JP5439299B2 - 電池用負極活物質、非水電解質電池、電池パック、及び自動車 - Google Patents
電池用負極活物質、非水電解質電池、電池パック、及び自動車 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5439299B2 JP5439299B2 JP2010154275A JP2010154275A JP5439299B2 JP 5439299 B2 JP5439299 B2 JP 5439299B2 JP 2010154275 A JP2010154275 A JP 2010154275A JP 2010154275 A JP2010154275 A JP 2010154275A JP 5439299 B2 JP5439299 B2 JP 5439299B2
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- Prior art keywords
- battery
- composite oxide
- negative electrode
- active material
- titanium composite
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
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Description
本実施形態において、単斜晶系β型チタン複合酸化物とは、単斜晶系二酸化チタンの結晶構造を有するチタン複合酸化物を示す。単斜晶系二酸化チタンの結晶構造はTiO2(B)と表記する。TiO2(B)は、主に空間群C2/mに属し、図1に例示されるようなトンネル構造を示す。TiO2(B)の詳細な結晶構造に関しては、非特許文献1に記載されている。
圧縮破壊強度(St[MPa])は、以下に示す装置により測定され、下記(1)式に示す平松らの式(非特許文献2)により求められる。
<試験条件>
試験圧子:FLAT50
測定モード:圧縮試験
試験力: 20.00[mN]
負荷速度:0.892405[mN]/sec]
算出式:St=2.8P/πd2 (1)式
P:試験力[N]、d:粒子径(mm)
本実施形態では、粒径が平均粒径の±3μm以内である二次粒子5個について、上述の測定を行い、測定値の平均値を圧縮破壊強度とした。
次に、実施形態に係る電池用活物質の製造方法を説明する。
本実施形態の製造方法は、チタンを含む化合物及びアルカリカチオンを含む化合物を含む原料二次粒子を製造することと、該原料二次粒子を加熱処理して、二次粒子状のプロトン交換前駆体を得ることと、該プロトン交換前駆体に酸を反応させてアルカリカチオンをプロトン交換することにより、二次粒子状のプロトン交換体を得ることと、該プロトン交換体を加熱処理することにより、二次粒子状の単斜晶系β型チタン複合酸化物を得ることと、を含む。
まず、出発原料を用いて二次粒子を製造する。この出発原料からなる二次粒子を、原料二次粒子と称する。原料二次粒子は、出発原料を所定比率で混合し、例えばスプレードライすることによって製造できる。
次に、第2実施形態に係る非水電解質電池を説明する。
外装材2は、厚さ1mm以下のラミネートフィルムから形成される。或いは、外装材は厚さ3mm以下の金属製容器が用いられる。金属製容器は、厚さ1mm以下であることがより好ましい。
負極3は、集電体3aと、この集電体3aの片面または両面に形成され、活物質、導電剤および結着剤を含む負極層3bとを備える。
正極5は、集電体5aと、この集電体5aの片面または両面に形成され、活物質、導電剤および結着剤を含む正極層5bとを備える。
非水電解質は、例えば電解質を有機溶媒に溶解することにより調製される液状非水電解質、または液状電解質と高分子材料を複合化したゲル状非水電解質を用いることができる。
セパレータ4は、例えばポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、セルロース、もしくはポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)を含む多孔質フィルム、または合成樹脂製不織布を用いることができる。好ましい多孔質フィルムは、ポリエチレンまたはポリプロピレンから作られ、一定温度において溶融し、電流を遮断することが可能であるために安全性を向上できる。
次に、実施形態に係る電池パックを詳細に説明する。
第4の実施形態に係る自動車は、第3の実施形態に係る電池パックを備える。ここでいう自動車としては、二輪〜四輪のハイブリッド電気自動車、二輪〜四輪の電気自動車、アシスト自転車などが挙げられる。
<正極の作製>
