JP5806444B2 - 免疫原性組成物で使用するためのナノ粒子 - Google Patents
免疫原性組成物で使用するためのナノ粒子 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5806444B2 JP5806444B2 JP2008543528A JP2008543528A JP5806444B2 JP 5806444 B2 JP5806444 B2 JP 5806444B2 JP 2008543528 A JP2008543528 A JP 2008543528A JP 2008543528 A JP2008543528 A JP 2008543528A JP 5806444 B2 JP5806444 B2 JP 5806444B2
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Description
この出願は、2005年12月2日に出願された、表題「Nanoparticles For Use In Immunogenic Compositions」の米国仮特許出願第60/741,860号の利益を主張する。この出願はまた、2006年2月21日に出願された、表題「Nanoparticles For Use In Immunogenic Compositions」の米国仮特許出願第60/775,265号の利益を主張する。これらの先の出願の両方は、その全体が参考として本明細書に援用される。
微粒子担体は、適切な免疫応答を惹起することを目指して吸着または捕獲抗原と共に使用されてきた。そのような担体は、選択抗原の多数のコピーを免疫系に提示し、局所リンパ節における抗原の捕捉と保持を促進すると考えられている。粒子はマクロファージによって貪食されることができ、サイトカイン放出を通して抗原提示を増強し得る。
1つの態様では、本発明は、少なくとも1つの生分解性ポリマー、少なくとも1つの界面活性剤、少なくとも1つの凍結保護剤および少なくとも1つの抗原を含む滅菌凍結乾燥ナノ粒子組成物を提供する。
本発明の実施は、異なる指示がない限り、技術水準内での、化学、高分子化学、生化学、分子生物学、免疫学および薬理学の従来の方法を使用する。そのような手法は文献において詳細に説明されている。たとえばRemington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences,第18版(Easton,Pennsylvania:Mack Publishing Company,1990);Methods In Enzymology(S.ColowickとN.Kaplan編集、Academic Press,Inc.);Weir,D.M.,Handbook of Experimental Immunology,I−IV巻、第5版(Blackwell Publishers,1996);Sambrook,J.ら、Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual,第3版(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,2001);Ausubel,F.M.ら、Short Protocols In Molecular Biology,第5版(Current Protocols,2002);Handbook of Surface and Colloidal Chemistry(Birdi,K.S.編集、CRC Press,1997)およびSeymour/Carraher’s Polymer Chemistry,第5版(Marcel Dekker Inc.,2000)参照。
本発明を説明するとき、以下の用語が使用され、以下で指示するように定義されるものとする。
上述したように、本発明のナノ粒子組成物は、1またはそれ以上の生分解性ポリマー、1またはそれ以上の界面活性剤、1またはそれ以上の凍結保護剤、1またはそれ以上の抗原、および場合により1またはそれ以上の補助成分、たとえば、中でも特に、1またはそれ以上の免疫アジュバントを含む。
ここで述べる免疫原性ナノ粒子組成物を形成するために有用なポリマーは、天然および合成の、ホモポリマー、コポリマーおよびポリマー混合物を含む。そのようなポリマーは、たとえば以下のものから誘導され得る:ポリヒドロキシ酪酸(ポリヒドロキシブチレートとしても知られる);ポリヒドロキシ吉草酸(ポリヒドロキシバレレートとしても知られる);ポリグリコール酸(PGA)(ポリグリコリドとしても知られる);ポリ乳酸(PLA)(ポリラクチドとしても知られる);ポリジオキサノン;ポリカプロラクトン;ポリオルトエステル;ポリシアノアクリレート、ポリ無水物;およびそれらの組合せ。ポリ(L−ラクチド)、ポリ(D,L−ラクチド)(どちらもここではPLAと称する)、ポリ(ヒドロキシブチレート)などのポリ(α−ヒドロキシ酸)、ポリ(D,L−ラクチド−コ−グリコリド)(ここでは「PLG」と称する)などのラクチドとグリコリドのコポリマー、またはD,L−ラクチドとカプロラクトンのコポリマーがより典型的である。
上述したように、本発明における使用のための界面活性剤は、洗浄剤、分散剤、懸濁化剤、乳化安定剤等を含む。
上述したように、凍結保護剤は、本発明に従った凍結乾燥組成物を再懸濁したときに実質的なナノ粒子凝集が起こるのを防ぐために添加し得る。
本発明の組成物は、各々が有効量(たとえば本発明に従った治療、予防または診断方法における使用のために有効な量)である1またはそれ以上の抗原を含む。たとえば本発明の組成物は、以下に列挙する病原体のいずれかによって引き起こされる感染を治療するまたは予防するために使用し得る。
