU 1302a and to receive wireless signals from WTRU 1302a.

  Each of the eNode-Bs 1340a, 1340b, 1340c may be associated with a specific cell (not shown), such as radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink and / or downlink, etc. Can be configured to handle. As shown in FIG. 13D, the eNode-Bs 1340a, 1340b, 1340c can communicate with each other via the X2 interface.

  The core network 1306 shown in FIG. 13D may include a mobility management gateway (MME) 1360, a serving gateway 1362, and / or a packet data network (PDN) gateway 1364. Each of the above elements are shown as part of the core network 1306, but any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by entities other than the core network operator. You will understand that.

  The MME 1360 can be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 1340a, 1340b, and 1340c in the RAN 1304 via the S1 interface, and can function as a control node. For example, the MME 1360 is responsible for authenticating the user of the WTRU 1302a, 1302b, 1302c, activating / deactivating bearers, selecting a specific serving gateway during the initial connection of the WTRU 1302a, 1302b, 1302c, etc. Can do. The MME 1360 may also provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 1304 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies such as GSM or WCDMA.

  The serving gateway 1362 can be connected to each of the eNode Bs 1340a, 1340b, 1340c in the RAN 1304 via the S1 interface. Serving gateway 1362 may generally forward and forward user data packets to / from WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c. Serving gateway 1362 may perform other functions, eg, fix user plane during handover between eNode Bs, trigger paging when downlink data is available for WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c, WTRU 1302a, Management and storage of the contexts 1302b and 1302c may also be performed.

  The serving gateway 1362 can also be connected to a PDN gateway 1364, which can connect packets such as the Internet 1310 to facilitate communication between the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, and 1302c and IP-enabled devices. Access to the switched network may be provided to WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c.

  The core network 1306 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, the core network 1306 provides access to a circuit-switched network such as the PSTN 1308 to the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c to facilitate communication between the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c and conventional landline communication devices. Can be provided. For example, the core network 1306 can include or can communicate with an IP gateway (eg, an IMS (IP multimedia server) server) that serves as an interface between the core network 1306 and the PSTN 1308. In addition, the core network 1306 can provide access to the network 1312 to the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c, which can be other wired or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. Can be included.

  FIG. 13E is a system diagram of the RAN 1304 and the core network 1306 according to an embodiment. The RAN 1304 may be an ASN (access service network) that employs IEEE 802.16 wireless technology to communicate with the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, and 1302c via the air interface 1316. As discussed further below, communication links between separate functional entities, WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c, RAN 1304, and core network 1306 may be defined as reference points.

  As shown in FIG. 13E, RAN 1304 may include base stations 1340a, 1340b, 1340c, and ASN gateway 1370, but RAN 1304 may be any number while maintaining consistency with one embodiment. It will be appreciated that multiple base stations and ASN gateways can be included. Base stations 1340a, 1340b, 1340c can each be associated with a particular cell (not shown) in RAN 1304, and one or more to communicate with WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c via air interface 1316. Each transceiver can be included. In one embodiment, base stations 1340a, 1340b, 1340c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the base station 1340a can use multiple antennas, for example, to transmit wireless signals to the WTRU 1302a and to receive wireless signals from the WTRU 1302a. The base stations 1340a, 1340b, and 1340c may also provide mobility management functions such as handoff triggering, tunnel establishment, radio resource management, traffic classification, QoS (quality of service) policy enforcement, and the like. The ASN gateway 1370 may function as a traffic aggregation point and may be responsible for paging, subscriber profile caching, routing to the core network 1306, and the like.

  The air interface 1316 between the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c, and the RAN 1304 may be defined as an R1 reference point that implements the IEEE 802.16 specification. In addition, each of the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, and 1302c may establish a logical interface (not shown) with the core network 1306. The logical interface between the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c and the core network 1306 can be defined as an R2 reference point, which can be used for authentication, authorization, IP host configuration management, and / or mobility. It can be used for management.

  The communication link between each of the base stations 1340a, 1340b, 1340c can be defined as an R8 reference point that includes a protocol for facilitating WTRU handovers and transferring data between base stations. is there. The communication link between the base stations 1340a, 1340b, 1340c and the ASN gateway 1370 can be defined as an R6 reference point. The R6 reference point may include a protocol for facilitating mobility management based on mobility events associated with each of the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c.

  As shown in FIG. 13E, the RAN 1304 may be connected to the core network 1306. The communication link between the RAN 1304 and the core network 1306 may be defined as an R3 reference point that includes protocols for facilitating data transfer and mobility management functions, for example. The core network 1306 may include a mobile IP home agent (MIP-HA) 1372, an authentication (authorization, authorization, accounting) server 1374, and a gateway 1376. Each of the above elements are shown as part of the core network 1306, but any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by entities other than the core network operator. You will understand that.

  The MIP-HA 1372 may be responsible for IP address management and may allow the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c to roam between different ASNs and / or different core networks. The MIP-HA 1372 may provide WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c with access to a packet switched network, such as the Internet 1310, to facilitate communication between the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c and IP enabled devices. AAA server 1374 may be responsible for user authentication and supporting user services. The gateway 1376 can facilitate interacting with other networks. For example, gateway 1376 provides WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c with access to a circuit switched network such as PSTN 1308 to facilitate communication between WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c and conventional landline communication devices. can do. In addition, the gateway 1376 may provide access to the network 1312 to the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c, which may have other wired or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. Can be included.