正極活物質としてリチウムニッケル複合酸化物(LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2)を用い、導電剤としてアセチレンブラック及びポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)を用いて正極を作製した。
炭酸カリウム(K2CO3)、及びアナターゼ構造を有する酸化チタン(TiO2)から、スプレードライによって原料二次粒子を作製した。スプレードライは、K:Ti=2:4のモル比で前記原料を量り取り、これらを蒸留水を溶媒として分散させた後、スプレードライヤーを用いて噴霧乾燥させることにより行った。
(TiO2)の二次粒子を得た。この二次粒子は球状であり、平均粒径は9.6μmであり、比表面積は10.8m2/gであり、圧縮破壊強度は37MPaであり、平均一次粒径は0.30μmであった。
得られたチタン複合酸化物を直径25mmの標準ガラスホルダーに詰め、広角X線回折法による測定を行った。その結果、図10に示すX線回折パターンを得た。この回折パターンから、得られたチタン複合酸化物を構成する主物質がJCPDS(Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards):46−1237に帰属される単斜晶系β型チタン複合酸化物であることが確認された。以下に測定装置および条件を示す。
X線源:CuKα線(Niフィルター使用)
出力 :40kV,40mA
スリット系:Div. Slit;0.3°
検出器:LynxEye(高速検出器)
(2)スキャン方式:2θ/θ連続スキャン
(3)測定範囲(2θ):5〜100°
(4)ステップ幅(2θ):0.01712°
(5)計数時間:1秒間/ステップ。
得られたチタン複合酸化物を活物質として用い、導電剤としてアセチレンブラック及びポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)を用いて負極を作製した。
正極、厚さ25μmのポリエチレン製多孔質フィルムからなるセパレータ、負極、及びセパレータを、この順序で積層し、次いで、渦巻き状に捲回した。これを90℃で加熱プレスすることにより、幅が30mm、厚さ1.8mmの偏平状電極群を作製した。得られた電極群をラミネートフィルムからなるパックに収納し、80℃で24時間真空乾燥した。ラミネートフィルムは厚さ40μmのアルミニウム箔の両面にポリプロピレン層を有する構成であり、全体の厚さが0.1mmである。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)およびエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)を1:2の体積比率で混合して混合溶媒とした。この混合溶媒に電解質であるLiPF6を1M溶解することにより液状非水電解質を調製した。
電極群を収納したラミネートフィルムのパック内に液状非水電解質を注入した。その後、パックをヒートシールにより完全密閉し、図2に示す構造を有し、幅35mm、厚さ2mm、高さが65mmの非水電解質二次電池を製造した。
<チタン複合酸化物の作製>
炭酸カリウム(K2CO3)、及びアナターゼ構造を有する酸化チタン(TiO2)から、スプレードライによって原料二次粒子を作製した。スプレードライは、K:Ti=2:4のモル比で前記原料を量り取り、これらを蒸留水を溶媒として分散させた後、スプレードライヤーを用いて噴霧乾燥させることにより行った。このとき、噴霧条件を変えて、原料二次粒子の粒径を調整した。その後は実施例1と同様の方法でチタン複合酸化物(TiO2)の二次粒子を得た。この二次粒子は球状であり、平均粒径、比表面積、圧縮破壊強度、平均一次粒径は、表1の通りであった。
<チタン複合酸化物の作製>
炭酸カリウム(K2CO3)、及びアナターゼ構造を有する酸化チタン(TiO2)から、スプレードライによって原料二次粒子を作製した。スプレードライは、K:Ti=2:4のモル比で前記原料を量り取り、これらを蒸留水を溶媒として分散させた後、スプレードライヤーを用いて噴霧乾燥させることにより行った。
原料として、炭酸カリウム(K2CO3)、及び、アナターゼ構造を有する酸化チタン(TiO2)とともに、酸化ニオブ(Nb2O5)、酸化バナジウム(V2O5)、酸化アルミ(Al2O3)、酸化タンタル(Ta2O5)、酸化ガリウム(Ga2O3)、又は酸化インジウム(In2O3)、を用い、配合比を変えた以外は、実施例1と同様にしてチタン複合酸化物((Ti,Nb)O2)を合成した。
<チタン複合酸化物の作製>
炭酸カリウム(K2CO3)、及びアナターゼ構造を有する酸化チタン(TiO2)を