本発明における使用に適する細菌抗原は、細菌から単離され得る、精製され得るまたは細菌に由来し得るタンパク質、多糖、リポ多糖および外膜小胞を含む。加えて、細菌抗原は細菌溶解産物および不活性化細菌製剤を含む。細菌抗原は組換え発現によって生産できる。細菌抗原は、好ましくはその生活環の少なくとも1つの段階の間に細菌の表面に曝露されるエピトープを含む。細菌抗原は、好ましくは多数の血清型にわたって保存されている。細菌抗原は、以下に示す細菌の1またはそれ以上に由来する抗原ならびに以下で特定する特異抗原の例を包含する。
本発明における使用に適するウイルス抗原は、不活性化(または死滅)ウイルス、弱毒化ウイルス、スプリットウイルス製剤、精製サブユニット製剤、ウイルスから単離、精製または誘導され得るウイルスタンパク質、およびウイルス様粒子(VLP)を含む。ウイルス抗原は、細胞培養または他の基質で増殖させたウイルスまたは組換え発現させたウイルスに由来し得る。ウイルス抗原は、好ましくはその生活環の少なくとも1つの段階の間にウイルスの表面に曝露されるエピトープを含む。ウイルス抗原は、好ましくは多数の血清型または単離物にわたって保存されている。ウイルス抗原は、以下に示すウイルスの1またはそれ以上に由来する抗原ならびに以下で特定する特異抗原の例を含む。
本発明における使用のための真菌抗原は、以下に示す真菌の1またはそれ以上に由来し得る。
真菌抗原を生産するための方法は当技術分野において周知である(米国特許第6,333,164号参照)。好ましい方法では、細胞壁が実質的に除去されたまたは少なくとも部分的に除去された真菌細胞から入手し得る不溶性分画から可溶化分画を抽出して分離し、前記方法は、生真菌細胞を得ること;細胞壁が実質的に除去されたまたは少なくとも部分的に除去された真菌細胞を得ること;細胞壁が実質的に除去されたまたは少なくとも部分的に除去された真菌細胞を破裂させること;不溶性分画を得ること;および不溶性分画から可溶化分画を抽出して分離すること、の工程を含むことを特徴とする。
本発明の組成物は、性感染症(STD)に由来する1またはそれ以上の抗原を含み得る。そのような抗原は、クラミジア、陰部ヘルペス、肝炎(HCVなど)、性器いぼ、淋病、梅毒および/または軟性下疳(国際公開公報第WO00/15255号参照)などのSTDに対する予防または治療を提供し得る。抗原は、1またはそれ以上のウイルスまたは細菌STDに由来し得る。本発明における使用のためのウイルスSTD抗原は、たとえばHIV、単純ヘルペスウイルス(HSV−1およびHSV−2)、ヒトパピローマウイルス(HPV)および肝炎(HCV)に由来し得る。本発明における使用のための細菌STD抗原は、たとえば淋菌、トラコーマクラミジア、梅毒トレポネーマ、軟性下疳菌、大腸菌およびStreptococcus agalactiaeに由来し得る。これらの病原体に由来する特異抗原の例は上述されている。
本発明の組成物は、呼吸器系疾患を引き起こす病原体に由来する1またはそれ以上の抗原を含み得る。たとえば呼吸器系抗原は、オルトミクソウイルス(インフルエンザ)、肺炎ウイルス(RSV)、パラミクソウイルス(PIV)、麻疹ウイルス(麻疹)、トガウイルス(風疹)、VZVおよびコロナウイルス(SARS)などの呼吸器系ウイルスに由来し得る。呼吸器系抗原は、肺炎連鎖球菌、緑膿菌、百日咳菌、ヒト結核菌、肺炎マイコプラスマ、Chlamydia pneumoniae、炭疽菌およびMoraxella catarrhalisなどの、呼吸器疾患を引き起こす細菌に由来し得る。これらの病原体に由来する特異抗原の例は上述されている。
本発明の組成物は、小児被験体における使用に適する1またはそれ以上の抗原を含み得る。小児被験体は、典型的には約3歳未満、または約2歳未満、または約1歳未満である。小児用抗原は、6ヶ月、1、2または3年間にわたって複数回投与され得る。小児用抗原は、小児個体群を標的し得るウイルスおよび/または小児個体群が感染しやすいウイルスに由来し得る。小児用ウイルス抗原は、オルトミクソウイルス(インフルエンザ)、肺炎ウイルス(RSV)、パラミクソウイルス(PIVおよび流行性耳下腺炎)、麻疹ウイルス(麻疹)、トガウイルス(風疹)、エンテロウイルス(ポリオ)、HBV、コロナウイルス(SARS)、および水痘−帯状疱疹ウイルス(VZV)、エプスタイン−バーウイルス(EBV)の1またはそれ以上に由来する抗原を含む。小児用細菌抗原は、肺炎連鎖球菌、髄膜炎菌、化膿連鎖球菌(A群連鎖球菌)、Moraxella catarrhalis、百日咳菌、黄色ブドウ球菌、破傷風菌(破傷風)、ジフテリア菌(ジフテリア)、インフルエンザ菌B型(Hib)、緑膿菌、Streptococcus agalactiae(B群連鎖球菌)および大腸菌の1またはそれ以上に由来する抗原を含む。これらの病原体に由来する特異抗原の例は上述されている。
本発明の組成物は、高齢者または免疫無防備状態個体における使用に適する1またはそれ以上の抗原を含み得る。そのような個体は、標的抗原に対する免疫応答を改善するためにより頻繁に、より高用量でまたはアジュバント添加製剤でワクチン接種する必要があり得る。高齢者または免疫無防備状態個体における使用のために標的し得る抗原は、以下の病原体の1またはそれ以上に由来する抗原を含む:髄膜炎菌、肺炎連鎖球菌、化膿連鎖球菌(A群連鎖球菌)、Moraxella catarrhalis、百日咳菌、黄色ブドウ球菌、表皮ブドウ球菌、破傷風菌(破傷風)、ジフテリア菌(ジフテリア)、インフルエンザ菌B型(Hib)、緑膿菌、レジオネラ・ニューモフィラ菌、Streptococcus agalactiae(B群連鎖球菌)、Enterococcus faecalis、ピロリ菌、Clamydia pneumoniae、オルトミクソウイルス(インフルエンザ)、肺炎ウイルス(RSV)、パラミクソウイルス(PIVおよび流行性耳下腺炎)、麻疹ウイルス(麻疹)、トガウイルス(風疹)、エンテロウイルス(ポリオ)、HBV、コロナウイルス(SARS)、水痘−帯状疱疹ウイルス(VZV)、エプスタイン−バーウイルス(EBV)、サイトメガロウイルス(CMV)。これらの病原体に由来する特異抗原の例は上述されている。
