JP2024122958A - Method, Apparatus, and System for Wireless Sensing Measurement and Reporting - Patent application - Google Patents

Abstract

A method, system, and apparatus for wireless sensing measurement and reporting are provided. The wireless data communication network system includes a transmitter for transmitting a time sequenced wireless sounding signal (WSS) based on a wireless protocol associated with the wireless data communication network, and a receiver. The wireless data communication network is composed of a physical (PHY) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and at least one higher layer. The receiver receives a time sequenced WSS (TSWSS) based on the wireless protocol via a wireless channel of a venue, and performs a plurality of wireless sensing measurements based on the received TSWSS to obtain sensing measurement results. The PHY layer or MAC layer of the receiver reports the sensing measurement results to at least one higher layer of the receiver. The at least one higher layer of the receiver performs a sensing-based task based on the sensing measurement results. (Selected Figure)

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application incorporates by reference the entire disclosure of each of the following cases and claims priority thereto.
(a) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/253,083, entitled “METHODS, APPARATUS, AND SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS SENSING, DETECTION AND TRACKING,” filed on October 6, 2021;
(b) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/276,652, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS, AND SYSTEM FOR WIRELESSLY MONITORING VERTICAL SIGN AND SURROUNDING ACTIVITY,” filed on November 7, 2021;
(c) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/281,043, entitled "SENSING METHODS, APPARATUS, AND SYSTEMS," filed on November 18, 2021;
(d) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/293,065, entitled “METHODS, APPARATUS, AND SYSTEMS FOR SPEED ENHANCEMENT AND SEPARATION,” filed December 22, 2021;
(e) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/300,042, entitled “METHODS, APPARATUS, AND SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS SENSING AND SLEEP TRACKING,” filed on January 16, 2022;
(f) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/308,927, entitled “Method, Apparatus, and System for Wireless Sensing Based on Multiple Groups of Wireless Devices,” filed February 10, 2022;
(g) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/332,658, entitled “METHODS, APPARATUS, AND SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS SENSING,” filed April 19, 2022;
(h) U.S. Patent Application No. 17/827,902, entitled “Method, Apparatus, and System for Speed Enhancement and Separation Based on Voice and Wireless Signals,” filed May 30, 2022;
(i) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/349,082, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS, AND SYSTEM FOR WIRELESS SENSING VOICE ACTIVITY DETECTION,” filed June 4, 2022;
(j) U.S. Patent Application No. 17/838,228, entitled “Method, Apparatus, and System for Wireless Sensing Based on Channel Information,” filed June 12, 2022;
(k) U.S. Patent Application No. 17/838,231, entitled “METHODS, APPARATUS, AND SYSTEMS FOR IDENTIFYING AND QUANTIFYING DEVICES FOR WIRELESS SENSING,” filed June 12, 2022;
(l) U.S. Patent Application No. 17/838,244, entitled “Method, Apparatus, and System for Wireless Sensing Based on Linkwise Operational Statistics,” filed June 12, 2022;
(m) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/354,184, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS, AND SYSTEM FOR MOTION LOCALIZATION AND OUTLIER REMOVAL,” filed June 21, 2022;
(n) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/388,625, entitled “Wireless Sensing and Indoor Positioning Methods, Apparatus, and Systems,” filed July 12, 2022;
(o) U.S. Patent Application No. 17/888,429, entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS, AND SYSTEM FOR WIRELESS-BASED SLEEP TRACKING,” filed August 15, 2022;
(p) U.S. Patent Application No. 17/891,037, entitled “Method, Apparatus, and System for Map Reconstruction Based on Wireless Tracking,” filed August 18, 2022;
(q) U.S. Patent Application No. 17/945,995, entitled “Method, Apparatus and System for Wireless Biomedical Monitoring Using Radio Frequency Signals,” filed September 15, 2022.

The present teachings relate generally to wireless sensing. More specifically, the present teachings relate to methods, systems, and apparatus for performing wireless sensing measurements and reporting.

As Internet of Things (IoT) applications proliferate, billions of home appliances, phones, smart devices, security systems, environmental sensors, vehicles and buildings, and other wirelessly connected devices will transmit data and communicate with each other and with people, allowing everything to be measured and tracked at all times. Among the various approaches to measure what is happening in the surrounding environment, wireless sensing has received increasing attention in recent years due to the ubiquitous deployment of wireless devices. Furthermore, human activities affect the propagation of wireless signals, so understanding and analyzing how wireless signals react to human activities can reveal a wealth of information about the activities. As more bandwidth becomes available in new generations of wireless systems, wireless sensing will enable many smart IoT applications that we can only imagine today in the near future. With more bandwidth, more multipaths can be seen and treated as hundreds of virtual antennas/sensors, even in scattering-rich environments such as indoors and large metropolitan areas. Although several technology standards, such as IEEE 802.11bf, support wireless sensing, many details of wireless sensing, such as how to perform wireless sensing measurements and reporting, have not yet been standardized. Therefore, efficient and effective methods for wireless sensing measurements and reporting are desirable.

The present teachings relate generally to wireless sensing. More specifically, the present teachings relate to methods, systems, and apparatus for performing wireless sensing measurements and reporting.

In one embodiment, a system in a wireless data communication network for wireless sensing is described. The system includes a transmitter configured to transmit a time-series wireless sounding signal (WSS) based on a wireless protocol associated with the wireless data communication network, and a receiver. The wireless data communication network is comprised of a physical (PHY) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and at least one higher layer. The receiver is configured to receive the time-series WSS (TSWSS) based on the wireless protocol via a wireless channel of the venue, and perform a plurality of wireless sensing measurements based on the received TSWSS to obtain a sensing measurement result. The receiver is configured to receive the time-series WSS (TSWSS) based on the wireless protocol via a wireless channel of the venue, and perform a plurality of wireless sensing measurements based on the received TSWSS to obtain a sensing measurement result. The PHY layer or MAC layer of the receiver reports the sensing measurement result to at least one higher layer of the receiver. The at least one higher layer of the receiver performs a sensing-based task based on the sensing measurement result.

In another embodiment, a wireless device in a wireless data communication network for wireless sensing is described. The wireless device comprises a processor, a memory communicatively coupled to the processor, and a receiver communicatively coupled to the processor. An additional wireless device in the wireless data communication network is configured to transmit a time-series wireless sounding signal (WSS) based on a wireless protocol associated with the wireless data communication network. The wireless data communication network is comprised of a physical (PHY) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and at least one higher layer. The receiver is configured to receive a time-series WSS (TSWSS) based on the wireless protocol over a wireless channel of a venue, and perform a plurality of wireless sensing measurements based on the received TSWSS to obtain a sensing measurement result. The PHY layer or MAC layer of the receiver reports the sensing measurement result to at least one higher layer of the receiver. The PHY layer or MAC layer of the receiver reports the sensing measurement result to at least one higher layer of the receiver. The at least one higher layer of the receiver performs a sensing-based task based on the sensing measurement result.

In yet another embodiment, a method of wireless sensing is described. The method includes: transmitting, by a transmitter in a wireless data communication network, a time-series wireless sounding signal (WSS) based on a wireless protocol associated with the wireless data communication network, the wireless data communication network having a physical (PHY) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and at least one upper layer; receiving, by a receiver in the wireless data communication network, a time-series WSS (TSWSS) based on a wireless protocol over a wireless channel of a venue; performing, by the receiver, a plurality of wireless sensing measurements based on the received TSWSS to obtain sensing measurement results; reporting, by the receiver's PHY layer or MAC layer, the sensing measurement results to at least one upper layer of the receiver; and performing, by the receiver's at least one upper layer, a sensing-based task based on the sensing measurement results.

Other concepts relate to software for implementing the present teachings of wireless sensing measurement and reporting. Concepts relate to software for implementing the present teachings of wireless sensing measurement and reporting. Additional novel features are set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following description and the accompanying drawings, or may be learned by the manufacture or operation of the embodiments. The novel features of the present teachings may be realized and attained by practice or use of various aspects of the methods, instrumentalities and combinations described in the detailed embodiments which follow.

The methods, systems, and/or devices described herein are further described in terms of exemplary embodiments. These exemplary embodiments are described in detail with reference to the drawings, which are non-limiting exemplary embodiments, and in which like reference numerals represent like structure throughout the several views of the drawings.

1 illustrates an example of a wireless sensing procedure, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

13 illustrates another example of a wireless sensing procedure according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

1 illustrates an example of a trigger-based wireless sensing measurement instance according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

1 illustrates various example use cases for wireless sensing and reporting, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. 1 illustrates various example use cases for wireless sensing and reporting, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. 1 illustrates various example use cases for wireless sensing and reporting, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. 1 illustrates various example use cases for wireless sensing and reporting, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. 1 illustrates various example use cases for wireless sensing and reporting, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. 1 illustrates various example use cases for wireless sensing and reporting, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. 1 illustrates various example use cases for wireless sensing and reporting, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. 1 illustrates various example use cases for wireless sensing and reporting, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. 1 illustrates various example use cases for wireless sensing and reporting, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. 1 illustrates various example use cases for wireless sensing and reporting, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

1 illustrates an example of measurement instance sharing within a wireless sensing session in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

1 illustrates an example of measurement instance sharing across wireless sensing sessions in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

2 is an example block diagram of a first wireless device of a system for wireless sensing according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is an example block diagram of a second wireless device of a system for wireless sensing according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

1 illustrates a flowchart of an example method for identifying a device used for wireless sensing, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

1 illustrates an example of two-way inter-responder sensing, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

1 illustrates a number of stations (STAs) in a non-infrastructure mode forming an ad-hoc network, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

1 illustrates various use cases for non-infrastructure mode sensing in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure. 1 illustrates various use cases for non-infrastructure mode sensing in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure. 1 illustrates various use cases for non-infrastructure mode sensing in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure. 1 illustrates various use cases for non-infrastructure mode sensing in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure. 1 illustrates various use cases for non-infrastructure mode sensing in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure.

1 illustrates various use cases for updating Sensing by Proxy (SBP) procedures in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 1 illustrates various use cases for updating Sensing by Proxy (SBP) procedures in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

In one embodiment, the present teachings disclose a method, apparatus, device, system, and/or software (method/apparatus/device/system/software) of a wireless monitoring system. A time series of channel information (CI) of a wireless multipath channel (channel) can be obtained (e.g., dynamically) using a processor, a memory communicatively coupled to the processor, and a set of instructions stored in the memory. The time series of CI (TSCI) can be extracted from a wireless signal (signal) transmitted between a type 1 heterogeneous wireless device (e.g., wireless signaler, TX) and a type 2 heterogeneous wireless device (e.g., wireless receiver, RX) in the venue through the channel. The channel can be affected by the representation (e.g., motion, movement, representation, and/or change in position/pose/shape/representation) of objects in the venue. Properties and/or spatial-temporal information (STI, e.g., motion information) of an object and/or motion of the object may be monitored based on the TSCI. A task may be performed based on the properties and/or STI. A presentation associated with the task may be generated in a user interface (UI) on the user's device. The TSCI may be a wireless signal stream. The TSCI or each CI may be pre-processed. The device may be a station (STA). The symbol "A/B" means "A and/or B" in the present teachings.

Expressions may include placement, placement of moving parts, location, position, orientation, identifiable location, area, spatial coordinates, presentation, state, static representation, size, length, width, height, angle, scale, shape, curve, surface, area, volume, pose, attitude, manifestation, body language, dynamic representation, movement, movement sequence, gesture, stretch, contract, deformation, body representation (e.g., head, face, eyes, mouth, tongue, hair, voice, neck, limbs, arms, hands, legs, feet, muscles, moving parts), surface representation (e.g., shape, texture, material, color, electromagnetic (EM) properties, visual patterns, wetness, reflectivity, translucency, flexibility), material properties (e.g., biological tissue, hair, cloth, metal, wood, leather, plastic, artificial materials, solid, liquid, gas, temperature), movement, activity, behavior, change in expression, and/or any combination.

Wireless signals include transmit/receive signals, EM radiation, RF signals/transmissions, licensed/unlicensed/ISM band signals, band-limited signals, baseband signals, wireless/mobile/cellular communications signals, mesh signals, optical signals/communications, downlink/uplink signals, unicast/multicast/broadcast signals, standards (e.g. WLAN, WWAN, WBAN, international, industry, de facto, IEEE 802, 802.11/15/16, WiFi, 802.11n/ac/a The CI may include signals conforming to the following standards: 3G/4G/LTE/5G/7G/8G, 3GPP, Bluetooth, BLE, Zigbee, RFID, UWB, WiMax, standard frames, beacon/pilot/probe/inquiry/handshake/synchronization signals, management/control/data frames, management/control/data signals, standardized wireless/cellular communication protocols, reference signals, source signals, operational probe/detection/sensing signals, and/or sequences of signals. Wireless signals may include line-of-sight (LOS) components and/or non-LOS components (or paths/links). Each CI may be extracted/generated/computed/sensed at a layer of a type-2 device (e.g., PHY/MAC layer in the OSI model) and may be acquired by an application (e.g., software, firmware, driver, app, wireless monitoring software/system).

A wireless multipath channel may include a communication channel, an analog frequency channel (e.g., with analog carrier frequencies around 700/800/900 MHz, 1.8/1.8/2.4/3/5/6/27/60 GHz), a coded channel (e.g., in CDMA), and/or a channel of a wireless network/system (e.g., WLAN, WiFi, mesh, LTE, 4G/5G, Bluetooth, Zigbee, UWB, RFID, microwave). It may include two or more channels. The channels may be contiguous (e.g., with adjacent/overlapping bands) or non-contiguous channels (e.g., non-overlapping WiFi channels, one at 2.4 GHz and one at 5 GHz).

The TSCI may be extracted from a wireless signal at a layer of a type-2 device (e.g., a layer of the OSI reference model, a physical layer, a data link layer, a logical link control layer, a media access control (MAC) layer, a network layer, a transport layer, a session layer, a presentation layer, an application layer, a TCP/IP layer, an Internet layer, a link layer). The TSCI may be extracted from a derived signal (e.g., a baseband signal, a motion detection signal, a motion sensing signal) derived from a wireless signal (e.g., an RF signal). It may be a (wireless) measurement sensed by a communication protocol (e.g., a standardized protocol) using an existing mechanism (e.g., a wireless/cellular communication standard/network, 3G/LTE/4G/5G/6G/7G/8G, WiFi, IEEE 802.11/15/16). The motion detection signal may include a packet having at least one of a preamble, a header, and a payload (e.g., for data/control/management in a wireless link/network). The TSCI may be extracted from a probe signal (e.g., training sequence, STF, LTF, L-STF, L-LTF, L-SIG, HE-STF, HE-LTF, HE-SIG-A, HE-SIG-B, CEF) in a packet. The motion detection/sensing signal may be recognized/identified based on the probe signal. The packet may be a standard-compliant protocol frame, a management frame, a control frame, a data frame, a sounding frame, an excitation frame, an illumination frame, a null data frame, a beacon frame, a pilot frame, a probe frame, a request frame, a response frame, an association frame, a reassociation frame, a disassociation frame, an authentication frame, an action frame, a report frame, a poll frame, an announcement frame, an extension frame, an inquiry frame, an acknowledgement frame, an RTS frame, a CTS frame, a QoS frame, a CF-Poll frame, a CF-Ack frame, a block acknowledgement frame, a reference frame, a training frame, and/or a synchronization frame.

The packet may include control data and/or motion detection probes. Data (e.g., Type 1 device ID/parameters/characteristics/settings/control signals/commands/instructions/notifications/broadcast related information) may be obtained from the payload. A wireless signal may be transmitted by a Type 1 device. It may be received by a Type 2 device. A database (e.g., in a local server, hub device, cloud server, storage network) may be used to store TSCI, characteristics, STI, signatures, patterns, behaviors, trends, parameters, analysis, output responses, identification information, user information, device information, channel information, venue (e.g., map, environment model, network, nearby device/network) information, task information, class/category information, presentation (e.g., UI) information, and/or other information.

A Type 1/Type 2 device may include at least one of the following: electronics, circuitry, transmitter (TX)/receiver (RX)/transceiver, RF interface, "Origin Satellite"/"Tracker Bot", unicast/multicast/broadcast device, wireless source device, source/destination device, wireless node, hub device, target device, motion detection device, sensor device, remote/wireless sensor device, wireless communication device, wireless enabled device, standard compliant device, and/or receiver. A Type 1 (or Type 2) device may be heterogeneous, because multiple instances of a Type 1 (or Type 2) device may have different circuits, enclosures, structures, purposes, auxiliary functions, chips/ICs, processors, memory, software, firmware, network connectivity, antennas, brands, models, appearances, forms, shapes, colors, materials, and/or specifications. A Type 1/Type 2 device may include an access point, a router, a mesh router, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a wireless terminal, one or more radio/RF subsystems/radio interfaces (e.g., 2.4 GHz radio, 5 GHz radio, fronthaul radio, backhaul radio), a modem, an RF front end, an RF/radio chip, or an integrated circuit (IC).

At least one of the Type 1 devices, Type 2 devices, links between them, objects, characteristics, STI, motion monitoring, and tasks may be associated with an identification (ID) such as a UUID. The Type 1/Type 2/other devices may acquire/store/retrieve/access/pre-process/condition/process/analyze/monitor/apply TSCI. The Type 1 and Type 2 devices may exchange network traffic on other channels (e.g., Ethernet, HDMI, USB, Bluetooth, BLE, WiFi, LTE, other networks, wireless multipath channels) in parallel with the wireless signals. The Type 2 devices may passively observe/monitor/receive wireless signals from the Type 1 devices on the wireless multipath channels without establishing a connection (e.g., association/authentication) with the Type 1 devices or requesting services from the Type 1 devices.

A transmitter (i.e., a Type 1 device) can function as a receiver (i.e., a Type 2 device) temporarily, sporadically, continuously, repeatedly, interchangeably, alternatingly, simultaneously, concurrently, and/or contemporaneously, and vice versa. A device can function as a Type 1 device (transmitter) and/or a Type 2 device (receiver) temporarily, sporadically, continuously, repeatedly, simultaneously, concurrently, and/or contemporaneously. There may be multiple wireless nodes, each of which is a Type 1 (TX) and/or a Type 2 (RX) device. A TSCI may be obtained for every two nodes as they exchange/transmit wireless signals. An object's characteristics and/or STI may be monitored individually based on the TSCI or together based on two or more (e.g., all) TSCIs.

The movement of the object may be monitored actively (in a Type 1 device, a Type 2 device, or both, that is wearable/associated with the object) and/or passively (both Type 1 and Type 2 devices are not wearable/associated with the object). It may be passive because the object may not be associated with a Type 1 device and/or a Type 2 device. The object (e.g., a user, an automated guided vehicle, or an AGV) may not need to carry/attach any wearable/fixture (i.e., Type 1 and Type 2 devices are not wearable/attached devices that the object needs to carry to perform a task). The object may be active because it may be associated with either a Type 1 device and/or a Type 2 device. The object may carry (or have) a wearable/fixture (e.g., a Type 1 device, a Type 2 device, or a device communicatively coupled to either a Type 1 device or a Type 2 device).

The presentation may be visual, audio, image, video, animation, graphical presentation, text, etc. The computation of the tasks may be performed by a processor (or logic unit) of the Type 1 device, a processor (or logic unit) of the IC of the Type 1 device, a processor (or logic unit) of the Type 2 device, a processor (or logic unit) of the IC of the Type 2 device, a local server, a cloud server, a data analysis subsystem, a signal analysis subsystem, and/or another processor. The tasks may be performed with/without reference to a radio fingerprint or baseline (e.g., collected, processed, computed, transmitted and/or stored in a training phase/survey/current survey/previous survey/recent survey/initial radio survey, passive fingerprint), training, profile, trained profile, static profile, survey, initial radio survey, initial setup, installation, retraining, update and reset.

A Type 1 device (TX device) may comprise at least one heterogeneous radio transmitter. A Type 2 device (RX device) may comprise at least one heterogeneous radio receiver. A Type 1 device and a Type 2 device may be collocated. A Type 1 device and a Type 2 device may be the same device. Any device may have a data processing unit/apparatus, a computing unit/system, a network unit/system, a processor (e.g., a logic unit), a memory communicatively connected to the processor, and a set of instructions stored in the memory that are executed by the processor. Some processors, memories, and instruction sets may be coordinated.

There may be multiple Type 1 devices interacting (e.g., communicating, exchanging signals/control/notification/other data) with the same Type 2 device (or multiple Type 2 devices) and/or there may be multiple Type 2 devices interacting with the same Type 1 device. Multiple Type 1/Type 2 devices may be synchronous and/or asynchronous with the same/different window width/size and/or time shift, same/different synchronization start time, synchronization end time, etc. Wireless signals transmitted by multiple Type 1 devices may be sporadic, episodic, continuous, repetitive, synchronous, simultaneous, concurrent, and/or simultaneous. Multiple Type 1/Type 2 devices may operate independently and/or cooperatively. Type 1 and/or Type 2 devices may have/be/are heterogeneous hardware circuits (e.g., heterogeneous chips or heterogeneous ICs capable of generating/receiving wireless signals, extracting CI from received signals, or making CI available). They may be communicatively connected to the same or different servers (e.g., cloud servers, edge servers, local servers, hub devices).

The operation of one device may be based on the operation, state, internal state, storage, processor, memory output, physical location, computing resources, network of another device. Differential devices may communicate directly and/or through another device/server/hub device/cloud server. Devices may be associated with one or more users with associated settings. Settings may be selected once, pre-programmed, and/or changed (e.g., adjusted, changed, modified)/changed over time. There may be additional steps in the method. The steps of the method and/or additional steps may be performed in the order shown or in another order. Any steps may be performed in parallel, iteratively, or in other ways. A user may be a human, adult, elderly, male, female, young, child, baby, pet, animal, living being, machine, computer module/software, etc.

In the case of one or more Type 1 devices interacting with one or more Type 2 devices, any processing (e.g., time domain, frequency domain) may be different for different devices. Processing may be based on location, orientation, direction, role, user-related characteristics, settings, configuration, available resources, available bandwidth, network connectivity, hardware, software, processor, co-processor, memory, battery life, available power, antennas, antenna types, directional/omnidirectional characteristics of antennas, power settings, and/or other parameters/characteristics of the device.

The wireless receiver (e.g., a Type 2 device) may receive a signal and/or another signal from a wireless transmitter (e.g., a Type 1 device). The wireless receiver may receive another signal from another wireless transmitter (e.g., a second Type 1 device). The wireless transmitter may transmit the signal and/or another signal to another wireless receiver (e.g., a second Type 2 device). The wireless transmitter, the wireless receiver, the other wireless receiver, and/or the other wireless transmitter may be moving with the object and/or another object. The other object may be tracked.

A type 1 and/or type 2 device may be capable of wirelessly connecting with at least two type 2 and/or type 1 devices. The type 1 device may be caused/controlled to switch/establish a wireless connection (e.g., association, authentication) from the type 2 device to a second type 2 device at another location in the venue. Similarly, the type 2 device may be caused/controlled to switch/establish a wireless connection from the type 1 device to a second type 1 device at yet another location in the venue. The switching may be controlled by a server (or a hub device), a processor, a type 1 device, a type 2 device, and/or another device. The radio used before and after the switching may be different. A second wireless signal (second signal) may be transmitted between the type 1 device and the second type 2 device (or between the type 2 device and the second type 1 device) over the channel. A second TSCI of the channel extracted from the second signal may be obtained. The second signal may be the first signal. A property, STI, and/or another quantity of the object may be monitored based on the second TSCI. The Type 1 and Type 2 devices may be the same. The property, STI, and/or another quantity with different timestamps may form a waveform. The waveform may be displayed in a presentation.

The wireless signal and/or another signal may have embedded data. The wireless signal may be a sequence of probe signals (e.g., repeated transmission of probe signals, reuse of one or more probe signals). The probe signal may change/vary over time. The probe signal may be a standard-compliant signal, a protocol signal, a standardized wireless protocol signal, a control signal, a data signal, a wireless communication network signal, a cellular network signal, a WiFi signal, an LTE/5G/6G/7G signal, a reference signal, a beacon signal, a motion detection signal, and/or a motion sensing signal. The probe signal may be formatted according to a wireless network standard (e.g., WiFi), a cellular network standard (e.g., LTE/5G/6G), or another standard. The probe signal may include a packet having a header and a payload. The probe signal may have embedded data. The payload may include the data. The probe signal may be replaced by a data signal. The probe signal may be embedded in the data signal. The wireless receiver, the wireless transmitter, another wireless receiver, and/or another wireless transmitter may be associated with at least one processor, a memory communicatively connected to the respective processor, and/or a respective set of instructions stored in the memory that, when executed, cause the processor to perform any and/or all steps required to determine the object's STI (e.g., motion information), initial STI, initial time, orientation, instantaneous location, instantaneous angle, and/or velocity.

The processor, memory, and/or set of instructions may be associated with a Type 1 device, one of at least one Type 2 device, an object, a device associated with the object, another device associated with the venue, a cloud server, a hub device, and/or another server.

A Type 1 device may transmit a signal in a broadcast manner to at least one Type 2 device over a channel in the venue. The signal is transmitted without the Type 1 device establishing a wireless connection (e.g., association, authentication) with any Type 2 device and without the Type 2 device requesting service from the Type 1 device. A Type 1 device may transmit to a specific media access control (MAC) address common to two or more Type 2 devices. Each Type 2 device may tune its MAC address to a specific MAC address. The specific MAC address may be associated with a venue. The association may be recorded in an association table of an association server (e.g., a hub device). A venue may be identified by Type 1 devices, Type 2 devices, and/or other devices based on the specific MAC address, the sequence of the probe signal, and/or at least one TSCI extracted from the probe signal.

For example, a Type 2 device may be moved to a new location within a venue (e.g., from another venue). A Type 1 device may be newly set up at a venue such that the Type 1 and Type 2 devices are unaware of each other. During set up, the Type 1 device may be commanded/guided/controlled (e.g., using a dummy receiver, using a hardware pin configuration/connection, using a saved configuration, using a local configuration, using a remote configuration, using a downloaded configuration, using a hub device, or using a server) to send a sequence of probe signals to a specific MAC address. Upon power up, the Type 2 device may scan for probe signals according to a table of MAC addresses (e.g., stored in a designated source, server, hub device, cloud server) that may be used to broadcast in different locations (e.g., homes, offices, enclosures, floors, multi-storey buildings, stores, airports, malls, stadiums, halls, stations, subways, sections, areas, zones, regions, provinces, cities, countries, continents). When a Type 2 device detects a probe signal sent to a particular MAC address, the Type 2 device can use the table to identify a venue based on that MAC address.

The location of the Type 2 device at the venue may be calculated based on the particular MAC address, the sequence of the probe signal, and/or at least one TSCI obtained by the Type 2 device from the probe signal. The calculation may be performed by the Type 2 device.

The specific MAC address may be changed (e.g., adjusted, changed, modified) over time. It may be changed according to a time table, a rule, a policy, a mode, a condition, a situation, and/or a change. The specific MAC address may be selected based on MAC address availability, a preselected list, a collision pattern, a traffic pattern, data traffic between the Type 1 device and another device, an available bandwidth, a random selection, and/or a MAC address switching plan. The specific MAC address may be the MAC address of a second wireless device (e.g., a dummy receiver or a receiver acting as a dummy receiver).

The Type 1 device may transmit a probe signal on a channel selected from the set of channels. At least one CI for the selected channel may be obtained by each Type 2 device from the probe signal transmitted on the selected channel.

The selected channel may be changed (e.g., adjusted, varied, modified) over time. Such changes may be according to time tables, rules, policies, modes, conditions, circumstances, and/or changes. The selected channel may be selected based on channel availability, random selection, preselected lists, co-channel interference, inter-channel interference, channel traffic patterns, data traffic between the Type 1 device and another device, effective bandwidth associated with the channel, security criteria, channel switching plans, criteria, quality criteria, signal quality conditions, and/or considerations.

The specific MAC address and/or selected channel information may be communicated between the Type 1 device and a server (e.g., a hub device) over a network. The specific MAC address and/or selected channel information may also be communicated between the Type 2 device and a server (e.g., a hub device) over another network. The Type 2 device may communicate the specific MAC address and/or selected channel information to another Type 2 device (e.g., via a mesh network, Bluetooth, WiFi, NFC, ZigBee, etc.). The specific MAC address and/or selected channel may be selected by a server (e.g., a hub device). The specific MAC address and/or selected channel may be signaled on an announcement channel by the Type 1 device, the Type 2 device, and/or the server (e.g., a hub device). Any information may be pre-processed before communication takes place.

A wireless connection (e.g., association, authentication) between a Type 1 device and another wireless device may be established (e.g., using a signal handshake). The Type 1 device may send a first handshake signal (e.g., a sounding frame, a probe signal, a request-to-send (RTS)) to the other device. The other device may respond by sending a second handshake signal (e.g., a command, or a clear-to-send (CTS)) to the Type 1 device, triggering the Type 1 device to send a signal (e.g., a sequence of probe signals) in a broadcast manner to multiple Type 2 devices without establishing a connection with the Type 2 device. The second handshake signal may be a response or acknowledgment (e.g., an ACK) to the first handshake signal. The second handshake signal may include data having information of the venue and/or the Type 1 device. The other device may be a dummy device having a purpose (e.g., a primary purpose, a secondary purpose) to establish a wireless connection with the Type 1 device, receive a first signal, and/or transmit a second signal. The other device may be physically attached to the Type 1 device.

In another example, the other device may send a third handshake signal to the Type 1 device that triggers the Type 1 device to broadcast a signal (e.g., a sequence of probe signals) to multiple Type 2 devices without establishing a connection (e.g., association, authentication) with any Type 2 devices. The Type 1 device may respond to the third special signal by sending a fourth handshake signal to the other device. The other device may be used to trigger two or more Type 1 devices to broadcast. The triggering may be sequential, partially sequential, partially parallel, or fully parallel. The other device may have two or more radio circuits to trigger multiple transmitters in parallel. Parallel triggering may also be achieved using at least one further device to perform triggering (similar to what the other device does) in parallel with the other device. The other device may not communicate (or may interrupt communication) with the Type 1 device after establishing a connection with the Type 1 device. Interrupted communication may be resumed. The other device may go into an inactive mode, a hibernate mode, a sleep mode, a standby mode, a low power mode, an off mode, and/or a power down mode after establishing a connection with the Type 1 device. The other device may have a specific MAC address such that the Type 1 device transmits signals to the specific MAC address. The Type 1 device and/or the other device may be controlled and/or coordinated by a first processor associated with the Type 1 device, a second processor associated with the other device, a third processor associated with the designated source, and/or a fourth processor associated with the other device. The first and second processors may coordinate with each other.

A first sequence of probe signals may be transmitted by a first antenna of the Type 1 device through a first channel at a first venue to at least one first Type 2 device. A second sequence of probe signals may be transmitted by a second antenna of the Type 1 device through a second channel at a second venue to at least one second Type 2 device. The first and second sequences may or may not be different. The at least one first Type 2 device may/may not be different from the at least one second Type 2 device. The first and/or second sequences of probe signals may be broadcast without an established connection (e.g., association, authentication) between the Type 1 device and any Type 2 device. The first and second antennas may be the same/different.

The two venues may have different sizes, shapes, and multipath characteristics. The first and second venues may overlap. The respective surrounding areas around the first and second antennas may overlap. The first and second channels may be the same/different. For example, the first may be WiFi and the second may be LTE. Or, both may be WiFi, but the first may be 2.4 GHz WiFi and the second may be 5 GHz WiFi. Or, both may be 2.4 GHz WiFi, but with different channel numbers, SSID names, and/or WiFi settings.

Each type 2 device may obtain at least one TSCI from its respective sequence of probe signals. The CI is of an individual channel between the type 2 device and the type 1 device. Some of the first type 2 devices and some of the second type 2 devices may be the same. The first and second sequences of probe signals may be synchronous/asynchronous. The probe signals may be transmitted together with data or may be replaced by a data signal. The first and second antennas may be the same.

The first series of probe signals may be transmitted at a first rate (e.g., 30 Hz). The second series of probe signals may be transmitted at a second rate (e.g., 200 Hz). The first and second rates may be the same/different. The first rate and/or the second rate may be changed (e.g., adjusted, changed, modified) over time. The change may be according to a time table, a rule, a policy, a mode, a condition, a situation, and/or a change. Any rate may be changed (e.g., adjusted, changed, modified) over time.

The first and/or second series of probe signals may be transmitted to a first MAC address and/or a second MAC address, respectively. The two MAC addresses may be the same or different. The first series of probe signals may be transmitted on a first channel. The second series of probe signals may be transmitted on a second channel. The two channels may be the same/different. The first or second MAC address, the first or second channel may be changed over time. Any change may be according to a time table, a rule, a policy, a mode, a condition, a situation, and/or a change.

The Type 1 device and another device may be controlled and/or coordinated, may be physically attached, or may be/be in a common device. They may be controlled/connected by a common data processor or connected to a common bus interconnect/network/LAN/Bluetooth network/NFC network/BLE network/wired network/wireless network/mesh network/mobile network/cloud. They may share a common memory or be associated with a common user, user device, profile, account, identity (ID), identifier, home, house, physical address, location, geographic coordinates, IP subnet, SSID, home device, office device, and/or manufacturing device.

Each Type 1 device may be a signal source for a respective set of Type 2 devices (i.e., transmit a respective signal (e.g., a respective sequence of probe signals) to a respective set of Type 2 devices). Each individual Type 2 device selects a Type 1 device from among all Type 1 devices as its signal source. Each Type 2 device may select asynchronously. At least one TSCI may be obtained by each individual Type 2 device from a respective sequence of probe signals from the Type 1 devices. The CI is a channel between the Type 2 device and the Type 1 device.

An individual Type 2 device selects a Type 1 device as its signal source from among all Type 1 devices based on Type 1/Type 2 device identification (ID) or identifier, task being performed, past signal sources, history (e.g., of past signal sources, Type 1 devices, other Type 1 devices, individual Type 2 receivers, and/or other Type 2 receivers), switching signal source thresholds, and/or user information, accounts, access information, parameters, characteristics, and/or signal strength (e.g., associated with the Type 1 device and/or individual Type 2 receiver).

Initially, a Type 1 device may be a signal source for a set of initial individual Type 2 devices (i.e., the Type 1 device transmits an individual signal (sequence of probe signals) to the set of initial individual Type 2 devices). Each initial individual Type 2 device selects a Type 1 device from among all Type 1 devices as its signal source.

A signal source of a particular Type 2 device (Type 1 device) may be altered (e.g., adjusted, changed, modified) if (1) the time interval between two adjacent probe signals (e.g., between the current probe signal and the immediately preceding probe signal, or between the next probe signal and the current probe signal) received from the current signal source of the Type 2 device exceeds a first threshold, (2) the signal strength associated with the current signal source of the Type 2 device falls below a second threshold, (3) the processed signal strength associated with the current signal source of the Type 2 device falls below a third threshold, where the signal strength has been processed with a low pass filter, a band pass filter, a median filter, a moving average filter, a weighted average filter, a linear filter, and/or a non-linear filter, and/or (4) the signal strength (or the processed signal strength) associated with the current signal source of the Type 2 device falls below a fourth threshold for a significant percentage (e.g., 70%, 80%, 90%) of a recent time window. The percentage may exceed a fifth threshold. The first, second, third, fourth, and/or fifth thresholds may vary over time.

Condition (1) can occur when a Type 1 device and a Type 2 device are gradually moving away from each other, so that some probe signals from the Type 1 device become too weak and are not received by the Type 2 device. Conditions (2)-(4) can occur when the two devices get so far away from each other that the signal strength becomes very weak.

The signal source of a Type 2 device may not change if another Type 1 device has a signal strength weaker than a factor (e.g., 1, 1.1, 1.2, or 1.5) of the current signal source.

If the signal source is changed (e.g., adjusted, modified, modified), the new signal source may become effective at a near future time (e.g., each next time). The new signal source may be the Type 1 device with the strongest signal strength and/or processed signal strength. The current and new signal sources may be the same/different.

A list of available Type 1 devices may be initialized and maintained by each Type 2 device. The list may be updated by examining signal strengths and/or processed signal strengths associated with each set of Type 1 devices. The Type 2 devices may select between a first series of probe signals from a first Type 1 device and a second series of probe signals from a second Type 1 device based on the individual probe signal rates, MAC addresses, channels, characteristics/properties/status, tasks performed by the Type 2 devices, signal strengths of the first and second series, and/or other considerations.

The sequence of probe signals may be transmitted at a regular rate (e.g., 100 Hz). The sequence of probe signals may also be scaled at regular intervals (e.g., 0.01 seconds for 100 Hz), although each probe signal may experience small time perturbations, possibly due to timing requirements, timing control, network control, handshaking, message passing, collision avoidance, carrier sensing, congestion, resource availability, and/or other considerations.

The rate may be changed (e.g., adjusted, modified, modified) according to a time table (e.g., changed every hour), a rule, a policy, a mode, a condition, and/or a change (e.g., changed whenever some event occurs). For example, the rate may be 100 Hz normally, but may be changed to 1000 Hz in demanding situations and to 1 Hz in low power/standby states. Probe signals may be transmitted in bursts.

The probe signal rate may vary based on the task performed by the Type 1 or Type 2 device (e.g., a task may require 100 Hz normal and 1000 Hz momentarily for 20 seconds). In one example, the transmitter (Type 1 device), receiver (Type 2 device), and associated tasks may be adaptively (and/or dynamically) associated with a class (e.g., classes that are low priority, high priority, emergency, critical, regular, privileged, non-subscription, subscription, payment, and/or non-payment). The (transmitter) rate may be adjusted for some classes (e.g., high priority class). When the needs of that class change, the rate may be changed (e.g., adjusted, changed, modified). If the receiver has very low power, the rate may be reduced to reduce the power consumption of the receiver to respond to the probe signal. In one example, the probe signal may be used to wirelessly transfer power to the receiver (Type 2 device), and the rate may be adjusted to control the amount of power transferred to the receiver.

The rate may be changed by (or based on) the server (e.g., hub device), the Type 1 devices, and/or the Type 2 devices. Control signals may be communicated between them. The server may monitor, track, predict, and/or anticipate the need for the Type 2 devices and/or tasks performed by the Type 2 devices, and may control the Type 1 devices to change the rate. The server may make scheduled changes to the rate according to a time table. The server may detect an emergency situation and change the rate immediately. The server may detect developing conditions and gradually adjust the rate.