ジルコニア製容器を用いて、600rpmで3時間のボールミル処理を行って混合した。該混合物を600℃で24時間焼成してK2Ti4O9を合成した。これを純水で洗浄しプロトン交換前駆体を得た。得られたプロトン交換前駆体を1Mの塩酸溶液中に投入し、25℃の環境下で12時間攪拌して、プロトン交換体を得た。
原料の混合物の焼成温度を表1に記載した通りにした以外は、比較例1と同様にチタン複合酸化物(TiO2)を合成した。得られたチタン複合酸化物をX線回折により解析した結果、チタン複合酸化物を構成する主物質がJCPDS:46−1237に帰属される単斜晶系β型チタン複合酸化物であることが確認された。得られたチタン複合酸化物を用いて、実施例1と同様に非水電解質二次電池を製造した。
原料に、炭酸カリウム(K2CO3)、酸化アルミ(Al2O3)、及びアナターゼ構造を有する酸化チタン(TiO2)を用いた以外は、比較例1と同様にチタン複合酸化物(TiO2)を合成した。
得られた実施例1〜23、比較例1〜4の二次電池について、抵抗値を測定した。抵抗測定は1kHzの交流インピーダンスで行った。その後、充放電サイクル試験を実施した。充放電サイクル試験は、1C充電/1C放電の充放電を繰返す充放電サイクルを100回繰り返した。初回放電容量に対する100回目の放電容量の比率、すなわち放電維持率(%)を表1に示す。また、各二次電池について、「100サイクル後の抵抗値/サイクル前の抵抗値」を算出し、抵抗増加率[倍]として表1に示した。抵抗は1kHzの交流インピーダンスを測定した。
付記
[1]平均一次粒径が1nm以上10μm以下である単斜晶系β型チタン複合酸化物の一次粒子を含む平均粒径が1μm以上100μm以下である二次粒子を含み、該二次粒子の圧縮破壊強度が20MPa以上であることを特徴とする電池用活物質。
[2]前記単斜晶系β型チタン複合酸化物が5族及び13族から選ばれる少なくとも1つの元素を0.03質量%以上15質量%以下の範囲で含むことを特徴とする[1]に記載の電池用活物質。
[3]前記少なくとも1つの元素は、前記単斜晶系β型チタン複合酸化物のTiサイトの一部を置換することを特徴とする[1]又は[2]に記載の電池用活物質。
[4]正極と、[1]〜[3]の何れか一項に記載の電池用活物質を含む負極と、非水電解質とを備えることを特徴とする非水電解質電池。
[5]前記正極は、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物及びリチウムマンガン複合酸化物から選択される一種以上の正極活物質を含むことを特徴とする、[4]に記載の非水電解質電池。
[6]ラミネートフィルム製の外装材をさらに備えることを特徴とする、[4]又は[5]に記載の非水電解質電池。
[7]上記[4]〜[6]の何れか一項に記載の非水電解質電池を一以上備えることを特徴とする電池パック。
[8]電気的に接続された複数の前記非水電解質電池を具備し、各非水電解質電池の電圧が検知可能な保護回路をさらに備えることを特徴とする、[7]に記載の電池パック。
[9]上記[7]又は[8]に記載の電池パックを具備することを特徴とする自動車。
Claims (9)
- 平均一次粒径が1nm以上10μm以下である単斜晶系β型チタン複合酸化物の一次粒子を含む平均粒径が1μm以上100μm以下である二次粒子を含み、
該二次粒子の圧縮破壊強度が20MPa以上であることを特徴とする電池用負極活物質。 - 前記単斜晶系β型チタン複合酸化物が5族及び13族から選ばれる少なくとも1つの元素を0.03質量%以上15質量%以下の範囲で含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電池用負極活物質。
- 前記少なくとも1つの元素は、前記単斜晶系β型チタン複合酸化物のTiサイトの一部を置換することを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の電池用負極活物質。
- 正極と、
請求項1〜3の何れか一項に記載の電池用負極活物質を含む負極と、
非水電解質と、
を備えることを特徴とする非水電解質電池。 - 前記正極は、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物及びリチウムマンガン複合酸化物から選択される一種以上の正極活物質を含むことを特徴とする、請求項4に記載の非水電解質電池。
- ラミネートフィルム製の外装材をさらに備えることを特徴とする、請求項4又は5に記載の非水電解質電池。
- 請求項4〜6の何れか一項に記載の非水電解質電池を一以上備えることを特徴とする電池パック。
- 電気的に接続された複数の前記非水電解質電池を具備し、各非水電解質電池の電圧が検知可能な保護回路をさらに備えることを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の電池パック。