本発明の組成物は、青年期被験体における使用に適する1またはそれ以上の抗原を含み得る。青年は、以前に投与された小児用抗原の追加免疫を必要とし得る。青年における使用に適すると考えられる小児用抗原は上述されている。加えて、青年は、性活動の開始前に防御または治療免疫を確実にするためにSTD病原体に由来する抗原を受容する標的であり得る。青年における使用に適し得るSTD抗原は上述されている。
本発明の組成物は、1またはそれ以上の腫瘍または癌抗原を含み得る。腫瘍抗原は、たとえばポリペプチド腫瘍抗原または糖タンパク質腫瘍抗原などのペプチド含有腫瘍抗原であり得る。腫瘍抗原はまた、たとえば、糖脂質腫瘍抗原またはガングリオシド腫瘍抗原などの糖含有腫瘍抗原であり得る。腫瘍抗原はさらに、たとえば、ポリペプチド含有腫瘍抗原、たとえばRNAベクター構築物またはプラスミドDNAなどのDNAベクター構築物を発現するポリヌクレオチド含有腫瘍抗原であり得る。
本発明の組成物は、以下の参考文献のいずれかにおいて記述される抗原を含み得る:
本発明の免疫原性組成物は、極めて多様な任意の補助成分を含み得る。
A.無機質含有組成物
アジュバントとしての使用に適する無機質含有組成物は、アルミニウム塩およびカルシウム塩などの無機塩を含む。本発明は、水酸化物(たとえばオキシ水酸化物)、リン酸塩(たとえばヒドロキシリン酸塩、オルトリン酸塩)、硫酸塩等のような無機塩(たとえばVaccine Design:The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach(Powell,M.F.とNewman,MJ.編集)(New York:Plenum Press)1995,第8および9章参照)、または種々の無機化合物の混合物(たとえば、場合によりリン酸塩過剰の、リン酸塩と水酸化物アジュバントの混合物)を含み、それらの化合物は何らかの適切な形態(たとえばゲル、結晶、非晶質等)をとり、塩に吸着することが好ましい。無機質含有組成物はまた、金属塩の粒子としても製剤され得る(国際公開公報第WO00/23105号)。
(ムラミルペプチドまたは細菌細胞壁成分などの他の特異的免疫刺激剤と共にまたは他の免疫刺激剤なしで)アジュバントとしての使用に適する油性乳剤組成物および製剤は、MF59(マイクロフルイダイザーを用いてサブミクロン粒子に製剤された、5%スクアレン、0.5%トゥイーン80および0.5%スパン85)などのスクアレン−水乳剤を含む。国際公開公報第WO90/14837号参照。また、Podda(2001)Vaccine 19:2673−2680;Freyら(2003)Vaccine 21 :4234−4237も参照のこと。MF59は、FLUAD(商標)インフルエンザウイルス三価サブユニットワクチンにおいてアジュバントとして使用されている。
サポニン製剤も、本発明におけるアジュバントとしての使用に適する。サポニンは、広範囲の植物種の樹皮、葉、幹、根、さらには花において認められるステロールグリコシドおよびトリテルペノイドグリコシドの異種群である。Quillaia saponaria Molinaの木の樹皮から単離されるサポニンは、アジュバントとして広く研究されてきた。サポニンはまた、Smilax ornata(サルサパリラ)、Gypsophilla paniculata(ブライダルベール)およびSaponaria officianalis(サボンソウの根)から商業的に入手できる。サポニンアジュバント製剤は、QS21などの精製製剤、ならびにISCOMなどの脂質製剤を含む。サポニンアジュバント製剤は、STIMULON(登録商標)アジュバント(Antigenics,Inc.,Lexington,MA)を含む。
ビロゾームおよびウイルス様粒子(VLP)もアジュバントとして適切である。これらの構造は一般に、場合によりリン脂質と組み合わせたまたはリン脂質と共に製剤された、ウイルスからの1またはそれ以上のタンパク質を含む。それらは一般に非病原性、非複製性であり、一般にいかなる天然ウイルスゲノムも含まない。ウイルスタンパク質は、組換え生産され得るかまたは全ウイルスから単離され得る。ビロゾームまたはVLPにおける使用に適するこれらのウイルスタンパク質は、インフルエンザウイルス(HAまたはNAなど)、B型肝炎ウイルス(コアまたはキャプシドタンパク質など)、E型肝炎ウイルス、麻疹ウイルス、シンドビスウイルス、ロタウイルス、口蹄疫ウイルス、レトロウイルス、ノーウォークウイルス、ヒトパピローマウイルス、HIV、RNAファージ、Qβファージ(コートタンパク質など)、GAファージ、frファージ、AP205ファージ、およびTy(レトロトランスポゾンTyタンパク質p1など)に由来するタンパク質を含む。VLPは、国際公開公報第WO03/024480号;同第WO03/024481号;Niikuraら(2002)Virology 293:273−280;Lenzら(2001)J.Immunol.166(9)5346−5355;Pintoら(2003)J.Infect.Dis.188:327−338;およびGerberら(2001)J.Virol.75(10):4752−4760においてさらに論じられている。ビロゾームは、たとえばGluckら(2002)Vaccine 20:B10−B16においてさらに論じられている。免疫増強性再溶解インフルエンザビロゾーム(IRIV)が、鼻内三価INFLEXAL(商標)製品(MischlerとMetcalfe(2002)Vaccine 20、補遺5:B17−23)およびINFLUVAC PLUS(商標)製品におけるサブユニット抗原送達システムとして使用されている。
本発明における使用に適するアジュバントは、以下のような細菌または微生物誘導体を含む:
(1)腸内細菌リポ多糖(LPS)の非毒性誘導体:そのような誘導体は、モノホスホリル脂質A(MPL)および3−O−脱アシル化MPL(3dMPL)を含む。3dMPLは、4、5または6本のアシル化された鎖と3−O−脱アシル化モノホスホリル脂質Aの混合物である。3−O−脱アシル化モノホスホリル脂質Aの好ましい「微小粒子」形態は、欧州特許第0689454号に開示されている。そのような3dMPLの「微小粒子」は、0.22ミクロンの膜を通して滅菌ろ過されるのに十分な程度に小さい(欧州特許第0689454号参照)。他の非毒性LPS誘導体は、リン酸アミノアルキルグルコサミニド誘導体、たとえばRC−529などのモノホスホリル脂質Aミミックを含む。Johnsonら(1999)Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.9:2273−2278参照。
アジュバントとしての使用に適するヒト免疫調節剤は、インターロイキン(たとえば、IL−1、IL−2、IL−4、IL−5、IL−6、IL−7、IL−12等)、インターフェロン(たとえばインターフェロン−γ)、マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(M−CSF)および腫瘍壊死因子(TNF)などのサイトカインを含む。
生体接着剤および粘膜接着剤もアジュバントとして使用し得る。適切な生体接着剤は、エステル化ヒアルロン酸ミクロスフェア(Singhら(2001)J.Cont.Release.70:267−276)またはポリアクリル酸の架橋誘導体、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリビニルピロリドン、多糖およびカルボキシメチルセルロースなどの粘膜接着剤を含む。キトサンおよびその誘導体も、本発明におけるアジュバントとして使用し得る(国際公開公報第WO99/27960号参照)。
アジュバントとしての使用に適するリポソーム製剤の例は、米国特許第6,090,406号;同第5,916,588号;および欧州特許公開第0626169号に述べられている。
本発明における使用に適するアジュバントは、ポリオキシエチレンエーテルおよびポリオキシエチレンエステルを含む(たとえば国際公開公報第WO99/52549号参照)。そのような製剤はさらに、オクトキシノールと組み合わせたポリオキシエチレンソルビタンエステル界面活性剤(国際公開公報第WO01/21207号)ならびにオクトキシノールなどの少なくとも1つの付加的な非イオン界面活性剤と組み合わせたポリオキシエチレンアルキルエーテルまたはエステル界面活性剤(国際公開公報第WO01/21152号)を包含する。
PCPP製剤は、たとえばAndrianovら(1998)Biomaterials 19(1−3):109−115;およびPayneら(1998)Adv.Drug.Del. Rev.31(3):185−196に述べられている。
アジュバントとしての使用に適するムラミルペプチドの例は、N−アセチルムラミル−L−トレオニル−D−イソグルタミン(thr−MDP)、N−アセチル−ノルムラミル−l−アラニル−d−イソグルタミン(nor−MDP)、およびN−アセチルムラミル−l−アラニル−d−イソグルタミニル−l−アラニン−2−(1’−2’−ジパルミトイル−sn−グリセロ−3−ヒドロキシホスホリルオキシ)−エチルアミン(MTP−PE)を含む。
アジュバントとしての使用に適するイミダゾキノリン化合物の例は、Stanley(2002)Clin.Exp.Dermatol.27(7):571−577;Jones(2003)Curr.Opin.Investig.Drugs 4(2):214−218;および米国特許第4,689,338号;同第5,389,640号;同第5,268,376号;同第4,929,624号;同第5,266,575号;同第5,352,784号;同第5,494,916号;同第5,482,936号;同第5,346,905号;同第5,395,937号;同第5,238,944号;および同第5,525,612号においてさらに説明されている、イミキモドおよびその類似体を含む。
アジュバントとしての使用に適するチオセミカルバゾン化合物の例、ならびにそのような化合物を製剤する、製造する、およびスクリーニングする方法は、国際公開公報第WO04/60308号に述べられているものを含む。チオセミカルバゾンは、TNF−αなどのサイトカインの生産のためのヒト末梢血単核細胞の刺激において特に有効である。
N.トリプタントリン化合物
アジュバントとしての使用に適するトリプタントリン化合物の例、ならびにそのような化合物を製剤する、製造する、およびスクリーニングする方法は、国際公開公報第WO04/64759号に述べられているものを含む。トリプタントリン化合物は、TNF−αなどのサイトカインの生産のためのヒト末梢血単核細胞の刺激において特に有効である。
様々なヌクレオシド類似体、たとえば(a)イサトラビン(Isatorabine)(ANA−245;7−チア−8−オキソグアノシン):
R1およびR2は、各々独立してH、ハロ、−NRaRb、−OH、C1−6アルコキシ、置換C1−6アルコキシ、ヘテロシクリル、置換ヘテロシクリル、C1−6アリール、置換C1−6アリール、C1−6アルキル、または置換C1−6アルキルであり;
R3は、存在しないか、H、C1−6アルキル、置換C1−6アルキル、C6−10アリール、置換C6−10アリール、ヘテロシクリル、または置換ヘテロシクリルであり;
R4およびR5は、各々独立してH、ハロ、ヘテロシクリル、置換ヘテロシクリル、−C(O)−Rd、C1−6アルキル、置換C1−6アルキルであるか、または一緒に結合してR4−5:
として5員環を形成し;
X1およびX2は、各々独立してN、C、OまたはSであり;