The characteristics and/or STI (e.g., movement information) may be monitored individually based on TSCIs associated with a particular Type 1 device and a particular Type 2 device, and/or jointly based on any TSCIs associated with a particular Type 1 device and any Type 2 device, and/or jointly based on any TSCIs associated with a particular Type 2 device and any Type 1 device, and/or globally based on any TSCIs associated with any Type 1 device and any Type 2 device. Any joint monitoring may be associated with a user, a user account, a profile, a household, a map of the venue, an environmental model of the venue, and/or a user history, etc.

A first channel between a Type 1 device and a Type 2 device may be different from a second channel between another Type 1 device and another Type 2 device. The two channels may be associated with different frequency bands, bandwidths, carrier frequencies, modulations, wireless standards, coding, encryption, payload characteristics, networks, network IDs, SSIDs, network characteristics, network settings, and/or network parameters, etc.

The two channels may be associated with different types of wireless systems (e.g., systems such as WiFi, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-U, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, Beyond 4G, 5G, 6G, 7G, cellular network standards, UMTS, 3GPP, GSM, EDGE, TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA, 802.11 systems, 802.15 systems, 802.16 systems, mesh networks, Zigbee, NFC, WiMax, Bluetooth, BLE, RFID, UWB, microwave systems, radar, etc.). For example, one may be WiFi and the other may be LTE.

The two channels may be associated with similar types of wireless systems, but in different networks. For example, a first channel may be associated with a WiFi network called "Pizza and Pizza" in the 2.4 GHz band with a bandwidth of 20 MHz, and a second channel may be associated with a WiFi network with an SSID of "StarBud hotspot" in the 5 GHz band with a bandwidth of 40 MHz. The two channels may be different channels within the same network (e.g., the "StarBud hotspot" network).

In one embodiment, the wireless monitoring system may include training a classifier for multiple events in a venue based on training TSCI associated with the multiple events. The CI or TSCI associated with an event may be considered/configured to include wireless samples/characteristics/fingerprints (and/or venues, environments, objects, object movements, states/emotional states/states of mind/situations/stages/gestures/gait/behaviors/movements/activities/daily activities/history/events of an object, etc.) associated with the event.

For each of a number of known events occurring at the venue within a separate training (e.g., survey, radio survey, initial radio survey) period associated with the known event, a separate training radio signal (e.g., a separate sequence of training probe signals) may be transmitted by the first type 1 heterogeneous wireless device antenna through a wireless multipath channel at the venue within the separate training period to at least one first type 2 heterogeneous wireless device using a processor, memory, and set of instructions of the first type 1 device.

At least one separate time series of training CI (training TSCI) may be acquired asynchronously by each of the at least one first type-2 device from a (separate) training signal. The CI may be a CI of a channel between the first type-2 device and the first type-1 device during a training period associated with a known event. The at least one training TSCI may be pre-processed. The training may be a wireless survey (e.g., during installation of the type-1 and/or type-2 devices).

For a current event occurring at a venue in a current time period, a current wireless signal (e.g., a current sequence of probe signals) may be transmitted by at least one second type 2 heterogeneous wireless device, an antenna of the second type 1 heterogeneous wireless device, over a channel of the venue in a current time period associated with the current event using a processor, memory, and set of instructions of the second type 1 device.

At least one time series of current CI (current TSCI) may be asynchronously obtained by each of the at least one second type-2 device from a current signal (e.g., a current sequence of probe signals). The CI may be a CI of a channel between the second type-2 device and the second type-1 device in a current time period associated with a current event. The at least one current TSCI may be pre-processed.

The classifier may be applied to classify at least one current TSCI obtained from the sequence of current probe signals by at least one second type 2 device, to classify at least one portion of a particular current TSCI, and/or to classify a combination of at least one portion of a particular current TSCI with another portion of another TSCI. The classifier may divide the TSCI (or characteristics/STIs or other analyses or output responses) into clusters and associate the clusters with particular events/objects/subjects/locations/movements/activities. Labels/tags may be generated for the clusters. The clusters may be stored and retrieved. The classifier may be applied to associate the current TSCI (or characteristic/STI or other analysis/output response, possibly related to the current event) with a cluster, a known/specific event, a class/category/group/group/cluster/set of known events/objects/locations/movements/activities, an unknown event, a class/category/group/group/list/cluster/set of unknown events/objects/locations/movements/activities, and/or another event/object/location/movement/activity/class/category/group/group/list/cluster/set. Each TSCI may include at least one CI, each associated with a respective timestamp. The two TSCIs associated with the two Type 2 devices may differ in start time, duration, stop time, amount of CI, sampling frequency, sampling period. Their CIs may have different characteristics. The first and second Type 1 devices may be in the same rocket in the venue. They may be the same device. At least one second type-2 device (or their location) may be a replacement for at least one first type-2 device (or their location). A particular second type-2 device and a particular first type-2 device may be the same device.

The subset of the first type 2 devices and the subset of the second type 2 devices may be the same. The at least one second type 2 device and/or the subset of the at least one second type 2 device may be a subset of the at least one first type 2 device. The at least one first type 2 device and/or the subset of the at least one first type 2 device may be a permutation of the subset of the at least one second type 2 device. The at least one second type 2 device and/or the subset of the at least one second type 2 device may be a permutation of the subset of the at least one first type 2 device. The at least one second type 2 device and/or the subset of the at least one second type 2 device may be in the same respective location as the subset of the at least one first type 2 device. The at least one first type 2 device and/or the subset of the at least one first type 2 device may be in the same respective location as the subset of the at least one second type 2 device.

The antenna of the Type 1 device and the antenna of the second Type 1 device may be in the same location within the venue. The antenna of the at least one second Type 2 device and/or the antenna of the subset of the at least one second Type 2 device may be in the same respective location as the respective antenna of the subset of the at least one first Type 2 device. The antenna of the at least one first Type 2 device and/or the antenna of the subset of the at least one first Type 2 device may be in the same respective location as the respective antenna of the subset of the at least one second Type 2 device.

A first section of a first duration of a first TSCI and a second section of a second duration of a second section of a second TSCI may be aligned. A map between items of the first section and items of the second section may be computed. The first section may include a first segment (e.g., a subset) of the first TSCI having a first start/end time and/or another segment (e.g., a subset) of the processed first TSCI. The processed first TSCI may be the first TSCI processed by the first operation. The second section may include a second segment (e.g., a subset) of the second TSCI having a second start time and a second end time and another segment (e.g., a subset) of the processed second TSCI. The processed second TSCI may be the second TSCI processed by the second operation. The first operation and/or the second operation may include subsampling, resampling, interpolation, filtering, transformation, feature extraction, preprocessing, and/or other operations.

The first item of the first section may be mapped to the second item of the second section. The first item of the first section may also be mapped to another item of the second section. The other item of the first section may also be mapped to the second item of the second section. The mapping may be one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many. At least one feature of the first item of the first section of the first TSCI, the other item of the first TSCI, the timestamp of the first item, the time difference of the first item, the adjacent timestamp of the first item, the adjacent timestamp of the first item, the other timestamp associated with the first item, the second item of the second section of the second TSCI, the timestamp of the second item, the time difference of the second item, the time difference of the second item, the adjacent timestamp of the second item, and the other timestamp associated with the second item may satisfy at least one constraint.

One constraint may be that the difference between the timestamp of the first item and the timestamp of the second item is bounded upper by an adaptive (and/or dynamically adjusted) upper threshold and bounded lower by an adaptive lower threshold.

The first section may be the entire first TSCI. The second section may be the entire second TSCI. The first duration may be equal to the second duration. The section duration of the TSCI may be adaptively (and/or dynamically) determined. A provisional section of the TSCI may be computed. A start time and an end time of a section (e.g., provisional section, section) may be determined. This section may be determined by removing the start and end portions of the provisional section. The beginning of the provisional section may be determined as follows: Iteratively, the items of the provisional section with increasing timestamps may be considered as the current item, one item at a time.

At each iteration, at least one activity measure/index may be computed and/or considered. The at least one activity measure may be associated with at least one of a current item associated with a current timestamp, a past item of the provisional section having a timestamp not greater than the current timestamp, and/or a future item of the provisional section having a timestamp not less than the current timestamp. The current item may be added to the beginning of the provisional section if at least one criterion (e.g., quality criterion, signal quality condition) associated with the at least one activity measure is satisfied.

At least one criterion associated with the activity measure is (a) the activity measure is less than an adaptive (e.g., dynamically adjusted) upper threshold, (b) the activity measure is greater than an adaptive lower threshold, (c) the activity measure is less than the adaptive upper threshold continuously for at least a predetermined amount of consecutive timestamps, (d) the activity measure is greater than the adaptive lower threshold continuously for at least another predetermined amount of consecutive timestamps, (e) the activity measure is less than the adaptive upper threshold continuously for at least a predetermined amount of the predetermined amount of consecutive timestamps, (f) the activity measure is less than the adaptive upper threshold continuously for at least another predetermined amount of the another predetermined amount of consecutive timestamps, (g) another activity measure associated with another timestamp associated with the current timestamp is less than another adaptive upper threshold and greater than another adaptive lower threshold; (h) at least one activity measure associated with at least one individual timestamp associated with the current timestamp is less than a respective upper threshold and greater than a respective lower threshold; (i) in the set of timestamps associated with the current timestamp, a percentage of timestamps associated with activity measures less than a respective upper threshold and greater than a respective lower threshold exceed a threshold; and (j) another criterion (e.g., quality criterion, signal quality condition).

The activity measure/index associated with an item at time T1 may comprise at least one of: (1) a first function of the item at time T1 and the item at time T1-D1, where D1 is a predetermined positive amount (e.g., a fixed time offset); (2) a second function of the item at time T1 and the item at time T1+D1; (3) a third function of the item at time T1 and the item at time T2, where T2 is a predetermined amount (e.g., a fixed initial reference time; T2 may change (e.g., adjusted, modified, revised) over time; T2 may be updated periodically; T2 may be the beginning of a period and T1 may be a sliding time in the period); and (4) a fourth function of the item at time T1 and another item.

At least one of the first function, the second function, the third function, and/or the fourth function may be a function (e.g., F(X,Y,..)) with at least two arguments X and Y. The two arguments may be scalars. The function (e.g., F) may be at least one of X, Y, (X-Y), (Y-X), abs(X-Y), X^a, Y^b, abs(X^a-Y^b), (X-Y)^a, (X/Y), (X+a)/(Y+b), (X^a/Y^b), and ((X/Y)^a-b), where a and b may be some predefined quantities. For example, the function may simply be abs(X-Y) or (X-Y)^2, (X-Y)^4. The function may be a robust function. For example, the function may be (X-Y)^2 when abs(X-Y) is less than a threshold T, and (X-Y)+a when abs(X-Y) is greater than T. Alternatively, the function may be a constant when abs(X-Y) is greater than T. The function may also be bounded by a slowly increasing function when abs(X-y) is greater than T, so that outliers cannot seriously affect the results. Another example of a function may be (abs(X/Y)-a), where a=1. In this way, when X=Y (i.e., no change or no activity), the function gives a value of 0. When X is greater than Y, (X/Y) is greater than 1 (when X and Y are positive), and the function is positive. And when X is less than Y, (X/Y) is less than 1, and the function is negative. In another example, the function may be at least one of X=(X_1-X_2-..-Y_1-..-Y_n), X_i, (Y_i), abs_X_i-Y_i, X_i^b, abs_X_i^a-Y_i^b, (X_i-Y_i)^a, (X_i+a)/(Y_i+b), (X_i^a/Y_i^b), and ((X_i/Y_i)^a-b), where i is the n-tuple X and Y and 1≦i≦n, e.g., the component index of X_1 is i=1 and the component index of X_2 is i=2. The function may include a component-wise summation of at least one other function among X_i, Y_i, (Y_i-i), (X_i-Y_i), X_i, Y_i^b, abs_X_i^a-Y_i^b, (X_i-Y_i)^a, (X_i+a)/(Y_i+b), (X_i^a/Y_i^b), and ((X_i/Y_i)^a-b), where i is the component index of n-tuples X and Y. The function may be of the form sum_{i=1}^n(abs(X_i/Y_i)-1)/n, or sum_{i=1}^n w_i*(abs(X_i/Y_i)-1), where w_i is some weight for component i.

The map may be computed using dynamic time warping (DTW). The DTW may comprise constraints on at least one of the map, the items of the first TSCI, the items of the second TSCI, the first duration, the second duration, the first section, and/or the second section. In the map, let the i-th domain item be mapped to the j-th range item. The constraint may be an allowable combination of i and j (a constraint on the relationship between i and j). A mismatch cost between the first section of the first duration of the first TSCI and the second section of the second duration of the second TSCI may be computed.

The first section and the second section may be aligned such that a map including two or more links may be established between a first item of the first TSCI and a second item of the second TSCI. At each link, one of the first items having a first timestamp may be associated with one of the second items having a second timestamp. A mismatch cost between the aligned first section and the aligned second section may be computed. The mismatch cost may comprise a function of an item-wise cost between the first item and the second item associated by a particular link of the map and a link-wise cost associated with the particular link of the map.

The aligned first section and aligned second section may be represented as a first vector and a second vector, respectively, of the same vector length. The mismatch cost may include at least one of a dot product, a dot product-like measure, a correlation-based measure, a correlation index, a covariance-based measure, a discrimination score, a distance, a Euclidean distance, an absolute distance, an Lk distance (e.g., L1, L2, ...), a weighted distance, a distance-like measure, and/or another similarity value between the first vector and the second vector. The mismatch cost may be normalized by the respective vector lengths.

The parameters derived from the mismatch cost between the first section of the first duration of the first TSCI and the second section of the second duration of the second TSCI may be modeled using a statistical distribution. At least one of a scale parameter, a location parameter, and/or another parameter of the statistical distribution may be estimated.

The first section of the first duration of the first TSCI may be a sliding section of the first TSCI. The second section of the second duration of the second TSCI may be a sliding section of the second TSCI.

A first sliding window may be applied to a first TSCI and a corresponding second sliding window may be applied to a second TSCI. The first sliding window of the first TSCI and the corresponding second sliding window of the second TSCI may be aligned.

A mismatch cost between the aligned first sliding window of the first TSCI and the corresponding aligned second sliding window of the second TSCI may be calculated. The current event may be associated with at least one of a known event, an unknown event, and/or another event based on the mismatch cost.

The classifier may be applied to at least one of each first section of the first duration of the first TSCI and/or each second section of the second duration of the second TSCI to obtain at least one provisional classification result. Each provisional classification result may be associated with a respective first section and a respective second section.

The current event may be associated with at least one of a known event, an unknown event, a class/category/group/grouping/list/set of unknown events, and/or another event based on the mismatch cost. The current event may be associated with at least one of a known event, an unknown event, and/or another event based on the maximum number of provisional classification results corresponding to two or more sections of the first TSCI and two or more sections of the second TSCI. For example, the current event may be associated with a particular known event if the mismatch cost points to the particular known event N consecutive times (e.g., N=10). In another example, the current event may be associated with a particular known event if the percentage of mismatch costs in the last N consecutive N that point to the particular known event exceeds a particular threshold (e.g., >80%).

In another example, the current event may be associated with a known event that achieves the lowest mismatch cost for most of the time in a period. The current event may be associated with a known event that achieves the lowest overall mismatch cost in a weighted average of at least one mismatch cost associated with at least one first section. The current event may be associated with a particular known event that achieves the lowest of the other overall costs. If no known event achieves a mismatch cost lower than the first threshold T1 in a sufficient percentage of at least one first section, the current event may be associated with an "unknown event." The current event may also be associated with an "unknown event" if none of the events achieves an overall mismatch cost lower than the second threshold T2. The current event may be associated with at least one of a known event, an unknown event, and/or another event based on the mismatch cost and additional mismatch cost associated with at least one additional section of the first TSCI and at least one additional section of the second TSCI. The known events may include at least one of a door close event, a door open event, a window close event, a window open event, a multi-state event, an on state event, an off state event, an intermediate state event, a continuous state event, a discrete state event, a human presence event, a human absence event, an indication of a living body presence event, and/or an indication of a living body absence event.

The projection for each CI may be trained using a dimensionality reduction method based on the training TSCI. The dimensionality reduction method may include at least one of principal component analysis (PCA), PCA with different kernels, independent component analysis (ICA), Fisher linear discriminant, vector quantization, supervised learning, unsupervised learning, self-organizing maps, autoencoders, neural networks, deep neural networks, and/or another method. The projection may be applied to at least one of the training TSCI associated with at least one event and/or the current TSCI for the classifier.

A classifier for at least one event may be trained based on the projection and the training TSCI associated with the at least one event. At least one current TSCI may be classified/classified based on the projection and the current TSCI. The projection may be retrained using at least one of a dimensionality reduction method and another dimensionality reduction method based on at least one of the training TSCI, the at least one current TSCI before retraining the projection, and/or an additional training TSCI. The other dimensionality reduction method may include at least one of principal component analysis (PCA), PCA with different kernels, independent component analysis (ICA), Fisher linear discriminant, vector quantization, supervised learning, unsupervised learning, self-organizing maps, autoencoders, neural networks, deep neural networks, and/or yet another method. The classifier for at least one event may be retrained based on at least one of the retrained projection, the training TSCI associated with the at least one event, and/or the at least one current TSCI. At least one current TSCI may be classified based on the retrained projections, the retrained classifier, and/or the current TSCI.

Each CI may include a vector of complex values. Each complex value may be preprocessed to provide a magnitude of the complex value. Each CI may be preprocessed to provide a vector of non-negative real numbers that include the magnitude of the corresponding complex value. Each training TSCI may be weighted in training the projection. The projection may include two or more projection components. The projection may include at least one top projection component. The projection may include at least one projection component that may be useful to the classifier.

Channel/Channel information/Venue/Spatial information/Movement/Object

Channel Information (CI) may relate to/include:
signal strength, signal amplitude, signal phase, spectral power measurements, modem parameters (e.g., used in connection with modulation/demodulation in digital communication systems such as WiFi, 4G/LTE, etc.), dynamic beamforming information (including feedback or steering matrices generated by a wireless communication device, e.g., according to a standardized process such as IEEE 802.11 or another standard), transfer function components, radio conditions (e.g., used in digital communication systems to decode digital data), measurable variables, sensing data, layer coarse/fine grain information (e.g., physical layer, data link layer, MAC layer, etc.), digital settings, gain settings, RF filter settings, RF front-end switch settings, DC offset settings, DC correction settings, IQ compensation settings, effects on a wireless signal due to the environment (e.g., venue) during propagation, input signal Conversion of (wireless signal transmitted by Type 1 device) to output signal (wireless signal received by Type 2 device), stable behavior of the environment, condition profile, wireless channel measurements, received signal strength indicator (RSSI), channel state information (CSI), channel impulse response (CIR), channel frequency response (CFR), characteristics of frequency components (e.g., subcarriers) in the bandwidth, channel filter response, timestamps, auxiliary information, data, metadata, user data, account data, access data, security data, session data, status data, supervision data, home data, identity (ID), device data, network data, neighborhood data, environmental data, real-time data, sensor data, stored data, encrypted data, compressed data, protected data, and/or other channel information.
Each CI may be associated with a time stamp and/or a time of arrival. The CSI may be used to demodulate a signal similar to a signal transmitted by a transmitter through a multipath channel, and to equalize/cancel/minimize/reduce a multipath channel effect (of a transmission channel). The CI may be associated with information related to a frequency band, a frequency signature, a frequency phase, a frequency amplitude, a frequency trend, a frequency characteristic, a frequency similarity characteristic, a time domain element, a frequency domain element, a time-frequency domain element, an orthogonal decomposition characteristic, and/or a non-orthogonal decomposition characteristic of a signal passing through a channel. The TSCI may be a stream of wireless signals (e.g., CI).

The CI may be pre-processed, processed, post-processed, stored (e.g., in a local memory, a portable/mobile memory, a removable memory, a storage network, a cloud memory, in a volatile manner, in a non-volatile manner), retrieved, transmitted, and/or received. One or more modem parameters and/or radio condition parameters may be held constant. The modem parameters may be applied to a radio subsystem. The modem parameters may represent radio conditions. A motion detection signal (e.g., a baseband signal and/or packets decoded/demodulated from the baseband signal, etc.) may be obtained by processing (e.g., downconverting) a first radio signal (e.g., an RF/WiFi/LTE/5G signal) by the radio subsystem using the radio conditions represented by the stored modem parameters. The modem parameters/radio conditions may be updated (e.g., using previous modem parameters or previous radio conditions). Both the previous modem parameters/radio conditions and the updated modem parameters/radio conditions may be applied to a radio subsystem in a digital communication system. Both previous and updated modem parameters/radio conditions can be compared/analyzed/processed/monitored in the task.

The channel information may also be modem parameters (e.g., stored or newly calculated) used to process the wireless signal. The wireless signal may include multiple probe signals. The same modem parameters may be used to process more than one probe signal. The same modem parameters may also be used to process more than one wireless signal. The modem parameters may include parameters indicating settings or overall configurations for operation of the radio subsystem or baseband subsystem (or both) of the wireless sensor device. The modem parameters may include one or more of gain settings, RF filter settings, RF front-end switch settings, DC offset settings, or IQ compensation settings, or digital DC correction settings, digital gain settings, and/or digital filtering settings (e.g., for the baseband subsystem) for the radio subsystem. The CI may also be associated with information related to the period, time signature, time stamp, time amplitude, time phase, time trend, and/or time characteristics of the signal. The CI may be associated with information related to the time-frequency division, signature, amplitude, phase, trend, and/or characteristics of the signal. The CI may be associated with decomposition of the signal. A CI may be associated with information related to the direction, angle of arrival (AoA), angle of a directional antenna, and/or phase of a signal passing through a channel. A CI may be associated with an attenuation pattern of a signal passing through a channel. Each CI may be associated with a Type 1 device and a Type 2 device. Each CI may be associated with an antenna of a Type 1 device and an antenna of a Type 2 device.

The CI may be obtained from communication hardware (e.g., a type 2 device, or a type 1 device) that may provide the CI. The communication hardware may be a WiFi-enabled chip/IC (integrated circuit), a chip conforming to 802.11 or 802.16 or another wireless/wireless standard, a next generation WiFi-enabled chip, an LTE-enabled chip, a 5G-enabled chip, a 6G/7G/8G-enabled chip, a Bluetooth-enabled chip, an NFC-enabled chip, a BLE-enabled chip, an UWB chip, another communication chip (e.g., Zigbee, WiMax, mesh network), etc. The communication hardware computes the CI, stores the CI in a buffer memory, and makes the CI available for extraction. The CI may comprise data related to channel state information (CSI) and/or at least one matrix. The at least one matrix may be used for channel equalization, beamforming, etc. A channel may be associated with a venue. Attenuation may be due to signal propagation at the venue, signal propagation through/around the air (e.g., the air of the venue), reflection/refractive media/reflective surfaces such as walls, doors, furniture, obstacles, and/or barriers. Attenuation may be due to reflections on surfaces and obstacles (e.g., reflective surfaces, obstacles) such as floors, ceilings, furniture, fixtures, objects, people, pets, etc. Each CI may be associated with a timestamp. Each CI may include N1 components (e.g., N1 frequency domain components in the CFR, N1 time domain components in the CIR, or N1 decomposed components). Each component may be associated with a component index. Each component may be a real, imaginary, or complex number, a magnitude, a phase, a flag, and/or a set. Each CI may comprise a vector or matrix of complex numbers, a set of mixed quantities, and/or a multidimensional collection of at least one complex number.

The components of the TSCI associated with a particular component index may form respective component time series associated with the respective index. The TSCI may be divided into N1 component time series. Each component time series is associated with a respective component index. Object motion characteristics/STI may be monitored based on the component time series. In one example, one or more ranges of CI components (e.g., one range from component 11 to component 23, a second range from component 44 to component 50, and a third range having only one component) may be selected for further processing based on some criteria/cost function/signal quality metric (e.g., based on signal-to-noise ratio and/or interference level).

A characteristic for each component of the TSCI component feature time series may be computed. The characteristic for each component may be a scalar (e.g., energy) or a function with domain and range (e.g., autocorrelation function, transform, inverse transform). The characteristic/STI of the object motion may be monitored based on the characteristic for each component. A characteristic (e.g., total characteristic) of the TSCI may be computed based on the characteristic for each component of each TSCI component time series. The total characteristic may be a weighted average of the characteristic for each component. The characteristic/STI of the object motion may be monitored based on the characteristic for each component. The total amount may be a weighted average of the individual amounts.

Type 1 and Type 2 devices may support WiFi, WiMax, beyond 3G, 4G/4G, LTE, LTE-A, 5G, 6G, 7G, Bluetooth, NFC, BLE, Zigbee, UWB, UMTS, 3GPP, GSM, EDGE, TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA, mesh networks, proprietary wireless systems, IEEE 802.11 standards, 802.15 standards, 802.16 standards, 3GPP standards, and/or other wireless systems.

The common wireless system and/or the common wireless channel may be shared by the type 1 transceiver and/or at least one type 2 transceiver. The at least one type 2 transceiver may transmit their respective signals simultaneously (or asynchronously, synchronously, sporadically, continuously, repeatedly, simultaneously, contemporaneously, and/or temporarily) using the common wireless system and/or the common wireless channel. The type 1 transceiver may transmit signals to the at least one type 2 transceiver using the common wireless system and/or the common wireless channel.

Each Type 1 device and Type 2 device may have at least one transmit/receive antenna. Each CI may be associated with one of the transmit antennas of the Type 1 device and one of the receive antennas of the Type 2 device. Each pair of transmit and receive antennas may be associated with a link, path, communication path, signal hardware path, etc. For example, if a Type 1 device has M (e.g., 3) transmit antennas and a Type 2 device has N (e.g., 2) receive antennas, there may be MxN (e.g., 3x2=6) links or paths. Each link or path may be associated with a TSCI.

At least one TSCI may correspond to various antenna pairs between the Type 1 device and the Type 2 device. The Type 1 device may have at least one antenna. The Type 2 device may also have at least one antenna. Each TSCI may be associated with an antenna of the Type 1 device and an antenna of the Type 2 device. Averaging or weighted averaging over the antenna links may be performed. The averaging or weighted averaging may be performed over the at least one TSCI. The averaging may optionally be performed over a subset of the at least one TSCI corresponding to a subset of the antenna pairs.

The timestamps of some CIs of a TSCI may be irregular and may be corrected such that the corrected timestamps of the time-corrected CIs may be uniformly spaced in time. In the case of multiple Type 1 devices and/or multiple Type 2 devices, the corrected timestamps may be for the same or different clocks. An original timestamp associated with each of the CIs may be determined. The original timestamps may not be uniformly spaced in time. The original timestamps of all CIs of a particular part of a particular TSCI within the current sliding time window may be corrected such that the corrected timestamps of the time-corrected CIs may be uniformly spaced in time.

The characteristics and/or STI (e.g., motion information) include:
position,position,changed position,new position,new position,position,vertical position,distance,distance,movement,acceleration,acceleration,rotational speed,acceleration,direction of movement,azimuth,rotation,direction of movement,rotation,path,deformation,shrinkage,enlargement,walking,enlargement,walking,periodic movement,head movement,repetitive movement,periodic movement,pseudoperiodic movement,impulse movement,sudden movement,falling movement,falling movement,transient movement,transient behavior,periodic movement,frequency of movement,temporal profile,temporal characteristics,temporal characteristics,occurrence,change,temporal change,change in CI,change in frequency,change in timing,change in gait cycle,change in timing,change in gait cycle,timing,start time,start time,end time,duration time, motion history, motion type, motion classification, frequency, frequency spectrum, object configuration, object configuration, approach, approach, identification, approach, approach, head motion velocity, head motion, respiration rate, respiration rate, respiration time, respiration depth, exhalation time, inhalation time, exhalation time, exhalation time, ventilation time, ventilation interval, heart rate variability, hand motion direction, hand motion, leg motion, walking speed, hand motion velocity, hand motion velocity, position features, features related to object motion (e.g. position/change in position), tool motion, machine motion, complex motion and/or combination of multiple motions, event, signal statistics, signal dynamics, anomaly, motion statistics, motion parameters, motion indication, motion magnitude , motion phase, similarity score, distance score, Euclidean distance, weighted distance, L_1 norm, L_2 norm, L_k norm for k>2, statistical distance, correlation, correlation indicator, autocorrelation, autocovariance, cross-covariance, inner product, cross product, motion signal transformation, motion features, motion presence, motion absence, motion localization, motion identification, motion recognition, object presence, object absence, object entry/exit, object change, motion cycle, motion count, gait cycle, motion period, motion rhythm, motion, motion rhythm, deformation motion, gesture, draft, head motion, mouth motion, cardiac motion, visceral motion, motion tendency, size, volume, volumetric, shape, shape, tag, start /start location, end location, start/start amount, end amount, event, fall event, security event, accident event, home event, office event, factory event, warehouse event, manufacturing event, line assembly event, maintenance event, car related event, navigation event, event tracking event, door event, door open event, door close event, window event, window open event, window close event, repeatable event, one time event, consumption amount, unconsumed amount, state, physical state, health state, welfare state, emotional state, mental state, other event, analysis, output response, and/or other information. Characteristics and/or STI may be computed/monitored based on features computed from the CI or TSCI (e.g., feature computation/extraction). Static segments or profiles (and/or dynamic segments/profiles) may be identified/computed/analyzed/monitored/extracted/obtained/captured/marked/presented/highlighted/stored/communicated based on analysis of features. Analysis may include motion detection/motion assessment/presence detection. Computational workload may be shared between the Type 1 device, the Type 2 device, and another processor.

The type 1 device and/or the type 2 device may be a local device. The local device may be a smartphone, a smart device, a TV, a set-top box, an access point, a router, a wireless repeater, a repeater, a router, a repeater, a wireless signal repeater/extender, a speaker, a fan, a refrigerator, a fan, a microwave, an oven, a coffee machine, a hot water pot, a table, a chair, a light, a lamp, a door lock, a camera, a motion sensor, a motion sensor, a fire hydrant, a garage door, a switch, a power adapter, a computer, a dongle, a computer, a dongle, an electronic pad, a sofa, a tile, an accessory, a home device, a vehicle device, an office device, a building device, a manufacturing device, a clock, a clock, a television, an oven, an air conditioning, an accessory, a utility, an appliance, a smart machine, a smart vehicle, an internet-enabled device, a computer, a portable computer, a tablet, a smart house, a smart office, a smart parking lot, a smart system, and/or other devices.

Each Type 1 device may be associated with a respective identifier (e.g., ID). Each Type 2 device may also be associated with a respective identity (ID). The ID may include a code, a combination of text and code, a name, a password, an account, an account ID, a web link, a web address, an index to some information, and/or another ID. The ID may be assigned. The ID may be assigned by hardware (e.g., hardwired, via a dongle and/or other hardware), software and/or firmware. The ID may be stored (e.g., in a database, in memory, on a server (e.g., a hub device), in the cloud, locally, remotely, persistently, temporarily) and searched. The ID may be associated with at least one record, account, user, household, address, phone number, social security number, customer number, another ID, another identifier, timestamp, and/or collection of data. The ID and/or a portion of the ID of the Type 1 device may be made available to the Type 2 device. The ID may be used for registration, initialization, communication, identity, verification, detection, recognition, authentication, access control, cloud access, networking, social networking, logging, recording, cataloging, classification, tagging, association, pairing, transactions, electronic transactions, and/or intellectual property management by Type 1 and/or Type 2 devices.

The object may be a person, a user, an object, a passenger, a child, an elderly person, a baby, a sleeping baby, a baby in a car, a patient, a worker, a high value worker, an expert, a specialist, a waiter, a customer in a shopping mall, a traveller in an airport/station/bus terminal/shipping terminal, a staff/worker/customer service person in a factory/mall/supermarket/office/workplace, a service person in a sewer/ventilation system/lift well, a lift in a lift well, an elevator, an inmate, a person to be tracked/monitored, an animal, a plant, a living thing, a pet, a dog, a cat, a smartphone, a phone accessory, a computer, a tablet, a portable computer, a dongle, a computer accessory, a network device, a WiFi device, an IoT device, a smart watch, a smart glasses, a smart device, a speaker, a key, a smart key, a wallet, a handbag, a backpack, a merchandise, a cargo, a luggage, an equipment, a motor, a machine, an air conditioner, a fan, a HVAC equipment, a lighting fixture. It can be a mobile lighting fixture, a television, a camera, audio/visual equipment, a stationary, monitoring equipment, a part, a sign, a tool, a cart, a ticket, a parking pass, a toll pass, an airline ticket, a credit card, a plastic card, an access card, a food package, a cookware, a table, a chair, a cleaning tool/tool, a vehicle, an automobile, a car in a parking lot, a product in a warehouse/store/supermarket/distribution center, a boat, a bicycle, an aircraft, a drone, a remote controlled car/plane/boat, a remote controlled airplane/boat, a remote controlled airplane/boat, a drone, a drone, a drone, a drone, a remote controlled airplane/plane/boat, a remote controlled car/plane/boat, a remote controlled car/plane/boat, a remote controlled airplane/boat, a remote controlled car/plane/boat, a robot, a manufacturing device, an assembly line, a material/unfinished part/robot/wagon/carriage in a factory, a tracked object in an airport/shopping mart/supermarket, a non-object, an absence of an object, a presence of an object, an object with a shape, an object that changes shape, an object without a shape, a liquid mass, a gas mass/smoke, a fire, a flame, an electromagnetic (EM) source, an electromagnetic medium, and/or another object.

The object itself may be communicatively connected to several networks, such as WiFi, MiFi, 3G/4G/LTE/5G/6G/7G, Bluetooth, NFC, BLE, WiMax, Zigbee, UMTS, 3GPP, GSM, EDGE, TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA, mesh networks, ad-hoc networks, and/or other networks. The object itself may be bulky with AC power, but is moved during installation, cleaning, maintenance, renovation, etc. It may also be installed on a mobile platform, such as a lift, pad, mobile, platform, elevator, conveyor belt, robot, drone, forklift, cage, boat, vehicle, etc. The object may have multiple parts, each part having a different motion (e.g., position/change of position). For example, the object may be a person walking forward. While walking, his left and right hands may move in different directions with different instantaneous velocities, accelerations, movements, etc.

The wireless transmitter (e.g., a Type 1 device), wireless receiver (e.g., a Type 2 device), another wireless transmitter, and/or another wireless receiver may travel with the object and/or another object (e.g., in a previous trip, a current trip, and/or a future trip). They may be communicatively coupled to one or more nearby devices. They may transmit TSCI and/or information related to the TSCI to the nearby devices and/or to each other. They may be with the nearby devices. The wireless transmitter and/or wireless receiver may be part of a small (e.g., coin-sized, cigarette box-sized, or even smaller), lightweight, portable device. The portable device may be wirelessly coupled to the nearby devices.

The nearby devices may be smartphones, iPhones, Android phones, smart devices, smart appliances, smart vehicles, smart gadgets, smart TVs, smart refrigerators, smart speakers, smart watches, smart glasses, smart pads, iPads, computers, wearable computers, notebook computers, gateways. The nearby devices may be connected to a cloud server, a local server (e.g., a hub device), and/or other servers via the Internet, a wired Internet connection, and/or a wireless Internet connection. The nearby devices may be portable. The portable device, nearby devices, local server (such as hub device), and/or cloud server can share computation and/or storage for tasks (e.g., acquiring TSCI, determining object characteristics/STI related to object motion (e.g., position/change in position), computing time series of power (e.g., signal strength) information, determining/computing specific features, searching for local extrema, classification, identifying specific values of time offset, denoising, processing, simplification, cleaning, wireless smart sensing tasks, CI extraction from signals, switching, segmentation, estimated trajectory/path/trajectory, processing maps, processing trajectory/path/trajectory based on environment models/constraints/limitations, correction, modification, adjustment, map-based (or model-based) correction, error detection, boundary hit, thresholding) and information. The nearby devices can move/not move with the object. The nearby devices may be portable/non-portable/mobile/not mobile. The nearby devices may use battery power, solar power, AC power, and/or other power sources. The nearby device may have replaceable/non-replaceable batteries and/or rechargeable/non-rechargeable batteries. The nearby device may be similar to the object. The nearby device may have the same (and/or similar) hardware and/or software as the object. The nearby device may be a smart device, a network-enabled device, a device with a connection to WiFi/3G/4G/5G/6G/Zigbee/Bluetooth/NFC/UMTS/3GPP/GSM/EDGE/TDMA/FDMA/CDMA/WCDMA/TD-SCDMA/ad-hoc network/other network, a smart speaker, a smart watch, a smart clock, a smart appliance, a smart machine, a smart device, a smart tool, a smart vehicle, an internet-enabled device, an internet-enabled device, a computer, a portable computer, a tablet, and another device. At least one processor associated with a nearby device and/or a wireless receiver, a wireless transmitter, another wireless receiver, another wireless transmitter, and/or a cloud server (in the cloud) may determine an initial STI for the object. Two or more of them may jointly determine the initial spatio-temporal information. Two or more of them may share intermediate information in determining the initial STI (e.g., initial position).

In one example, a wireless transmitter (e.g., a Type 1 device, or a tracker Bot) may move with the object. The wireless transmitter may send a signal to a wireless receiver (e.g., a Type 2 device, or an Origin register) or determine the initial STI (e.g., initial location) of the object. The wireless transmitter may also send a signal and/or another signal to another wireless receiver (e.g., another Type 2 device, or another Origin register) to monitor the movement (space-time information) of the object. The wireless receiver may also receive a signal and/or another signal from the wireless transmitter and/or another wireless transmitter to monitor the movement of the object. The location of the wireless receiver and/or another wireless receiver may be known. In another example, a wireless receiver (e.g., a Type 2 device, or a tracker Bot) may move with the object. The wireless receiver may receive a signal transmitted from the wireless transmitter (e.g., a Type 1 device, or an Origin register) to determine the initial space-time information (e.g., initial location) of the object. The wireless receiver may also receive a signal and/or another signal from another wireless transmitter (e.g., another Type 1 device, or another Origin registration) to monitor the current movement (e.g., space-time information) of the object. The wireless transmitter may also transmit a signal and/or another signal to the wireless receiver and/or another wireless receiver (e.g., another Type 2 device, or another tracker Bot) to monitor the movement of the object. The location of the wireless transmitter and/or another wireless transmitter may be known.