- 請求項7又は8に記載の電池パックを具備することを特徴とする自動車。
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US13/053,913 US20120009449A1 (en) | 2010-07-06 | 2011-03-22 | Active material for battery, nonaqueous electrolyte battery, battery pack, and vehicle |
KR1020110066435A KR101401792B1 (ko) | 2010-07-06 | 2011-07-05 | 전지용 부극 활물질, 비수 전해질 전지, 전지 팩 및 자동차 |
CN201110188017.0A CN102315435B (zh) | 2010-07-06 | 2011-07-06 | 电池用负极活性物质、非水电解质电池、电池包及汽车 |
KR20140011680A KR101496086B1 (ko) | 2010-07-06 | 2014-01-29 | 전지용 부극 활물질의 제조 방법 |
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JP5586550B2 (ja) | 2011-09-16 | 2014-09-10 | 株式会社東芝 | 電池用電極、非水電解質電池、及び電池パック |
JP5601337B2 (ja) * | 2012-03-27 | 2014-10-08 | Tdk株式会社 | 活物質及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
JP5876771B2 (ja) * | 2012-05-31 | 2016-03-02 | チタン工業株式会社 | 電極用チタン酸化物及びその製造方法 |
JP6094006B2 (ja) * | 2012-11-05 | 2017-03-15 | 学校法人同志社 | B型二酸化チタンの製造方法、該二酸化チタンを負極活物質とする負極の製造方法、及びその負極を含む非水電解質二次電池の製造方法 |
JP6275593B2 (ja) | 2013-09-24 | 2018-02-07 | 株式会社東芝 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質材料及びその製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池、電池パック、並びに自動車 |
EP2950372B1 (en) * | 2014-03-18 | 2019-02-27 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Active material for non-aqueous electrolyte battery, non-aqueous electrolyte battery, and battery pack |
JP2016028408A (ja) * | 2014-03-24 | 2016-02-25 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 蓄電素子及び蓄電素子の製造方法 |
JP6305263B2 (ja) | 2014-07-31 | 2018-04-04 | 株式会社東芝 | 非水電解質電池、組電池、電池パック及び車 |
JP6523115B2 (ja) * | 2015-09-16 | 2019-05-29 | 株式会社東芝 | 電池用活物質、負極、非水電解質電池、電池パック及び車 |
KR101950086B1 (ko) | 2016-03-15 | 2019-02-19 | 가부시끼가이샤 도시바 | 비수전해질 전지, 전지 팩 및 차량 |
JP6696689B2 (ja) | 2016-03-16 | 2020-05-20 | 株式会社東芝 | 活物質、電極、非水電解質電池、電池パック、及び車両 |
US10079390B2 (en) | 2016-03-16 | 2018-09-18 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Secondary battery, battery pack, and vehicle |
CN105826546B (zh) * | 2016-03-28 | 2018-07-20 | 福建师范大学 | 一种TiO2-B超细纳米线及其制备方法与应用 |
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