R8は、H、ハロ、−OH、C1−6アルキル、C2−6アルケニル、C2−6アルキニル、−OH、−NRaRb、−(CH2)n−O−Rc、−O−(C1−6アルキル)、−S(O)pRe、または−C(O)−Rdであり;
R9は、H、C1−6アルキル、置換C1−6アルキル、ヘテロシクリル、置換ヘテロシクリルまたはR9aであり、R9aは:
であり;
R10およびR11は、各々独立してH、ハロ、C1−6アルコキシ、置換C1−6アルコキシ、−NRaRb、または−OHであり;
各々のRaおよびRbは、独立してH、C1−6アルキル、置換C1−6アルキル、−C(O)Rd、C6−10アリールであり;
各々のRcは、独立してH、リン酸塩、二リン酸塩、三リン酸塩、C1−6アルキル、または置換C1−6アルキルであり;
各々のRdは、独立してH、ハロ、C1−6アルキル、置換C1−6アルキル、C1−6アルコキシ、置換C1−6アルコキシ、−NH2、−NH(C1−6アルキル)、−NH(置換C1−6アルキル)、−N(C1−6アルキル)2、−N(置換C1−6アルキル)2、C6−10アリール、またはヘテロシクリルであり;
各々のReは、独立してH、C1−6アルキル、置換C1−6アルキル、C6−10アリール、置換C6−10アリール、ヘテロシクリル、または置換ヘテロシクリルであり;
各々のRfは、独立してH、C1−6アルキル、置換C1−6アルキル、−C(O)Rd、リン酸塩、二リン酸塩、または三リン酸塩であり;
各々のnは、独立して0、1、2または3であり;
各々のpは、独立して0、1または2である]
を有する化合物;または(g)(a)−(f)のいずれかの医薬的に許容される塩、(a)−(f)のいずれかの互変異性体、または互変異性体の医薬的に許容される塩
が、アジュバントとして使用できる。
リン酸含有非環式骨格に連結された脂質を含むアジュバントは、TLR4拮抗物質E5564(Wongら(2003)J.Clin.Pharmacol.43(7):735−742;米国特許出願第2005/0215517号):
SMIPは以下を含む:
・N2−メチル−1−(2−メチルプロピル)−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−2,4−ジアミン;
・N2,N2−ジメチル−1−(2−メチルプロピル)−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−2,4−ジアミン;
・N2−エチル−N2−メチル−1−(2−メチルプロピル)−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−2,4−ジアミン;
・N2−メチル−1−(2−メチルプロピル)−N2−プロピル−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−2,4−ジアミン;
・1−(2−メチルプロピル)−N2−プロピル−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−2,4−ジアミン;
・N2−ブチル−1−(2−メチルプロピル)−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−2,4−ジアミン;
・N2−ブチル−N2−メチル−1−(2−メチルプロピル)−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−2,4−ジアミン;
・N2−メチル−1−(2−メチルプロピル)−N2−ペンチル−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−2,4−ジアミン;
・N2−メチル−1−(2−メチルプロピル)−N2−プロプ−2−エニル−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−2,4−ジアミン;
・1−(2−メチルプロピル)−2−[(フェニルメチル)チオ]−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−4−アミン;
・1−(2−メチルプロピル)−2−(プロピルチオ)−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−4−アミン;
・2−[[4−アミノ−1−(2−メチルプロピル)−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−2−イル](メチル)アミノ]エタノール;
・2−[[4−アミノ−1−(2−メチルプロピル)−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−2−イル](メチル)アミノ]エチルアセテート;
・4−アミノ−1−(2−メチルプロピル)−1,3−ジヒドロ−2H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−2−オン;
・N2−ブチル−1−(2−メチルプロピル)−N4,N4−ビス(フェニルメチル)−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−2,4−ジアミン;
・N2−ブチル−N2−メチル−1−(2−メチルプロピル)−N4,N4−ビス(フェニルメチル)−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−2,4−ジアミン;
・N2−メチル−1−(2−メチルプロピル)−N4,N4−ビス(フェニルメチル)−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−2,4−ジアミン;
・N2,N2−ジメチル−1−(2−メチルプロピル)−N4,N4−ビス(フェニルメチル)−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−2,4−ジアミン;