Venue means sensing area, sensing area, room, house, office, property, workplace, corridor, passageway, lift, lift well, escalator, elevator, sewer, ventilation system, staircase, collection venue, duct, air duct, pipe, tube, enclosed space, closed structure, semi-enclosed structure, enclosed area, area with at least one wall, plant, machine, engine, wooden structure, glass structure, metal structure, structure with walls, structure with doors, structure with gaps, structure with reflective surfaces, structure with fluid, building, rooftop, shop, factory, assembly line, hotel room, museum, classroom, school, university, government building, warehouse, garage, mall, airport, train station, bus terminal, hub, transport hub, transport terminal, government facility, public facility, school, university, entertainment facility. Entertainment facilities, hospitals, pediatric and neonatal wards, nursing homes, elderly care facilities, community centers, stadiums, parks, grounds, sports facilities, swimming facilities, athletics stadiums, basketball courts, tennis courts, soccer stadiums, baseball fields, gymnasiums, halls, garages, shopping malls, malls, supermarkets, manufacturing facilities, parking facilities, construction sites, mining facilities, etc. Transportation facilities, highways, roads, valleys, forests, timber, terrain, landscapes, study rooms, courtyards, land, roads, amusement parks, urban areas, rural areas, suburban areas, metropolitan areas, gardens, squares, music halls, urban facilities, overhead facilities, semi-open facilities, enclosed spaces, stations, logistics centers, warehouses, stores, logistics centers, storage facilities, underground facilities, spaces (e.g., above-ground exterior spaces), indoor facilities, outdoor facilities, outdoor facilities with walls, doors, and reflectors, open facilities, semi-open facilities, cars, trucks, buses, vans, containers, ships and boats, submarines, trains, trams, airplanes, vehicles, mobile homes, caves, tunnels, pipes, waterways, urban areas, etc. The venue may be a space such as a downtown with relatively tall buildings, a valley, a well, a duct, a passageway, a gas pipe, an oil pipe, a water pipe, an interconnecting passageway/pathway/road/pipe/cave/pipe-like structure/air space/fluid space, a human body, an animal body, a body cavity, an organ, a bone, a tooth, a soft tissue, a hard tissue, a rigid tissue, a non-rigid tissue, a blood/fluid container, a wind pipe, an air duct, etc. The venue may be an indoor space, an outdoor space, and the venue may include both the inside and the outside of the space. For example, the venue may include both the inside of a building and the outside of a building. For example, the venue may be a building with one floor or multiple floors, and part of the building may be underground. The shape of the building may be, for example, circular, square, rectangular, triangular, or irregular. These are merely examples. The present disclosure may be used to detect events in other types of venues or spaces.

The wireless transmitter (e.g., Type 1 device) and/or wireless receiver (e.g., Type 2 device) may be embedded in a portable device (e.g., a module or a device with a module) that may move with the object (e.g., in a previous movement and/or a current movement). The portable device may have a wired connection (e.g., via USB, microUSB, Firewire, HDMI, serial port, parallel port, and other connectors) and/or a connection (e.g., Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy, etc.). The portable device may be a lightweight device. The portable may be battery, rechargeable battery, and/or AC powered. The portable device may be very small (e.g., on the sub-millimeter scale and/or sub-centimeter scale) and/or small (e.g., coin size, card size, pocket size, or larger). The portable device may be large, large, and/or large (e.g., heavy equipment installed). The portable device may be a WiFi hotspot, Mobile WiFi (MiFi), access point/micro USB/smartphone, tablet, Computers, smart devices, WiFi enabled devices, LTE enabled devices, smart mirrors, smart batteries, smart lights, smart pens, smart rings, smart doors, smart clocks, smart batteries, smart belts, smart handbags, smart clothing, smart packaging, smart paper/books/magazines/printed materials/signs/displays/lighting systems, smart keys/tools, smart bracelets/chains/necklaces/wearables/accessories, smart pads/cushions/blocks, bricks/building materials, smart trash cans, smart food carriages/storage, smart Balls/Rackets, Smart Chairs/Sofas/Beds, Smart Shoes/Carpets/Mat/Hand Hats/Hand Wear, Smart Hats/Makeup/Stickers/Tattoos, Smart Mirrors, Smart Pills, Smart Bottles/Food Containers, Smart Devices, IoT Devices, WiFi Enabled Devices, 3G/4G/6G Enabled Devices, UMTS Devices, 3GPP Devices, EDGE Devices, TDMA Devices, CDMA Devices, WCDMA Devices, Implantable Devices, Air Conditioning, Refrigerators, Furnaces, Ovens, Cooking Devices, Televisions/Set Top Boxes (STB)/DVD Players/Video Players/Remote Control Devices The portable device may be a power control, a hi-fi, an audio device, a speaker, a light, a door, a roof, a roofing structure, an equipment, an installation, a lawn mower, a garden tool, a machine tool/garage can/40ft/container, a 20ft/garage can, a factory/manufacturing equipment, a repair tool, a factory/production tool, a machine, a machine, a machine, a vehicle, a cart, a wagon, a warehouse, a vehicle, an automobile, a bicycle, a boat, a boat, a basket/box/bucket/bucket/container, a smart plate/cup/bowl/pot/mat/cookware/kitchen tool/kitchen utensil/cabinet/table/chair/tile/light/water pipe/faucet/gas range/oven/dishwasher/etc. The portable device may have a storage battery that may be replaceable, non-replaceable, rechargeable, and/or non-rechargeable. The portable device may be wirelessly charged. The portable device may be a smart payment card. The portable device may be a payment card used in parking lots, highways, entertainment parks, or other places/facilities requiring payment. The portable device may have an identity (ID)/identifier as described above.

Events can be monitored based on the TSCI. Events can be objects (e.g., people and/or sick people) falling, rolling, pausing, impacts (e.g., punching bag, door, bed, bed, chair, table, desk, cabinet, box, other person, animal, bird, table, fly, table, chair, ball, bowling ball, tennis ball, soccer ball, baseball, basketball, basketball, volley ball), two people's body movements (e.g., person releasing a balloon, person catching a fish, person casting clay, person writing on paper, person typing on computer), a car moving in a garage, a person carrying a smartphone and walking around an airport/mall/government/building/office/etc., autonomously mobile objects/machines moving around (e.g., vacuum cleaner, utility vehicle, automobile, drone, self-driving car).

The tasks or wireless smart sensing tasks may include: object detection, presence detection, proximity detection, object recognition, activity recognition, object verification, daily activity monitoring, wellbeing monitoring, vital signs monitoring, health status monitoring, baby monitoring, elderly monitoring, sleep monitoring, sleep status monitoring, gait monitoring, exercise monitoring, tool detection, tool recognition, tool verification, patient detection, patient monitoring, patient verification, machine detection, machine recognition, machine verification, human detection, human recognition, baby detection, baby recognition, baby verification, human breathing detection, human breathing recognition, human breathing estimation, human breathing verification, human heart rate detection. ,human heart rate recognition,human heart rate estimation,fall detection,fall recognition,fall verification,fall verification,emotion detection,emotion recognition,emotion estimation,emotion verification,motion recognition,motion estimation,motion verification,motion degree estimation,periodic motion detection,periodic motion recognition,periodic motion estimation,periodic motion verification,repetitive motion detection,repetitive motion recognition,repetitive motion estimation,repetitive motion verification,steady motion detection,steady motion recognition,steady motion estimation,steady motion verification,cyclo steady motion detection,cyclo steady motion recognition,cyclo steady motion estimation,cyclo steady motion verification,transient motion detection,transient motion recognition,transient motion estimation,transient motion verification,trend detection,trend verification,breath detection,breath recognition,breath estimation,human biometric detection,human biometric recognition,human biometric estimation,human biometric verification,environmental informatics detection,environmental informatics recognition,environmental informatics estimation, environmental informatics verification, gait detection, gait recognition, gait estimation, gait verification, gesture detection, gesture recognition, gesture estimation, gesture verification, machine learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, clustering, feature extraction, feature training, principal component analysis, eigenvalue decomposition, frequency decomposition, time decomposition, time-frequency decomposition, functional decomposition, other decomposition, training, classification training, semi-supervised training, unsupervised training, semi-supervised training, neural networks, sudden motion detection, fall detection, danger detection, life threat detection, steady motion detection, steady motion detection, cyclo steady motion detection, intrusion detection, intrusion motion detection, suspicious motion detection, security, safety monitoring, navigation, guidance, map-based processing, map-based correction, model Based processing/correction, irregularity detection, location detection, indoor sensing, tracking, multiple object tracking, indoor tracking, indoor location tracking, indoor navigation, energy management, power transfer, wireless power transfer, object counting, vehicle tracking in parking lots, activation of devices/systems (e.g., security systems, access systems, alarms, sirens, speakers, televisions, entertainment systems, cameras, heating/air conditioning (HVAC) systems, ventilation systems, lighting systems, gaming systems, coffee machines, cooking devices, cleaning devices, housekeeping devices), shape estimation, augmented reality, wireless communication, data communication, signal broadcasting, networking, coordination, management, encryption, protection, cloud computing, other processing and/or other tasks. The tasks may be performed by a Type 1 device, a Type 2 device, another Type 1 device, another Type 2 device, a nearby device, a local server (e.g., a hub device), an edge server, a cloud server, and/or another device. The tasks may be based on TSCI between any pair of Type 1 and Type 2 devices. A Type 2 device may also be a Type 1 device and vice versa. A Type 2 device may act/perform the roles (eg, functionality) of a Type 1 device temporarily, continuously, sporadically, simultaneously, and/or simultaneously, and vice versa. The first portion of tasks may include at least one of the following: preprocessing, signal processing, signal processing, conditioning, signal processing, signal processing, adjustment, signal processing, mapping/continuous/mapping/continuous/adaptive/mapping/request, adjustment, feature extraction, encoding, encoding, modification, encoding, modification, motion detection, motion detection, motion change detection, motion detection pattern, motion detection pattern, motion recognition pattern, vital signs detection, vital signs estimation, vital signs recognition, periodic motion detection, periodic motion estimation, repetitive motion detection/breathing rate detection, breathing rate detection, breathing pattern detection, breathing pattern estimation, breathing pattern recognition, heart rate detection, heart rate estimation, heart rate pattern detection, heart rate pattern estimation, heart rate pattern recognition, gesture detection, gesture estimation, gesture recognition, velocity detection, velocity estimation, object location estimation, object tracking, navigation, acceleration estimation, acceleration detection, fall detection, change detection, intruder (and/or tampering) detection, baby detection, baby monitoring, patient monitoring, object recognition, wireless power transfer, and/or wireless charging.

The second portion of the task may be a smart home task, a smart office task, a smart office task, a smart factory task (e.g., manufacturing using a machine or an assembly line), a smart Internet (IoT) task, a smart home operation, a smart office operation, a smart office operation, a smart building operation (e.g., moving supplies/parts/raw materials to a machine/assembly line), an IoT operation, a smart system operation, turning on a light, controlling lights in at least one of the rooms, areas, and/or venues, playing a sound clip, playing a sound clip in at least one of the rooms, areas, and/or venues, playing at least one of a welcome, greeting, welfare, first message, and/or second message associated with the first portion of the task, turning on an appliance, controlling equipment in a room, area, and/or venue, controlling a room, area, and/or venue, controlling a room, area, and/or venue. or controlling equipment in a venue, controlling an electrical system, turning on a room, an electrical system, controlling an electrical system in a room, area, and/or venue, turning on a security system, turning off a security system, controlling a security system in a room, area, and/or venue, turning on a mechanical system, controlling a mechanical system, controlling a mechanical system in a room, area, and/or venue, and/or controlling at least one of an air conditioning system, a heating system, a ventilation system, a lighting system, a lighting device, a stove, an entertainment system, a door, a fence, a window, a garage, a computer system, a networked device, a networked device, a system, an appliance, an appliance, an office equipment, a lighting device, a robot (e.g., a robotic arm), a smart vehicle, a smart machine, an assembly line, a smart device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a smart home device, and/or a smart office device.

Tasks may include: detecting when a user comes home, detecting when a user moves from one room to another, detecting windows/garage doors/blinds/curtains/panels/solar panels/sunshades, detecting/monitoring when a user does something (e.g. sleeping on the couch, running in the bedroom, cooking on the couch, watching TV, eating in the kitchen, going up/down stairs, returning in the break room, monitoring/detecting the location of a user/pet, automatically doing something when a user is detected, turning lights on/off, turning on music/radio/home entertainment system, turning on/off a TV/HiFi/Set-STB/Home Entertainment System/Smart Speaker/Smart Device turn on/off/adjust/control air conditioning system, turn on/off/adjust ventilation system, turn on/off/adjust heating system, adjust/control curtains/light shades, turn on/off/wake up computer, turn on/off/preheat coffee machine/hot water pot, turn on/off/control/preheat cooker/oven/microwave/other cooking device, turn on/off/adjust oven/microwave/other cooking device, check/adjust temperature forecast, check phone message box, check email, check/adjust system, check/adjust system/arm/safety system/baby monitor check/control refrigerator (e.g. via speaker like Google Home, Amazon Echo, on display/screen, via web page/email).

For example, when a user arrives home in his/her car, the tasks may be to automatically detect that the user or his/her car is approaching, open the garage door upon detection, turn on the driveway/garage lights, turn on the air conditioner/heater/fans, etc. as the user approaches the garage. When the user enters the house, the tasks may automatically turn on the entrance lights, turn off the driveway/garage lights, play a greeting message welcoming the user, turn on music, turn on the user's preferred radio news channel, open the curtains/blinds, monitor the user's mood, adjust the lighting and sound environment according to the user's mood or current/imminent events (e.g., romantic lighting and music because the user is scheduled to have dinner with his/her girlfriend in an hour), heat up food in the microwave that the user prepared that morning, perform diagnostic checks of all systems in the house, check the weather forecast for tomorrow's tasks, check news of the user's interest, check the user's calendar and to-do lists, play reminders, check the phone answering system/messaging system/email. and giving a verbal report using a dialogue system/speech synthesis (e.g., using a TV/entertainment system/computer/notebook/display/light/brightness/pattern/symbol, using haptic tools/virtual reality tools/gestures/tools, using smart devices/appliances/materials/instruments/appliances, using web tools/servers/server hub devices/cloud servers/cloud servers/edge servers/home networks/mesh networks, using messaging tools/notification tools/communication tools/scheduling tools/email, using a user interface/GUI, using scents/smells/aromas/tastes, using neural tools/nervous system tools, using combinations), calling the user on his/her mother's birthday, making a report, giving the report (e.g., using a tool to recall as described above), giving the report. Tasks can be to proactively turn on the air conditioning/heating/ventilation system or proactively adjust the temperature setting of a smart thermostat, etc. When the user moves from the entrance to the living room, the tasks may be to turn on the living room lights, open the living room curtains, open the window, turn off the entrance light behind the user, turn on the TV and set-top box, set the TV to the user's preferred channel, adjust the appliances according to the user's preferences and conditions/states (e.g., adjust the lighting and select/play music to create a romantic atmosphere), etc.

Another example is when a user wakes up in the morning, the tasks could be to detect the user moving around in the bedroom, open blinds/curtains, open windows, turn off the alarm clock, adjust the indoor temperature from a night temperature profile to a day temperature profile, turn on the bedroom light, turn on the bathroom light as the user approaches the bathroom, check the radio or streaming channels, play the morning news, turn on the coffee machine and preheat water, turn off the security system, etc. When the user walks from the bedroom to the kitchen, the tasks could be to turn on the kitchen and hallway lights, turn off the bedroom and bathroom lights, move music/messages/reminders from the bedroom to the kitchen, turn on the kitchen TV, change the TV to the morning news channel, lower the kitchen blinds, open the kitchen window to let in fresh air, unlock the back door for the user to check the back yard, adjust the kitchen temperature setting, etc. Another example is when a user leaves home for work, the tasks could be to detect the user leaving, play a farewell message, open/close the garage door, turn on/off the garage and driveway lights, turn off/dim the lights to save energy (only if the user forgets), close/lock all windows/doors (only if the user forgets), turn off appliances (especially stove, oven, microwave), turn on/arm the home security system to protect the home from intruders, adjust the air conditioning/heating/ventilation system to an "away from home" profile to save energy, send alerts/reports/updates to the user's smartphone, etc.

Motion may include at least one of the following: no motion, still motion, non-motion, movement, change of place/location, deterministic motion, transient motion, falling motion, repetitive motion, periodic motion, pseudo-periodic motion, periodic/repetitive motion associated with breathing, periodic/repetitive motion associated with heartbeat, periodic/repetitive motion associated with living things, periodic/repetitive motion associated with machines, periodic/repetitive motion associated with man-made objects, periodic/repetitive motion associated with nature, complex motion with transient and periodic elements, repetitive motion, non-deterministic motion, stochastic motion, chaotic motion, random motion, complex motion with non-deterministic and deterministic elements, stationary random motion, pseudo-stationary random motion, cyclo-stationary random motion, non-stationary random motion, periodic autocorrelation function (A CF), random motion with periodic ACF, periodic quasi-stationary motion, random motion whose instantaneous ACF has periodic quasi-periodic components, machine motion, mechanical motion, vehicle motion, drone motion, atmosphere related motion, wind related motion, weather related motion, water related motion, fluid related motion, ground related motion, electromagnetic property changes, underground motion, earthquake motion, plant motion, animal motion, human motion, normal motion, abnormal motion, dangerous motion, rain, fire, flood, tsunami, tsunami, explosion, collision, near collision, human body motion, head motion, face motion, eye motion, mouth motion, tongue motion, neck motion, finger motion, hand motion, arm motion, shoulder motion, body motion, chest motion, stomach motion, waist motion, leg motion, foot motion, body joint motion, knee motion, elbow motion, upper body motion, lower body motion, skin motion, subskin motion, subcutaneous tissue motion. Vascular movement, venous movement, organ movement, cardiac movement, pulmonary movement, stomach movement, intestinal movement, intestinal movement, eating movement, respiratory movement, facial expressions, eye expressions, mouth expressions, speaking movement, singing movement, eating movement, gestures, hand gestures, arm movements, keystrokes, typing strokes, user interface gestures, man-machine interaction, walking, dancing movement, coordinated movement, and/or coordinated body movement.

The heterogeneous IC of the Type 1 device and/or any Type 2 receiver may include a low noise amplifier (LNA), a power amplifier, a transmit/receive switch, a media access controller, a baseband radio, a 2.4 GHz radio, a 3.65 GHz radio, a 4.9 GHz radio, a 5 GHz radio, a 5.9 GHz radio, a sub-6 GHz radio, a sub-60 GHz radio, and/or another radio. The heterogeneous IC may include a processor, a memory communicatively coupled to the processor, and a set of instructions stored in the memory to be executed by the processor. The IC and/or any processor may comprise at least one of a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a microprocessor, a multiprocessor, a multi-core processor, a parallel processor, a CISC processor, a RISC processor, a microcontroller, a central processing unit (CPU), a graphical processor unit (GPU), a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), an embedded processor (e.g., ARM), a logic circuit, other programmable logic devices, discrete logic, and/or a combination. Heterogeneous ICs are used in broadband networks, wireless networks, cellular networks, wireless local area networks (WLANs), wide area networks (MANs), WLAN standards, WiFi, LTE-A, LTE-U, 802.11 standards, 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11ac, 802.11ad, 802.11ah, 802.11ax, 802.11ay, network mesh standards, 802.16 standards, cellular network standards, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, 5G, 6G, 7G, 8G, 9G, UMTS, 3GPP, GSM, EDGE, TDMA, CDMA, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA, Bluetooth Low Energy, It may support Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), NFC, Zigbee, WiMax, and/or other wireless network protocols.

The processor may comprise a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a microprocessor, a microcontroller, an embedded processor, a digital signal processor, a central processing unit (CPU), a graphical processing unit (GPU), a multiprocessor, a multi-core processor, and/or a processor with graphics capabilities, and/or a combination. The memory may be volatile, non-volatile, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), a hard disk, a flash memory, a CD-ROM, a DVD-ROM, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an organic storage device, a storage system, a storage network, a network storage device, a cloud storage device, an edge storage device, a local storage device, an external storage device, an internal storage device, or any other form of non-transitory storage medium known to those skilled in the art. The set of instructions (machine executable code) corresponding to the method steps may be embodied directly in hardware, in software, in firmware, or in a combination thereof. The set of instructions may be embedded, preloaded, loaded at startup, loaded on the fly, loaded on demand, pre-installed, installed, and/or downloaded.

The presentation can be in an audiovisual manner (e.g., using a combination of visuals, graphics, text, symbols, color, shade, video, animation, sound, speech, audio, etc.), a graphical manner (e.g., using a GUI, animation, video), a textual manner (e.g., a web page with text, messages, animated text), a symbolic manner (e.g., emoticons, signs, hand gestures), or a mechanical manner (e.g., vibrations, actuator movements, haptics, etc.).

Basic operations

The computational workload associated with the method is shared among the processor, the type 1 heterogeneous wireless device, the type 2 heterogeneous wireless device, a local server (e.g., a hub device), a cloud server, and another processor.

Operations, pre-processing, processing, and/or post-processing may be applied to the data (e.g., TSCI, autocorrelation, TSCI features). The operations may be pre-processing, processing, and/or post-processing. Pre-processing, processing, and/or post-processing may be operations. The operations include pre-processing, post-processing, scaling, computing line-of-sight (LOS) quantities, computing quantities including LOS and NLOS, computing single link (e.g., a path, a communications path, a link between a transmit antenna and a receive antenna) quantities, computing quantities including multiple links, computing functions of operands, linear filtering, nonlinear filtering, folding, energy computation, low pass filtering, band pass filtering, median filtering, quartile filtering, mode filtering, finite impulse response (FIR) subsampling, upsampling, time correction, time based correction, amplitude correction, phase correction, phase cleaning, amplitude cleaning, matched filtering, enhancement, restoration, noise removal, smoothing, signal conditioning, enhancement, restoration, spectral analysis, linear transform, nonlinear transform, inverse transform, frequency transform, inverse transform, Fourier transform (FT), discrete time FT (DFT), fast FT (FFT), wavelet transform, Hilbert transform, trigonometric transform, sine transform, cosine transform, DCT, power 2 transform, sparse transform, graph based transform, Transformation of data, Fast transform, Zero padding, Cyclic padding, Zero padding, Feature extraction, Decomposition, Orthogonal projection, Non-complete projection, Eigenvalue decomposition (SVD), Principal component analysis (ICA), Grouping, Thresholding, Hard thresholding, Clipping, First derivative, Higher order derivative, Convolution, Multiplication, Least squares, Minimizing local deviation, Neural network, Recognition, Labeling, Unsupervised learning, Semi-supervised learning, Comparison with another TSCI, Similarity score calculation, Quantization, Matching pursuit, Compression, Encryption, Transmission, Normalization, Time normalization, Frequency domain normalization, Classification, Labeling The operations may include ringing, labeling, learning, learning, mapping, remapping, storing, searching, receiving, representing, merging, combining, tracking, matched filtering, Kalman filtering, interpolation error correction, performing, nothing, time-varying processing, trimmed average, weighted average, arithmetic average, geometric average, harmonic average, average over selected frequencies, average over antenna links, logical operations, permutation, combination, sorting, AND, OR, XOR, union, intersection, vector addition, vector subtraction, vector multiplication, vector division, inverse, norm, distance, and/or another operation. The operations may be pre-processing, processing, and/or post-processing. The operations may be applied to multiple time series or functions together.

Functions (e.g., functions of operands) may include: scalar function, vector function, continuous function, magnitude function, trigonometric function, logical function, trigonometric function, linear function, piecewise function, real function, vector-valued function, inverse function, derivative of integral, derivative of function, one-to-one function, many-to-one function, many-to-many function, zero crossing, absolute function, signifier function, mean, mode, median, range, statistics, histogram, variance, deviation, divergence, range, total variation, absolute deviation, total deviation, arithmetic mean, geometric mean, trimmed mean, percentile, square root, multiplier, cosine, multiplier , tangent, cotangent, secant, elliptic function, parabolic function, game function, zeta function, absolute value, threshold function, floor function, rounding function, quantization, piecewise constant function, composite function, time functions processed by the operation (e.g. probability function, ergodic function, probability function, periodic function, probability function, inverse frequency transform, discrete time transform, Laplace transform, sine transform, cosine transform, trigonometric transform, wavelet transform, integer transform, power 2 transform, sparse transform, decomposition, primary component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA), neural networks, feature extraction, moving window function for time series, filtering functions, convolution functions, mean functions, histograms, variance/standard deviation functions, short-term transform, discrete transform, time series ... , discrete Fourier transform, discrete cosine transform, eigenvalue decomposition (SVD), singular value, matching pursuit, sparse transform, graph-based transform, graph processing, classification, graph signal processing, classification, labeling, machine learning, detection, feature extraction, network feature extraction, noise removal, encoding, encryption, remapping, vector quantization, high-pass filtering, matched filtering, Kalman filtering, preprocessing, particle filtering, FIR filtering, autoregressive (AR) filtering, adaptive filtering, higher order differentiation, integration, zero crossing, smoothing, mode filtering, sampling, random sampling, resampling function, downsampling, upsampling, interpolation, importance sampling, Monte Carlo sampling, compressive sensing, statistics, short-term statistics, long-term statistics, autocorrelation function, cross-correlation, moment generating function, time average, weighted average, special function, Bessel function, error function, complementary error function, beta function, gamma function, integral function, Gaussian function, Poisson function, etc.

Machine learning, training, discrimination training, deep learning, neural networks, continuous time processing, distributed computing, distributed storage, acceleration using GPU/DSP/co-processors/multi-core/multi-processing may be applied to a step (or each step) of the present disclosure.

The frequency transformation may include a Fourier transform, a Laplace transform, a Hadamard transform, a Hilbert transform, a sine transform, a cosine transform, a trigonometric transform, a wavelet transform, an integer transform, a square transform, a combined zero padding and transform, a Fourier transform with zero padding, and/or another transform. Fast and/or approximate versions of the transform may be performed. The transform may be performed using floating point and/or fixed point arithmetic.

The inverse frequency transform may include an inverse Fourier transform, an inverse Laplace transform, an inverse Hadamard transform, an inverse Hilbert transform, an inverse sine transform, an inverse cosine transform, an inverse trigonometric transform, an inverse wavelet transform, an inverse integer transform, an inverse square transform, a combined zero padding and transform, an inverse Fourier transform with zero padding, and/or another transform. Fast and/or approximate versions of the transform may be performed. The transform may be performed using floating point and/or fixed point arithmetic.

Quantities/features from the TSCI may be computed. The quantities may include at least one of the following: motion, location, position, coordinates, speed, movement angle, movement amount, movement amount, pattern, time, trend, pattern, time pattern, repetitive pattern, time pattern, mutually exclusive pattern, association/correlation, cause/correlation, short term/effect, correlation, short term/effect, correlation, trend, trend, statistics, typical behavior, typical behavior, time trend, time profile, periodic motion, periodic motion, repetition, repetition, motion, repetition, trend, change, sudden change, frequency, transient change, frequency, transient change, respiration, behavior, event, dangerous event, alarm, alarm, warning, proximity, collision, power, signal, signal power, signal strength, signal strength, received signal strength indicator (RSSI), signal amplitude, signal, phase signal, frequency component. , signal frequency components, non-orthogonal statistics, cardiopulmonary statistics, power statistics, heart rate, statistics/analysis, daily activity statistics, tracking, heart rate, statistics/analysis, medical statistics/analysis, early (or immediate or contemporaneous) indicators/indications/indicators/verifiers/indications/suggestions/signs/detection/symptoms, disease/condition/situation, biometric, baby, patient, machine, equipment, temperature, vehicle, parking lot, location, elevator, elevator shaft, space, fluid flow, home, room, office, office, house, building, warehouse, storage, system, ventilation, fan, duct, person, human, car, boat, truck, plane, drone, downtown, crowd, impulsive event, cyclostatic, environment, vibration, material, surface, 3D, 2D, local, global, presence, and/or another measurable quantity/variable.

Sliding window/algorithm

The sliding time window may have a time-varying window width. It may be smaller initially to allow for fast acquisition and may increase over time to a steady-state size. The steady-state size may be related to the frequency, repetitive motion, transient motion, and/or STI being monitored. Even at steady state, the window size may be adaptively (and/or dynamically) changed (e.g., adjusted, modified, altered) based on battery life, power consumption, available computing power, changes in the amount of targets, the nature of the motion to be monitored, etc.

The time shift between two sliding time windows at adjacent time instances can be constant/variable/locally adaptive/dynamically adjusted over time. When a shorter time shift is used, any monitoring updates can be more frequent, which can be used for rapidly changing conditions, object movements, and/or objects. A longer time shift can be used for slower conditions, object movements, and/or objects.

The window width/size and/or time shift may be changed (e.g., adjusted, altered, modified) in response to a user's request/selection. The time shift may be changed automatically (e.g., as controlled by a processor/computer/server/hub device/cloud server) and/or adaptively (and/or dynamically).

At least one characteristic (e.g., a characteristic value or characteristic point) of a function (e.g., an autocorrelation function, an autocovariance function, a cross-correlation function, a cross-covariance function, a power spectral density, a time function, a frequency domain function, a frequency transform) may be determined (e.g., by the object tracking server, a processor, a type 1 heterogeneous device, a type 2 heterogeneous device, and/or another device). At least one characteristic of the function may include: maximum, minimum, extremum, limit, local extremum with positive time offset, first extremum with positive time offset, local extremum with negative time offset, nth extremum, constrained extremum, constrained maximum, significant extremum, slope, derivative, maximum slope, local extremum with positive time offset, local maximum slope, constrained maximum slope, maximum higher order derivative, constrained higher order derivative, zero crossing with positive time offset, nth zero crossing with negative time offset, nth zero crossing with negative time offset, constrained zero crossing, zero crossing of slope, zero crossing of higher order derivative, and/or another characteristic. At least one argument of the function related to at least one characteristic of the function may be identified. Some quantity (e.g., spatiotemporal information of the object) may be determined based on at least one argument of the function.

The characteristics (e.g., characteristics of the movement of an object in a venue) may include at least one of the following: instantaneous characteristics, short-term characteristics, repetition characteristics, temporal characteristics, amplitude characteristics, temporal characteristics, variance characteristics, orthogonal decomposition characteristics, probability characteristics, probability characteristics, autocorrelation function (ACF), mean, variance, spread, deviation, divergence, range, absolute deviation, total deviation, statistics, duration, timing, trend, periodic characteristics, long-term characteristics, historical characteristics, current characteristics, past characteristics, predicted characteristics, position, distance, velocity, velocity, acceleration, angular velocity, change in angular velocity, change in object, angular acceleration, object orientation, angle of rotation, deformation of object, shape of object, change in shape of object, change in size of object, change in structure of object, and/or change in characteristics of object.

At least one maximum and at least one minimum of the function may be identified. At least one local signal-to-noise ratio-like (SNR-like) parameter may be computed for each pair of neighboring maximum and minimum. The SNR-like parameter may be some function (e.g. linear, logarithmic, exponential, monotonic) of the amount (e.g. power, magnitude) of the local maximum over the same amount of the local minimum. It may be a function of the difference between the amount of the maximum and the same amount of the minimum. Significant local peaks may be identified or selected. Each significant local peak may be a maximum with an SNR-like parameter larger than a threshold T1 and/or a maximum with an amplitude larger than a threshold T2. At least one minimum and at least one minimum in the frequency domain may be identified/computed using a persistence-based approach.

A set of selected significant local peaks may be selected from the set of identified significant local peaks based on a selection criterion (e.g., quality criteria, signal quality conditions). An object characteristic/STI may be computed based on the set of selected significant local peaks and frequency values associated with the set of selected significant local peaks. In one example, the selection criterion may correspond to always selecting the strongest peak in the range. The strongest peak may be selected, but peaks that are not selected may still be significant (fairly strong).

Unselected significant peaks may be stored and/or monitored as "reserved" peaks for use in future selections in future sliding time windows. As an example, a particular peak (at a particular frequency) may appear consistently in time. Initially, it may be significant but not selected (because other peaks may be stronger). However, at a later time, the peak may become stronger and more dominant and may be selected. When it is "selected", it may be "selected" back in time to an earlier time when it was significant but not selected. In such a case, the backtraced peak may replace the previously selected peak at an earlier time. The replaced peak may be a relatively weak peak, or a peak that appears alone in time (i.e., appears only briefly in time).

In another example, the selection criteria may not correspond to selecting the strongest peak in the range. Instead, it may consider not only the "intensity" of the peak, but also the "trace" of the peak (peaks that may have occurred in the past, especially peaks that have been identified for a long time).

For example, if a finite state machine (FSM) is used, it may select the peak(s) based on the state of the FSM. The decision threshold may be adaptively (and/or dynamically) computed based on the state of the FSM.

The similarity score and/or component similarity score may be computed (e.g., by a server (e.g., a hub device), a processor, a Type 1 device, a Type 2 device, a local server, a cloud server, and/or another device) based on pairs of temporally adjacent CIs of a TSCI. The pairs may come from the same sliding window or from two different sliding windows. The similarity score may also be based on pairs of temporally adjacent or non-adjacent CIs from two different TSCIs. The similarity score and/or component similarity score may be a time-reversed resonance strength (TRRS), correlation, cross-correlation, autocorrelation, correlation index, covariance, cross-covariance, autocovariance, inner product of two vectors, distance score, norm, metric, quality metric, signal quality condition, statistical property, discrimination score, neural network, deep learning network, machine learning, training, discrimination, weighted average, preprocessing, noise removal, signal conditioning, filtering, time correction, timing compensation, phase offset compensation, transformation, component-wise operation, feature extraction, finite state machine, and/or another score. The characteristics and/or STI may be determined/calculated based on the similarity scores.

Any threshold may be predetermined, adaptively (and/or dynamically) determined, and/or determined by a finite state machine. Adaptive determination may be based on time, space, location, antenna, path, link, condition, battery life, remaining battery life, available power, available computing resources, available network bandwidth, etc.

A threshold may be determined to be applied to a test statistic to distinguish between two events (or two conditions, or two situations, or two states) A and B. Data (e.g., CI, channel state information (CSI), power parameters) may be collected under A and/or under B in a training situation. A test statistic may be computed based on the data. A distribution of the test statistic under A may be compared to a distribution of the test statistic under B (a reference distribution), and a threshold may be selected according to some criteria. The criteria may include maximum likelihood (ML), maximum a posteriori probability (MAP), discriminatory training, minimum type 1 error for a given type 2 error, minimum type 2 error for a given type 1 error, and/or other criteria (e.g., quality criteria, signal quality conditions). The threshold may be adjusted to achieve different sensitivities to A, B, and/or other events/conditions/situations/states. The threshold adjustment may be automatic, semi-automatic, and/or manual. Threshold adjustments may be applied once, occasionally, frequently, periodically, repeatedly, occasionally, sporadically, and/or on-demand. Threshold adjustments may be adaptive (and/or dynamically adjusted). Threshold adjustments may depend on objects, object movements/locations/orientations/actions, object properties/STIs/sizes/characteristics/properties/habits/behaviors, venues, features/fixtures/furniture/barriers/materials/machines/creatures/object boundaries/surfaces/media, maps, map (or environmental model) constraints, events/states/situations/conditions, time, timing, duration, current state, past history, user, and/or personal preferences, etc.

The stopping criterion (or skip, bypass, blocking, pausing, passing, rejection criterion) of the iterative algorithm may be that the change in the current parameter (e.g., offset value) in the update in the iteration is less than a threshold. The threshold may be 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, or another number. The threshold may be adaptive (and/or dynamically adjusted). It may change as the iterations progress. For the offset value, the adaptive threshold may be determined based on the task, the particular value of the first time, the current time offset value, the regression window, the regression analysis, the regression function, the regression error, the convexity of the regression function, and/or the number of iterations.

The local extremum may be determined as a corresponding extremum of the regression function in the regression window. The local extremum may be determined based on a set of time offset values within the regression window and a set of associated regression function values. Each of the set of associated regression function values associated with the set of time offset values may be within a range from a corresponding extremum of the regression function in the regression window.

Searching for local extrema can include: robust search, minimization, maximization, optimization, statistical optimization, binary optimization, constrained optimization, convex optimization, global optimization, local optimization, energy minimization, linear regression, quadratic regression, higher order regression, linear programming, nonlinear programming, stochastic programming, combinatorial optimization, constrained programming, constraint satisfaction, calculus of variations, optimal control, dynamic programming, mathematical programming, convex optimization, convex optimization, local optimization, convex optimization, local optimization, linear regression, quadratic regression Calculus of variations, optimal control, dynamic programming, mathematical programming, multi-objective optimization, multidimensional optimization, segregated programming, space mapping, infinite dimensional optimization, heuristics, metaheuristics, convex programming, semidefinite programming, cone programming, integer programming, quadratic programming, fractional programming, numerical analysis, simplex methods, iterative methods, gradient descent, subgradient methods, coordinate descent, conjugate gradient methods, Newton's method, sequential quadratic programming, interior point methods, ellipsoid methods, reduced gradient methods, quasi-Newton methods, simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation, interpolation methods, pattern search methods, line search, non-differential optimization, genetic algorithms, evolutionary algorithms, dynamic relaxation, hill climbing, particle swarm optimization, gravitational search algorithms, simulated annealing, mimetic algorithms, differential evolution, dynamic relaxation, stochastic tunneling, tabu search, reaction search optimization, curve fitting, least squares, simulation-based optimization, variations, and/or variates. The search for local extrema may be associated with an objective function, a loss function, a cost function, a utility function, a fitness function, an energy function, and/or an energy function.

The regression may be performed using a regression function to fit the sampled data (e.g., CI, features of the CI, components of the CI) or another function (e.g., an autocorrelation function) to a regression window. In at least one iteration, the length of the regression window and/or the position of the regression window may vary. The regression function may be a linear function, a quadratic function, a cubic function, a polynomial function, and/or another function.

The regression analysis may be performed using a number of different weights: error, total error, component error, error in the projection domain, error in the selected orthogonal axis, error in the selected orthogonal axis, absolute error, squared error, absolute deviation, squared deviation, squared deviation, higher order error (e.g., third order, fourth order), robust error (e.g., squared error for smaller errors, absolute error for larger error magnitudes, or first type of error for smaller error magnitudes and second type of error for larger error magnitudes), alternative error, weighted sum (or weighted average) of absolute/squared errors (e.g., a wireless transmitter with multiple antennas and a wireless receiver with multiple antennas, each pair of transmitter antennas and receiver antennas forms a link), mean absolute error, mean squared error, mean absolute deviation. Errors associated with different links may have different weights. One possibility is that some links and/or some components with greater noise or lower signal quality metrics may have smaller or greater weights. weighted sum of squared errors, weighted sum of higher order errors, weighted sum of robust errors, weighted sum of alternative errors, absolute cost, squared cost, higher order cost, robust cost, alternative cost, weighted sum of absolute costs, weighted sum of squared costs, weighted sum of higher order costs, weighted sum of robust costs, and/or weighted sum of alternative costs.