  Although not shown in FIG. 13E, it can be seen that the RAN 1304 can be connected to other ASNs and the core network 1306 can be connected to other core networks. Let's go. The communication link between the RAN 1304 and the other ASN can be defined as an R4 reference point, which is the mobility of the WTRUs 1302a, 1302b, 1302c between the RAN 1304 and the other ASN. A protocol for coordinating can be included. Communication links between the core network 1306 and other core networks can be defined as R5 references, which can interact with the home core network and the visited core network. Protocols for facilitating can be included.

  The methods described herein can be implemented with a computer program, software, or firmware embedded in a computer readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over a wired or wireless connection) and computer readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, built-in hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and CD-ROM Including, but not limited to, optical media such as discs and DVDs (digital versatile disk). A processor associated with the software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Although features and elements are described above in specific combinations, each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. For example, the protocol flow steps described herein are not limited to the order in which those protocol flow steps are described. In addition, although the embodiments described herein may be described using OpenID authentication, other forms of authentication can be implemented. Similarly, the embodiments described herein may not be limited to OpenID communications or entities. For example, the RP can include any service provider, the OP / OPSF can include any ID (s) and / or assertion providers, and / or OP _loc can be any It can be a local ID and / or an assertion provider. Further, any authentication of the UE described herein may include authentication of the UE and / or a user associated with the UE.

Claims (17)

UE (User Equipment), the service provider associated with the cloud hosted virtual machines, and the ID provider with a local ID provider, in a system comprising a, for establishing a secure communication between the said service provider and the UE The method of
In the UE, the steps of: establishing a secure channel between said UE and said service provider,
Transmitting an authentication parameter for performing authentication of the UE using the ID provider to the ID provider;
In the UE, the steps of: determine an authentication assertion indicating a successful authentication of the UE,
In the UE, the service provider the secure channel has been established, the UE wanted to perform the authentication for access to services, comprising: validate that the service provider intended The service provider is verified using at least one parameter generated during the establishment of the secure channel; and
Only including,
Establishing the secure channel between the UE and the service provider comprises establishing the secure channel between the local ID provider and the service provider associated with the cloud-hosted virtual machine; Enabling access to services provided by the cloud-hosted virtual machine . Further comprising the method of claim 1 the step of binding the authentication of the UE to the establishment of the secure channel. The authentication of the UE includes SIP-Digest (Session Initiation Protocol Digest) authentication, and the step of binding the authentication of the UE to the establishment of the secure channel includes the SIP-Digest authentication of the secure channel. comprising the step of binding the established method of claim 2. The step of binding the authentication of the UE to the establishment of the secure channel is performed using information included in the authentication assertion, the information between the UE and the service provider associated with the establishment of the secure channel, the method of claim 2. Wherein the step of binding the authentication of the UE to the establishment of the secure channel, the UE to be able to verify that the said service provider secure channel has been established is the intended service provider has, according Item 3. The method according to Item 2. Further comprising the method of claim 1 determining the authentication of the service provider in the UE. The authentication of the service provider, further comprising the step of binding to the establishment of the secure channel between said UE and said service provider The method of claim 6. The step of binding the authentication of the service provider to the establishment of the secure channel is such that the UE can verify that the service provider with which the secure channel is established is the intended service provider. 8. A method according to claim 7 , enabling authentication of Wherein step comprises the step of receiving the service provider authentication assertion from an external ID providers The method of claim 6 for determining the authentication of the service provider. The step comprising said step of generating the authentication assertion using the local ID provider The method of claim 1 for determining the authentication assertion. The local identity provider is associated with a pre-established shared key generated from the authentication of the UE, and the pre-established shared key is between the UE and the service provider. It is used to establish a secure channel, the method of claim 1. The at least one parameter generated during the authentication includes the authentication assertion, and the at least one parameter generated during the establishment of the secure channel includes an encrypted seed value, the UE and the service provider 2. The method of claim 1, comprising : a binding response derived from key material extracted from a secure TLS (transport-layer security) tunnel between and a nonce used for establishing the secure channel. . The service provider by verifying the validity of the UE and information received from the service provider via the secure channel between said service provider is verified as the intended service provider has, according Item 2. The method according to Item 1. A UE (user equipment) configured to establish secure communication with a service provider associated with a cloud-hosted virtual machine ,
Memory storing computer-executable instructions;
Establishing a secure channel between the UE and the service provider;
The authentication parameter, and transmitting the the ID provider with a local ID provider present on UE, the authentication parameter is used to perform authentication of the UE using the ID provider, Steps ,
Determining an authentication assertion indicating successful authentication of the UE;
The service provider before Symbol secure channel has been established, the UE wanted to perform authentication for the service, a step of verifying that the service provider intended, the service provider, Verified using at least one parameter generated during the establishment of the secure channel;
A processor configured to execute the computer-executable instructions for executing
With
The processor establishes the secure channel between the UE and the service provider by establishing the secure channel between the local ID provider and the service provider associated with the cloud-hosted virtual machine. UE further configured to establish and allow access to services provided by the cloud-hosted virtual machine . Wherein the processor is the authentication of the UE is further configured to the establishment and bind the secure channel, UE of claim 14. The processor is
Determine authentication of the service provider;
15. The UE of claim 14 , further configured to bind the authentication of the service provider to the establishment of the secure channel between the UE and the service provider. Before Symbol local ID provider, the generated from the authentication of the UE is associated with a shared key that is pre-established, the shared key established in the pre, in between the UE and the service provider The UE according to claim 14 , used for establishing the secure channel.

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