・1−{4−アミノ−2−[メチル(プロピル)アミノ]−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−1−イル}−2−メチルプロパン−2−オール;
・1−[4−アミノ−2−(プロピルアミノ)−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−1−イル]−2−メチルプロパン−2−オール;
・N4,N4−ジベンジル−1−(2−メトキシ−2−メチルプロピル)−N2−プロピル−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]キノリン−2,4−ジアミン。
1つのアジュバントは、第二グラム陰性細菌に由来するリポ糖製剤と組み合わせた第一グラム陰性細菌に由来する外膜タンパク質プロテオソーム製剤であり、外膜タンパク質プロテオソームとリポ糖製剤は安定な非共有結合アジュバント複合体を形成する。そのような複合体は、髄膜炎菌外膜とリポ多糖からなる複合体、「IVX−908」を含む。それらはインフルエンザワクチンのためのアジュバントとして使用されてきた(国際公開公報第WO02/072012号)。
免疫刺激剤として働く他の物質は、Burdman,J.R.ら(編集)(1995)(Vaccine Design:Subunit and Adjuvant Approach(Springer)(第7章)およびO’Hagan,D.T.(2000)(Vaccine Adjuvants:Preparation Methods and Research Protocols(Humana Press)(Methods in Molecular Medicineシリーズの第42巻))に開示されている。
・メチルイノシン5’−一リン酸(“MIMP”)(Signorelli & Hadden(2003)Int.Immunopharmacol.3(8):1177−1186)。
・式:
を有するものなどの、ポリヒドロキシル化ピロリジジン化合物(国際公開公報第WO2004/064715号)。例は、カジュアリン(casuarine)、カジュアリン−6−α−D−グルコピラノース、3−エピ−カジュアリン、7−エピ−カジュアリン、3,7−ジエピ−カジュアリン等を含む。
・γイヌリン(Cooper(1995)Pharm.Biotechnol.6:559−580)またはアルガムリンなどのその誘導体。
・国際特許出願第PCT/US2005/022769号に開示されている化合物。
・アシルピペラジン化合物、インドールジオン化合物、テトラヒドロイソキノリン(THIQ)化合物、ベンゾシクロジオン化合物、アミノアザビニル化合物、アミノベンズイミダゾールキノリノン(ABIQ)化合物(米国特許第6,605,617号;国際公開公報第WO02/18383号)、ヒドロフタルアミド化合物、ベンゾフェノン化合物、イソキサゾール化合物、ステロール化合物、キナジリノン化合物、ピロール化合物(国際公開公報第WO2004/018455号)、アントラキノン化合物、キノキサリン化合物、トリアジン化合物、ピラゾロピリミジン化合物、およびベンズアゾール化合物(国際公開公報第WO03/082272号)を含む、国際公開公報第WO2004/87153号に開示されている化合物。
・ロキソリビン(7−アリル−8−オキソグアノシン(米国特許第5,011,828号)。
・アミノプロピル−ジメチル−ミリストレイルオキシ−プロパナミニウムブロマイド−ジフィタノイルホスファチジル−エタノールアミン(「Vaxfectin(商標)」)またはアミノプロピル−ジメチル−ビス−ドデシルオキシ−プロパナミニウムブロマイド−ジオレオイルホスファチジル−エタノールアミン(「GAP−DLRIE:DOPE」)などの、陽イオン脂質と(通常は中性の)共脂質の製剤。(±)−N−(3−アミノプロピル)−N,N−ジメチル−2,3−ビス(シン−9−テトラデセネイルオキシ)−1−プロパナミニウム塩を含む製剤が好ましい(米国特許第6,586,409号)。
ひとたび製剤(および必要に応じて再懸濁)されれば、本発明のナノ粒子組成物は非経口的に、たとえば注射によって(無針でもよい)投与することができる。これに関して、ナノ粒子組成物は、再懸濁媒質(たとえば注射用蒸留水)を供給するためおよび生じた懸濁物を回収するための隔壁または他の適切な手段と共に供給される、バイアルまたは他の容器において凍結乾燥形態で供給され得る。適切な注射器も注射のために供給され得る。
本発明は、被験体への適切な量の有効成分の投与を簡単にすることができるキットを含む。典型的な本発明のキットは、好ましくは密封容器中の、本発明の凍結乾燥ナノ粒子組成物の単位投与形態を含む。本発明のキットは、1またはそれ以上の有効成分を投与するために使用できる、医薬的に許容されるビヒクルをさらに含み得る。そこで、特定実施形態では、キットは、投与に適する微粒子不含無菌溶液を形成するためにナノ粒子組成物を溶解することができる適切なビヒクルの密封容器、および有効成分を投与するために使用できる装置をさらに含む。そのような装置の例は、注射器、点滴袋、パッチおよび吸入器を含むが、これらに限定されない。
以下は、本発明を実施するための特定実施形態の例である。これらの例は説明のためにのみ提供されるものであり、いかなる意味においても本発明の範囲を限定することは意図されていない。
ナノ粒子およびミクロ粒子製剤