The determined regression error may be an absolute error, a squared error, a higher order error, a robust error, a further error, a weighted sum of the absolute error, a weighted sum of the squared error, a weighted sum of the higher order error, a weighted sum of the robust error, and/or a weighted sum of the further error.

The time offset associated with the maximum regression error (or minimum regression error) of the regression function for a particular function within the regression window can become the current time offset updated in the iteration.

The local extremum may be searched for based on a quantity that includes the difference between two different errors (e.g., the difference between an absolute error and a squared error). Each of the two different errors may include an absolute error, a squared error, a higher order error, a robust error, another error, a weighted sum of absolute errors, a weighted sum of squared errors, a weighted sum of higher order errors, a weighted sum of robust errors, and/or a weighted sum of another error.

The quantity may be compared to reference data or a reference distribution, such as an F-distribution, a central F-distribution, another statistical distribution, a threshold, a threshold associated with a probability/histogram, a threshold associated with a probability/histogram of finding a false peak, a threshold associated with an F-distribution, a threshold associated with a central F-distribution, and/or a threshold associated with another statistical distribution.

The regression window may be determined based on at least one of the following: object motion (e.g., change in position/location), object-related quantity, at least one property and/or STI of the object related to the object motion, estimated location of local extrema, noise characteristics, estimated noise characteristics, object motion (e.g., change in position/location), object-related quantity, at least one property and/or STI of the object related to the object motion, estimated location of local extrema, noise characteristics, estimated noise characteristics, signal quality metric, F-distribution, central F-distribution, another statistical distribution, threshold, preset threshold, probability/histogram-related threshold, desired probability-related threshold, probability of finding a false peak-related threshold, F-distribution-related threshold, central F-distribution-related threshold, another statistical distribution-related threshold. F-distribution-related threshold, central F-distribution-related threshold, another statistical distribution-related threshold, condition that the quantity at the window center is maximum in the regression window, condition that the quantity at the window center is maximum in the regression window, condition that only one of the following local extrema of a particular function for a particular value of time first in the regression window, another regression window, and/or another condition exists.

The width of the regression window may be determined based on the particular extrema to be searched for. The extrema may include: the first extrema, the second extrema, the maximum extrema, the first extrema with the maximum extrema positive offset value, the second extrema with the maximum extrema positive offset value, the second extrema with the maximum extrema positive offset value, the first extrema with the maximum extrema negative offset value, the second extrema with the maximum extrema negative offset value, the first extrema with the maximum extrema negative offset value, the second extrema with the maximum extrema negative offset value, the first extrema with the maximum extrema negative offset value, the second extrema with the maximum extrema negative offset value, the first extrema with the maximum extrema positive offset value, the first extrema with the second extrema positive offset value, the second extrema with the positive offset value, the first extrema with the first negative time offset value with a positive offset value.

The current parameters (e.g., time offset values) may be initialized based on a target value, a target profile, a trend, a past trend, a current trend, a target velocity, a target velocity profile, a target velocity profile, a past velocity trend, an object motion or movement (e.g., position/change in position), at least one feature and/or STI of the object associated with the object motion, a position quantity of the object, an initial velocity of the object associated with the object motion, a predefined value, an initial width of the regression window, a time duration, a value based on the carrier frequency of the signal, a value based on the subcarrier frequency of the signal, a bandwidth of the signal, a quantity of antennas associated with the channel, a noise characteristic, a signal h metric, and/or an adaptive (and/or dynamically adjusted) value. The current time offset may be at the center, left, right, and/or another fixed relative position of the regression window.

In the presentation, information may be displayed along with a map (or environmental model) of the venue. Information may include: location, zone, area, coverage area, corrected location, approximate location, location with respect to the map of the venue, location with respect to a segmentation of the venue, direction, route, trace (e.g., position within a time window such as the last 5 seconds or the last 10 seconds; time window duration may be adaptively (and/or dynamically) adjusted; time window duration may be adaptively (and/or dynamically) adjusted with respect to speed, acceleration, etc.), route history, approximate areas/zones along the route, Past location history/summary, past location history of interest, frequently visited areas, customer traffic, crowd distribution, crowd behavior, crowd control information, movement of people, pets and objects which may include speed, acceleration, motion statistics, breathing rate, heart rate, presence/absence, presence or absence of vital signs, motion, gesture control (control of devices using gestures), location based gesture control (control of devices using gestures), location based actions, identity (ID) or identifier of objects respected (pet, person, autonomous machine/device, vehicle, drone, car, vehicle, boat, bicycle, bike, machine with fan, air conditioner, television, machine with moving parts), user identification information (person, etc.), user position/speed/acceleration/direction/movement/gesture/gesture control/motion trace, user ID or identifier, user activity, user state, user sleep/rest characteristics, user emotional state, user vital signs, venue environmental information, venue weather information, earthquake, explosion, storm, rain, fire, temperature, collision, event open, door event, event close, door event, event open, impact, event win Dough close, event fall down, burning event, freezing event, water related event, wind related event, air movement event, accident event, pseudo-periodic event (e.g. running on a treadmill, jumping up and down, jumping off a rope, artificial jumping, etc.), repeating event, crowd event, vehicle event, user gesture (e.g. hand gesture, arm gesture, foot gesture, leg gesture, body gesture, head gesture, face gesture, mouth gesture, eye gesture, etc.).

The location may be two-dimensional (e.g., having 2D coordinates), three-dimensional (e.g., having 3D coordinates). The location may be relative (e.g., a map or environmental model) or relational (e.g., halfway between point A and point B, around a corner, on the stairs, on a table, on the ceiling, on the floor, on a sofa, close to point A, distance R from point A, within radius R from point A, etc.). The location may be represented in rectangular coordinates, polar coordinates, and/or another representation.

The information (e.g., location) may be marked with at least one symbol. The symbol may be time-varying. The symbol may flash and/or pulsate with or without changing color/intensity. The size may change over time. The orientation of the symbol may change over time. The symbol may be a number reflecting an instantaneous quantity (e.g., vital signs/breathing rate/heart rate/gesture/status/user status/action/movement, temperature, network traffic, network connectivity, device/machine status, device power remaining, device status, etc.). The rate of change, size, orientation, color, intensity, and/or symbol may reflect the respective movement. The information may be presented visually and/or described verbally (e.g., using pre-recorded voice or speech synthesis). The information may be described textually. The information may also be presented in a mechanical manner (e.g., animated gadgets, moving moving parts).

The user interface (UI) device may be a smartphone (e.g., iPhone (registered trademark), Android phone), tablet (e.g., iPad (registered trademark)), laptop (e.g., notebook computer), personal computer (PC), device with a graphical user interface (GUI), smart speaker, device with voice/audio/speaker functionality, virtual reality (VR) device, augmented reality (AR) device, smart car, in-car display, voice assistant, in-car voice assistant, etc.

The map (or environmental model) may be two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and/or higher dimensional (e.g., time-varying 2D/3D map/environment model). Walls, windows, doors, entrances, exits, prohibited areas may be marked on the map or model. The map may include a floor plan of the facility. The map or model may have one or more layers (overlays). The map/model may be a maintenance map/model including water mains, gas mains, cables, air ducts, crawl spaces, ceiling layout, and/or underground layout. The venue may be segmented/divided/subdivided/grouped into multiple zones/areas/geographical regions/sectors/sections/areas/areas/districts/areas ... Different regions may be color coded. Different regions may be presented with characteristics (e.g., color, brightness, color intensity, texture, animation, blinking, blink rate, etc.). Logical segmentation of the venue may be performed using at least one heterogeneous Type-2 device or server (e.g., a hub device), cloud server, etc.

Here is an example of the disclosed system, device, and method. Stephen and his family want to install the disclosed wireless motion detection system to detect motion in their 2000 square foot, two-story townhouse in Seattle, Washington. Since his house has two staircases, Stephen decides to use one Type 2 device (named A) and two Type 1 devices (named B and C) on the first floor. The first floor is primarily a linear arrangement of three rooms: the kitchen, dining room, and living room, with the dining room in the center. The kitchen and living room are on opposite sides of the house. He places the Type 2 device (A) in the dining room, one Type 1 device (B) in the kitchen, and the other Type 1 device (C) in the living room. With this arrangement of devices, he is in effect using the motion detection system to divide the ground floor into three zones (dining room, living room, and kitchen). When motion is detected by the AB and AC pairs, the system analyzes the motion information and associates the motion with one of the three zones.

When Stephen and his family go away for the weekend (e.g., to go camping for a long weekend), Stephen uses a mobile phone app (e.g., an Android phone app or an iPhone app) to turn on the motion detection system. When the system detects motion, an alert signal (e.g., SMS text message, email, push message to the mobile phone app, etc.) is sent to Stephen. After Stephen pays a monthly fee (e.g., $10/month), a service company (e.g., a security company) receives the alert signal through a wired network (e.g., broadband) or wireless network (e.g., home WiFi, LTE, 3G, 2.5G, etc.) and asks Stephen to perform security procedures (e.g., calling him to confirm the problem, checking on the house, contacting the police on Stephen's behalf, etc.). Stephen loves his elderly mother and is concerned about her well-being when he is alone at home. While the rest of the family is out (e.g., going to work, shopping, or going on vacation), his mother uses his mobile app to turn on the motion detection system to ensure that his mother is OK. He then uses the mobile app to monitor his mother's movements around the house. When Stephen uses the mobile app to see his mother moving around the house in the three areas, according to her daily routine, he knows that his mother is doing well. Stephen is grateful that the motion detection system can help him monitor his mother's well-being while he is away from home.

On a typical day, Mom wakes up around 7am. She cooks breakfast in the kitchen for about 20 minutes. Then she eats breakfast in the dining room for about 30 minutes. Then she exercises daily in the living room, sitting on the living room couch and watching her favorite TV show. The motion detection system allows Stephen to see the timing of movements in each of the three areas of the house. When the movements match the daily routine, Stephen knows that Mom should be fine. But if the movement pattern seems abnormal (e.g., no movement until 10am, staying in the kitchen for a long time, or not stopping for a long time), Stephen suspects something is wrong and calls Mom to check on her. Stephen can even get someone (e.g., family, neighbors, paid people, friends, social workers, service providers) to check on Mom.

Sometimes Stephen feels like relocating a Type 2 device. He simply unplugs the device from the original AC power plug and plugs it into another AC power plug. He is pleased that the wireless motion detection system is plug-and-play and relocation does not affect the operation of the system. It works as soon as he powers it on.

Later, Stephen is convinced that the disclosed wireless motion detection system can indeed detect motion with very high accuracy and very low alarms, and he can indeed use the mobile app to monitor the motion on the ground floor. He decides to install a similar installation (i.e., one Type 2 device and two Type 1 devices) on the second floor to monitor the bedroom on the second floor. Once again, the system is very easy to set up, and he only needs to plug the Type 2 and Type 1 devices into the AC power plug on the second floor. No special installation is required. Also, the same mobile app can be used to monitor the motion on the first and second floors. Each Type 2 device on the first/second floors can interact with the Type 1 devices on both the first and second floors. Stephen is happy to see that doubling his investment in Type 1 and Type 2 devices will more than double the capacity of the combined system.

According to various embodiments, each CI (CI) may include at least one of channel state information (CSI), frequency domain CSI, frequency domain CSI associated with at least one subband, frequency domain CSI, time domain CSI, channel response, estimated channel response, channel impulse response (CIR), channel frequency response (CFR), channel characteristics, channel filter response, CSI of a wireless multipath channel, information of a wireless multipath channel, timestamp, auxiliary information, data, metadata, user data, account data, access data, security data, session data, status data, supervision data, home data, identification information (ID), identifier, device data, network data, proximity data, environmental data, real-time data, sensor data, stored data, encrypted data, compressed data, protected data, and/or another CI. In one embodiment, the disclosed system has hardware components (e.g., a wireless transmitter/receiver with an antenna, analog circuitry, power supply, processor, memory) and corresponding software components. According to various embodiments of the present teachings, the disclosed system includes a Bot (referred to as a Type 1 device) and an Origin (referred to as a Type 2 device) for vital signs detection and monitoring. Each device includes a transceiver, a processor, and a memory.

The disclosed system may be applicable in many cases. In one example, the Type 1 device (transmitter) may be a small WiFi-enabled device on a table. It may also be a WiFi-enabled television (TV), set-top box (STB), smart speaker (e.g., Amazon Echo), smart refrigerator, smart microwave, mesh network router, mesh network satellite, smartphone, computer, tablet, smart plug, etc. In one example, the Type 2 (receiver) may be a WiFi-enabled device on a table. It may also be a WiFi-enabled television (TV), set-top box (STB), smart speaker (e.g., Amazon Echo), smart refrigerator, smart microwave, mesh network router, mesh network satellite, smartphone, computer, tablet, smart plug, etc. Type 1 and Type 2 devices may be placed in/near a conference room for people counting. Type 1 and Type 2 devices may be in a health monitoring system for the elderly to monitor daily activities and any signs of symptoms (e.g., dementia, Alzheimer's disease). Type 1 and Type 2 devices may be used in infant monitors to monitor vital signs (breathing) of live infants. Type 1 and Type 2 devices may be placed in bedrooms to monitor sleep quality and any sleep apnea. Type 1 and Type 2 devices may be placed in cars to monitor passenger and driver health, detect driver sleep, and detect infants left in the car. Type 1 and Type 2 devices may be used in logistics to prevent human trafficking by monitoring people hidden in trucks and containers. Type 1 and Type 2 devices may be deployed by emergency services in disaster areas to look for victims trapped in debris. Type 1 and Type 2 devices may be deployed in an area to detect the breathing of any intruders. There are many applications of wireless respiratory monitoring without wearables.

Hardware modules can be built to include Type 1 transceivers and/or Type 2 transceivers. The hardware modules can be sold/used by variable brands to design, build and sell final commercial products. Products that may be used with the disclosed systems and/or methods include home/office security products, WiFi products, STBs, entertainment products, TVs, entertainment products, HiFi, speakers, home appliances, ovens, tables, chairs, beds, tools, torches, vacuum cleaners, sofas, fans, doors, windows, door handles, locks, smoke detectors, car accessories, computing devices, office devices, air conditioners, heaters, connectors, monitoring cameras, access points, mobile devices, LTE devices, 3G/4G/6G devices, UMTS devices, GSM devices, EDGE devices, TDMA devices, CDMA devices, WCDMA devices, TD-SCDMA devices, gaming devices, glasses, VR goggles, necklaces, watches, waistbands, belts, wallets, pens, hats, wearables, embedded devices, tags, parking tickets, smartphones, etc.

The summary may include analysis, output response, selected time window, subsampling, transformation, and/or projection. Presenting may include presenting at least one of a month/week/day view, simplified/detailed view, cross-sectional view, small/large form factor view, color-coded view, comparison view, summary view, animation, web view, audio announcement, and another presentation related to the periodic/repetitive nature of the repetitive action.

A Type 1/Type 2 device can be: an antenna, a device having an antenna, a device having an antenna, a device having a housing (for a radio, antenna, data signal processor, radio IC, circuit, etc.), a device having an interface to attach/connect/link an antenna, a device that interfaces/attaches/connects/links to other devices/systems/computers/phones/networks/data aggregators, a device having a user interface (UI)/graphical UI/display, a device having a wireless transceiver, a device having a wireless transmitter, a device having a wireless receiver, an IoT device, a device having a wireless network, a device with wired and wireless network capabilities, a device having a wireless integrated circuit (IC), a Wi-Fi device, a device with a Wi-Fi chip (e.g. 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax compliant), a Wi-Fi access point (AP), a Wi-Fi client, a Wi-Fi router, a Wi -Fi repeater, Wi-Fi hub, wireless mesh network router/hub/AP, ad-hoc network router, wireless mesh network equipment, mobile device (e.g. 2G/2.5G/3G/3.5G/4G/LTE/5G/6G/7G, UMTS, 3GPP, GSM, EDGE, TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA), mobile terminal, base station, mobile network base station, mobile network hub, mobile network compatible terminal, LTE terminal, LTE module equipped terminal mobile modules (e.g., substrates with mobile-enabled chips (ICs) such as Wi-Fi chips, LTE chips, BLE chips, etc.), Wi-Fi chips (ICs), LTE chips, BLE chips, devices with mobile modules, smartphones, companion devices for smartphones (dongles, attachments, plug-ins, etc.), dedicated devices, plug-in devices, AC powered devices, battery-powered devices, devices with processors/memory/instruction sets, smart devices/gadgets/items. Clocks, stationery, pens, user interfaces, paper, mats, cameras, televisions, set-top boxes, microphones, speakers, refrigerators, ovens, machines, phones, wallets, furniture, doors, windows, ceilings, floors, walls, tables, chairs, beds, nightstands, air conditioners, heaters, pipes, ducts, cables, carpets, decorations. Gadgets, USB devices, plugs, dongles, lamps/lights, tiles, ornaments, bottles, vehicles, automobiles, automated guided vehicles, robots, laptops, tablets, computers, hard disks, network cards, musical instruments, rackets, balls, shoes, wearables, clothing, glasses, hats, necklaces, food, pills, small devices that move inside a living organism (e.g., in blood vessels, lymphatic fluid, digestive tract), and/or other devices. Type 1 and/or Type 2 devices may be communicatively connected to the Internet, another device with access to the Internet (e.g., a smartphone), a cloud server (e.g., a hub device), an edge server, a local server, and/or storage. Type 1 and/or Type 2 devices may operate with local control, may be controlled by another device via a wired/wireless connection, may operate automatically, or may be controlled remotely (e.g., away from home) by a centralized system.

In one embodiment, a Type B device may be a transceiver that can perform as both an Origin (Type 2 device, Rx device) and a Bot (Type 1 device, Tx device), i.e., a Type B device may be both a Type 1 (Tx) and a Type 2 (Rx) device (e.g., simultaneously or alternatively), e.g., a mesh device, mesh router, etc. In one embodiment, a Type A device may be a transceiver that can function only as a Bot (Tx device), i.e., only as a Type 1 device, or only as a Tx, e.g., a simple IoT device. It may have the capability of an Origin (Type 2 device, Rx device), but in some embodiment is only functioning as a Bot. All Type A and Type B devices form a tree structure. The root may be a Type B device with network (e.g., Internet) access. For example, it may be connected to the broadcast service through a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet, cable modem, ADSL/HDSL modem) or wireless connection (e.g., LTE, 3G/4G/5G, WiFi, Bluetooth, microwave link, satellite link, etc.). In one embodiment, all type A devices are leaf nodes. Each type B device may be a root node, a non-leaf node, or a leaf node.

The Type 1 device (transmitter, or Tx) and Type 2 device (receiver, or Rx) may be on the same device (e.g., RF chip/IC), or may simply be on the same device. The device may operate in high frequency bands such as 28 GHz, 60 GHz, 77 GHz, etc. The RF chip may have dedicated Tx antennas (e.g., 32 antennas) and dedicated Rx antennas (e.g., another 32 antennas).

One Tx antenna can send a radio signal (e.g., a sequence of probing signals, perhaps at 100 Hz). Alternatively, all Tx antennas (at Tx) may be used to transmit radio signals using beamforming, so that the radio signals are focused in a direction (e.g., for energy efficiency, or to boost the signal-to-noise ratio in that direction, or for low-power operation when "scanning" that direction, or when an object is known to be in that direction).

The radio signal strikes objects (e.g., a living human lying on a bed 4 feet away from the Tx/Rx antennas, breathing and heartbeat) in the venue (e.g., a room). Movement of the object (e.g., lung movement in response to breathing rate, or blood vessel movement in response to heartbeat) can affect/modulate the radio signal. All Rx antennas can be used to receive the radio signal.

Beamforming (in Rx and/or Tx) can be applied (digitally) to "scan" different directions. Many directions can be scanned or monitored simultaneously. In beamforming, a "sector" (e.g., direction, orientation, bearing, zone, region, segment) can be defined relative to the Type 2 device (e.g., relative to the center position of the antenna array). For each probe signal (e.g., pulse, ACK, control packet, etc.), channel information or CI (e.g., Channel Impulse Response/CIR, CSI, CFR) is obtained/computed (e.g., from the RF chip) for each sector. In blow detection, CIR can be collected in a sliding window (e.g., 30 seconds; with a 100 Hz sounding/probing rate there may be 3000 CIRs over 30 seconds).

The CIR may have many taps (e.g., N1 components/tap). Each tap may be associated with a time lag, or time of flight (tof, e.g., time to strike a person on the back 4 feet away). When a person is breathing in a certain direction at a certain distance (e.g., 4 ft), the CIR for the "certain direction" may be searched for. The tap corresponding to the "certain distance" may then be searched for. Respiration rate and heart rate may then be calculated from the taps of that CIR.

Each tap within a sliding window (e.g., a 30-hour window of the "component time series") can be thought of as a time function (e.g., a "tap function", a "component time series"). Each tap function can be examined in searching for strong periodic behavior (e.g., corresponding perhaps to respiration in the range 10 bpm to 40 bpm).

Type 1 devices and/or Type 2 devices may have external connections/links and/or internal connections/links. The external connections (e.g., connection 1110) may be associated with 2G/2.5G/3G/3.5G/4G/LTE/5G/6G/7G/NBIoT, UWB, WiMax, Zigbee, 802.16, etc. The internal connections (e.g., 1114A and 1114B, 1118, 11120) may be associated with WiFi, IEEE 802.11 standards, 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ag/af/ah/ai/aj/ax/ay, Bluetooth, Bluetooth 1.0/1.1/1.2/2.0/2.1/3.0/4.0/4.0/4.1/4.2/5, BLE, mesh networks, IEEE 802.16/1/1a/1b/2/2a/b/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p standards, etc.

The Type 1 device and/or Type 2 device are powered by a battery (e.g., AA battery, AAA battery, coin cell battery, button battery, small battery, battery bank, power bank, vehicle battery, hybrid battery, vehicle battery, container battery, non-rechargeable battery, secondary battery, NiCd battery, NiMH battery, lithium ion battery, zinc carbon battery, zinc chloride battery, lead acid battery, alkaline battery, battery with wireless charger, smart battery, solar cell, boat battery, plain battery, other battery, temporary energy storage device, capacitor, flywheel).

Any device may be powered by DC or direct current (e.g., from a battery, generator, power converter, solar panel, rectifier, DC-DC converter, having various voltages such as 1.2V, 1.5V, 3V, 5V, 6V, 9V, 12V, 24V, 40V, 42V, 48V, 110V, 220V, 380V, etc., as described above) and therefore may have a DC connector or a connector with at least one pin for DC power.

Any device may be powered by AC or alternating current (e.g., a domestic wall outlet, transformer, inverter, reshower, having various voltages such as 100V, 110V, 120V, 100-127V, 200V, 220V, 230V, 240V, 220-240V, 100-240V, 250V, 380V, 50Hz, 60Hz, etc.) and therefore may have an AC connector or a connector with at least one pin for AC power. Type 1 devices and/or Type 2 devices may be located (e.g., installed, positioned, moved) within or outside the venue.

For example, in a vehicle (e.g., automobile, truck, lorry, bus, specialty vehicle, tractor, excavator, excavator, shovel, teleporter, bulldozer, crane, forklift, electric trolley, AGV, emergency vehicle, cargo, wagon, rail car, trailer, container, boat, ferry, ship, submarine, aircraft, aircraft lift, monorail, train, rail car, rail vehicle, etc.), the Type 1 device and/or Type 2 device may be an embedded device embedded in the vehicle or an add-on device (e.g., an aftermarket device) plugged into a port of the vehicle (e.g., an OBD port/socket, a USB port/socket, an accessory port/socket, a 12V auxiliary power outlet, and/or a 12V cigarette lighter port/socket).

For example, one device (e.g., a Type 2 device) may be plugged into a 12V cigarette lighter/accessory port or an OBD port or a USB port (e.g., of a car/truck/vehicle) and the other device (e.g., a Type 1 device) may be plugged into a 12V cigarette lighter/accessory port or an OBD port or a USB port. The OBD port and/or USB port may provide power, signal and/or network (of the car/truck/vehicle). The two devices may jointly monitor passengers, including children/babies, in the vehicle. They may be used to count passengers, recognize the driver, and detect the presence of a passenger in a particular seat/position in the vehicle.

In another example, one device may be plugged into a 12V cigarette lighter/accessory port or an OBD port or a USB port on a car/truck/vehicle, and the other device is a 12V cigarette lighter/accessory port or an OBD port or another.

In another example, there may be many type A (e.g., type 1 or type 2) devices in many heterogeneous vehicles/portable devices/smart gadgets (e.g., automated guided vehicles/AGVs, shopping/luggage/mobile carts, parking tickets, golf carts, bicycles, smartphones, tablets, cameras, recording devices, smart watches, roller skates, shoes, jackets, goggles, hats, eyewear, wearables, Segways, scooters, luggage tags, cleaners, vacuum cleaners, pet tags/collars/wearables/implants), each connected to the vehicle's 12V accessory port/OBD port/USB port or built into the vehicle. Another type B (e.g., if A is type 2, then B is type 1; if A is type 1, then B is type 2) devices may be installed at scattered locations to cover a large area, such as gas stations, street lights, street corners, tunnels, parking structures, factories/stadiums/train stations/shopping malls/construction sites, etc. Type A devices may be located, tracked, and monitored based on TSCI.

The area/venue may not have local connectivity, e.g., broadband service, WiFi, etc. Type 1 and/or Type 2 devices may be portable. Type 1 and/or Type 2 devices may support plug and play.

Pair-wise wireless links may be established between many pairs of devices forming a tree structure. In each pair (and associated link), a device (the second device) may be a non-leaf (type B). The other device (the first device) may be a leaf (type A or type B) or a non-leaf (type B). In the link, the first device acts as a bot (type 1 device or Tx device) to transmit a wireless signal (e.g., a probe signal) to the second device over a wireless multipath channel. The second device may act as an Origin (type 2 device or Rx device) to receive the wireless signal, obtain the TSCI, and compute "linkwise analytics" based on the TSCI.

In some embodiments, the present teachings disclose systems and methods for wireless sensing. In one embodiment, a type 1 heterogeneous wireless device or a type 2 heterogeneous wireless device is one of many heterogeneous wireless devices or stations (STAs) in a space.

Roles in wireless sensing: A Type 1 device, a Type 2 device, or another STA functions as a sensing initiator. A sensing initiator is a STA that initiates a wireless sensing procedure (or a sensing procedure using WiFi, WLAN, 5G, UWB, mmWave, WiMax, WiGig, Bluetooth, or another wireless system). At least one STA (e.g., a Type 1 device, a Type 2 device, a sensing initiator, a sensing transmitter, a sensing receiver, or another STA) can function as a sensing responder. A sensing responder may be a STA that participates in a sensing procedure initiated by a sensing initiator. At least one STA (e.g., a Type 1 device, a Type 2 device, a sensing initiator, a sensing responder, a sensing receiver, or another STA) can function as a sensing transmitter. The sensing transmitter may be a STA that transmits a wireless signal used for sensing measurements in a wireless sensing procedure (e.g., a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU), a data packet frame (NDP), an NDP announcement (NDPA) frame, or some sounding signal in WiFi). At least one STA (e.g., a type 1 device, a type 2 device, a sensing initiator, a sensing responder, a sensing transmitter, or another STA) can function as a sensing receiver. The sensing receiver may be a STA that receives a wireless signal transmitted by a sensing transmitter (e.g., a PPDU, NDPA, NDP, or some sounding signal in WiFi) and performs sensing measurements in a WLAN sensing procedure.

A STA can assume one or more possible roles (e.g., sensing initiator, sensing receiver, sensing transceiver, sensing receiver, sensing contributor, SBP requesting STA) in one (or more) sensing procedures. In a sensing procedure, a sensing initiator may be a sensing transmitter, a sensing receiver, both, or neither. In a sensing procedure, a sensing responder may be a sensing transmitter, a sensing receiver, or both.

Sensing procedure: A sensing procedure enables a STA to perform sensing and obtain measurement results. A sensing procedure may consist of one or more of sensing session setup, sensing measurement setup, sensing measurement instance, sensing measurement setup termination, and sensing session termination. A sensing procedure may consist of one or more sensing measurement instances.

Sensing session: A sensing session may be an agreement between a sensing initiator and a sensing responder to participate in a sensing procedure. A sensing procedure may consist of zero or at least one sensing measurement instance. Some examples of sensing procedures are shown in Figures 1 and 2.

The Measurement Setup ID can be used to identify the attributes of the sensing measurement instance. The Measurement Instance ID can be used to identify the sensing measurement instance that uses the attributes of the same Measurement Setup ID. The Dialog Token field may be used to include both the Measurement Setup ID and the Measurement Instance ID. At least one type of sensing measurement result can be defined. The sensing transmitter and sensing receiver roles of the STA corresponding to the Measurement Setup ID may be fixed, unchanged, changed, modified or adjusted as determined during the sensing measurement setup until the sensing measurement setup is terminated.

In the sensing session setup of the sensing procedure, a sensing session may be established and operational parameters related to the sensing session may be determined and exchanged between STAs. The sensing session may be pair-wise and may be identified by a MAC address, an associated AID/UID, a session ID, or another ID. A sensing initiator may maintain multiple sensing sessions. A STA may be a sensing initiator in one session and a sensing responder in another session.

An optional negotiation process in the sensing measurement setup may be defined to allow the sensing initiator and the sensing responder to exchange and agree on operational attributes related to the sensing measurement instance. The operational attributes may include the initiator and responder roles, the measurement report type (for non-local reporting, local reporting, or both), and other operational parameters.

In a sensing measurement instance of a sensing procedure, a sensing measurement may be performed to obtain a sensing measurement result. Multiple sensing responders may participate in a sensing measurement instance. There are at least two types of sensing measurement instances: (a) trigger-based (TB) sensing measurement instances and (b) non-TB sensing measurement instances.

TB Sensing Measurement: A TB sensing measurement instance may consist of a polling phase, an NDPA sounding phase, a trigger frame (TF) sounding phase, a reporting phase, and/or an LTF security update phase. The ordering between the sounding phases may be such that NDPA sounding precedes TF sounding or vice versa. The order may change over time.

Some examples of possible TB sensing measurement instances are shown in FIG. 3. As shown in FIG. 3, two sounding orders are shown in Examples 3 and 4. The reporting phase in Example 5 may be separated in time from the sounding phase. This may be delayed reporting. The polling of the reporting phase in Example 5 may be addressed to responders other than the responders involved in the sounding.

Polling Phase: In the polling phase, an AP (WiFi access point, 3G/4G/5G/6G base station, hub, etc.) may send a trigger frame to check the availability of the STA. If the STA is available, the STA may respond with a CTS-to-self.

NDPA Sounding: The NDPA sounding phase may be present in a TB sensing measurement instance if at least one STA that is a sensing receiver responds in the polling phase. The NDPA sounding phase may consist of (a) the transmission of a sensing NDP Announcement (NDPA) frame by the AP, and (b) the transmission of an NDP by the AP after the transmission of the sensing NDPA frame. The NDP may be used for channel measurements (e.g., CI, CSI, CIR, CFR, etc.) between the sensing transceiver and the sensing receiver (e.g., sub-7 GHz band).

TF Sounding: If at least one STA that is a sensing transmitter responds in the polling phase, a trigger frame (TF) sounding phase may be present in the TB sensing measurement instance. The TF sounding phase may consist of (a) the transmission of a trigger frame (TF) by the AP to solicit an NDP transmission from the STA, and (b) the transmission of an NDP by the STA after receiving the trigger frame. The NDP is used for channel measurements (e.g., CI, CSI, CIR, CFR, etc.) between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver (e.g., in the sub-7 GHz band).

Local/Non-Local Reporting: In the reporting phase of a sensing measurement instance, the sensing measurement results may be reported. Measurement results performed in a sensing procedure may be reported and/or obtained locally, non-locally, both (i.e., both locally and non-locally), or none (i.e., not reported, e.g., if the CI variance is below a threshold that suggests the CI may be essentially the same as the previous CI).

If reported locally, the sensing measurements may be reported locally at the sensing receiver or at the location where the sensing measurements may be measured. Such local reporting may be accomplished via some software interface, such as a Medium Access Control (MAC) Sublayer Management Entity (MLME) primitive, or a firmware application program interface (or API). Some application or higher level software may use the software interface (e.g., using a software interrupt) to obtain or read the sensing measurements.

If reported non-locally, the measurement results may be reported non-locally to other devices or STAs (e.g., at least one of a sensing initiator, a sensing responder, a sensing transmitter, a sensing receiver, a Type 1 device, a Type 2 device, a neighboring STA, another STA, or some local or cloud server).

Measurement results may be reported both locally and non-locally (e.g., simultaneously, simultaneously, alternating, selectively, adaptively, and/or in an on-demand/scheduled/planned manner). Within a measurement "span" (time period), measurement results reporting may consist of a combination of local and non-local reports (e.g., simultaneously local/non-local reporting, alternating local/non-local/both/none reporting, local/non-local/both/none reporting selected by a specific mechanism, adaptively determined local/non-local/both/none reporting, on-demand local/non-local/both/none reporting, scheduled local/non-local/both/none reporting, planned (e.g., threshold-based) local/non-local/both/none reporting in response to some situation/condition/event).

The settings (e.g., a combination of local and non-local reporting, any setup parameters, any session setup parameters, one of the measurement setup parameters) may be applied to a "measurement span". A measurement span may include multiple sensing initiators, or sensing initiator identities, or sensing initiator IDs, or multiple sessions associated with one (or more) sensing initiators, or sessions, or session identities, or session IDs, or multiple measurement setups within a session, or measurement setups, or measurement setup IDs, or measurement setup IDs, or multiple measurement instances associated with a measurement setup (or measurement setup ID), or measurement instances associated with a measurement instance number.

In simultaneous reporting, both local and non-local reporting may be performed simultaneously or concurrently. In alternating reporting, the measurement instances are partitioned into groups of consecutive sensing results, with a first group reported in a first manner, a second group reported in a second manner, a third group reported in a third manner, and so on, where each of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, etc. methods may be either (a) only local, (b) only non-local, (c) both local and non-local, or (d) none (not reported).

The type/accuracy/processing/other specifications of measurement results reported non-locally in a sensing procedure/session/measurement instance may be determined (non-locally) by the sensing initiator. The type/accuracy/processing/other specifications of measurement results reported locally in a sensing procedure may be determined (locally) via a software interface (e.g. MLME primitives) at the sensing receiver or where the results are measured. Local/non-local reporting may be enabled/disabled (non-locally) by the sensing initiator or by negotiation between the sensing initiator and the sensing responder. Switching between local and non-local reporting may be fully controlled by the sensing initiator, or partly by the sensing initiator and partly via a software interface at the sensing responder.

Sensing Measurement Report Frame: A Sensing Measurement Report frame may be defined that allows a sensing receiver to report sensing measurements non-locally. This frame may include at least two fields: (a) a Measurement Report Control field that contains information necessary to interpret the Measurement Report field, and (b) a Measurement Report field that carries the sensing measurement results obtained by the sensing receiver (e.g., channel information, CI, CSI, CIR, CFR, RSSI, or some variant).

Each local and non-local reporting may be initiated by the respective MLME. The transmission of a Sensing Measurement Report frame may be initiated by an MLME primitive. Both immediate and delayed reporting may be performed.

At sensing session end, the STA stops performing measurements and ends the sensing session.

Threshold-based reporting: An optional threshold-based measurement and reporting procedure may be performed. The difference between the currently measured CI (e.g., CSI) and the last measured CI (e.g., CSI) may be quantified. This difference may be referred to as the CI variance. A threshold may be defined (e.g., by the sensing initiator, the sensing responder, the sensing transmitter, the sensing receiver, another STA, and/or some server) to be used by the sensing receiver in the threshold-based procedure. By comparing the CI variance to a threshold, the sensing receiver may report measurements (e.g., original or transformed, uncompressed or compressed measurements) if the CI variance is likely to be large (e.g., larger than some threshold or falling into the "large" category).

CI Variation Options: CI variability may consist of multiple quantities/measurements/options (e.g., two CI variability measures may be selected from seven options). As an example, CI variability options may include any of the following: difference (current CI minus previous CI), moving average difference (moving average of current CI minus moving average of previous CI), magnitude difference (or L1-norm, i.e., magnitude of current CI minus magnitude of previous CI), power difference (power of current CI minus power of previous CI), difference between current value and moving average (current CI minus moving average of CI), high-pass or band-pass filter output, dot product (dot product of current CI minus previous CI, both vectors), dot product of moving averages, dot product of magnitude, dot product of power, autocorrelation function (of CI), autocorrelation function of CI magnitude, autocorrelation of CI power, autocorrelation of CI function, autocovariance, etc.

Selection: The same, similar or different threshold-based measurement and reporting procedures may be applied to local and non-local reports, (a) the amount of CI variation measures used for local and non-local reports may be the same or different, (b) the selection of CI variation measures used for local and non-local reports may be the same or different, and/or (c) the thresholds used for local and non-local reports may be the same and/or different.

For non-local reporting, the enablement/disablement of threshold-based reporting, the amount and choice of CI change, and the corresponding thresholds can be determined by the sensing initiator, or may be determined by at least one of the sensing responder, the sensing transmitter, a Type 1 device, another STA, and/or a server, or may be determined locally by the sensing receiver or a Type 2 device. Some precision reduction measures (quantization, approximation, etc.) may be applied to the measurement results before they are reported non-locally.

For local reporting, the enablement/disablement of threshold-based reporting, the amount and option of CI variation, and the corresponding thresholds may be determined locally by the sensing receiver or Type 2 device. They may also be determined non-locally by at least one of the sensing initiator, the sensing responder, the sensing transmitter, the Type 1 device, another STA, and/or some server. For local reporting, precision reduction measures applied to the measurement results prior to non-local reporting may or may not be applied (i.e., may or may not be skipped). For local reporting, the measurement results may be reported with the highest precision supported by the sensing receiver hardware.

Buffering timeout: During a sensing session, the measurement results associated with a measurement instance and the corresponding measurement setup ID may be buffered and remain available for local/non-local reporting to the sensing receiver (or type 2 device) for a period comparable to the sounding period associated with the measurement setup ID (e.g., a percentage of the sounding period). The sounding period associated with the measurement setup ID is the target time between two consecutive measurement instances as negotiated in the sensing measurement setup.

CSI as a measurement result: CI (e.g., CSI, CIR, CFR, RSSI, or the channel measured during the training symbol of the received PPDU) may be a type of sensing measurement result (e.g., in the case of sub-7 GHz WiFi/WLAN). To enable sensing, a parameter (e.g., RXVECTOR parameter CI_ESTIMATE) may be defined that includes the channel measured during the training symbol of the received wireless signal (e.g., WiFi/WLAN PPDU). The format of the parameter (e.g., CI_ESTIMATE) may be the same as that used in the measurement report field in the Sensing Measurement Report frame.

Centralized computing: Some sensing networks consisting of STAs form a centralized sensing system in which most of the high-level sensing computation tasks based on sensing measurement results (or "consumption" of sensing results, e.g., motion detection, respiration detection/monitoring, fall detection, etc.) are performed centrally by a centralized device (which may be STAs and sensing initiators, or devices that request STAs to act as sensing initiators). On the other hand, the majority of STAs (sensing responders, sensing transmitters, sensing receivers, Type 1 devices, Type 2 devices, etc.) do not participate in high-level sensing tasks. When sensing measurement results are generated at the centralized device, local-only reports may be used at the centralized device, and centralized computation of high-level sensing computation tasks may be performed, and the sensing measurement results do not need to be transmitted from most STAs to the centralized device (which requires a lot of network resources, airtime, bandwidth, hardware/software resources, and involves significant time delays). When sensing measurements are generated by a majority of the STAs, non-local-only reporting is used by a majority of the STAs to send all measurement results to a centralized device, which performs centralized computing of high-level sensing computation tasks. However, such non-local-only reporting can use a significant amount of network resources, airtime, bandwidth, hardware/software resources, and introduce significant time delays.

Distributed computing: Some sensing networks form a distributed sensing system, in which most of the high-level sensing computation tasks based on the sensing measurement results are distributed or shared among most of the STAs, and each high-level task result is sent to a centralized device (e.g., a STA and a sensing initiator, or a device requesting a STA to act as a sensing initiator) for fusion and/or further processing. If the sensing measurement results are generated by most of the STAs, local-only reporting may be performed and distributed computing of the high-level sensing tasks may be performed. If the sensing measurement results are generated by a centralized device, the centralized device may need to send each result to each STA for distributed computing.

Example: As an example, there may be a base device (e.g., a WiFi access point/AP, or a 3G/4G/5G/6G/7G/8G base station or hub) that acts as a sensing initiator, and there may be a number of client devices (e.g., WiFi IoT devices, mobile phones, or 3G/4G/5G/6G/7G/8G client devices).

Case 1: The base device uses trigger-based (TB) sensing measurement by sending a trigger frame (TF) to request an NDP from the client device, and the measurement results are generated at the base device. In this method, only local reporting is performed at the base device, and central computing of high-level tasks is performed at the base device.

Case 2: The base device can use non-TB sensing measurements by sending NDPA and NDP to the client device such that the measurement results are generated at the client device. In this way, local-only reporting is performed at the client device and distributed computing of higher-level tasks is performed at the client device. The client can send the results of the higher-level tasks to the base device for fusion and further processing.

Example (Proxy): In another example, the initiating device (e.g., a STA as a real sensing initiator) can request the base device to act as a sensing initiator (proxy sensing initiator) to establish a sensing network with the IoT device. In case 1, the base device sends all measurement results to the initiating device, which can perform centralized computation of high-level tasks. In case 2, the client device sends the results of high-level tasks to the base device, which sends them to the initiating device for fusion and further processing (at the initiating device).

Sharing of measurement instances: In one embodiment, a measurement instance may be associated with one measurement setup. In another embodiment, sharing of measurement instances in a session may be disclosed. A measurement instance may be shared by multiple measurement setups in a sensing session (by being associated with multiple measurement setup IDs, the same initiator-responder pair), and measurements are performed using a "shared" or "combined" measurement setup, which may be a superset that encompasses the multiple measurement setups (e.g., if one setup is 300 Hz with two antennas and another is 200 Hz with three antennas, the combined setup may be 300 Hz with three antennas). The combined sounding frequency may be equal to or greater than the sounding frequencies of the multiple measurement setups, and may be equal to or less than their least common multiple (LCM) (e.g., the LCM of 200 and 300 is 600). For example, the combined sounding frequency may be the maximum of the sounding frequencies (e.g., the maximum of 200 and 300 is 300). Or it may be the LCM. Such sharing of measurement instances may be useful when the bulk sampling times of the multiple measurement setups coincide or are very close to each other. The amount of antenna coupling may be the maximum of the number of antennas of the multiple measurement setups.

As an example, sharing measurement instances is useful for two measurement setups that differ only in sounding frequency, one of which is a factor of the other (e.g. 100 Hz vs. 200 Hz, all other settings are the same). By sharing measurement instances, all the slower (lower sounding frequency) measurement instances are absorbed into the faster measurement instances. By sharing measurement instances, 100 measurement instances can be saved (now 200 instances per second vs. 300 instances per second previously). This reduces a lot of network resources (airtime, bandwidth, hardware/software usage).

As another example, sharing measurement instances is useful for two measurement setups that differ only in sounding frequency, where the two sounding frequencies have a sufficiently large GCF (greatest common denominator), e.g., 200 Hz vs. 300 Hz, GCF=100, all other settings being identical. Sharing measurement instances can save 10 measurement instances (previously 500 total measurement instances per second vs. now 400 per second). In general, if GCF=N, N measurement instances per second can be saved. Two measurement instances can be merged or shared if their GCF is greater than a threshold.

In another embodiment, sharing of measurement instances across multiple sessions may be disclosed. There may be multiple sessions, each associated with a unique session ID. A measurement instance may be shared by multiple measurement setups for multiple sensing sessions (multiple sessions corresponding to multiple initiator-responder pairs by being associated with multiple measurement setup IDs and multiple session IDs), and measurements are performed using a "shared" or "combined" measurement setup, which may be a superset that encompasses the multiple measurement setups. Such sharing of measurement instances is useful to eliminate or avoid "redundant" measurement instances when different initiator-responder pairs select similar or the same measurement setup parameter sets.

As an example, a smart TV can establish a first sensing session with the AP, where the AP is the sensing initiator. A smart thermostat can establish a second sensing session with the AP, where the AP is the sensing initiator. Both sensing sessions may have the same or very similar measurement setup parameter sets (e.g., both have 100 Hz for "same" and 100 Hz vs. 200 Hz for "similar" with all other settings being the same). For example, some smart professor may publish a paper that shares a very good measurement setup parameter set (e.g., 100 Hz). In the "same" case, both the TV and the thermostat may have the same settings (e.g., both 100 Hz) because they are designed based on the published results. In the "similar" case, one device may have adjusted its sounding frequency from 100 Hz to 200 Hz to achieve the required performance, resulting in a "similar" setting (100 Hz vs. 200 Hz). As explained above, by allowing sharing of measurement instances across multiple sessions, savings of 100 instances per second can be achieved.

In general, two measurement instances (within the same session or across multiple sessions) associated with two different measurement setups may be "merged" or "shared" if the difference between their sampling times may be less than a threshold.

In some embodiments, applications can benefit from "local" reporting/consumption of sensing measurements (e.g., CSI) at the sensing receiver instead of "non-local" reporting (sent to the sensing initiator using sensing measurement report frames)/consumption (by the sensing initiator). For example, the sensing initiator and the sensing receiver may be designed/operated by the same company to jointly perform sensing tasks. The sensing initiator is designed to set up a WLAN sensing network, and the sensing receiver is designed to perform most of the sensing calculations (e.g., motion/breath detection) locally based on the locally reported sensing measurements. The locally calculated sensing results (much simpler than raw sensing measurements) may be sent to the sensing initiator for fusion/further processing.

This significantly reduces the heavy network resources (signaling, bandwidth, airtime, delay) required for non-local reporting due to the large scale of the sensing measurements (e.g., CSI). Local consumption distributes the sensing computation to many sensing receivers, each with relatively low computation/memory requirements. In contrast, non-local consumption centralizes the sensing computation entirely in the sensing initiator, resulting in higher computation/memory requirements. Thus, according to some embodiments of the present teachings, the sensing measurements are reported locally at the sensing receivers via MLME primitives.

In some embodiments, the threshold-based procedure is extended from non-local reporting to local reporting of sensing measurements. For local reporting, an option "threshold-based local reporting" may be defined. In some embodiments, the option "threshold-based local reporting" (and associated threshold) may be selected/deselected by an MLME primitive. If the sensing measurement can be reported locally at the sensing receiver, then "threshold-based local reporting" may be applied to the local reporting at the sensing receiver. Threshold-based local reporting means that the sensing measurement is reported locally if the "variance of the sensing measurement" is greater than a threshold.

In various embodiments, "threshold-based local reporting" can be applied in a voluntary or mandatory manner at the sensing receiver. In some embodiments, the thresholds used in "threshold-based local reporting" can be set via an MLME in the sensing receiver. In some embodiments, at least one "sensing measurement variance" (SMV) is available for "threshold-based local reporting". In some embodiments, one of the at least one SMV is selected via an MLME in the sensing receiver.

In some embodiments, the wireless device may reduce the accuracy of the sensing measurements by performing some quantization on the sensing measurements (e.g., CSI) before transmitting in the sensing measurement report frame. This helps to reduce computational complexity, reduce hardware costs, and achieve increased/sustained throughput. However, for local consumption by the sensing receiver (or local reporting of the sensing measurements), the sensing measurements may/should be reported with as high accuracy as possible.

In some embodiments, for purposes of non-local reporting at the sensing receiver, the precision reduction measures applied to the sensing measurements may be skipped. In some embodiments, the sensing measurements may be reported locally at the sensing receiver via the MLME with the highest precision supported by the sensing receiver's hardware.

In some embodiments, sensing measurements may require a significant amount of memory to store/buffer in the sensing receiver. Due to limited memory allocated in the sensing receiver hardware, it may be expensive, if not impossible, to buffer new sensing measurements if old sensing measurements are not "cleared" - either to be sent for non-local reporting or to be read for local reporting.

In some embodiments, older sensing measurement results may be overwritten by new ones. Therefore, sensing measurement results associated with a measurement instance with a measurement setup ID should be buffered and available for local/non-local reporting for a period comparable to the sounding period associated with the measurement setup ID (e.g., a percentage of the sounding period, such as 50%). This allows higher level applications to know when they have to obtain sensing measurement results using MLME primitives.

The sounding period associated with a measurement setup ID is the target duration between two consecutive measurement instances negotiated in the corresponding sensing measurement setup. In some embodiments, a statement is added to the SPF that sounding measurements associated with a measurement instance with a measurement setup ID should be buffered and available for local/non-local reporting for a time duration comparable to the sounding period associated with the measurement setup ID.

In various embodiments, there are different ways of reporting the sensing measurement results. First, the sensing measurement results can be reported only non-locally, without local reporting, which is suitable for a centralized sensing system. Second, the sensing measurement results can be reported only locally, without non-local reporting, which is suitable for a fully distributed sensing system. Third, the sensing measurement results can be reported both locally and non-locally, which is suitable for a hybrid sensing system. Fourth, there is no reporting of the sensing measurement results or the reporting is paused/stopped. For example, the sensing measurement/session can be paused for privacy protection. Pausing can be achieved by terminating the measurement setup and resuming later by starting a new measurement setup.

According to the first method, only non-local reporting of sensing measurements using sensing measurement report frames is done, but no local reporting. In this method, all sensing measurements are sent elsewhere and consumed non-locally. This is useful in a centralized sensing system where the sensing responders do not participate in consuming the sensing measurements. That is, they do not perform high level WLAN sensing computations (detecting/monitoring motion, breathing, falls, etc.). This increases the network traffic, airtime, or resources spent on sending raw sensing measurements (e.g., CSI) and causes significant time delays (for the sensing initiator to collect all the sensing measurements). Moreover, this requires centralized computation, resulting in high computation/storage requirements for the sensing initiator. This method is suitable for "cooperative" sensing receivers that only cooperate in generating and sending back sensing measurements.

According to the second method, only local reporting of sensing measurement results is done, no non-local reporting. In this method, all sensing measurement results are consumed locally at the upper layer of the sensing responder and are not sent to the sensing initiator. This is useful in the distributed case where each sensing receiver performs high-level WLAN sensing computations related to the (local) sensing measurements (motion detection/monitoring, breathing, falls, etc.). The sensing initiator is responsible for setting up the sensing responders to form the WLAN sensing network. The sensing initiator can act as a sensing transmitter or a sensing receiver. In some embodiments, the sensing receiver can share the computed sensing results (which require little network bandwidth, airtime, or resources) with the sensing initiator for fusion/further processing. This only induces local computing, with lower computing/storage requirements than the first method. There are no network resources used to transmit the demanding raw sensing measurements, and they are better suited to "partner" sensing receivers that help perform some of the high-level computing.

According to the third method, both local and non-local reporting is performed and sensing measurement results are consumed both locally and non-locally. This is useful in hybrid cases where both sensing responders and sensing initiators participate in consuming sensing measurements. That is, the sensing responders share some high-level WLAN sensing computations with the sensing initiator. As with the first method, the third method incurs more network traffic, airtime, or resources spent on transmitting raw sensing measurements (e.g., CSI). Because the third method performs both centralized and distributed computing, the sensing initiator has similar computation/memory requirements as the first method and the sensing receiver has similar requirements as the second method.

The hybrid case means centralized and distributed computing. As an example, the AP is the sensing initiator and there are many IoT devices as sensing responders (or the AP is required to be a proxy).

An exemplary "recipe" for centralized computing is as follows: AP uses TF to perform TB sensing measurements, requests NDP from IoT devices, and has measurements generated at the AP. Local-only reporting is sufficient for centralized computing; no measurements are sent over the air.

An example "recipe" for distributed computing is as follows: AP can use non-TB sensing measurements by sending NDPA+NDP to IoT device so that the measurements are generated at the IoT device. For distributed computing at IoT device, local-only reporting is sufficient. No measurements are sent over the air.

In some embodiments, the selection between local and non-local reporting remains the same for measurement instances with the same measurement setup ID. Local or non-local reporting can be selected at different levels or granularity, including at the session setup level (e.g., local/non-local reporting selection applies to all measurement setups in a session), at the measurement setup level (e.g., local/non-local reporting selection applies to one measurement setup), or both (e.g., selection at the session level or one bit at the session level indicating the measurement setup level and then the corresponding level).

In some embodiments, one measurement instance is associated with one measurement setup. However, it may be useful to associate one measurement instance with multiple measurement setups in a sensing session with measurements performed using a "shared" measurement setup. In a first example, the multiple shared measurement setups may be two measurement setups with a large number of measurement instances that match each other. In a second example, the two or more shared measurement setups may be two measurement setups that differ only in sounding frequency where F1 is a factor of F2 (e.g., 10 Hz vs. 20 Hz, all other settings are the same, 30 instances/sec becomes 20 instances/sec). In a third example, the multiple shared measurement setups are two measurement setups that differ only in sounding frequency and have a large greatest common factor (GCF) (e.g., 20 Hz vs. 30 Hz, all other settings are the same, GCF = 10, 20 + 30 = 50 instances/sec becomes 40 instances/sec. If GCF = N, the instance savings is N). In a fourth example, the multiple shared measurement setups may be two measurement setups with different sounding frequencies and antenna numbers (e.g., 10 Hz/3 antennas vs. 20 Hz/2 antennas, "shared" measurement setup = 3 antennas). Sharing sensing measurements can reduce the total amount of measurement instances, meaning less airtime/bandwidth/network resources for sensing, less buffering memory, lower power, longer battery life, etc.

In some embodiments, it may be useful to share measurement instances of different sensing sessions (e.g., different initiator-responder pairs), where measurements are performed using a "shared" measurement setup. If the initiator is an AP and the responder is an IoT device, some "common" and "good" settings are likely to be used by many IoTs, causing their measurement setup parameters to be very similar. In one example, a shared measurement setup in TB-based sensing is two measurement setups that differ only in sounding frequency, one a factor of the other (e.g., a smart TV wants 10 Hz, but a smart speaker wants 20 Hz, and all other settings are identical). In another example, a shared measurement setup in TB-based sensing is two measurement setups that differ in sounding frequency and number of antennas (e.g., a smart TV wants 10 Hz with 3 antennas, but a smart speaker wants 20 Hz with 2 antennas, and the "shared" measurement setup is two antennas). Sharing sensing measurements can reduce the total amount of measurement instances, which means less airtime/bandwidth/network resources for sensing, less buffering memory, lower power consumption, and longer battery life.

In some embodiments, the sounding transmitter may associate a measurement instance with up to N measurement setup IDs, where N is an integer. Among the N measurement setup IDs, local/non-local reporting is performed in a predefined (e.g., increasing) order of the measurement setup IDs.

In some embodiments, "measurement instance sharing" is permitted in a sensing session. In some embodiments, "measurement instance sharing" allows for associating an instantaneous (individual) measurement instance with N sensing measurement setup IDs and for performing the associated sensing measurement using an instantaneous "common" setup that allows the sensing measurement to meet all requirements/specifications of the N sensing measurement setup IDs, where N is an integer equal to or greater than 1.

In some embodiments, "measurement instance sharing" is an option in a sensing session, and "measurement instance sharing" allows for associating an instantaneous (individual) measurement instance with N sensing measurement setup IDs and for performing the associated sensing measurements using an instantaneous "common" setup that allows the sensing measurements to meet all requirements/specifications of the N sensing measurement setup IDs, where N is an integer equal to or greater than 1.

In some embodiments, the access of CSI is controlled for privacy protection. In WLAN sensing, there are different functional roles: Sensing Initiator starts the sensing procedure and has access to CSI. Sensing Responder participates in the session procedure and has access to CSI if it is a receiver. Sensing Transmitter transmits sensing PPDU. Sensing Receiver performs sensing measurements, reports sensing measurements, and has access to CSI. There may also be SBP Requesting STAs that request SBP procedures and have access to CSI.

In some embodiments, the sensing system can maintain a classification of STAs to manage CSI access. In one example, the system can allow the most trusted class of STAs to play all roles (with full CSI access) including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (e.g., user's IoT devices from trusted sources). In another example, the system can allow a class of STAs to play several roles (with limited CSI access) such as {1, 2, 3, 4}, {2, 3, 4}, or {4} (e.g., user's IoT devices from less trusted sources, neighboring devices). In another example, the system can allow a class of STAs to play several roles (without CSI access) such as responder, not receiver, or {3} (e.g., for unknown devices). In another example, the system can allow a class of STAs to play no roles (without CSI access) (e.g., hostile devices, compromised devices).

In some embodiments, an optional sensing by proxy (SBP) procedure may be defined as follows. First, an "SBP request" involves a non-AP STA sending an SBP Request frame to an SBP-enabled AP STA. The STA sending the SBP Request frame to initiate SBP (and consequently WLAN sensing) is denoted as an "SBP requesting STA". The format and content of the SBP Request frame are determined. Second, the AP STA receiving the SBP Request can send an SBP Response frame to the SBP requesting STA to accept or reject the request. The format and content of the SBP Response frame are determined. Next, the AP STA that accepts the SBP request can initiate a WLAN sensing procedure with one or more non-AP STAs using operational parameters derived from the operational parameters indicated in the SBP Request. Measurement results obtained during the WLAN sensing procedure resulting from an SBP request may be reported to the SBP requesting STA.

In some embodiments, the sensing by proxy with local reporting (SBP-LR) procedure may be defined as follows: An "SBP-LR request" involves a non-AP STA sending an SBP-LR Request frame to an SBP-LR capable AP STA. The STA sending the SBP-LR Request frame to trigger SBP-LR (and consequently WLAN sensing) is denoted as the "SBP-LR requesting STA". The format and content of the SBP Request frame are determined. The AP STA receiving the SBP-LR Request may accept or reject the request by sending an SBP-LR Response frame to the SBP-LR requesting STA. If accepted, the AP may promise to run SBP-LR for a certain period of time. When the period ends, ABP-LR may stop. However, the STA (or another STA) requesting the SBP-LR can send another "continuation request" with the SBP-LR setup ID. The format and content of the SBP-LR Response frame is determined. The AP STA accepting the SBP-LR request can initiate a WLAN sensing procedure with one or more non-AP STAs using operating parameters derived from the operating parameters indicated in the SBP-LR Request frame. Measurement results may be reported only locally (i.e., locally to the sensing receiver), only remotely (to the AP STA forwarding the SBP-LR/SBP requesting STA), or both locally and remotely.

In some embodiments, the SBP-LR setup ID may be associated with SBP-LR setup and/or operational parameters. Each measurement instance may be associated with one or more SBP-LR setup IDs. The AP STA may store/buffer/process/forward/redirect/reroute/distribute/utilize/act upon/distribute the sensing measurement results received from the sensing receivers.

In some embodiments, the AP STA may perform non-TB sensing measurements with the non-AP STAs using an NDP transmitted to the non-AP STAs such that the sensing measurements are performed in each of the non-AP STAs and the measurement results are reported locally at the non-AP STAs. The AP STA may perform non-TB sensing measurements between the non-AP STAs using an NDP transmitted from the non-AP STAs such that the sensing measurements are performed in the AP STAs and the measurement results are reported locally at the AP STAs. The AP STA may perform non-TB sensing measurements with the non-AP STAs by transmitting some NDPs to the non-AP STAs and some NDPs from the non-AP STAs. In this way, the sensing measurement results may not be transmitted wirelessly from the sensing receiver to the AP STA. In some embodiments, the AP STA may perform TB sensing measurements with the non-AP STAs such that the sensing measurements are performed in the AP STAs and the measurement results are reported locally at the AP STAs.

For local reporting of the sensing receiver, unsolicited/unconsumed measurement results may be retained until a timeout period. Beyond the timeout period, the measurement results may be persisted (e.g., persisted until overwritten, persisted until the timeout period), discarded, overwritten, or retained. One or more high-level application processes in the non-AP STA may use an MLME primitive to request the non-AP STA to join the SBP-LR on the corresponding sounding frequency. The sensing measurement results may be retrieved via the MLME primitive within the timeout period. The AP STA may perform wireless (e.g., WLAN, 4G/5G/6G/7G/8G, Bluetooth, WiMax, Wi-Fi, etc.) sensing procedures for multiple SBP-LR requests/SBP requests and/or multiple SBP-LR requesting STAs/SBP requesting STAs. An AP STA can perform the WLAN sensing procedure as a service for multiple SBP-LR requesting STAs/SBP requesting STAs. As long as there is one SBP-LR/SBP request, the AT STA may start performing the WLAN sensing procedure. When all SBP-LR/SBP requests are satisfied and finished and there are no more requests, the service may be paused.

If there are two or more SBP-LR/SBP requests with different sensing parameters (e.g., one with 20 Hz sounding and one with 10 Hz, or one with 20 Hz and one with 30 Hz), the AP STA may execute a wireless sensing procedure with a "superset" of sensing parameters such that all SBP-LR/SBP requests are satisfied simultaneously. Alternatively, the AP STA may execute multiple wireless sensing procedures such that each SBP-LR/SBP request is satisfied by multiple wireless sensing procedures. For example, the AP STA may execute multiple wireless sensing procedures, e.g., A, B, and C, each with respective sensing parameters. The first SBP-LR/SBP request may be satisfied by A (or a part of A). The second request may be satisfied by combining A and B. The third request may be satisfied by A and C. The fourth request may be satisfied by A, B, and C, etc.

In some embodiments, the multiple SBP-LR/SBP requesting STAs may be selected or authorized STAs to transmit SBP-LR/SBP requests. The AP STA may reject/reject SBP-PR/SBP requests from non-selected/non-authorized STAs.

In some embodiments, the AP STA can provide privacy protection/access control for the wireless sensing system formed by the AP STA and non-AP STAs. The AP STA may belong to a user and be installed in the user's home/office/facility. The user can designate/nomine/select some user devices (e.g., the user's devices, some authorized users' devices, the user's trusted devices, the user's recognized devices, the user's authorized devices) as "authorized" or "selected" STAs that send SBP-LR/SBP requests to enable sensing, using some authentication protocol, some pairing procedure, some identification procedure, some password, etc. The user can also designate/nomine/select some WiFi devices (e.g., neighboring WiFi devices, public devices, commercial devices, unknown devices, devices not trusted by the user, or devices owned by unauthorized users such as tenants, residents or visitors of the user's home/office/facility) that are "visible" to the AP STA as "unauthorized" or "unselected" or "rejected" devices.

In some embodiments, in a mesh network where multiple AP STAs cooperate to form a mesh network, some or all of the AP STAs may perform SBP or SBP-LR. Each AP STA may perform wireless sensing independently with its respective set of "client" STAs. A client STA may perform wireless sensing with one or more AP STAs. Alternatively, some or all of the AP STAs may perform wireless sensing jointly or cooperatively. The sounding of two AP STAs may be synchronous, near-synchronous, simultaneous, out of phase with a certain phase difference, or not. Consider three APs: AP1, AP2, and AP3. Each of the three APs may perform one or more wireless sensing procedures (e.g., A, B, C for AP1, D, E, F for AP2) with respective sensing parameters. D and A may be related. D and A may have the same sensing parameters. Similarly, E and B may be related or similar or identical. F and C may be related, similar, or identical. AP1 and AP2 may perform A and D simultaneously, simultaneously, synchronously (with or without phase delay), or asynchronously. AP1 and AP2 may perform A and B alternately (e.g., AP1 does A while AP2 does B, and AP1 does B while AP2 does A, so A=D, B=E), or in stages (e.g., AP1 does A, AP2 does D while AP1 does B, AP2 does E while AP1 does C, and AP2 does F while AP1 does A, so AP2 may be one step behind AP1). AP3 may perform wireless sensing in a manner relative to AP1 only, AP2 only, or both AP1 and AP2.

In some embodiments, a distributed computing "recipe" is implemented. The AP can use non-TB sensing measurements by sending NDPA+NDP to the IoT device so that the measurement results are generated at the IoT device. Distributed computing at the IoT device requires only local reporting; there is no over-the-air transmission of the measurement results.

In some embodiments, the sensing by proxy (SBP-LR) procedure with local reporting for multiple SBP-LR requesting STAs (e.g., one request for 10Hz/20MHz/1 antenna, one request for 30Hz/40MHz/4 antenna, one request for 15Hz/40MHz/3 antenna) can be defined as follows: When multiple SBP-LR requesting STAs send SBP-LR requests to an SBP-LR-capable AP STA, the AP can assign an SBP-LR setup ID to each set of requested parameters. For those with identical request parameters, the SBP-LR setup ID can be the same, which means sharing the SBP-PR setup ID. When the AP establishes a session with a non-AP STA, the AP obtains the maximum parameter set supported by the non-AP STA. Thus, the AP can know which non-AP STAs can participate in each SBP-LR setup. The AP performs measurement setup with each non-AP STA in a measurement setup based on the SBP-LR setup. Some measurement setup IDs may be reserved for the SBP-LR setup.

In some embodiments, selective SBP may be applied. A proxy initiator (e.g., SBP initiator) may send a request to a wireless access point (AP) that is a proxy responder (e.g., SBP responder) so that non-selective wireless sensing (e.g., SBP) is performed between the AP (acting as a sensing initiator on behalf of the proxy initiator) and any available sensing responder (e.g., non-AP STA/device, another AP, mesh AP) in the AP's wireless network. Each available sensing responder may be assigned/associated with an identity (ID, e.g., MAC address). The proxy initiator (e.g., SBP initiator) may send another request to the AP to perform selective wireless sensing (e.g., selective SBP) with a group of selected sensing responders in the AP's wireless network. Each selected sensing responder may be identified by a respective ID. The same or different sensing configurations may be used for different sensing responders. The same or different sensing configurations may be used for a sensing responder for different target tasks (in the case of multiple target tasks) or different proxy initiators (in the case of multiple proxy initiators).

The proxy initiator can request the AP to provide a list of sensing-enabled devices in the AP's network that support/capable of wireless sensing (e.g., 802.11bf compatible) along with associated device information (e.g., device name, hostname, vendor class ID, device product name). The proxy initiator can select a selected sensing responder based on the list and associated device information.

The proxy initiator can use a two-stage approach to perform selective wireless sensing for the target task. In stage 1, the proxy initiator can request/perform/use non-selective wireless sensing (i.e. sensing with all available sensing responders) to perform trial/test/training tasks with all sensing responders and select selected sensing responders based on the sensing results and some criteria. The trial/test/training task can be a motion detection task. In the trial/test/training task, the location (or mapping to the target physical device) of each sensing responder in the venue can be estimated and selected based on the estimated location (or mapping) of the sensing responder. The proxy selection device can also select some devices from the list of sensing-enabled devices that did not participate in stage 1.

Then, in stage 2, the proxy-initiator can request/perform selective wireless sensing for the target task with the selected sensing responder. The trial/test/training task may be related to the target task in some way. The trial/test/training task may have low sensing requirements such that all sensing capable wireless responders can meet the requirements and participate in non-selective wireless sensing. The trial/test/training task may have sensing results that are useful for the selection of the selected sensing responder.

The proxy initiator may use a two-stage approach to perform selective wireless sensing for the two target tasks. For each target task, a respective stage 1 followed by a respective stage 2 may be performed. Alternatively, a common stage 1 may be performed in which a first group of selected sensing responders is selected for the first target task and a second group is selected for the second target task. The first group may or may not overlap with the second group. Separate stage 2 may then be performed (e.g., sequentially, simultaneously, or contemporaneously) for the two target tasks based on the respective groups of selected sensing responders. If the first and second groups overlap with at least one common sensing responder appearing in both groups, sensing results associated with the common sensing responder may be shared by both target tasks.

A two-stage approach may be used for two different proxy initiators to perform selective wireless sensing for their respective target tasks. For each target task of each proxy initiator, a respective stage 1 may be performed followed by a respective stage 2. Alternatively, a first common stage 1 may be performed for the first proxy initiator (to select a group of sensing responders selected for each of its target tasks) and then a separate stage 2 may be performed (to perform selective wireless sensing for each of its target tasks). Similarly, a second common stage 1 may be performed for the second proxy initiator and then a separate stage 2 may be performed for each of its target tasks. Alternatively, a third common stage 1 may be performed for both proxy initiators and then a separate stage 2 may be performed for each target task. If a common sensing responder is selected for multiple target tasks, the sensing results associated with the common sensing responder may be shared by the multiple target tasks.

The proxy initiator may be an "authorized" or "trusted" device that the AP allows/authorizes/authenticates to initiate either a non-selective SBP or a non-selective SBP, or both. A first test/configuration/procedure may be performed for the SBP-initiator to be authorized by the AP to initiate a non-selective SBP (first authorization). A second test/configuration/procedure may be performed for the SBP-initiator to be authorized by the AP to initiate a selective SBP (second authorization). An SBP-initiator may have either or both of the first and second authorizations. Either the first and second authentication may imply the other.

The proxy initiator may be connected to the AP via a wireless connection (e.g., the AP's wireless network, WiFi, WiMax, 4G/5G/6G/7G/8G, Bluetooth, UWB, mmWave, etc.) or via a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet, USB, fiber optic, etc.).

The sensing responder may or may not support non-selective proxy sensing (e.g., SBP), selective proxy sensing, or both. When sending sensing results to the AP for onward transmission to the proxy initiator, the sensing responder may encrypt/process the sensing results such that they may not be decrypted/interpreted/consumed/sensed by the AP (which does not have the decryption key), but may be decrypted/interpreted/consumed/sensed by the proxy initiator (which does have the decryption key).

In some embodiments, the SBP initiator may request the SBP responder (e.g., during SBP setup, or during the SBP setup request frame, or during the SBP setup protocol/exchange/signaling) to restrict the sensing procedure in the SBP to a list of non-AP STAs selected as sensing responders, and the SBP responder may restrict the sensing procedure in the SBP to a list of non-AP STAs selected as sensing responders. Each selected non-AP STA may be specified by its MAC address. If requested, the SBP responder may not include non-AP STAs that are not selected as sensing responders in the sensing procedure in the SBP. The SBP initiator may include itself as one of the sensing responders.

In some embodiments, a bit pattern in the SBP setup request frame may be used to indicate the presence or absence of such a request. If the bit pattern indicates the presence of a request, a field may be present in the SBP setup request frame indicating the number/count/amount of selected non-AP STAs. The MAC addresses of the list of selected non-AP STAs may be sent in or after the SBP setup request frame.

In some embodiments, there are different use cases for wireless sensing. The first use case of wireless sensing is shown in FIG. 4. In this case, the AP is both the sensing initiator and the sensing transmitter for wireless sensing. The 802.11bf compatible STA may be the sensing responder and the sensing receiver for wireless sensing. In this case, the sensing measurement results (e.g., CSI) may be fed back to the sensing initiator. Some sensing-based results (e.g., tasks and applications such as respiration detection, fall detection) may be calculated by the sensing initiator based on the sensing measurement results.

The second use case of wireless sensing is shown in Figure 5. In this case, the AP is both the sensing initiator and the sensing transmitter for wireless sensing. An 802.11bf compatible STA may be the sensing responder and the sensing receiver for wireless sensing. In this case, there is no feedback of sensing measurement results (e.g., CSI) to the sensing initiator. Some sensing-based results may be calculated by the sensing responder based on the sensing measurement results. The sensing-based results may be used by the sensing responder or may be transmitted elsewhere.

The third use case of wireless sensing is shown in Figure 6. In this case, the AP is both the sensing responder and the sensing receiver for wireless sensing. The 802.11bf compatible STA may be the sensing initiator and the sensing transmitter for wireless sensing. In this case, the sensing measurement results (e.g., CSI) may be fed back to the sensing initiator. Some sensing-based results (e.g., tasks and applications such as respiration detection, fall detection, etc.) may be calculated by the sensing initiator based on the sensing measurement results.

The fourth use case of wireless sensing is shown in Figure 7. In this case, the AP is both the sensing responder and the sensing receiver for wireless sensing. An 802.11bf compatible STA may be the sensing initiator and the sensing transmitter for wireless sensing. In this case, there is no feedback of the sensing measurement results (e.g., CSI) to the sensing initiator. Some sensing-based results may be calculated by the sensing responder (AP) based on the sensing measurement results. The sensing-based results may be used by the sensing responder or may be transmitted elsewhere.

The fifth use case of wireless sensing is shown in Figure 8. In this case, the AP is both the sensing initiator and the sensing receiver for wireless sensing. The 802.11bf compatible STA may be the sensing responder and the sensing transmitter for wireless sensing. In this case, the sensing measurement results (e.g., CSI) may be obtained by the sensing initiator. Some sensing-based results (e.g., tasks and applications such as respiration detection, fall detection) may be calculated by the sensing initiator based on the sensing measurement results.

The sixth use case of wireless sensing is shown in Figure 9. In this case, the AP is both a sensing responder and a sensing transmitter for wireless sensing. An 802.11bf compatible STA may be a sensing initiator and a sensing receiver for wireless sensing. In this case, the sensing measurement results (e.g., CSI) may be obtained by the sensing initiator. Some sensing-based results (e.g., tasks and applications such as respiration detection, fall detection) may be calculated by the sensing initiator based on the sensing measurement results.

The seventh use case of wireless sensing is the sensing by proxy (SBP) case shown in FIG. 10. In this case, the AP is both the sensing initiator and the sensing transmitter for wireless sensing. The 802.11bf compatible STA may be the sensing responder and the sensing receiver for wireless sensing. In this case, the sensing measurement results (e.g., CSI) may be fed back to the SBP requesting STA. Some sensing-based results (e.g., tasks and applications such as respiration detection, fall detection, etc.) may be calculated by the SBP requesting STA based on the sensing measurement results.

The eighth use case of wireless sensing is the sensing by proxy (SBP) case shown in FIG. 11. In this case, the AP is both the sensing initiator and the sensing receiver for wireless sensing. The 802.11bf compatible STA may be the sensing responder and the sensing transmitter for wireless sensing. In this case, the sensing measurement results (e.g., CSI) may be fed back to the SBP requesting STA. Based on the sensing measurement results, sensing-based results (e.g., tasks and applications such as respiration detection, fall detection, etc.) may be calculated by the SBP requesting STA.

The ninth use case of wireless sensing is the sensing by proxy (SBP) case shown in FIG. 12. In this case, the AP is both the sensing initiator and the sensing transmitter for wireless sensing. 802.11bf compatible STAs may be the sensing responders and the sensing receivers for wireless sensing. In this case, there is no feedback of sensing measurement results (e.g., CSI) to the SBP requesting STA. Some sensing-based results (e.g., tasks and applications such as respiration detection, fall detection, etc.) may be calculated by the sensing responder based on the sensing measurement results.

The tenth use case of wireless sensing is the sensing by proxy (SBP) case shown in FIG. 13. In this case, the AP is both the sensing initiator and the sensing transmitter for wireless sensing. An 802.11bf compatible STA may be the sensing responder and the sensing receiver for wireless sensing. In this case, the PPDU is broadcast from the AP to one or more sensing responders with the same sensing measurement setup, and there is no feedback of the sensing measurement results (e.g., CSI) to the SBP requesting STA. Some sensing-based results (e.g., tasks and applications such as respiration detection, fall detection) may be calculated by the sensing responder based on the sensing measurement results.

In some embodiments, the present teachings disclose systems and methods for wireless sensing. In some embodiments, when sensing results (e.g., CSI) are reported locally at the sensing receiver, a timestamp may be included in the report. The timestamp includes the time when a wireless signal (i.e., a sensing physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) sent from the sensing transmitter to the sensing receiver) from a Type 1 device (which may be a sensing transmitter) was received by a Type 2 device (sensing receiver). In some embodiments, the timestamp may be used for time base correction (e.g., in respiration detection/monitoring).

In some embodiments, each measurement instance is associated with only one measurement setup, although it can be associated with multiple sessions.

However, it is useful to associate one measurement instance with multiple measurement setups. This means reduced airtime/bandwidth/network resources for sensing, reduced buffering memory, lower power consumption, longer battery life, etc. In some embodiments, there is sharing of measurement instances within a session. Figure 14 shows an example of associating a measurement instance with multiple measurement setup IDs.

In some embodiments, sharing of measurement instances between sessions is possible. The standard allows one measurement instance to be associated with multiple sessions, so a measurement instance associated with multiple measurement setups can be associated with multiple sets of {measurement setup ID, session ID}. Figure 15 shows an example of a measurement instance with multiple {measurement setup ID, session ID}.

Thus, in some embodiments, in 802.11bf, a measurement instance may or may not be allowed to be associated with one or more measurement setup IDs. In some embodiments, in 802.11bf, a measurement instance may or may not be allowed to be associated with one or more {measurement setup ID, session ID}s.

16 is an exemplary block diagram of a first wireless device, e.g., a bot 1600, of a system for wireless sensing according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The bot 1600 is an example of a device that may be configured to implement various methods described herein. As shown in FIG. 16, the bot 1600 includes a processor 1602, a memory 1604, a transceiver 1610 consisting of a transmitter 1612 and a receiver 1614, a synchronization controller 1606, a power module 1608, an optional carrier configurator 1620, and a housing 1640 including a wireless signal generator 1622.