ナノ沈殿法(Fessi,H.,F.PuisieuxとJ.P.Devissaguet,“Process for the preparation of dispersible colloidal systems of a substance in the form of nanocapsules,”Devissaguetらの米国特許第5,049,322号に対応する、欧州特許第0274961B1号参照)により、粒径100nm−500nmの範囲にわたる粒子を作製した。詳細には、Boehringer Ingelheimより入手可能な、50:50のラクチド/グリコリドモル比および〜30kDaの分子量を有するPLGポリマー、RG503をアセトン(0.5%w/v)に溶解し、この溶液を600rpmで磁気攪拌しながら等容量の水に滴下して、アセトンを蒸発させることにより、〜100−〜120nm粒子を作製した。Boehringer Ingelheimより入手可能な、75:25のラクチド/グリコリドモル比および〜20kDaの分子量を有するPLG、RG752も、1つの場合に使用した。
〜1μmの大きさの、0.05%スルホコハク酸ジオクチルナトリウム(DSS)を有するミクロ粒子を、ナノ粒子調製法とは有意に異なる、これまでに確立されている二重乳化溶媒蒸発法(Singh,M.ら(2004)J.Pharm.Sci.,93(2):273−282)によって調製した。詳細には、水/油/水乳剤手法を使用してミクロ粒子を形成した。PLGをジクロロメタン(DCM)(6%w/v)に溶解し、リン酸緩衝食塩水の水相(1:4 水:油)(v:v)に添加して、2分間均質化した。この油中水型乳剤を、次に、DSSを含む水(1:4 油中水型乳剤:水)(v:v)に添加し、氷浴にて高速で10分間均質化した。生じた懸濁物を磁気攪拌してDCMを蒸発させた。ミクロ粒子は、0.83μm(D(容積、50%))および1.24μm(D(容積、90%))の平均粒径を有していた。
ナノ粒子の滅菌ろ過
先に示したように、より小さなナノ粒子の1つの利点は、それらが粒子作製後に滅菌ろ過できることである。この実施例では、ナノ粒子を110−230nmの範囲内で作製し、Pall Acrodisc 0.2μmフィルターで滅菌ろ過した。ナノ粒子の大きさは、500nm以下の粒子についてはZetasizer 3000HSA(Malvern Instruments,UK)で測定した。より大きな粒子および凝集物はHoriba LA−930(Irvine,CA,USA)で測定した。この装置は粒径を測定するために静的光散乱に基づき、一方Zetasizerは、より小さな粒子を検出するために動的光散乱を使用した。
凍結乾燥後のナノ粒子の再懸濁
ミクロ粒子と比較してナノ粒子の1つの不利な点は、凍結乾燥後、それらが必ずしも凍結前の大きさに再懸濁しないことである。本実施例では、界面活性剤および/または凍結保護剤を、凍結乾燥の直前にナノ粒子懸濁物にピペットで分注した。懸濁物をガラスバイアルに入れ、−80℃で30分間凍結した。凍結乾燥は、−49℃および133×10−3mBar未満の真空で操作する、Labconco Freeze Dry System,Freezone 4.5(Kansas City,MO,USA)において実施した。凍結乾燥後、ナノ粒子5−10mgを水1mlに再懸濁し、粒径を測定した。ナノ粒子の粒径測定前に、試料を2mL中50μlに希釈した。
ナノ粒子およびミクロ粒子に関するタンパク質吸着効率
同じ粒子質量に関して、ナノ粒子はミクロ粒子に比べてはるかに大きな表面積を有する。この場合、ナノ粒子は、1μmミクロ粒子と比較してより効率的な粒子質量当たりのタンパク質負荷を可能にする。これは、より少ないPLGで(およびその結果としてより少ない総界面活性剤で)同じ量のタンパク質抗原の送達を可能にする。
インビボ試験
ミクロ粒子懸濁物を実施例1で前述したように調製した。以下の表5および6の群3−6および9−12に関しては、MenB 287を、pH5.5の10mMヒスチジン緩衝液中1%または5%(w287/wPLG)の標的負荷でミクロ粒子またはナノ粒子懸濁物に添加し、実験室用揺動器にて4℃で一晩攪拌した。界面活性剤および凍結保護剤を添加し、混合物を凍結乾燥した。
Claims (40)
- 生分解性ポリマー、界面活性剤、凍結保護剤および抗原を含む滅菌ろ過凍結乾燥ナノ粒子組成物であって
該生分解性ポリマーは、ポリ(α−ヒドロキシ酸)、ポリヒドロキシ酪酸、ポリカプロラクトン、ポリオルトエステル、ポリ無水物、ポリシアノアクリレートおよびそれらの組合せから選択され、
該界面活性剤は、ポリ(ビニルアルコール)またはスルホコハク酸ジオクチルナトリウムであり、
該凍結保護剤は、アルジトールおよび糖を含み、
ここで、該組成物を0.005g/mlの濃度で蒸留水と混合した際に、懸濁ナノ粒子のZ平均粒径が250nm未満である免疫原性ナノ粒子懸濁物が自然に形成される、
組成物。 - 前記懸濁ナノ粒子のZ平均粒径が200nm未満である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記懸濁ナノ粒子のZ平均粒径が150nm未満である、請求項1〜2のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記界面活性剤がポリ(ビニルアルコール)である、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記界面活性剤がスルホコハク酸ジオクチルナトリウムである、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗原がポリペプチド含有抗原を含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗原がサブユニット抗原を含む、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗原が多糖含有抗原を含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗原が結合体抗原を含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗原がポリヌクレオチド含有抗原を含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記ポリヌクレオチド含有抗原が、ポリペプチド含有抗原をコードするベクター構築物を含む、請求項10に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗原が腫瘍細胞由来抗原を含む、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗原が病原生物由来抗原を含む、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗原が、ウイルス、細菌、真菌および寄生生物から選択される病原生物に由来する、請求項13に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗原が、肝炎ウイルス、水痘ウイルス、ポリオウイルス、麻疹ウイルス、流行性耳下腺炎ウイルス、風疹ウイルス、インフルエンザウイルス、髄膜炎菌、百日咳菌、インフルエンザ菌b型、HIVおよび肺炎連鎖球菌から選択される病原生物に由来する、請求項13に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗原が前記ナノ粒子の表面上に吸着される、請求項1〜15のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗原が前記ナノ粒子内に捕捉される、請求項1〜15のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物が、ポリ(ラクチド)、ポリ(グリコリド)、ポリ(ラクチド−コ−グリコリド)およびそれらの組合せから選択されるポリ(α−ヒドロキシ酸)を含む、請求項1〜17のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物が、40:60から60:40までの範囲にわたるラクチド:グリコリドモル比を有するポリ(ラクチド−コ−グリコリド)を含む、請求項1〜17のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 免疫アジュバントをさらに含む、請求項1〜19のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記免疫アジュバントが前記懸濁ナノ粒子の表面に吸着されている、請求項20に記載の組成物。
- 前記免疫アジュバントが前記懸濁ナノ粒子内に捕捉されている、請求項20に記載の組成物。
- 前記免疫アジュバントが、CpGオリゴヌクレオチド、二本鎖RNA、大腸菌非耐熱性毒素、ミョウバン、リポ糖リン酸塩化合物、およびリポ糖リン酸塩ミメティックから選択される、請求項20に記載の組成物。
- 前記免疫原性組成物が、凍結乾燥の前にろ過によって滅菌される、請求項1〜23のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 脊椎動物宿主において免疫応答を刺激するための請求項1〜24のいずれか1項に記載の組成物であって、該組成物は水性流体と組み合わされて懸濁物を形成し、免疫応答を誘導するために有効な量で該懸濁物が該宿主に投与されることを特徴とする、組成物。
- 脊椎動物宿主を腫瘍または病原生物に対して免疫するための請求項1〜24のいずれか1項に記載の組成物であって、該組成物は水性流体と組み合わされて懸濁物を形成し、防御応答を誘導するために有効な量で該懸濁物が該宿主に投与されることを特徴とする、組成物。
- 脊椎動物宿主において腫瘍または病原生物感染を治療するための請求項1〜24のいずれか1項に記載の組成物であって、該組成物は水性流体と組み合わされて懸濁物を形成し、治療応答を誘導するために有効な量で該懸濁物が該宿主に投与されることを特徴とする、組成物。
- 前記懸濁物が前記脊椎動物宿主に注射されることを特徴とする、請求項25に記載の組成物。
- 前記脊椎動物宿主がヒトである、請求項25に記載の組成物。
- 前記免疫応答が細胞性免疫応答を含む、請求項25に記載の組成物。
- 前記免疫応答がTh1免疫応答を含む、請求項25に記載の組成物。
- 前記免疫応答がCTL免疫応答を含む、請求項25に記載の組成物。
- 前記免疫応答が、ウイルス、細菌、真菌または寄生生物感染に対して惹起されることを特徴とする、請求項25に記載の組成物。
- 請求項1〜24のいずれか1項に記載の組成物を生産する方法であって、該方法は、
(a)(i)有機溶媒に溶解された生分解性ポリマーを含む第一液体を、(ii)水を含む第二液体と組み合わせる工程であって、そのときに該生分解性ポリマーを含むナノ粒子の懸濁物が形成される、工程、
(b)抗原をナノ粒子に吸着させ、抗原吸着ナノ粒子懸濁物を形成する工程、および
(c)該抗原吸着ナノ粒子懸濁物を凍結乾燥する工程を包含する、
方法。 - 前記凍結保護剤が凍結乾燥の直前に添加される、請求項34に記載の方法。
- 前記抗原を前記ナノ粒子に吸着させる工程の前に、前記ナノ粒子懸濁物と該抗原を滅菌ろ過する工程をさらに含む、請求項34または請求項35に記載の方法。
- 凍結乾燥の前に前記抗原吸着ナノ粒子懸濁物を滅菌ろ過する工程をさらに含む、請求項34〜36のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 請求項1〜24のいずれか1項に記載の凍結乾燥ナノ粒子組成物を含む第一容器を含むキット。
- 前記第一容器中の凍結乾燥ナノ粒子組成物を再懸濁するために有用な滅菌液体媒質を含む第二容器をさらに含む、請求項38に記載のキット。
- 注射器をさらに含む、請求項38または請求項39に記載のキット。
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