In this embodiment, the processor 1602 controls the general operation of the bot 1600 and may include one or more processing circuits or modules, such as a central processing unit (CPU) and/or any combination of general purpose microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), controllers, state machines, gate logic, discrete hardware components, dedicated hardware finite state machines, or any other suitable circuits, devices, and/or structures capable of performing calculations or other manipulations of data.

The memory 1604 may include both read-only memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM) and may provide instructions and data to the processor 1602. A portion of the memory 1604 may also include non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM). The processor 1602 typically performs logical and arithmetic operations based on program instructions stored in the memory 1604. The instructions (also known as software) stored in the memory 1604 may be executed by the processor 1602 to perform the methods described herein. The processor 1602 and the memory 1604 together form a processing system that stores and executes software. As used herein, "software" refers to any type of instruction capable of configuring a machine or device to perform one or more desired functions or processes, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, or the like. The instructions may include code (e.g., in source code format, binary code format, executable code format, or any other suitable format). The instructions, when executed by one or more processors, cause the processing system to perform various functions described herein.

The transceiver 1610, including the transmitter 1612 and the receiver 1614, allows the bot 1600 to transmit and receive data to and from a remote device (e.g., Origin or another bot). The antenna 1650 is typically mounted to the housing 1640 and is electrically coupled to the transceiver 1610. In various embodiments, the bot 1600 includes multiple transmitters, multiple receivers, and multiple transceivers (not shown). In one embodiment, the antenna 1650 is replaced with a multi-antenna array 1650 capable of forming multiple beams, each pointing in a separate direction. The transmitter 1612 can be configured to wirelessly transmit signals having different types or functions, such signals being generated by the processor 1602. Similarly, the receiver 1614 is configured to receive wireless signals having different types or functions, and the processor 1602 is configured to process multiple different types of signals.

The bot 1600 in this example can function as a bot or type 1 device or sensing transmitter for wireless sensing. The synchronization controller 1606 in this example is configured to control the operation of the bot 1600 to be synchronized or asynchronous with another device, such as an Origin or another bot. In one embodiment, the synchronization controller 1606 can control the bot 1600 to be synchronized with an Origin that receives a wireless signal transmitted by the bot 1600. In another embodiment, the synchronization controller 1606 may control the bot 1600 to transmit a wireless signal asynchronously with the other bots. In another embodiment, the bot 1600 and each of the other bots can transmit a wireless signal individually and asynchronously.

The carrier configurator 1620 is an optional component of the Bot 1600 for configuring transmission resources, e.g., time and carrier, for transmitting the wireless signal generated by the wireless signal generator 1622. In one embodiment, each CI of the time series of CIs has one or more components, each corresponding to a carrier or subcarrier of the transmission of the wireless signal. Wireless sounding sensing may be based on any one or any combination of the components.

The power module 1608 can include a power source, such as one or more batteries, and a power regulator to provide regulated power to each of the above-mentioned modules of FIG. 16. In some embodiments, if the Bot 1600 is coupled to a dedicated external power source (e.g., a wall outlet), the power module 1608 can include a transformer and a power regulator.

The various modules described above are coupled together by a bus system 1630. The bus system 1630 may include, for example, a power bus, a control signal bus, and/or a status signal bus in addition to a data bus. It is understood that the modules of the bot 1600 may be operatively coupled to one another using any suitable technology and medium.

16 illustrates a number of separate modules or components, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that one or more of the modules may be combined or commonly implemented. For example, processor 1602 may implement the functionality described above with respect to processor 1602 as well as the functionality described above with respect to wireless signal generator 1622. Conversely, each of the modules illustrated in FIG. 16 may be implemented using multiple separate components or elements.

17 is an exemplary block diagram of a second wireless device, e.g., Origin 1700, of a system for wireless sensing in accordance with an embodiment of the present teachings. Origin 1700 is an example of a device that can be configured to implement various methods described herein. In this example, Origin 1700 can function as an Origin or Type 2 device or sensing receiver for wireless sensing. As shown in FIG. 17, Origin 1700 includes a housing 1740 that includes a processor 1702, a memory 1704, a transceiver 1710 consisting of a transmitter 1712 and a receiver 1714, a power module 1708, a synchronization controller 1706, a channel information extractor 1720, and an optional motion detector 1722.

In this embodiment, the processor 1702, memory 1704, transceiver 1710 and power module 1708 operate similarly to the processor 1602, memory 1604, transceiver 1610 and power module 1608 of the Bot 1600. An antenna 1750 or multi-antenna array 1750 is typically mounted in the housing 1740 and electrically coupled to the transceiver 1710.

Origin 1700 may be a second wireless device having a different type than the first wireless device (e.g., Bot 1600). In particular, a channel information extractor 1720 in Origin 1700 is configured to receive a wireless signal via a wireless channel and obtain time-series channel information (CI) of the wireless channel based on the wireless signal. The channel information extractor 1720 can transmit the extracted CI to an optional motion detector 1722 or a motion detector external to Origin 1700 to perform wireless sounding sensing within the venue.

The motion detector 1722 is an optional part of the Origin 1700. In one embodiment, it is within the Origin 1700 as shown in FIG. 17. In another embodiment, it is external to the Origin 1700 and is in another device, such as a bot, another Origin, a cloud server, a fog server, a local server, an edge server, etc. The optional motion detector 1722 may be configured to detect sound information from a vibrating object or source within the venue based on the motion information. The motion information may be calculated based on a time series of CIs by the motion detector 1722 or another motion detector outside the Origin 1700.

The synchronization controller 1706 in this example is configured to control the operation of the Origin 1700 to be synchronized or asynchronous with other devices, such as bots, other Origins, or independent motion detectors. In one embodiment, the synchronization controller 1706 controls the Origin 1700 to be synchronized with the bots transmitting the wireless signals. In another embodiment, the synchronization controller 1706 controls the Origin 1700 to receive wireless signals asynchronously with other Origins. In another embodiment, the Origin 1700 and each of the other Origins may receive wireless signals individually and asynchronously. In one embodiment, the optional motion detector 1722 or a motion detector external to the Origin 1700 is configured to asynchronously calculate the respective heterogeneous motion information based on the respective time series of the CIs.

The various modules described above are coupled together by a bus system 1730. The bus system 1730 may include, for example, a power bus, a control signal bus, and/or a status signal bus in addition to a data bus. It will be appreciated that the modules of Origin 1700 may be operatively coupled to one another using any suitable technology and medium.

17 illustrates a number of separate modules or components, one skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more of the modules may be combined or co-implemented. For example, processor 1702 may implement the functionality described above with respect to processor 1702 as well as the functionality described above with respect to channel information extractor 1720. Conversely, each module illustrated in FIG. 17 may be implemented using multiple separate components or elements.

FIG. 18 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method 1800 for wireless sensing according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In various embodiments, the method 1800 may be performed by the system disclosed above. In operation 1802, a time series of wireless sounding signals (WSS) is transmitted by a transmitter in a wireless data communication network based on a wireless protocol associated with the communication network. The wireless data communication network may be composed of multiple layers: a physical (PHY) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and at least one upper layer. In operation 1804, a time series of WSS (TSWSS) is received by a receiver in the wireless data communication network based on the wireless protocol over a wireless channel of the venue. In operation 1806, multiple wireless sensing measurements are performed by the receiver based on the received TSWSS to obtain sensing measurement results. In operation 1808, the sensing measurement results are reported by the PHY layer (or MAC layer) of the receiver to at least one upper layer of the receiver. In operation 1810, sensing-based tasks are performed by at least one upper layer of the receiver based on the sensing measurements. The order of the operations in FIG. 18 may be changed according to various embodiments of the present teachings.

In some embodiments, the present teachings disclose a method for bidirectional P2P sensing. In one example of bidirectional P2P sensing, the AP may be the sensing initiator and both the first and second non-AP STAs may be sensing responders. In another example, the non-AP STA may be a sensing by proxy (SBP) initiator that requests the AP (SBP responder) to perform bidirectional P2P sensing, in which the AP may be the sensing initiator and both the first and second non-AP STAs may be sensing responders.

In both embodiments, the AP can individually configure/negotiate/arrange with the two non-AP STAs so that the two non-AP STAs can identify each other (each having at least one corresponding ID, e.g., identifiable network address, identifiable wireless network address/ID, AP-assigned ID, initiator-assigned ID, user-defined ID, MAC address), and the two non-AP STAs transmit NDPs to each other as sounding signals so that sensing measurements are obtained/generated at both non-AP STAs. The AP can transmit a second P2P sensing trigger frame to the pair of non-AP STAs. The second P2P sensing trigger frame may be an NDPA frame, a trigger frame, a special NDPA-trigger frame (described above), a first P2P sensing trigger frame, or other frame. A separate first P2P sensing trigger frame may be transmitted to each pair of non-AP STAs, or a common/shared first P2P sensing trigger frame may be transmitted to multiple (e.g., some or all) available STAs. The first non-AP STA then transmits an NDP to the second non-AP STA to generate sensing measurement results at the second non-AP STA, and the second non-AP STA transmits an NDP to the first non-AP STA to generate sensing measurement results at the first non-AP STA. The sensing measurement results may be used/required at the second non-AP STA, or the sensing results may be optionally transmitted from the second non-AP STA (sensing responder) to the AP (sensing initiator). In the SBP example, the AP (SBP responder) may further report the sensing results to the SBP initiator.

In another example, the first and second non-AP STAs can perform unidirectional or bidirectional P2P sensing without signaling from the AP. The two non-AP STAs can identify each other and configure/negotiate/coordinate with each other. In unidirectional P2P sensing, an NDP can be transmitted unidirectionally from the first non-AP STA to the second non-AP STA to generate a sensing result at the second non-AP STA. The second non-AP STA may optionally transmit its sensing result to the first non-AP STA. In bidirectional P2P sensing, an NDP can be transmitted bidirectionally between the two non-AP STAs without signaling from the AP.

In an AP initiated sensing procedure, responder-to-responder sounding may be optionally allowed for responder-to-responder bidirectional sensing. For example, an AP initiated sensing procedure may optionally allow bidirectional sounding between two responders with an NDP from Responder 1 (R1) to Responder 2 (R2) and another NDP from Responder 2 (R2) to Responder 1 (R1). This is useful when there are N responders forming a daisy chain, scan order, or configuration.

In the example of N=3, the three responders R1, R2, and R3 can form a closed daisy chain or closed loop. R2 can obtain the CSI between R1-R2 and the CSI between R2-R3. R2 can perform useful WLAN sensing calculations based on the two CSIs. Optionally, the CSI is reported to the AP.

Figure 19 shows an example of bidirectional responder-to-responder sensing. In this example, four sensing responders R1, R2, R3, and R4 are configured to form a network (e.g., a daisy chain). Some "links" can perform bidirectional sensing (e.g., R1-R2, or R2-R3) such that each linked pair transmits NDPs to each other in tandem (e.g., NDP from R1 to R2 and NDP from R2 to R1).

Some links have one-way sensing (R3-R4, R4-R1, etc.) where NDPs are only sent in one direction. R2 has two CSIs: CSI between R1-R2 and CSI between R2-R3 (and potentially more if R2 is further linked to additional responders such as R4). In some embodiments, reporting of sensing measurements is optional.

According to some embodiments, in optional inter-responder sensing, a first sensing responder should be allowed to do one-way or two-way sensing with a second sensing responder. In one-way sensing, an NDP is sent from the first responder to the second responder. In two-way sensing, an NDP is sent from the first responder to the second responder, followed by another NDP from the second responder to the first responder.

In some embodiments, the present teachings also disclose terminating or pausing a session setup/measurement setup associated with a sensing responder. The AP may determine that a sensing measurement result (e.g., CSI, CIR, CFR, RSSI) associated with a particular sensing responder is unusable, useless, and/or least useful for the task (e.g., too noisy, too unstable, too chaotic, too much interference, unreliable, faulty, or the user "pauses" or "stops" sensing associated with a particular responder, or the user "pauses" or "stops" sensing associated with all sensing responders, etc.), or in the case of sensing by proxy (SBP), may receive the determination from the SBP initiator. The determination may be based on (i) tests on the sensing measurements (e.g., based on tests/measurements for noise, stability, variability, randomness/chaos, interference, reliability, failures, errors, and/or mistakes), and/or (ii) system states/conditions/tests (e.g., the transmission/storage/associated processing/sensing computations of the sensing measurements may consume too much bandwidth/memory/processing power/time or generate too much power, or another task of higher priority may require the resources currently allocated to the sensing measurements). There may be a determination that a sensing measurement associated with another sensing responder may be useful, less wasteful, and/or more useful to the task.

As a result, the AP may terminate the setup of a sensing session associated with the particular sensing responder, or may receive such a request from the SBP initiator in case of SBP. The AP may wait for a period of time (e.g., until any interference/noise/unstable/unreliable/adverse conditions end, or until the user "unpauses" or "unstops" sensing), and then initiate another sensing session (by performing a sensing session setup) with the particular sensing responder and using the same or similar or modified sensing session setup configuration as the terminated sensing session setup, or may receive such a request from the SBP initiator in case of SBP. The determination of the period of time may be based on several criteria.

Alternatively, instead of terminating the sensing session setup, the AP may terminate a specific sensing measurement setup associated with a specific sensing responder and may receive a request from the SBP initiator in the case of an SBP. The AP may wait for a period of time before initiating another sensing measurement setup with the specific sensing responder with the same or similar settings as the terminated specific sensing measurement setup or may receive a request from the SBP initiator in the case of an SBP.

Alternatively, the AP may be requested to suspend a sensing session (i.e., set up a sensing session) with a particular sensing responder for a certain period of time and resume the sensing session after a certain period of time, or in the case of an SBP, may receive a request from the SBP initiator.

Alternatively, the AP may suspend a particular sensing measurement session with a particular sensing responder for a certain period of time and resume the particular sensing measurement session after a certain period of time, or in the case of an SBP, may receive a request from the SBP initiator.

In some embodiments, the sounding signal may be multicast or broadcast from the AP to multiple sensing responders in the SBP. The AP may be both the sensing initiator (e.g., in a sensing session or in an SBP) and the sensing transmitter. The AP may transmit the sounding signal (e.g., NDP) to each of multiple sensing responders individually (i.e., point-to-point sounding). Alternatively, the sounding signal (e.g., NDP) may be transmitted using multicast or broadcast to multiple sensing responders, and sensing measurements may be generated simultaneously or simultaneously at multiple sensing responders. The sensing measurements may be optional (i.e., may/may not be reported to the AP). In the case of an SBP, the AP may optionally (i.e., may/may not) report the sensing measurements to the SBP initiator.

In some embodiments, the present teachings disclose systems and methods for ad-hoc network sensing, peer-to-peer mode sensing, and non-infrastructure mode (NIM) sensing, such as wireless sensing in wireless ad-hoc networks or distributed wireless networks (e.g., WiFi, Bluetooth, or other devices in non-infrastructure or peer-to-peer modes, WiFi Direct, mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), SPANs, wireless mesh networks). In some embodiments, ad-hoc networks do not rely on existing infrastructure (e.g., ad-hoc networks do not have access points/APs), making them suitable for applications that cannot rely on a centralized node. Ad-hoc networks tend to require minimal configuration and can be deployed quickly, making them suitable for emergency situations, natural disasters, temporary/special events, or robotics.

Wireless sensing procedures can be used in infrastructure mode (non-ad-hoc network) where an Access Point (AP) establishes/organizes/manages the wireless network. A STA (AP STA or non-AP STA) can act as a sensing initiator that initiates the sensing procedure (infrastructure mode). One or more other STAs can act as sensing responders by participating in the sensing procedure. A STA can initiate multiple wireless sensing procedures with respective sets of sensing responders and respective settings of sensing parameters/configurations. There may be multiple STAs, each initiating a respective sensing procedure.

The AP is the sensing initiator or the sensing responder. Sounding signals may be transmitted from a STA (sensing transmitter) to another STA (sensing responder). These signals may be transmitted from the AP to a non-AP STA, from a non-AP STA to an AP, or both, or neither. When the AP is the initiator of sensing, trigger-based (TB) sensing may be used. Triggering the transmission of a sounding signal (e.g., a non-data packet (NDP), a variant of NDP) may be achieved by the AP transmitting an NDP announcement frame (NDPA) or a trigger frame variant (TF). A short time after the trigger (e.g., Interframe Space (IFS), Short IFS (SIFS), Reduced IFS (RIFS), PCF IFS (PIFS), DCF IFS (DIFS), Arbitrary IFS (AIFS), Extended IFS (EIFS), etc.), an NDP can be sent from the AP (sensing initiator) to a non-AP STA (sensing responder), or from the non-AP STA(s) to the AP, or from both, or from a non-AP STA to another non-AP STA to generate a sensing result. If a non-AP STA is the sensing initiator, non-TB sensing may be used, in which the non-AP STA sends an NDPA to the AP, followed by an Initiator-to-Responder (I2R) NDP and a Responder-to-Initiator (R2I) NDP pair. Either NDP can be used to generate sensing results at the sensing receiver. Reporting the sensing results to the sensing initiator is optional.

In some embodiments, the present teachings disclose non-infrastructure mode (NIM) wireless sensing based on a protocol (e.g., 802.11, 802.11bf) for a wireless ad-hoc network consisting of multiple peer-to-peer wireless devices or wireless stations (STAs) in a non-infrastructure mode. The non-infrastructure mode wireless sensing (including frames, exchanges, timing, specifications, etc.) can follow/be based on a protocol or standard (e.g., 802.11, 802.11bf). Similar to the infrastructure mode, a non-infrastructure mode STA can act as a sensing initiator by initiating a non-infrastructure mode sensing procedure or sensing session (e.g., by sending a request to a neighboring station in the ad-hoc network). The non-infrastructure mode sensing procedure can be similar to the infrastructure mode sensing procedure, except that the AP is replaced by a non-infrastructure mode STA. Similar to infrastructure mode, other STA(s) in non-infrastructure mode can act as sensing responders by participating in the non-infrastructure mode sensing procedure (e.g., by replying to a request from the sensing initiator with an indication of willingness to participate). A non-infrastructure mode STA can initiate multiple non-infrastructure mode sensing procedures or sensing sessions, with each procedure/session being conducted with a respective set of sensing responders (which are non-infrastructure mode STAs). Multiple STAs in non-infrastructure mode in an ad-hoc network can act as sensing initiators, each having its own non-infrastructure mode sensing procedure or sensing session.

In a non-infrastructure mode sensing procedure, the sensing initiator may be a sensing transmitter, a sensing receiver, both, or nothing. The sensing responder may be a transmitter, a receiver, or both. The sounding signal may be sent from the sensing transmitter to the sensing receiver. If bidirectional sensing is supported, the sounding signal is also sent in the reverse direction. The sounding signal is sent from the sensing initiator to the sensing responder, or from the sensing responder to the sensing initiator, or both, or from the first sensing responder to the second responder.

Non-infrastructure mode trigger-based (TB) sensing may be performed similarly to infrastructure mode TB sensing, except that the infrastructure mode AP is replaced by a non-infrastructure mode sensing initiator. Triggering of sounding signal (e.g., NDP, NDP variant) transmission may be achieved by the sensing initiator transmitting an NDPA, or a frame similar to an NDPA, or a TF, or a frame similar to a TF. A short time after the trigger (IFS, SIFS, RIFS, PIFS, DIFS, AIFS, EIFS, etc.), an NDP may be transmitted from the sensing initiator to the sensing responder, or from the sensing responder to the sensing initiator, or from both, or from the first sensing responder to the second sensing responder, and a sensing result may be generated (at the sensing receiver).

Similar to infrastructure mode non-TB sensing, non-infrastructure mode non-TB sensing may be performed, in which the sensing initiator may send an NDPA to the sensing responder, followed by a pair of initiator-to-responder (I2R) NDP and responder-to-initiator (R2I) NDP. In non-infrastructure mode non-TB sensing, the sensing responder may send an NDPA to the sensing initiator, followed by a pair of initiator-to-responder (I2R) NDP and responder-to-initiator (R2I) NDP.

Any NDP may be used to generate sensing results at the sensing receiver. Reporting the sensing results to the sensing initiator is optional.

In some embodiments, for non-infrastructure mode (e.g., polling phase in TB sensing), a frame (public or protected) similar to the trigger frame variant (TF) may be defined in the protocol or standard (e.g., 802.11, 802.11bf) that allows a STA in non-infrastructure mode (e.g., sensing initiator) to request an NDP transmission from another STA in non-infrastructure mode to obtain sensing measurements. If a non-infrastructure mode STA is available, the STA can respond with a CTS-to-self.

In some embodiments, the TF of the protocol or standard may be defined/improved/modified/changed to allow a STA in non-infrastructure mode to request an NDP transmission from another STA in non-infrastructure mode to obtain sensing measurements. The TF, when transmitted by an AP (infrastructure mode), allows the AP to request an NDP transmission from the STA to obtain sensing measurements. The TF, when transmitted by a STA in non-infrastructure mode, allows the STA to request an NDP transmission from another STA in non-infrastructure mode to obtain sensing measurements.

The non-infrastructure mode NDPA sounding phase may consist of the transmission of an NDPA or NDPA-like frame by a non-infrastructure mode STA (e.g., a sensing initiator or sensing responder) and the transmission of an NDP by the non-infrastructure mode STA (e.g., a sensing initiator or sensing responder or sensing transmitter) a short time (e.g., IFS, SIFS, RIFS, PIFS, DIFS, AIFS) after the NDPA transmission. For example, NDPA sounding may be used by 802.11 High Efficiency (HE), Very High Throughput (EHT), or pre-HE STAs.

The non-infrastructure mode TF sounding phase may consist of a non-infrastructure mode STA (e.g., a sensing initiator or sensing responder) transmitting a TF or a TF-like frame to request an NDP transmission from another STA, and a short time (e.g., IFS, SIFS, RIFS, PIFS, DIFS, AIFS, EIFS, etc.) after receiving the TF or TF-like frame, transmitting an NDP by the other STA (e.g., from another STA to that STA, from that STA to another STA, or from another STA to yet another STA).

A non-infrastructure mode non-TB sensing measurement instance may be performed as follows: When a non-infrastructure mode STA (e.g., sensing transmitter, sensing initiator, sensing responder) gets a transmission opportunity (TXOP), it initiates a non-infrastructure mode non-TB sensing measurement instance by transmitting an NDPA to the sensing receiver, followed by an I2R NDP (sensing initiator to sensing responder) and R2I NDP (sensing responder to sensing initiator) pair. If the sensing initiator is the only sensing transmitter, the NDPA frame configures the R2I NDP to be transmitted with a minimum length of one LTF symbol. If the sensing responder is the only sensing transmitter, the NDPA frame configures the I2R NDP to be transmitted with a minimum length of one LTF symbol.

The Sensing by Proxy (SBP) procedure is mainly used in infrastructure mode. In infrastructure mode SBP, a non-AP STA (acting as an SBP initiator) sends an SBP request (using an SBP Request frame or "infrastructure mode SBP Request frame") to an AP (acting as an SBP responder), and the AP accepts the SBP request by sending an SBP response (using an SBP response frame). The AP then performs the sensing procedure with multiple sensing responders (with the SP acting as a sensing initiator) and optionally reports the sensing measurement results (e.g. CSI).

In some embodiments, for infrastructure mode SBPs, an infrastructure mode SBP responder (and also a sensing initiator) may be performing an existing sensing procedure prior to receiving an SBP request from an SBP initiator. A sensing procedure may or may not be associated with another SBP procedure initiated by another SBP initiator. An existing sensing procedure may consist of multiple existing sensing responders and may be associated with a set of sensing measurement configurations/parameters.

In one case, the sensing measurement configuration/parameters of an existing sensing procedure may be acceptable to the SBP initiator (for the requested SBP). The SBP responder can simply associate the existing sensing procedure with the requested SBP and send/share the sensing measurements from the existing sensing procedure to the SBP initiator.

In another case, the sensing measurement settings/parameters of the existing sensing procedure may not be acceptable to the SBP initiator (for the requested SBP). The SBP responder/sensing initiator, in cooperation with the sensing responder, can adjust/modify one or more sensing measurement settings/parameters of the existing sensing procedure such that the adjusted/modified sensing procedure with the adjusted/modified sensing measurement settings/parameters is acceptable to the SBP initiator. The SBP responder can then associate the existing sensing procedure with the requested SBP and send/share the sensing measurements from the existing sensing procedure to the SBP initiator.

For example, one of the following settings/parameters of an existing sensing procedure can be adjusted/changed: sounding frequency/timing (e.g. 0.1/1/10/100/1000/10000 Hz), carrier frequency (e.g. channel number, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz, etc.), bandwidth (e.g. 20/40/80/160/320/640 MHz or part/share of bandwidth), unicast/multicast/broadcast, sensing transmitter/receiver settings, trigger (TB sensing, NDPA/TF used, non-TB sensing, etc.) antenna amount, optional reporting of sensing measurements, type of sensing measurements reported, set of sensing responders.

In another case, the sensing measurement settings/parameters of an existing sensing procedure may be partially acceptable (for the requested SBP) to the SBP initiator. It may become acceptable if it is augmented by another sensing procedure. For example, the SBP initiator may request a sounding frequency of 100 Hz, but the existing sensing procedure has a sounding frequency of 50 Hz. The SBP responder can initiate a complementary/auxiliary sensing procedure with a sounding frequency of 50 Hz and time the soundings of the complementary/auxiliary sensing procedure so that the two sensing procedures together produce the 100 Hz sounding frequency requested by the SBP initiator.

In another example, an SBP initiator may request a sounding frequency of 100 Hz, but the existing sensing procedure has a sounding frequency of 25 Hz (uniform timing/sampling). The SBP responder can initiate a complementary/auxiliary sounding procedure with a sounding frequency of 75 Hz (non-uniform timing/sampling) and time the soundings of the complementary/auxiliary sounding procedure so that together the two sounding procedures produce the 100 Hz (uniform sounding/sampling) sounding frequency requested by the SBP initiator. For example, the SBP responder may take one sensing measurement from the existing sensing procedure, then three sensing measurements from the auxiliary sensing procedure, then one more sensing measurement from the existing sensing procedure, then three more sensing measurements from the auxiliary sensing procedure, and so on.

In another example, an SBP initiator may request a bandwidth of 80 MHz, but the existing sensing procedure has a bandwidth of 40 MHz. The SBP responder can initiate a complementary/auxiliary sensing procedure with a bandwidth of 40 MHz, and the two sensing procedures together can produce the 80 MHz bandwidth requested by the SBP initiator.

The SBP request frame may have a field (e.g., a bit or a bit pattern) indicating whether multiple sensing procedures may be used in the SBP procedure (for one/some/any/all sensing responders). Alternatively, there may be a field (e.g., a bit) indicating whether "mix-and-match" of sensing procedures is allowed in the SBP procedure.

In some embodiments, the SBP request frame or associated frame may include a specification/description/list of allowed sensing responders (or allowed/preferred sensing responders). The SBP initiator may restrict the SBP procedures performed/initiated by the SBP responder/sensing initiator such that the SBP responder/sensing initiator only allows allowed sensing responders to participate in the sensing procedure (or the SBP initiator may only desire/prefer to receive sensing measurements from allowed sensing responders, and the SBP responder may only provide sensing measurements from allowed sensing responders to the SBP initiator). Other sensing responders not in the list of allowed sensing responders may be "not allowed" and not allowed to participate in the sensing procedure. To identify the allowed sensing responders, the SBP initiator may provide a unique identifier (ID) (e.g., a user ID (UID), association ID (AID), universal unique ID (UUID), global unique ID (GUID), MAC address, or Internet Protocol (IP) address, an internal ID within the system, etc.) for each allowed sensing responder in the SBP request frame or associated frame.

In some embodiments, the SBP initiator may send an SBP update frame to the SBP responder at any time during the sensing procedure of the SBP procedure to update/change/modify at least one setting/parameter of the SBP procedure. For example, the SBP initiator may request the SBP responder/sensing initiator (e.g., using an SBP update frame) to terminate/stop a particular sensing responder (e.g., because the sensing measurements/TSCIs associated with the particular sensing responder may be noisy, problematic, unstable, defective, unreliable, etc., and may be wasting valuable network resources such as TXOP, data bandwidth, memory, computing power, and/or energy to process/transmit), and may at least request that the SBP responder/sensing initiator stop transmitting the sensing measurements/TSCIs associated with the particular sensing responder. The SBP initiator may request the SBP responder/sensing initiator to pause, resume, or add a particular sensing responder. The SBP may provide a unique identifier for a particular sensing responder.

In some embodiments, a non-infrastructure mode (NIM) SBP procedure is defined that is similar to the infrastructure mode SBP, except that the AP of the infrastructure mode SBP is replaced by a non-infrastructure mode STA. A frame (public or protected) similar to the SBP request frame is defined in the protocol or standard (802.11, 802.11bf) by which a non-infrastructure mode STA (acting as an SBP initiator, or NIM SBP initiator) can send a NIM SBP request to another non-infrastructure mode STA (acting as an SBP responder, or NIM SBP responder, similar to the AP of the infrastructure mode SBP) that sends a NIM SBP response (e.g., an SBP response frame or similar frame) to accept the SBP request. The SBP Request frame may have a bit/field indicating/specifying whether the SBP responder is a sensing transmitter, a sensing receiver, or both, or neither, in the NIM sensing procedure initiated by the SBP responder. Then, another STA (which is both an SBP responder and a sensing initiator) may perform/initiate NIM sensing procedures with multiple sensing responders (STAs in non-infrastructure mode). Measurement results obtained in non-infrastructure mode sensing procedures may be optionally reported from the sensing responder to the sensing initiator and from the SBP responder (sensing initiator) to the SBP initiator. Another STA (i.e., SBP responder and sensing initiator) may assign a Measurement Setup ID in its SBP response.

In some embodiments, the infrastructure mode (IM) SBP Request frame may be defined/improved/modified/changed to allow a non-infrastructure mode STA (SBP initiator) to send a non-infrastructure mode SBP request to another non-infrastructure mode STA.

The NIM SBP response sent by another STA in non-infrastructure mode may be a frame similar to an IM SBP Response frame, or it may be an IM SBP Response frame itself that is defined/modified in a protocol or standard to allow another STA in non-infrastructure mode to accept or reject the NIM SBP request.

In some embodiments, the SBP initiator can specify/describe/list/provide the number of sensing responders that are allowed. The SBP initiator can restrict the NIM SBP procedures or NIM sensing procedures executed/initiated by the SBP responder/sensing initiator such that the SBP responder/sensing initiator only allows the allowed number of sensing responders to participate in the NIM sensing procedure (or the SBP initiator can desire/prefer to receive sensing measurements only from allowed sensing responders, and the SBP responder can only provide sensing measurements from allowed sensing responders to the SBP initiator). Other sensing responders not on the list of allowed sensing responders may be "not allowed" and not allowed to participate in the NIM sensing procedure. To specify the number of allowed sensing responders, the SBP initiator may provide a unique identifier (ID) for each allowed sensing responder (e.g., a user ID (UID), an association ID (AID), a universally unique ID (UUID), a globally unique ID (GUID), a MAC address, or an Internet Protocol (IP) address, a system internal ID, etc.).

In some embodiments, the SBP initiator can send a NIM SBP update frame to the SBP responder at any time during the NIM sensing procedure of the NIM SBP procedure to update/change/modify at least one setting/parameter of the NIM SBP procedure. For example, the SBP initiator can request the SBP responder/sensing initiator (e.g., using a NIM SBP update frame) to terminate/stop a particular sensing responder (e.g., because perhaps the sensing measurements/TSCI associated with the particular sensing responder may be noisy, problematic, unstable, defective, unreliable, etc., and may be wasting valuable network resources such as TXOP, data bandwidth, memory, computing power, and/or energy to process/transmit), or at least to stop transmitting the sensing measurements/TSCI associated with the particular sensing responder. An SBP initiator can request an SBP responder/sensing initiator to suspend, resume, or add a specific sensing responder. The SBP can provide a unique identifier for a specific sensing responder.

In infrastructure mode, the sensing procedure initiated by the AP STA is optionally extended to allow NDP measurements between sensing responders.

In some embodiments, the non-infrastructure mode sensing procedure initiated by a non-infrastructure mode STA may be optionally extended to allow sensing responder-to-sensing responder NDP measurements. A first sensing responder and a second sensing responder, both non-infrastructure mode STAs, may be configured such that an NDP is transmitted from the first responder to the second responder, or from the second responder to the first responder, or both.

In some embodiments, a non-infrastructure mode STA in the ad-hoc network acts as a sensing initiator that initiates a non-infrastructure mode sensing procedure based on a protocol (e.g., 802.11, 802.11bf). At least one other STA in the non-infrastructure mode ad-hoc network participates in the sensing procedure as a sensing responder based on the protocol. The sensing initiator and sensing responder negotiate to set up the sensing procedure/session and associated sensing measurement parameters.

In some embodiments, one device is set up as a sensing transmitter (Type 1 device). The other device is configured as a sensing receiver (Type 2 device). A radio sounding signal (e.g., NDP, time series of NDP) is sent from the sensing transmitter to the sensing receiver, generating a sensing measurement (e.g., TSCI) at the sensing receiver. The NDP can be I2R or R2I depending on which device is the sensing transmitter.

The sensing measurements may be made available locally to an application (e.g., software, firmware) in the sensing receiver. The sensing measurements may optionally be transmitted wirelessly (e.g., using protocol-based sensing measurement report frames) from the sensing responder to the sensing initiator or from the sensing receiver to the sensing transmitter for availability to an application (e.g., software, firmware) in the sensing initiator.

In some embodiments, there may be multiple wireless mesh routers in a mesh network, e.g. R1, R2, R3, ..., R_k for some k (e.g., k may be 3, 4, 6, or 10, or 100). Some mesh routers may be dual-band, tri-band, or quad-band devices. Some backchannels may allow mesh routers to send/receive/transfer/channel/exchange digital data to/from the Internet/broadband service (e.g., via some broadband router/service provider). Mesh routers may be interconnected via non-infrastructure mode. Individual wireless client devices (e.g., IoT devices) may be connected to any one of multiple mesh routers (e.g., in infrastructure mode or non-infrastructure mode). Wireless client devices and/or mesh routers may form a wireless sensing network, some of which are wireless transmitters (e.g., sensing transmitters) and some of which are wireless receivers (e.g., sensing receivers). Some (e.g., sensing initiators) may initiate wireless sensing procedures/sessions. Some may respond to participate in the wireless sensing procedure/session.

In some embodiments, each mesh router is available for client devices to connect to, but it may be better to "encourage" or "move" or "reconnect" or "reconnect" or "concentrate" most or all of the client devices to one (or very few) mesh routers, if possible. With all client devices connecting to the same mesh router, the sensing network may provide better coverage of the venue and/or the sensing network's functionality/logic/algorithms may function better. For example, the system may concentrate all client devices to one or more specific mesh routers (e.g., R1). However, in a large location, multiple mesh routers may be needed to provide overall coverage. In that case, two or more mesh routers may be identified as specific mesh routers.

In some embodiments, some signaling (protocol, control data/frame exchange) may be performed to propose/instruct/request/ask/instruct the client device to disconnect from its current mesh router and connect to a specific mesh router (or one of several specific mesh routers). Each specific mesh router may be identified (SSID, name, MAC address, etc.).

Figure 20 shows a number of STAs in non-infrastructure mode forming an ad-hoc network. There is no access point (AP) in this ad-hoc network. Figures 21-25 show various use cases of non-infrastructure mode sensing.

Figure 21 illustrates use case 1, where the sensing initiator is a sensing transmitter. First, a STA initiates a sensing session (as a sensing initiator). Some STAs join the sensing session (as sensing responders). Some STAs do not join the sensing session. The sensing initiator is a sensing transmitter (Tx). In some embodiments, TB-like sensing may be performed using NDPA (I2R) and NDP (I2R). In some embodiments, non-TB-like sensing may be performed using NDPA (I2R) and NDP (I2R) and NDP (R2I). Bidirectional sensing may be supported (i.e., both Tx and Rx) and sensing measurement reporting may be optional.

Figure 22 illustrates use case 2 where the sensing initiator is the sensing receiver. First, a STA initiates a sensing session (as a sensing initiator). Some STAs join the sensing session (as sensing responders). Some STAs do not join the sensing session. The sensing initiator is a sensing receiver (Rx). In some embodiments, TB-like sensing may be performed with TF (I2R) and NDP (R2I). In some embodiments, non-TB-like sensing may be performed with: NDPA (I2R) and NDP (I2R) and NDP (R2I). Bidirectional sensing may be supported (i.e., both Tx and Rx) and sensing measurement reporting may be optional.

Figure 23 shows use case 3 in which responder-to-responder (R2R) sensing is performed. First, a STA initiates a sensing session (as a sensing initiator). Some STAs join the sensing session (as sensing responders). Some STAs do not join the sensing session. A first responder (Tx) may be configured to transmit a sounding signal to a second responder (Rx). Bidirectional sensing may be supported (i.e., both Tx and Rx) and sensing measurement reporting may be optional.

Figure 24 illustrates use case 4, where sensing by proxy (SBP) is performed and the sensing initiator is the sensing transmitter. First, a STA (SBP initiator) requests another STA (SBP responder, sensing initiator) to start a sensing session. The sensing initiator is the sensing transmitter (Tx). In some embodiments, TB-like sensing may be performed using NDPA (I2R) and NDP (I2R). In some embodiments, non-TB-like sensing may be performed using: NDPA (I2R) and NDP (I2R) and NDP (R2I). Bidirectional sensing may be supported (i.e., both Tx and Rx) and sensing measurement reporting may be optional.

Figure 25 illustrates use case 5, where sensing by proxy (SBP) is performed and the sensing initiator is the sensing receiver. First, a STA (SBP initiator) requests another STA (SBP responder, sensing initiator) to start a sensing session. The sensing initiator is the sensing receiver (Rx). In some embodiments, TB-like sensing may be performed with TF (I2R) and NDP (R2I). In some embodiments, non-TB-like sensing may be performed with: NDPA (I2R) and NDP (I2R) and NDP (R2I). Bidirectional sensing may be supported (i.e., both Tx and Rx) and sensing measurement reporting may be optional.

According to some embodiments, in the non-infrastructure mode, WLAN sensing is supported. For a WLAN sensing procedure in the non-infrastructure mode, the WLAN sensing step may be similar to at least one of trigger-based (TB) sensing, non-TB sensing, or other WLAN sensing steps.

In some embodiments, there may be a first mode, flag, setting, bit combination, and/or field in the sensing session/procedure setup frame and/or SBP setup frame to indicate (e.g., from sensing initiator/SBP responder to sensing responder) that both a minimum bandwidth (BW) requirement and a minimum number of spatial streams (SS) requirement apply. There may be a second mode, flag, setting, bit combination, and/or field to indicate that the minimum BW and minimum SS do not apply. Instead, the minimum "effective bandwidth" or the minimum "product of BW and SS" applies (e.g., from sensing initiator/SBP responder to sensing responder). For example, let {BW=40 MHz, number of spatial streams=4}. In the first mode/flag/setting/bit combination/field, BW must be at least 40 MHz and SS must be at least 4. In the second mode/flag/setting/bit combination/field, the system can allow {BW=80MHz, number of spatial streams=2} that would otherwise fail the SS requirement, or {BW=20MHz, number of spatial streams=8} or {BW=20MHz, number of spatial streams=9} that would otherwise fail the BW requirement. Alternatively, if {BW=40MHz, SS=3}, the system can allow {BW=20MHz, SS=6} or {BW=80MHz, SS=2} that would otherwise fail the BW or SS requirement.

In some embodiments, there may be a mode/flag/setting/bit combination/field in the sensing session/procedure setup frame and/or SBP setup frame to indicate a preference for maintaining the sounding frequency over the BW. For example, a STA may normally transmit a sounding signal at a specific BW (e.g., 80 MHz) and a specific sounding frequency (e.g., 100 Hz). However, in some situations (e.g., data traffic congestion, or high interference), the sounding frequency and the BW cannot be maintained simultaneously. In that case, maintaining the sounding frequency is prioritized over the BW. The priority may be applied by the sensing transmitter when transmitting the sounding signal to the sensing receiver. There may be another mode/flag/setting/bit combination/field in the sensing session/procedure setup frame and/or SBP setup frame to indicate a preference for maintaining the BW over the sounding frequency. In general, there may be a mode/flag/setting/bit combination/field to indicate a preference for maintaining a particular parameter of the sensing procedure/session or SBP over other parameters and/or other parameters. There may be a mode/flag/setting/bit combination/field indicating a first priority for maintaining a first parameter and a second priority for maintaining a second parameter (i.e., multiple parameters with corresponding priorities) over another and/or other parameters of the sensing procedure/session or SBP.

In some embodiments, after the SBP procedure is established/configured, the SBP configuration may be updated one or more times during the SBP procedure using the configuration field of the configuration frame. Possible updates may include adding/configuring/stopping/pausing/resume a new sensing responder, adding/configuring/pausing/resume a new sensing transmitter, adding/configuring/pausing/resume a new sensing receiver, stopping/pausing/resume/terminating a sensing responder, adjusting local/non-local reporting (or reporting settings such as CSI processing, accuracy, immediate/delayed CSI reporting), adjusting sounding frequency, adjusting channel settings (bandwidth, carrier frequency), adjusting threshold-based reporting, etc. The SBP configuration may be updated by the SBP initiator (a particular client device).

At some point during the SBP, the SBP initiator may discover that the sensing measurements associated with a particular sensing responder have problems (e.g., the CSI is noisy, unstable, unreliable, or faulty). To avoid wasting resources (e.g., TXOP usage and data bandwidth for transmitting the sensing results), the particular sensing responder should be shut down.

Sometimes the problematic situation is temporary. Instead of stopping, you can pause a particular sensing responder and resume it later. A newly introduced device may be added.

In some embodiments, an SBP initiator can request an SBP responder (AP) and the AP can: stop a sensing procedure with a particular sensing responder, pause a sensing procedure with a particular sensing responder, resume a sensing procedure with a paused sensing responder, or add a sensing procedure with a particular sensing responder.

Figure 26 illustrates a first use case for updating the SBP setup and procedures, where the sensing initiator is the sensing transmitter and SBP responder. In this case, non-AP STAs are the sensing responders and receivers. In some embodiments, certain responders (e.g., noisy, unstable, unreliable, faulty responders) are stopped/paused/resume/added.

Figure 27 illustrates a second use case for updating the SBP setup and procedures, where the sensing initiator is the sensing receiver and SBP responder. In this case, non-AP STAs are the sensing responders and transmitters. In some embodiments, certain responders (e.g., noisy, unstable, unreliable, faulty responders) are stopped/paused/resume/added.

In some embodiments, an SBP initiator can request to stop the sensing procedure with a particular sensing responder, and the SBP responder (AP) should be able to stop. This does not stop the SBP.

In some embodiments, the SBP initiator can pause a sensing procedure with a particular sensing responder and request to resume the sensing procedure with the paused sensing responder, and the SBP responder (AP) should be able to pause a sensing procedure with a particular sensing responder and resume the sensing procedure with the paused sensing responder.

In some embodiments, an SBP initiator can request to add a sensing procedure with a specific sensing responder, and the SBP responder (AP) should be able to be added.

In some embodiments, the present teachings disclose a system for local reporting of CSI in wireless sensing measurements based on the 802.11bf standard. This means "local CSI reporting" or "CSI is not reported non-locally" and can impact many aspects of 802.11bf, including configuration, setup, sensing measurements, and reporting.

The following numbered clauses provide examples of wireless sensing and reporting:

Clause 1. A method/device/system/software for a wireless sensing system, comprising: a heterogeneous wireless device of type 1 of the system and a heterogeneous wireless device of type 2 of the system cooperatively perform a plurality of wireless sensing measurements in a wireless data communication network based on a wireless protocol associated with the wireless data communication network, and locally report a plurality of results of the plurality of wireless sensing measurements, the wireless protocol being one of the following: a wireless network protocol, a wireless network standard, a wireless data communication protocol, a wireless LAN (WLAN) protocol, a mobile communication protocol, a standard-based wireless protocol, a WLAN standard, a Wi-Fi standard, an IEEE 802 standard, an IEEE 802.11 standard, an IEEE 802.11bf standard, a wireless data communication standard, a 3G/4G/LTE/5G/6G/7G/8G standard.

In some embodiments, there may be a configuration for reporting results locally based on a wireless protocol (e.g., 802.11bf). The configuration may be performed during a setup procedure for wireless sensing measurements (e.g., a sensing session setup procedure, a sensing measurement setup procedure, an SBP setup procedure). The configuration may be performed using a configuration field of a configuration frame. For example, the configuration field may consist of any of the following: a "field indicating sensing measurement results to be or not reported locally" and/or a "field indicating sensing measurement results to be or not reported non-locally" and/or a "requested sensing measurement report" field. For example, the configuration frame may include any of a setup frame, a request frame, a response frame, a sensing session setup request frame, a sensing session setup response frame, a sensing measurement setup request frame, a sensing measurement setup response frame, an SBP request frame, and/or an SBP response frame.

Clause 1b: A method/device/system/software of a wireless sensing system as described in clause 1 or clause 3, comprising: the plurality of results being configured to be reported locally based on a wireless protocol; and the plurality of results being configured using a configuration field of a configuration frame during a setup procedure related to wireless sensing measurements according to the wireless protocol.

In some embodiments, the results are configured to be reported locally, rather than non-locally.

Clause 1c: A method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 1b, including being configured based on a wireless protocol such that the results are reported locally rather than non-locally.

In some embodiments, based on the protocol, the results are configured not to be reported non-locally.

Clause 1d: A method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 1c, comprising configuring the results not to be reported non-locally based on a wireless protocol.

In some embodiments, the setup procedure may be performed prior to protocol-based wireless sensing measurements. The configuration frames may be wirelessly transmitted/received based on the wireless protocol.

Clause 1e: A method/device/system/software for a wireless sensing system as described in clause 1c, including the configuration frame being communicated based on a wireless protocol during a setup procedure, the setup procedure being performed prior to the multiple wireless sensing measurements.

In some embodiments, the Type 2 device, i.e., the sensing receiver device, may be configured based on a wireless protocol such that sensing results are reported locally within the Type 2 device.

Clause 1f: The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 1e, comprising configuring a type 2 device (sensing receiver device) based on a wireless protocol using a configuration field of a configuration frame communicated during a setup procedure, so that multiple results are reported locally at the type 2 device.

In some embodiments, the Type 2 device may be configured by the sensing initiator device based on the protocol.

Clause 1g: A method/device/system/software of a wireless sensing system as described in clause 1f, including the Type 2 device being configured to report the TSCI locally by the system's sensing initiator device based on a wireless protocol during a setup procedure.

In some embodiments, configuration of a Type 2 device may be performed during a setup procedure, during negotiation between the sensing initiator and the sensing receiver based on a radio protocol.

Clause 1h: The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 1g, including that control frames are communicated between the sensing initiator device and the Type 2 device during a negotiation (or handshake) between the two devices based on the wireless protocol.

Clause 2. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 1, comprising: transmitting by a type 1 device of the venue a time series of wireless sounding signals (WSS) based on a wireless protocol; receiving by a type 2 device a time series of WSS (TSWSS) based on a wireless protocol over a wireless multipath channel of the venue; acquiring results of a plurality of wireless sensing measurements by the type 2 device based on the received TSWSS based on the wireless protocol, the results including time series of channel information (CI) of the wireless multipath channel, each CI including at least one of channel state information (CSI), channel impulse response (CIR), or channel frequency response (CFR), each CI of the time series of CI (TSCI) being acquired based on a respective WSS; and making the TSCI available for wireless sensing tasks.

In some embodiments, a Type 1 device is a sensing transmitter. A Type 2 device may be a sensing receiver. Both may be configured with a sensing initiator. A Type 2 device may report TSCI locally and/or non-locally.

Clause 3. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 2 includes: configuring the type 1 device and the type 2 device individually based on a wireless protocol by a sensing initiator device of the system to perform a plurality of wireless sensing measurements in a cooperative manner; configuring the type 1 device by the sensing initiator device to function as a sensing transmitter device that transmits a TSWSS to the type 2 device, where the configuration of the TSWSS is related to a sensing task; configuring the type 2 device by the sensing initiator device to function as a sensing receiver device that receives the TSWSS from the type 1 device and obtains a TSCI based on the received TSWSS; and configuring the type 2 device to report the TSCI non-locally or locally based on the wireless protocol, where the sensing initiator is a heterogeneous wireless device, and at least one of the type 1 device or the type 2 device functions as a sensing responder device with respect to the sensing initiator device; and making the reported TSCI available for the wireless sensing task.

In some embodiments, the sensing responder is configured based on negotiation.

Clause 4. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 3 includes configuring the sensing responder device based on negotiation between the sensing responder device and the sensing initiator.

In some embodiments, the CSI may be processed, for example, by quantization, denoising, thresholding, etc.

Clause 5. A method/device/system/software of a wireless sensing system as described in clause 3 or 4, comprising processing the TSCI in a first manner for non-local reporting and a second manner for local reporting.

In some embodiments, the process for non-local reporting may be configured by the sensing initiator.

Clause 6. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 5, comprising configuring, by the sensing initiator device, the type 2 device to process the TSCI in a first manner based on the wireless protocol, based on the wireless protocol.

In some embodiments, the process for local reporting is configured locally by a Type 2 device (which is not the sensing initiator).

Clause 7. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 5, including locally configuring the Type 2 device by the Type 2 device to process the TSCI in a second manner for local reporting.

In some embodiments, the processing may include reducing precision (e.g., quantization).

Clause 8. A method/apparatus/system/software for a wireless sensing system as described in clause 5, wherein processing the TSCI in a first manner includes a first precision reduction and processing the TSCI in a second manner includes a second precision reduction.

Clause 9. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 3, including: when reporting the TSCI non-locally, the Type 2 device wirelessly transmits each CI to the sensing initiator device based on a wireless protocol, and the reported TSCI is non-locally available at the sensing initiator device for wireless sensing tasks.

In some embodiments, centralized computing (at the sensing initiator) is performed. When multiple Type 2 devices are present (e.g., sharing the same Type 1 device), each Type 2 device reports its TSCI to the sensing initiator, and all reported TSCIs are available at the sensing initiator for centralized computing of wireless sensing tasks.

Clause 9b. The method/device/system/software of clause 9, including the non-locally reported TSCI being available at the sensing initiator for centralized computing of wireless sensing tasks at the sensing initiator.

In some embodiments, edge computing is performed (at the sensing initiator). The sensing initiator at the edge (not the cloud) can compute analytics based on the TSCI. The sensing initiator may send the analytics to a cloud server.

Clause 10. A method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 9, comprising: computing a sensing analysis for the wireless sensing task by the sensing initiator device based on the non-locally reported TSCI; and communicating the sensing analysis from the sensing initiator device to a sensing server in the cloud for the wireless sensing task.

In some embodiments, cloud computing is performed. The sensing initiator may send the TSCI to a cloud server. The cloud server may calculate a sensing analysis based on the TSCI.

Clause 11. The method/device/system/software of clause 9, comprising: communicating a non-locally reported TSCI from a sensing initiator device to a sensing server in a cloud for a wireless sensing task; and calculating a sensing analysis value for the wireless sensing task based on the TSCI reported by the sensing server.

In some embodiments, non-local reporting of certain CSI may be skipped if certain conditions occur.

Clause 12. The method/device/system/software of clause 9, comprising: if a particular CI satisfies a first condition, the particular CI is skipped and not reported non-locally by the Type 2 device.

In some embodiments, non-local reporting may be skipped if CI variance < threshold.

Clause 13. The method/device/system/software of clause 12, comprising: calculating a first variation measure for a particular CI based on a first window of CIs of the TSCI; and if the first variation measure is less than a first threshold, the particular CI is skipped and not reported non-locally by the Type 2 device.

In some embodiments, in non-local reporting, the threshold settings may be configured by the sensing initiator.

Clause 14. A method/apparatus/system/software for a wireless sensing system as described in clause 13, comprising setting at least one of a first variation measurement or a first threshold by the sensing initiator device based on a wireless protocol.

Clause 15. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 9, including when reporting the TSCI locally, the Type 2 device making each CI locally available at the Type 2 device for sensing tasks.

In some embodiments, distributed computing is performed (at each of the multiple sensing receivers). When multiple Type 2 devices are present (e.g. sharing the same Type 1 device), each Type 2 device can use the locally reported TSCI to perform part of the sensing task in a distributed computing manner. The partial results computed by each Type 2 device are sent to the server for fusion.

Clause 15b. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 15, including the locally reported TSCI being available for distributed computing of wireless sensing tasks in the Type 2 device.

In some embodiments, edge computing (at the sensing receiver) may be performed. A Type 2 device at the edge (rather than in the cloud) performs analysis based on the TSCI. The Type 2 device sends the analysis to a cloud server.

Clause 16. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 15, comprising: the Type 2 device calculating a sensing analysis for the wireless sensing task based on the locally reported TSCI; and communicating the sensing analysis from the Type 2 device to a sensing server in the cloud for the wireless sensing task.

In some embodiments, cloud computing is performed. The Type 2 device sends the TSCI to a cloud server. The cloud server calculates the sensing analysis based on the TSCI.

Clause 17. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 15, comprising communicating the TSCI reported locally from the Type 2 device to a sensing server in the cloud for a wireless sensing task, and calculating a sensing analytic value for the wireless sensing task based on the TSCI reported by the sensing server.

In some embodiments, local reporting of certain CSI may be skipped if certain conditions occur.

Clause 18. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 15, comprising: if the particular CI satisfies a second condition, the particular CI is skipped and not reported locally by the Type 2 device.

In some embodiments, if CI variance < threshold, local reporting may be skipped.

Clause 19. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 18, comprising: calculating a second variation measure of the particular CI based on a second window of the CI of the TSCI; and if the second variation measure is less than a second threshold, the particular CI is skipped and not reported locally by the Type 2 device.

In some embodiments, for local reporting, threshold settings can be set locally by the Type 2 device (i.e., not the sensing initiator).

Clause 20. A method/device/system/software for a wireless sensing system as described in clause 19, comprising setting at least one of the second variation measurement or the second threshold by the Type 2 device itself.

In some embodiments, CIs are temporarily buffered in the Type 2 device. CIs may be deleted after some timeout period (e.g., due to limited memory/buffers, to make space to store the next CI).

Clause 21. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 15, comprising temporarily storing the particular CI in a storage element of the type 2 device for reporting purposes, and deleting the particular CI from the storage element if the particular CI is not reported non-locally after a first timeout period or if the particular CI is not reported locally after a second timeout period.

In some embodiments, it may be possible to report a particular CI both locally and non-locally.

Clause 22. A method/device/system/software for a wireless sensing system as described in clause 15, including both local and non-local reporting of specific CI by a Type 2 device.

In some embodiments, there are different ways (e.g., different timing) to report both local and non-local.

Clause 23. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 22, including reporting specific CI by the Type 2 device both locally and non-locally in at least one of the following ways: simultaneously, alternating, adaptively, on-demand, at-selection, scheduled, planned, or threshold-based.

In some embodiments, certain CIs may not be reported for some reason.

Clause 24. A method/device/system/software for a wireless sensing system as described in clause 15, including not reporting certain CIs by Type 2 devices, whether local or non-local.

In some embodiments, a particular client device (SBP initiator) may request an AP (SBP responder) to initiate a sensing session (i.e., act as a sensing initiator). CSI may be reported to the particular client device.

Clause 25. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system according to clause 15, comprising: requesting, by a particular client device of the network, an access point device (AP) of the wireless data communication network to perform a sensing by proxy (SBP) procedure based on a wireless protocol; and performing the SBP procedure by the AP based on the wireless protocol by acting as a sensing initiator device that performs a plurality of wireless sensing measurements on behalf of the particular client device.

Clause 25b-25j relate to terminating the SBP procedure, terminating a session setup or measurement setup associated with the SBP, terminating a session setup or measurement setup associated with the SBP, performing a selective SBP, performing a trial SBP with any available sensing responder, analyzing the sensing results and selecting a "selected sensing responder" having "good" or "well-behaved" sensing results, terminating the trial SBP, and performing a selective SBP with the selected sensing responder.

Clause 25b: A method/device/system/software for a wireless sensing system as described in clause 25, including terminating an SBP procedure based on a wireless protocol.

Clause 25c: A method/device/system/software of a wireless sensing system as described in clause 25b, comprising terminating at least one of a sensing session setup or a sensing measurement setup associated with an SBP procedure based on a wireless protocol.

Clause 25d: A method/device/system/software of a wireless sensing system described in clause 25c, wherein the sensing session setup or the sensing measurement setup is identified by an identification (ID).

Clause 25e: A method/device/system/software for a wireless sensing system as described in clause 25, comprising providing to the AP a list of selected heterogeneous wireless devices in the wireless data communication network by a particular client device, and requesting the AP to select a sensing responder from the list.

Clause 25f: A method/device/system/software of a wireless sensing system as described in clause 25e, wherein each selected device is identified by its respective identity.

Clause 25g: The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 25f, wherein the identity of the selected device includes at least one of a MAC address, a device name, a hostname, a vendor class ID, and a device product name.

Clause 25h: A method/device/system/software of a wireless sensing system as described in clause 25, including allowing any available heterogeneous wireless device in the wireless data communication network to become a sensing responder by the AP acting as a sensing initiator device, selecting the number of devices to be selected by the specific client device based on the sensing measurement results, terminating the SBP procedure by the specific client device, and requesting the AP to perform a second SBP procedure with sensing responders limited to the number of devices selected as sensing initiators by the specific client device.

Clause 25i: A method/device/system/software of a wireless sensing system as described in clause 25h, comprising the steps of: executing a test sensing task by a particular client device based on the sensing measurement results of the SBP procedure; and selecting the number of devices to be selected by the particular client device based on the results of the test sensing task.

Clause 25j: A method/apparatus/system/software for a wireless sensing system as described in clause 25i, wherein the test sensing task is a motion detection task.

In some embodiments, the SBP can report CSI locally or non-locally.

Clause 26. A method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 25, comprising: configuring the Type 1 device and the Type 2 device to cooperatively perform wireless sensing measurements, and making locally available results of the wireless sensing measurements, thereby performing an SBP procedure with the AP.

Clause 26b-26j relate to terminating sensing measurements between Type 1 and Type 2 devices, terminating sensing measurements between Type 1 and Type 2 devices, a particular sensing responder being a Type 1 or Type 2 device, measurement ID, session setup ID, measurement setup ID, termination being initiated by the AP (SBP responder) or a particular client device (SBP initiator), relaxing constraints on BW and sounding requirements (e.g., BW * sounding frequency, "effective bandwidth").

Clause 26b: A method/device/system/software of a wireless sensing system as described in clause 26, comprising stopping wireless sensing measurements performed by type 1 devices and type 2 devices in an SBP procedure based on a wireless protocol.

Clause 26c: A method/device/system/software of a wireless sensing system as described in clause 26b, comprising terminating wireless sensing measurements performed by the Type 1 device and the Type 2 device in an SBP procedure based on a wireless protocol.

Clause 26d: A method/device/system/software of a wireless sensing system as described in clause 26c, comprising terminating wireless sensing measurements associated with a particular sensing responder in an SBP procedure based on a wireless protocol.

Clause 26e: A method/device/system/software of a wireless sensing system as described in clause 26d, including the wireless sensing measurements being identified by an identification (ID).

Clause 26f: The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 26e, including the wireless sensing measurements being identified by an identification (ID) associated with at least one of a Type 1 device, a Type 2 device, or a configuration of Type 1 and Type 2 devices by an AP.

Clause 26g: A method/device/system/software of a wireless sensing system described in clause 26f, including terminating wireless sensing measurements by at least one of the AP and the particular client device.

Clause 26h: A method/device/system/software of a wireless sensing system as described in clause 26, comprising requesting by a particular client device that at least two operational parameters of a wireless sensing measurement take one of at least two combinations of values.

Clause 26i: The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 26h, including at least two operational parameters of a wireless sensing measurement performed by a Type 1 device and a Type 2 device taking a first value of a combination of at least two values, and at least two operational parameters of another wireless sensing measurement performed by another Type 1 device of the system and another Type 2 device of the system taking a second value of a combination of at least two values.

Clause 26j: A method/device/system/software for a wireless sensing system as described in clause 26h, including two of the operating parameters satisfying a mathematical formula in all combinations of at least two values.

Clause 27. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 26, comprising: configuring the Type 1 device to transmit a TSWSS to the Type 2 device; configuring the Type 2 device to receive the TSWSS from the Type 1 device and obtain a TSCI based on the received TSWSS; and configuring the Type 2 device to report the TSCI non-locally or locally, thereby performing an SBP procedure with the AP.

In some embodiments, the TSCI is reported to the SB initiator upon (and only if) the SBP initiator requests it.

Clause 28. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 27 further includes performing an SBP procedure by the AP by transmitting multiple results of the multiple wireless sensing measurements to a specific client device upon request.

In some embodiments, a portion of the TSCI acquired by a Type 2 device for a first sensing measurement session (associated with a sensing initiator for a wireless sensing task) may be shared/reused with a second sensing measurement session (e.g., associated with a different sensing initiator and/or for a different wireless sensing task). The "shared" portion may be an overlap of the result and the second result ("shared" by both).

Clause 29. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 15, including the Type 1 device and the Type 2 device cooperatively performing a plurality of second wireless sensing measurements based on a wireless protocol, and reporting a plurality of second results of the plurality of second wireless sensing measurements either locally or non-locally based on the wireless protocol, where there is an overlap between the plurality of results and the plurality of second results.

In some embodiments, the overlapped portion is reported locally in a wireless sensing measurement and locally or non-locally in a second wireless sensing measurement.

Clause 29b. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 15, including reporting overlaps locally among the plurality of results and reporting overlaps locally or non-locally among the plurality of second results.

In some embodiments, instead of performing separate wireless sensing measurements and a second wireless sensing measurement, a common (or super/comprehensive) wireless sensing measurement is performed.

Clause 30. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 29, comprising: performing a plurality of common wireless sensing measurements by the type 1 device and the type 2 device in cooperation with each other based on the wireless protocol in place of the plurality of wireless sensing measurements and the plurality of second wireless sensing measurements; and locally reporting a plurality of common results of the plurality of common wireless sensing measurements based on the wireless protocol, the plurality of results being a first subset of the plurality of common results reported locally, and the plurality of second results being a second subset of the plurality of common results reported either locally or non-locally.

In some embodiments, a subset is extracted that corresponds to each result.

Clause 31. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 30, comprising extracting a plurality of results from the plurality of common results, and extracting a plurality of second results from the plurality of common results.

In some embodiments, extract a subset corresponding to each result. Special case: result/second result is TSCI.

Clause 32. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 31, wherein the plurality of common results comprises a common TSCI and the plurality of second results comprises a second TSCI, comprising extracting the TSCI from the common TSCI and extracting the second TSCI from the common TSCI.

In some embodiments, the common measurement configuration is a superset of the individual measurements such that all measurement requirements (bandwidth, carrier frequency, sounding frequency, sounding timing, antenna, protocol configuration, etc.) are met.

Clause 33. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 29, wherein the common configuration of the plurality of common wireless sensing measurements is a superset of the first configuration of the plurality of wireless sensing measurements and the plurality of second wireless sensing measurements, and the common configuration includes at least one of a bandwidth, a carrier frequency, a sounding frequency, a sounding timing, an antenna, a protocol setting, or a circuit setting.

In some embodiments, overlapping results due to overlapping of a TSWSS with another TSWSS.

Clause 34. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system according to clause 29, including: individually configuring the type 1 device and the type 2 device based on a wireless protocol by another sensing initiator device of the system to cooperatively perform a plurality of second wireless sensing measurements; configuring the type 1 device by the other sensing initiator device to function as a sensing transmitter device that transmits another TSWSS to the type 2 device, where a second overlap exists between the TSWSS and the other TSWSS; and configuring the type 2 device by the other sensing initiator device as a sensing receiver device that receives the other TSWSS from the type 1 device and obtains another TSCI based on the received TSWSS, where the overlap configures a third overlap between the TSCI and the other TSCI due to the second overlap between the TSWSS and the other TSWSS.

In some embodiments, there may be overlap between a TSWSS and another TSWSS.

Clause 35. The method/apparatus/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 34, wherein the second overlap between the TSWSS and the other TSWSS includes at least one of the following: a common sounding frequency of the TSWSS and the other TSWSS, a common element between a first sounding frequency of the TSWSS and a second sounding frequency of the other TSWSS, a common frequency band for transmission of the TSWSS and the other TSWSS, an overlap between a first frequency band for transmission of the TSWSS and a second frequency band for transmission of the other TSWSS, a WSS shared between the TSWSS and the other TSWSS, a common sounding timestamp of a WSS of the TSWSS and a WSS of the other TSWSS, a common element between a first sounding frequency of the TSWSS and a second sounding frequency of the other TSWSS, a common frequency band for transmission of the TSWSS and the other TSWSS, a common sounding timestamp of a WSS of the TSWSS and a WSS of the other TSWSS, a common sounding timestamp of a WSS of the TSWSS and ... Common settings for transmitting, common settings for transmitting TSWSS and another TSWSS, common settings for receiving TSWSS and another TSWSS, common settings for receiving TSWSS and another TSWSS, common antenna for transmitting (or receiving) TSWSS and another TSWSS, common radio line for transmitting (or receiving) TSWSS and another TSWSS, common line settings for transmitting (or receiving) TSWSS and another TSWSS, common carrier frequency for transmitting (or receiving) TSWSS and another TSWSS, common signaling for transmitting (or receiving) TSWSS and another TSWSS, common protocol parameters for transmitting (or receiving) TSWSS and another TSWSS.

In some embodiments, there are multiple measurement IDs for shared/duplicate results.

Clause 36. A method/apparatus/system/software for a wireless sensing system as described in clause 34, comprising associating a particular result that overlaps with a particular second result with a plurality of wireless sensing measurements (a wireless sensing measurement and a second wireless sensing measurement).

In some embodiments, there are multiple measurement IDs for shared/duplicate results.

Clause 37. A method/apparatus/system/software for a wireless sensing system according to clause 36, comprising associating a particular result that overlaps with a particular second result with a plurality of measurement instance IDs (IDs) (a first measurement ID for the wireless sensing measurement and a second measurement ID for the second wireless sensing measurement).

In some embodiments, a special case is the same sensing initiator.

Clause 38. A method/apparatus/system/software for a wireless sensing system according to clause 34, comprising another sensing initiator device being the sensing initiator device.

The result (TSCI) and the second result (second TSCI) may be for two different wireless sensing tasks (e.g., one task may be motion detection and the other task may be respiration detection). Also, the result and the second result may be available for the same wireless sensing task.

Clause 39. A method/apparatus/system/software for a wireless sensing system as described in clause 34, including making a plurality of results available to a wireless sensing task and making a plurality of second results available to another wireless sensing task.

In some embodiments, wireless sensing using centralized computing (e.g., the sensing initiator may be an AP).

Clause 40. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 15, comprising: the sensing initiator device is an access point device (AP) of the wireless data communication network; the type 1 device is a client device of the wireless data communication network and functions as a sensing responder device; the type 2 device is the AP; the type 2 device reports a TSCI locally; and the locally reported TSCI is available to the AP for wireless sensing tasks.

In some embodiments, the WSS may be an NDP in 11bf or 11az. Trigger-based (TB) sensing may be used in 11bf or 11az when the sensing initiator is an AP. There are two variations of TB sensing. The first variation (NDP is sent from the client device to the AP and timing/synchronization is achieved using TF) is used in clause 24. TF triggers the client device to send the NDP to the AP.

Clause 41. The method/apparatus/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 40, wherein the wireless sensing measurements are trigger-based (TB) using null data packet frames (NDP) and trigger frames (TF) based on the wireless protocol.

In some embodiments, Sensing by Proxy (SBP) where a specific client device (SBP initiator) requests an AP (SBP responder) to initiate a sensing session (i.e., acts as a sensing initiator). CSI may be reported to the specific client device.

Clause 42. A method/device/system/software of a wireless sensing system according to clause 40, comprising the steps of: requesting an AP to perform a sensing by proxy (SBP) procedure with a specific client device of a wireless data communication network based on a wireless protocol; configuring a type 1 device and a type 2 device to cooperatively perform a plurality of wireless sensing measurements; and reporting a TSCI to the specific client device, the reported TSCI being available for wireless sensing tasks at the specific client device, and the SBP procedure being performed by the AP based on the wireless protocol.

In some embodiments, there are multiple type 1 devices (e.g., client devices in a network). Each "type 1" device sends a respective TSWSS to the AP. The AP obtains a respective TSCI from each received TSWSS. Multiple TSCIs from multiple type 1 devices may be reported/available to the AP. Sensing tasks are performed centrally based on the multiple TSCIs. In one embodiment, all type 1 devices use the same wireless multipath channel. In another embodiment, they may use different wireless channels (e.g., different carrier frequencies, different channel numbers, different bandwidths, and/or different wireless settings). In one embodiment, all type 1 devices are in the same wireless sensing measurement session (e.g., same session ID, same measurement ID, same sounding frequency, and/or same sounding settings). In another embodiment, they may be in different wireless sensing measurement sessions (e.g., different session IDs, different measurement IDs, different sounding frequencies, different wireless settings, different sensing settings, different sensing initiators).

Clause 43. A method/apparatus/system/software for a wireless sensing system according to clause 40, comprising: at least one additional type 1 heterogeneous wireless device in the system in the venue, each of which is individually configured by the sensing initiator device according to a wireless protocol to function as a sensing transmitter device; a step of transmitting, by each additional type 1 device, a respective TSWSS to the type 2 device according to the wireless protocol; a step of the type 2 device receiving the respective TSWSS through a wireless multipath channel according to the wireless protocol; a step of the type 2 device obtaining a respective TSCI according to the wireless protocol based on the respective received TSWSS, the type 2 device locally reporting the respective TSCI; and a step of centrally performing a wireless sensing task based on the locally reported multiple TSCIs.

In some embodiments, wireless sensing uses distributed computing (e.g., the initiator of the sensing may be an AP).

Clause 44. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 15, comprising: a sensing initiator device being an access point device (AP) of a wireless data communication network; a type 1 device being the AP; and a type 2 device being a client device of the wireless data communication network, functioning as a sensing responder device, the type 2 device reporting a TSCI locally, and the locally reported TSCI being available to the client device for wireless sensing tasks.

In some embodiments, other variations of TB sensing (NDPs can be sent from the AP to the client devices while using NDPA to achieve timing/synchronization) are used in clause 27. NDPA prepares the client device to receive NDPs from the AP. In some embodiments, the TSWSS (e.g., sounding signal, NDP) is broadcast from the AP to multiple non-AP client devices.

Clause 45. The method/apparatus/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 44, wherein the wireless sensing measurements are trigger-based (TB) using null data packet (NDP) frames and NDP announcement (NDPA) frames based on the wireless protocol.

In some embodiments, the TSWSS (e.g., sounding signal, NDP) may be broadcast from the AP to a number of non-AP client devices.

Clause 45b. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 44, wherein the TSWSS is transmitted from the Type 1 device to the Type 2 device and the additional Type 2 device and is received by the Type 2 device and the additional Type 2 device.

Clause 45c. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 45b, including the TSWSS being transmitted from the Type 1 device using at least one of multicast or broadcast.

In some embodiments, there is sensing by proxy (SBP) where a particular client device (SBP initiator) requests an AP (SBP responder) to initiate a sensing session (i.e., acts as a sensing initiator). CSI may be reported locally or non-locally. In some embodiments, TSWSS (e.g., sounding signal, NDP) is broadcast from the AP to a number of non-AP client devices.

Clause 46. A method/device/system/software of a wireless sensing system according to clause 44, comprising the steps of: requesting an AP to perform a sensing by proxy (SBP) procedure with a particular client device based on a wireless protocol; configuring the Type 1 device and the Type 2 device to perform a plurality of wireless sensing measurements in cooperation; and configuring the Type 2 device to report TSCI locally, whereby the SBP procedure is performed by the AP based on the wireless protocol.

In some embodiments, the TSWSS (e.g., sounding signal, NDP) may be broadcast from the AP to a number of non-AP client devices.

Clause 46b. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 44, wherein the TSWSS is transmitted from the Type 1 device to the Type 2 device and the additional Type 2 device and is received by the Type 2 device and the additional Type 2 device.

Clause 46c: The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system described in clause 46b, including the TSWSS being transmitted from the Type 1 device using at least one of multicast or broadcast.

In some embodiments, there may be multiple Type 2 devices. Each Type 2 device receives a respective TSWSS from the AP, obtains a respective TSCI, and performs a respective portion of the sensing task based on the respective TSCI. In an embodiment, all Type 2 devices use the same wireless multipath channel. In another embodiment, they may use different wireless channels (e.g., different carrier frequencies, different channel numbers, different bandwidths, and/or different wireless settings). In one embodiment, all Type 2 devices may have the same wireless sensing measurement session (e.g., same session ID, same measurement ID, same sounding frequency, and/or same sounding settings). In another embodiment, they may have different wireless sensing measurement sessions (e.g., different session IDs, different measurement IDs, different sounding frequencies, different wireless settings, different sensing settings, different sensing initiators).

Clause 47. The method/apparatus/system/software of the wireless sensing system according to clause 44, wherein there is at least one additional type 2 heterogeneous wireless device in the system in the venue, each configured according to a wireless protocol by the sensing initiator device to function as a sensing receiver device, and the method includes transmitting, by the type 1 device, a respective TSWSS to each additional type 2 device according to the wireless protocol, receiving, by each additional type 2 device, a respective TSWSS over a wireless multipath channel according to the wireless protocol, and based on the respective received TSWSS, obtaining, by each additional type 2 device, a respective TSCI according to the wireless protocol, and locally reporting, by each additional type 2 device, a respective TSCI, and performing a wireless sensing task in a decentralized manner based on one or more locally reported TSCIs, and each additional type 2 device locally performing a respective part of the wireless sensing task based on the respective locally reported TSCI.

Clause 47b: The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 47, wherein all TSWSSs are a common TSWSS, and the type 1 device transmits the common TSWSS to all of the type 2 devices and at least one additional type 2 device based on a wireless protocol.

Clause 47c: A method/apparatus/system/software for a wireless sensing system as described in clause 47b, comprising transmitting a common TSWSS based on at least one of multicast or broadcast.

In some embodiments, wireless sensing using non-TB sensing (e.g., the initiator of the sensing may be a client device). The NDP may be sent from a client device to another client device. The CSI may be reported locally.

Clause 48. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 15, including: the sensing initiator device is a client device of the wireless data communication network; the sensing responder device is an access point device (AP) of the wireless data communication network; the type 1 device is the client device; the type 2 device is the AP; the type 2 device is configured to locally report the TSCI; and the locally reported TSCI is available to the AP for wireless sensing tasks.

In some embodiments, wireless sensing using non-TB sensing (e.g., the sensing initiator may be a client device). There is another possibility: the NDP may be sent from the AP to the client device.

Clause 49. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 15, comprising: the sensing initiator device is a client device of a wireless data communication network; the sensing responder device is an access point device (AP) of the wireless data communication network; the Type 1 device is the AP; the Type 2 device is the client device; the Type 2 device is configured to locally report the TSCI; and the locally reported TSCI is available to the client device for wireless sensing tasks.

In some embodiments, wireless sensing using P2P sensing. Another possibility: the NDP can be sent from the AP to the client device.

Clause 50. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 15, wherein the sensing initiator device is an access point device (AP) of the wireless data communication network, the first client device of the wireless data communication network is a first sensing responder device, the second client device of the wireless data communication network is a second sensing responder device, the type 1 device is the first client device, the type 2 device is the second client device, the type 2 device is configured to locally report TSCI, and the locally reported TSCI is available to the second client device for wireless sensing tasks.

In some embodiments, the wireless sensing uses two-way P2P sensing. There is another possibility: the NDP may be sent from the AP to the client device.

Clause 51. The method/device/system/software of the wireless sensing system of clause 50, including the second client device being further configured to transmit another TSWSS to the first client device, the first client device being further configured to receive the another TSWSS and obtain another TSCI based on the received another TSWSS, and the first client device being further configured to locally report the another TSCI, the locally reported another TSCI being available to the first client device for wireless sensing tasks.

In some embodiments, the wireless sensing uses two-way sensing. There is another possibility: the NDP may be sent from the AP to the client device.

Clause 52. A method/apparatus/system/software for a wireless sensing system according to clause 3, comprising: a step of configuring the type 2 device based on a wireless protocol by the sensing initiator device to transmit another TSWSS to the type 1 device based on the wireless protocol; a step of configuring the type 1 device based on the wireless protocol by the sensing initiator device to receive another TSWSS from the type 2 device via a wireless multipath channel and obtain another TSCI based on the received another TSWSS; a step of configuring the type 1 device based on the wireless protocol to determine whether to report the another TSCI non-locally or locally; and a step of making the reported another TSCI available for a wireless sensing task.

In some embodiments, the first device cooperates with the second device only if the second device is deemed/determined/judged/assessed/checked by the first device to be suitable/authorized/allowed/reasonable/trustworthy for the second cooperation role. The sensing result of the wireless sensing measurement procedure may include a TSCI. The sensing result (e.g., TSCI) may include information of a user in the surrounding environment, and therefore access to the sensing result may need to be controlled to protect the user's privacy. Different cooperative roles of the wireless sensing measurement procedure may have different access to the sensing result (e.g., TSCI). Access control to the sensing result may be controlled by restricting which devices in the wireless data communication network play which role.

In some embodiments, trusted devices (e.g., APs, associated APs, and/or non-associated non-APs) may have a certain degree of access to the sensing results (e.g., TSCI). Only the most trusted devices (e.g., APs, associated APs, and/or non-associated non-APs) may be entrusted with full access to the privacy-sensitive sensing results. Untrusted devices (e.g., APs, associated APs, and/or non-associated non-APs) should not have access to the sensing results. Medium trusted devices (e.g., APs, associated APs, and/or non-associated non-APs) may be limited in access to the sensing results. To control access to the sensing results (e.g., TSCI), a first device playing a role in the sensing procedure may decide whether or not to cooperate with a second device playing a second role in the sensing procedure. The decision/determination by the first device may be based on the classification of the second device with respect to some "trustworthiness" measure of the second device.

In one embodiment, the classification may be specific to the first device and/or the role of the first device. In another embodiment, the classification may not be specific to the first device/role of the first device. In other words, the classification may be independent of the first device and the role of the first device.

In some embodiments, the number of devices in the network (e.g., APs, non-AP devices that are attached, non-AP devices that are not attached but authenticated, or non-AP devices that are not attached and not authenticated) may be classified. A large number of devices may be classified into several classes. All devices in the same class may have the same "trustworthiness". The sensing receiver generates a TSCI based on the received sounding signal and can report it non-locally to the sensing initiator or locally to the sensing receiver. The TSCI contains information of the user in the surrounding environment and is therefore related to the user's privacy. Untrusted wireless devices (e.g., 802.11bf wireless stations or STAs) should not be allowed to play the role of a sensing receiver. In some embodiments, the sensing transmitter does not have access to the TSCI. It contributes to the generation of the TSCI by transmitting a sounding signal.

The following numbered clauses provide examples of wireless sensing with privacy protection:

Clause A1. A method/device/system/software for an access-controlled wireless sensing system, comprising: determining, by a first heterogeneous wireless device of the system in a wireless data communications network, a number of collaborative roles in a wireless sensing measurement procedure performed in the wireless data communications network, the collaborative roles including a sensing initiator device, a sensing responder device, a sensing transmitter device, a sensing receiver device, a sensing by proxy (SBP) initiator device, and an SBP responder device; and performing the wireless sensing measurement procedure in collaboration with a second heterogeneous wireless device of the system in the network, the first device acting in a first collaborative role, when the second device is determined by the first device to be suitable for the second collaborative role.

In some embodiments, the first device may refuse/decline to function in the first collaborative role if the second device determines that it is not suitable.

Clause A2. The method/device/system/software of the access control wireless sensing system of clause A1, including refusing the first device acting in the first collaborative role to perform the wireless sensing measurement procedure in collaboration with the second device acting in the second collaborative role if the first device determines that the second device is not suitable for the second collaborative role. In some embodiments, the first device may classify all (known) devices in the network to check/determine/determine/consider whether the second device is suitable for the second collaborative role.

Clause A3. A method/apparatus/system/software for an access-controlled wireless sensing system according to clause A2, comprising: a step of calculating, by a first device, a classification of each of a number of heterogeneous wireless devices in the network; and a step of determining, by the first device functioning in a first collaborative role, whether a second device is suitable for a second collaborative role based on the classification.

In some embodiments, when a first device functions in a first collaborative role, the same classification can be used to determine/determine whether a second device is suitable for a third collaborative role.

Clause A4. A method/apparatus/system/software for an access-controlled wireless sensing system according to clause A3, comprising: a step of determining, by a first device functioning in a first collaborative role, whether or not a second device is suitable for a third collaborative role based on the classification; and a step of performing another wireless sensing measurement procedure in collaboration with a second heterogeneous wireless device functioning in a third collaborative role when the first device functioning in the first collaborative role determines, based on the classification, that the second device is suitable for the third collaborative role.

In some embodiments, the same classification can be used to determine/determine whether a second device is suitable for a second collaborative role when the first device functions in a third collaborative role.

Clause A5. The method/device/system/software of the access-controlled wireless sensing system described in clause A3, including a step of determining, by the first device functioning in the third collaborative role, whether the second device is suitable for the second collaborative role based on the classification, and a step of performing another wireless sensing measurement procedure in collaboration with the second heterogeneous wireless device functioning in the second collaborative role when the first device functioning in the third collaborative role determines, based on the classification, that the second device is suitable for the second collaborative role.

In some embodiments, the classification may be different if the first device functions in a third collaborative role.

Clause A6. The method/device/system/software of the access-controlled wireless sensing system of clause A3, including calculating, by the first device, a further classification of each of the multiple heterogeneous wireless devices in the network for determining, by the first device functioning in a third collaborative role, whether the second device is suitable for a second collaborative role.

In some embodiments, another classification may be used in another wireless sensing measurement procedure in which a first device functions in a third role and a second device functions in a second role.

Clause A7. The method/apparatus/system/software of the accessed controlled wireless sensing system according to clause A6, comprising: a step of performing another wireless sensing measurement procedure in cooperation with a second heterogeneous wireless device functioning in a second collaborative role when the first device functioning in a third collaborative role determines that the second device is suitable for the second collaborative role based on another classification; and a step of refusing to perform another wireless sensing measurement procedure in cooperation with the second device functioning in the second collaborative role by the second device functioning in the third collaborative role when the first device determines that the second device is not suitable for the second collaborative role based on another classification.

In some embodiments, the classification may be different if the determination is about whether the second device is suitable for a third collaborative role.

Clause A8. The method/device/system/software of the access-controlled wireless sensing system of clause A3, comprising a step of calculating, by the first device functioning in a first collaborative role, a further classification of each of a number of heterogeneous wireless devices in the network for determining, by the first device, whether the second device is suitable for a third collaborative role.

In some embodiments, another classification may be used in another wireless sensing measurement procedure in which a first device functions in a first role and a second device functions in a third role.

Clause A9. The method/device/system/software of the access-controlled wireless sensing system of clause A8, comprising: performing another wireless sensing measurement procedure in collaboration with a second heterogeneous wireless device acting in a third collaborative role if the first device acting in a first collaborative role determines that the second device is suitable for a third collaborative role based on another classification; and refusing to perform another wireless sensing measurement procedure in collaboration with the second device acting in the third collaborative role if the second device is determined to be unsuitable for the third collaborative role by the first device acting in the first collaborative role. In some embodiments, each device may be associated with a reliability score (or confidence score) in the classification.

Clause A10. The method/device/system/software of the access controlled wireless sensing system of clause A3, including associating the classification of each device with a reliability score.

In some embodiments, the reliability score (or trust score) of the second device may be compared to a respective threshold to determine whether the second device is suitable for the second collaborative role.

Clause A11. The method/device/system/software of the access-controlled wireless sensing system of clause A10, comprising: determining that the second device is suitable for the second collaborative role if a reliability score associated with the classification of the second device is higher than a threshold.

In some embodiments, the threshold for determining compatibility may be different for different collaborator roles, but the threshold may not change (i.e., remain unchanged) depending on the different collaboration roles performed by the first device and may not change whether it is the first device or another device that makes the compatibility determination.

Clause A12. The method/device/system/software of the access controlled wireless sensing system of clause A11, comprising associating each collaboration role with a respective threshold for determining by any first device whether any second device is suitable for the collaboration role, regardless of any first collaboration role performed by any first device.

In some embodiments, each role is associated with a respective threshold, and the second device may be determined to be suitable for multiple collaboration roles, each such role having a respective threshold that is less than the reliability score of the second device.

Clause A13. The method/device/system/software of the access control wireless sensing system described in clause A12, comprising: determining that the second device is suitable for a collaborative role in the first group where the threshold is less than the reliability score of the second device.

In some embodiments, the second device may be determined to be inappropriate for a group of separate collaborative roles, each such role having a respective threshold greater than the second device's trust score.

Clause A14. A method/apparatus/system/software for an access-controlled wireless sensing system according to clause A13, comprising: determining that the second device is unsuitable for a collaborative role in the second group where the threshold is greater than the reliability score of the second device.

In some embodiments, other devices in the same class as the second device may be associated with the same or comparable trustworthiness and therefore may be determined to be suitable for the first group and not suitable for the second group.

Clause A15. The method/device/system/software of the access controlled wireless sensing system of clause 14, comprising determining a third device as suitable for a first group of collaborative roles and unsuitable for a second group of collaborative roles, wherein both the second device and the third device are classified into the same class and associated with comparable reliability scores.

In some embodiments, there is a device that falls into a first class that is suitable for all roles.

Clause A16. A method/apparatus/system/software for an access-controlled wireless sensing system according to clause A15, comprising the steps of classifying a number of devices into a number of classes, and determining that a group of devices falls into each of the classes in the classification and is suitable for a corresponding subset of collaboration roles.

In some embodiments, a special case is: an AP may be the most trustworthy and suitable for the basic role. When SBP is implemented, the AP may often act as the SBP responder. However, in a mesh network with multiple APs, the first AP may act as the SBP initiator and the second AP may act as the SBP responder.

Clause A17. The method/apparatus/system/software of the access controlled wireless sensing system of clause A16, comprising determining that an access point device (AP) of the wireless data communications network is suitable for the cooperative roles of SBP initiator device, SBP responder device, sensing initiator device, sensing responder device, sensing transmitter device and sensing receiver device.

In some embodiments, there are several possible classes, each with their associated appropriate or permitted roles.

Clause A18. The method/apparatus/system/software of the access-controlled wireless sensing system of clause A16, including determining that the first group of devices are suitable for all collaborative roles, including SBP initiator, SBP responder, sensing initiator, sensing responder, sensing transmitter, and sensing receiver.

Clause A19. The method/device/system/software of the access controlled wireless sensing system of clause A18, including determining that a second group of devices are suitable for the cooperative roles of SBP initiator, sensing initiator, sensing responder, sensing transmitter, and sensing receiver.

Clause A20. The method/device/system/software of the access controlled wireless sensing system of clause A19, including determining that a third group of devices are suitable for the collaborative roles of sensing initiator, sensing responder, sensing transmitter, and sensing receiver.

Clause A21. The method/device/system/software of the access controlled wireless sensing system described in clause A20, wherein a fourth group of devices are determined to be suitable for the collaborative roles of sensing responder, sensing transmitter and sensing receiver.

Clause A22. The method/device/system/software of the access controlled wireless sensing system of clause A21, including determining that a fifth group of devices are suitable for the collaborative roles of sensing responder and sensing transmitter.

Clause A23. The method/device/system/software of the access controlled wireless sensing system described in clause A22, including determining that a sixth group of devices are suitable for the cooperative roles of SBP initiator, sensing responder, sensing transmitter and sensing receiver.

Clause A24. The method/device/system/software of the access controlled wireless sensing system of clause A23, including determining that a seventh group of devices are suitable for the cooperative roles of SBP initiator, sensing responder, and sensing transmitter.

Clause A25. The method/device/system/software of the accessed sensing system described in clause A24, including determining that an eighth group of devices are suitable for the collaborative roles of SBP initiator, sensing responder, and sensing receiver.

Clause A26. A method/device/system/software for an access controlled wireless sensing system as described in clause A25, including a ninth group of devices being determined to be suitable for the collaborative role of SBP initiator.

In some embodiments, the number of devices may include APs, non-APs (client devices), associated non-APs, unassigned non-APs, authenticated non-APs, and unauthenticated non-APs.

Clause A27. The method/device/system/software of the access-controlled wireless sensing system of clause A3, wherein the plurality of devices includes at least one of access point devices (APs) of the wireless data communication network, wireless non-AP devices attached to the wireless data communication network, wireless non-AP devices authenticated but not attached to the wireless data communication network, and wireless client devices that are not authenticated or attached to the wireless data communication network.

Clause A28. The method/apparatus/system/software of the access controlled wireless sensing system of clause A10, including the device's trustworthiness score associated with the classification of the device by another device being obtained from at least one of another device, another device's configuration, another device's database, the system, the system's configuration, the system's database, the system's server, the server's database, the server's configuration, a command from the server, a user, a user of the device, a user of the other device, a system user, a user input, a user interface input, a graphical user interface input, a user configuration, a user database.

In some embodiments, each collaborating role has respective access to the sensing results (e.g., TSCI).

Clause A29. The method/device/system/software of the access-controlled wireless sensing system of clause A1, wherein each collaboration role is associated with a respective access to the results of the wireless sensing measurement procedure in the collaborative generation and reporting of the results of the wireless sensing measurement procedure.

Clause A30. A method/device/system/software for an access-controlled wireless sensing system according to clause A29, wherein the sensing measurement procedure includes the following basic and extended procedures. The basic wireless sensing measurement procedure includes being cooperatively performed by a sensing initiator device, a sensing responder device, a sensing transmitter device, and a sensing receiver device by: initiating a wireless sensing measurement procedure in the network by the sensing initiator device, the sensing initiator device also functioning as one of a sensing transmitter device, a sensing receiver device, or both, or neither; participating in the procedure by the sensing initiator device of at least one sensing responder device in the network, each sensing responder device also functioning as one of a sensing transmitter device, a sensing receiver device, or both; and participating in the procedure by the sensing initiator device of each sensing responder device. The transmitter device is configured to transmit a respective time series of wireless sounding signals (WSS) in the network to a respective sensing receiver device, and each sensing receiver device is configured by the sensing initiator device to receive a respective time series of WSS (TSWSS) from a respective sensing transmitter device, obtain a respective time series of channel information (CI) based on the respective received TSWSS, and report the respective time series of CI (TSCI) to the sensing initiator device non-locally via the network or locally at the sensing receiver device. The extended wireless sensing measurement procedure is performed collaboratively by an SBP initiator device and an SBP responder device in the network requesting an SBP responder device in the network to perform an SBP procedure in the network, and the SBP responder device performing the SBP procedure by reporting the TSCI to the SBP initiator device as requested by the SBP initiator device, with the SBP responder device acting as a sensing initiator device, to perform the basic wireless sensing measurement procedure.

In some embodiments, the roles are based on the wireless protocol (e.g., the IEEE 802.11bf standard).

Clause A31. The method/device/system/software of the access-controlled wireless sensing system of clause A29, wherein each of the roles in the wireless sensing measurement procedure is performed based on a wireless protocol, the wireless protocol being one of a wireless network protocol, a wireless network standard, a wireless data communication protocol, a wireless LAN (WLAN) protocol, a mobile communication protocol, a standard-based wireless protocol, a WLAN standard, a Wi-Fi standard, an IEEE 802 standard, an IEEE 802.11 standard, an IEEE 802.11bf standard, a wireless data communication standard, or a 3G/4G/LTE/5G/6G/7G/8G standard.

The following numbered clauses provide examples of bidirectional sensing, where two devices transmit their respective wireless signals (e.g., NDP) in each direction in a protocol/standard-based session. The first device transmits a first wireless signal to a second device, which generates sensing measurements (channel information/CI, TSCI, CSI, CIR, CFR, RSSI, etc.) from the received first wireless signal. The second device transmits a second wireless signal to a third device (e.g., the first device), which generates CI from the received second wireless signal. The sensing measurement generation is also sequential. In some embodiments, the third device is the first device, and both the first and second devices have their own TSCI and can perform wireless sensing computing. There is no reporting of sensing measurements. The protocol may be a default protocol, an industry standard, a national standard, an international standard, a WLAN standard, WiFi, IEEE 802.11, 802.11bf, Bluetooth, UWB, 802.15, 802.16, a cellular communication standard, 4G/5G/6G/7G/8G, WiMax, etc.

Clause B1. A method/apparatus/system/software for a wireless two-way sensing system, comprising: transmitting two wireless (sounding) signals successively by two devices over a wireless multipath channel of a venue based on a protocol, a first wireless signal transmitted from a first disparate wireless device to a second disparate wireless device and a second wireless signal transmitted from the second disparate wireless device to a third disparate wireless device, the wireless multipath channel being affected by the movement of objects in the venue; and receiving the two wireless signals successively in two ways by the two devices, the first wireless signal being received in the first way by the second device and the second wireless signal being received in the second way by the third device, the first wireless signal being received in the second way by the third device, the second wireless signal being received in the second way by the third device, the first wireless signal being received in the first way by the third device, the second wireless signal being received in the second way by the third device, the second wireless signal being received in the second way by the third device, the second wireless signal being received in the second way by the third device, the second wireless signal being received in the first ... first way by the third device, the second wireless signal being received in the second way by the third device, the second wireless signal being received in the second way by the third device, the second wireless signal being received in the first way by the third device, the second wireless signal being received in the second way by the third device, the second wireless signal being received in the second way by the third device, the second wireless The first wireless signal is different from the first wireless signal received due to the multipath channel and the movement of the object, and the transmitted second wireless signal is different from the second wireless signal received due to the multipath channel and the movement of the object; successively acquiring two time-series channel information (TSCI) of the wireless multipath channel in the venue by the two devices based on the two received wireless signals, the first TSCI being acquired by the second device based on the received first wireless signal, and the second TSCI being acquired by the third device based on the received second wireless signal; and making the two TSCI available to the two devices for the application, the first TSCI being available to the second device, and the second TSCI being available to the third device.

In the second and third devices, the respective MLMEs send respective internal (electronic) signals/messages to the respective SMEs to indicate that the respective TSCIs are available in the respective devices.

Clause B2. The method/apparatus/system/software of the wireless bidirectional sensing system of clause B1 further comprising the steps of: sequentially transmitting two electronic signals to indicate availability of the two TSCIs in the two devices based on a protocol; transmitting a second electronic signal in the second device from a second MAC Layer Management Entity (MLME) of the second device to a second Station Management Entity (SME) of the second device to indicate availability of the first TSCI; and transmitting a third electronic signal in the third device from a third MLME of the third device to a third SME of the third device to indicate availability of the second TSCI.

Special case 1: First device = third device. First device is the sensing initiator.

Clause B3. The method/device/system/software of the wireless bidirectional sensing system of clause B1 or 2, further comprising initiating a sensing session by the first device based on a protocol, where the third device is the first device, the first device is a sensing initiator, the second device is a sensing responder, the first wireless signal is an initiator-responder (I2R) sounding signal, and the second wireless signal is a responder-initiator (R2I) sounding signal.

Report frames must not be used by sensing responders to report sensing measurement results to sensing initiators.

Clause B4. The method/device/system/software of the wireless bidirectional sensing system of clause B3, further comprising: the sensing responder not using a wireless report frame to transmit its TSCI (i.e., the first TSCI) to the sensing initiator.

Alternatively, the report frame may be optionally used by a sensing responder to report sensing measurement results to a sensing initiator.

Clause B5. The method/device/system/software of the wireless bidirectional sensing system of clause B3, further comprising: the wireless report frame being optionally used by the second device (sensing responder) to transmit the first TSCI (i.e., the sensing measurement generated at the second device) to the first device (sensing initiator) such that both the first TSCI and the second TSCI are available to the first device.

The trigger signal can be used to trigger the successive transmission of two wireless signals by two devices. The trigger signal may be an NDPA frame, a trigger frame (TF), or other frame for triggering.

Clause B6. The method/device/system/software of the wireless bidirectional sensing system of clause B6 further includes transmitting a trigger signal by the sensing initiator to the sensing responder based on the protocol to trigger sequential transmission of the two wireless signals by the two devices.

Special case 1a: Non-TB sensing, where a non-AP STA initiates a sensing session. The AP can be a WiFi/WLAN AP or a cellular base station.

Clause B7. The method/device/system/software of the wireless two-way sensing system of clause B3, further comprising the first device being a non-access point device (non-AP station or non-AP STA).

Special case 1b: TB sensing, where the AP initiates the sensing session. The AP can be a WiFi/WLAN AP or a cellular base station.

Clause B8. The method/device/system/software of the wireless two-way sensing system described in clause B3, further comprising the first device being an access point device (AP).

TB sensing can have a polling phase where the sensing initiator (first device) checks the "availability" of multiple devices (including second devices). Each available device may reply to indicate its availability.

Clause B9. The method/device/system/software of the wireless bidirectional sensing system of clause B8, further comprising the AP wirelessly checking the availability of multiple wireless heterogeneous devices (i.e., wireless stations/STAs) based on a protocol, the second device being one of the multiple wireless heterogeneous devices and being available.

The AP may send at least one polling frame to check the availability of the device.

Clause B10. The method/apparatus/system/software of the wireless bidirectional sensing system of clause B9, further comprising transmitting polling frames to multiple wireless heterogeneous devices based on a protocol by the AP to wirelessly check their availability.

An available device may send some sort of wireless reply signal (e.g., an "availability signal") in response to indicate its availability.

Clause B11. The method/device/system/software of the wireless bidirectional sensing system of clause B9, further comprising transmitting a wireless availability signal to the AP by any available wireless heterogeneous device based on the protocol to indicate availability.

The wireless response signal in the preceding clause B may be a "response frame."

Clause B12. The method/device/system/software of the wireless bidirectional sensing system of clause B11, further comprising transmitting a response frame by any available wireless heterogeneous device to the AP according to the protocol to indicate availability.

All devices polled by the AP may respond by transmitting some sort of wireless response signal (e.g., an "availability signal") to indicate their "availability."

Clause B13. The method/device/system/software of the wireless bidirectional sensing system of clause B11, further comprising any wireless heterogeneous device transmitting a wireless availability signal to the AP based on the protocol to indicate its availability.

The wireless response signal in the preceding paragraph B may be a "response frame."

Clause B14. The method/device/system/software of the wireless bidirectional sensing system of clause B13, further comprising any wireless heterogeneous device transmitting a response frame to the AP based on the protocol to indicate its availability.

In SBP, a non-AP STA requests the AP to start a sensing session.

Clause B15. The method/device/system/software of the wireless bidirectional sensing system described in clause B8, further comprising requesting the AP to initiate a sensing session with a heterogeneous wireless device that is not an AP.

In SBP, a non-AP STA initiates an SBP session by sending an SBP request to the AP.

Clause B16. The method/device/system/software of the wireless two-way sensing system of clause B15, further comprising initiating a sensing by proxy (SBP) session by the non-AP device based on the protocol, and making an SBP request to the AP by the non-AP device based on the protocol.

In SBP, non-AP STAs form SBP sessions.

Clause B17. The method/device/system/software of the wireless two-way sensing system of clause B16, further comprising configuring an SBP session with a non-AP device.

Clause B18. The method/device/system/software of the wireless bidirectional sensing system of clause B17, further comprising indirectly configuring a sensing session with a non-AP device by configuring an SBP session.

Clause B19. The method/device/system/software of the wireless two-way sensing system of clause B18, further comprising configuring the SBP session such that the AP does not report any TSCI to the non-AP device.

Clause B20. The method/device/system/software of the wireless bidirectional sensing system of clause B19, further comprising indirectly configuring the sensing session such that the sensing responder does not use a wireless report frame to report the TSCI to the AP.

Clause B21. The method/device/system/software of the wireless bidirectional sensing system of clause B8, further comprising: configuring the second device by the AP with respect to sequentially transmitting the second wireless signal and receiving the first wireless signal based on the protocol, generating a first TSCI based on the received first wireless signal, and making the first TSCI available.

Clause B22. The method/device/system/software of the wireless bidirectional sensing system of clause B21, further comprising jointly configuring the second device and another device by the AP based on at least one of a combined setup, a combined negotiation, or a combined configuration.

Clause B23. The method/device/system/software of the wireless bidirectional sensing system of clause B21, further comprising individually configuring the second device and the other device by the AP based on at least one of a respective individual setup, a respective negotiation, or a respective individual configuration.

The following provisions are for Non-Infrastructure Mode (NIM) sensing:

Clause C1. A method/device/system/software for a non-infrastructure mode wireless sensing system, comprising: initiating a non-infrastructure mode (NIM) sensing procedure by a sensing initiator of the system within a venue based on a protocol, the sensing initiator being a non-infrastructure mode heterogeneous wireless device within a wireless ad-hoc network; participating in the NIM sensing procedure by a sensing responder of the system within the venue based on the protocol, the sensing responder being a wireless heterogeneous wireless device within the wireless ad-hoc network; defining a mutually acceptable sensing parameter set for the NIM sensing procedure between the sensing initiator and the sensing responder; One of the sensing initiator and the sensing responder is defined as a sensing transmitter, which is a type 1 heterogeneous wireless device, and the other is defined as a sensing receiver, which is a type 2 heterogeneous wireless device; the sensing transmitter transmits a wireless (sounding) signal through a wireless multipath channel of the venue, where the wireless multipath channel is affected by the movement of an object in the venue; the sensing receiver receives the wireless signal, where the transmitted wireless signal differs from the received wireless signal due to the multipath channel and the movement of the object; the sensing receiver obtains time sequence channel information (TSCI) of the wireless multipath channel in the venue based on the received wireless signal; and makes the TSCI available to a wireless sensing application. Reporting of the sensing measurement results (e.g., using a sensing measurement report frame) may be optional.

Clause C2. A method/device/system/software for a NIM wireless sensing system as described in clause C1, optionally including transmitting a TSCI to a sensing initiator based on a protocol. Trigger-based (TB) sensing using either NDPA or Trigger Frame (TF) I2R NDP.

Clause C3. A method/device/system/software for a NIM wireless sensing system as described in clause C1, including transmitting either an announcement frame or a triggering frame from the sensing initiator to the sensing responder prior to transmitting the wireless signal. A frame similar to an NDP or NDPA TF or a TF-like frame.

Clause C4. The method/device/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system of clause C3, wherein the announcement frame comprises at least one of an NDP Announcement frame (NDPA), a frame similar to an NDPA, or an 802.11 compatible NDPA, and the trigger frame comprises at least one of a Trigger frame (TF), a variant of a TF, a frame similar to a TF, a frame similar to a variant of a TF, an 802.11 compatible frame, or an 802.11 compatible TF. Non-TB sensing, where both an R2I NDP and an I2R NDP are transmitted. An R2I NDP transmitted from a sensing responder to a sensing initiator. An I2R NDP transmitted from a sensing initiator to a sensing responder.

Clause C5. The method/apparatus/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system of clause C1, comprising: transmitting a second wireless (sounding) signal by the sensing receiver through the wireless multipath channel of the venue; receiving the second wireless signal by the sensing transmitter; obtaining a second TSCI of the wireless multipath channel of the venue by the sensing transmitter based on the received second wireless signal; and making the second TSCI available for at least one of the wireless sensing application or the second wireless sensing application. Bidirectional sensing, i.e., an I2R NDP transmitted from the sensing initiator to the sensing receiver, an R2I NDP transmitted from the sensing responder to the sensing initiator, and sensing measurements (e.g., CSI) generated at both the sensing initiator (based on the R2I NDP) and the sensing responder (based on the I2R NDP). The TSCI obtained at the sensing initiator may be for the sensing initiator's local application/software/sensing task. The TSCI obtained at the sensing responder may be for the sensing responder's local application/software/sensing task. It may be optionally reported to the sensing initiator. For example, the sensing initiator's sensing task is motion detection and the sensing responder's sensing task is fall detection.

Clause C6. A method/device/system/software for a NIM wireless sensing system of clause C1 comprising: defining two sensing transmitters and two sensing responders, the sensing transmitters being type 1 heterogeneous wireless devices and the sensing receiver being type 2 heterogeneous wireless devices; defining each of the sensing initiators and sensing responders as both a sensing transmitter and a sensing receiver; transmitting, by each sensing transmitter, a respective wireless (sounding) signal through a wireless multipath channel of the venue; and receiving, by each sensing receiver, the respective wireless signals, the respective transmitted wireless signals differing from the respective received wireless signals due to the multipath channel and object motion; obtaining, by each sensing receiver, a respective TSCI of the wireless multipath channel in the venue based on the respective received wireless signals; and making the respective TSCI locally available for the respective wireless sensing applications. The sensing initiator STA can act as a sensing initiator to initiate another non-infrastructure sensing procedure with the same or a different set of sensing responders. Another non-infrastructure sensing procedure with the same sensing initiator and a different sensing responder.

Clause C7. The method/apparatus/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system described in clause C1 includes: initiating a second NIM sensing procedure by a sensing initiator based on a protocol; participating in the second NIM sensing procedure by a second sensing responder of the system in the venue based on the protocol, the second sensing responder being a wireless heterogeneous wireless device in a non-infrastructure mode in a wireless ad-hoc network; defining a second set of mutually acceptable sensing parameters for the second NIM sensing procedure between the sensing initiator and the second sensing responder; and connecting one of the sensing initiator and the second sensing responder to a second sensing transmitter that is another type 1 heterogeneous wireless device. and the other as a second sensing receiver, which is another type 2 heterogeneous wireless device; transmitting a second wireless (sounding) signal by the second sensing transmitter through a second wireless multipath channel of the venue, the second wireless multipath channel being affected by the motion of an object in the venue; receiving the second wireless signal by the second sensing receiver, the transmitted second wireless signal being different from the received second wireless signal due to the second multipath channel and the motion of the object; obtaining a second TSCI of the second wireless multipath channel of the venue by the second sensing receiver based on the received second wireless signal; and making the second TSCI available for a second wireless sensing application. The sensing responder STA may function as a sensing responder in another non-infrastructure sensing procedure (potentially with a different sensing initiator). Another non-infrastructure sensing procedure with the same sensing responder as another sensing initiator.

Clause C8. The method/device/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system described in clause C1 includes: initiating a second NIM sensing procedure by a second sensing initiator of the system in the venue based on the protocol, the second sensing initiator being another heterogeneous wireless device in a non-infrastructure mode in the wireless ad-hoc network, and a sensing responder participating in the second NIM sensing procedure; defining a second set of mutually acceptable sensing parameters for the second NIM sensing procedure between the second sensing initiator and the sensing responder; and defining one of the second sensing initiator and the sensing responder as a second sensing transmitter that is a type 1 heterogeneous wireless device. defining the other as a type 2 heterogeneous wireless device and a second sensing receiver; transmitting a second wireless (sounding) signal by the second sensing transmitter through a second wireless multipath channel of the venue, the second wireless multipath channel being affected by the motion of an object in the venue; receiving the second wireless signal by the second sensing receiver, the transmitted second wireless signal being different from the received second wireless signal due to the second multipath channel and the motion of the object; obtaining a second TSCI of the second wireless multipath channel of the venue by the second sensing receiver based on the received second wireless signal; and making the second TSCI available for a second wireless sensing application. P2P sensing (responder-to-responder sensing). Case 1: Both responders participate in the same sensing procedure.

Clause C9. The method/apparatus/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system of clause C1 includes: participating in an NIM sensing procedure by a second sensing responder of the system in the venue based on a protocol, the second sensing responder being a wireless heterogeneous wireless device in a non-infrastructure mode in a wireless ad-hoc network, defining a second set of mutually acceptable sensing parameters for the NIM sensing procedure between the sensing initiator and the second sensing responder, and defining one of the sensing responder and the second sensing responder as a second sensing transmitter that is a type 1 heterogeneous wireless device and the other as a type 2 heterogeneous wireless device. 2. A second sensing receiver, and a second sensing transmitter, transmitting a second wireless (sounding) signal through a second wireless multipath channel of the venue, the second wireless multipath channel being affected by the motion of an object in the venue, and receiving the second wireless signal by the second sensing receiver, the transmitted second wireless signal being different from the received second wireless signal due to the second multipath channel and the motion of the object, and obtaining a second TSCI of the second wireless multipath channel of the venue by the second sensing receiver based on the received second wireless signal, and making the second TSCI available for a second wireless sensing application. P2P sensing (responder-to-responder sensing). Case 2: Each responder participates in a separate procedure.

Clause C10. The method/apparatus/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system of clause C1 includes: a sensing initiator of a system in the venue initiating a second NIM sensing procedure based on a protocol; a second sensing responder of the system in the venue participating in the second NIM sensing procedure based on the protocol, the second sensing responder being a wireless heterogeneous wireless device in a non-infrastructure mode in a wireless ad-hoc network; defining a second set of mutually acceptable sensing parameters for the second NIM sensing procedure between the sensing initiator and the second sensing responder; and connecting one of the sensing responder and the second sensing responder to a second sensing transmitter that is another type 1 heterogeneous wireless device. and defining the other to a second sensing receiver, which is another type 2 heterogeneous wireless device; transmitting a second wireless (sounding) signal by the second sensing transmitter through a second wireless multipath channel of the venue, the second wireless multipath channel being affected by the motion of an object in the venue, and receiving the second wireless signal by the second sensing receiver, the transmitted second wireless signal being different from the received second wireless signal due to the second multipath channel and the motion of the object; obtaining a second TSCI of the second wireless multipath channel of the venue by the second sensing receiver based on the received second wireless signal, and making the second TSCI available for a second wireless sensing application. P2P sensing, or responder-to-responder sensing. Bidirectional sensing.

Clause C11. A method/apparatus/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system according to clause C9 or C10, comprising: transmitting, by a second sensing receiver, a third wireless (sounding) signal through a second wireless multipath channel of the venue; receiving, by a second sensing transmitter, the third wireless signal, where the transmitted third wireless signal differs from the received third wireless signal due to the second multipath channel and the motion of the object; obtaining, by the second sensing transmitter, a third TSCI of the second wireless multipath channel of the venue based on the received third wireless signal; and making the third TSCI available for at least one of the second wireless sensing application or the third wireless sensing application, the method/apparatus/system/software comprising: SBP.

Clause C12. The method/device/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system of clause C1, including initiating a non-infrastructure mode (NIM) proxy sensing (SBP) procedure by an SBP initiator of a system in a venue based on a protocol, the SBP initiator being a heterogeneous wireless device in a non-infrastructure mode in a wireless ad-hoc network, participating in the NIM SBP procedure by an SBP responder of the system in the venue based on a protocol, the SBP responder being a sensing initiator, and initiating the NIM sensing procedure by the sensing initiator during the NIM SBP procedure. Two subcases: (1) The SBP responder initiates the NIM sensing procedure after participating in the NIM SBP procedure.

Clause C13. The method/device/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system of clause C12, including initiating an NIM sensing procedure by the SBP responder after the SBP responder has joined the NIM SBP procedure. Two subcases: (2) The SBP responder was the sensing initiator (initiated the NIM sensing procedure) before joining the NIM SBP procedure.

Clause C14. The method/apparatus/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system of clause C12, including initiating the NIM sensing procedure by the sensing initiator before the sensing initiator participates in the NIM SBP procedure. Optional reporting of sensing measurement results of the sensing initiator/SBP from the sensing responder.

Clause C15. A method/apparatus/system/software for a NIM wireless sensing system as described in clause C12, optionally including transmitting TSCI from the sensing receiver, possibly via the sensing initiator, to the SBP initiator based on a protocol. Various frames used to initiate/join the SBP procedure and report TSCI.

Clause C16. The method/device/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system of clause C12, including an SBP initiator sending an SBP request frame to an SBP responder in accordance with a protocol to initiate an SBP procedure of the NIM, an SBP responder sending an SBP response frame to the SBP initiator in accordance with a protocol to participate or decline to participate in the SBP procedure of the NIM, and optionally, a sensing receiver sending a sensing measurement report frame in accordance with a protocol (possibly via the sensing initiator) to send a TSCI to the SBP initiator.

Clause C17. The method/device/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system of clause C16, including specifying, by the SBP initiator using an SBP request frame, that the SBP responder will be one of a sensing transmitter, a sensing responder, both a sensing transmitter and a receiver, or none, in an NIM sensing procedure initiated by an SBP responder in an SBP procedure of the NIM. Limiting the SBP procedure or the sensing procedure.

Clause C18. The method/device/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system of clause C12, including the SBP initiator specifying the number of sensing responders that are acceptable to the sensing initiator, and limiting the NIM SBP procedure and the NIM sensing procedures initiated by the sensing responders so that only the number of acceptable sensing responders of the system can participate in the NIM sensing procedures of the NIM SBP procedure. In some embodiments, each acceptable sensing responder has a unique ID.

Clause C19. A method/apparatus/system/software for a NIM wireless sensing system as described in clause C18, comprising specifying a unique identifier (ID) for each allowable sensing responder by the SBP initiator.

Clause C20. The method/apparatus/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system of clause C19, wherein the unique identifier comprises at least one of a User ID (UID), Association ID (AID), Universally Unique ID (UUID), Globally Unique ID (GUID), MAC address, or Internet Protocol (IP) address. Update the SBP settings during the NIM SBP procedure or during the NIM sensing procedure (on the way, after the SBP request/response frame).

Clause C21. The method/device/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system of clause C12, including sending an SBP update frame by the SBP initiator to the SBP responder during the NIM SBP procedure to update settings of at least one of the NIM SBP procedure or the NIM sensing procedure of the NIM SBP procedure. Sending a request using the SBP update frame to stop/terminate, add, suspend or resume a particular sensing responder.

Clause C22. The method/device/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system of clause C21, comprising an SBP initiator sending a request to a sensing procedure to stop, add, suspend, or resume a particular sensing responder in the SBP. A method for identifying a particular sensing responder.

Clause C23. The method/apparatus/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system of clause C22, identifying a particular sensing responder by providing a unique identifier (ID) for the particular sensing responder, the unique identifier including at least one of a user ID (UID), an association ID (AID), a universal unique ID (UUID), a global unique ID (GUID), a MAC address, or an Internet Protocol (IP) address.

In some embodiments for non-infrastructure mode (NIM) sensing, a non-infrastructure mode STA in an ad-hoc network acts as a sensing initiator that initiates a non-infrastructure mode sensing procedure based on a protocol (e.g., 802.11, 802.11bf). At least one other STA in the non-infrastructure mode ad-hoc network participates in the sensing procedure as a sensing responder based on the protocol. The sensing initiator and the sensing responder negotiate to set up a sensing procedure/session and associated sensing measurement parameters. One device is set up as a sensing transmitter (Type 1 device). The other device is set up as a sensing receiver (Type 2 device). A radio sounding signal (e.g., NDP, time series of NDP) is transmitted from the sensing transmitter to the sensing receiver, and a sensing measurement (e.g., TSCI) is generated at the sensing receiver. The NDP may be I2R or R2I, depending on which device is the sensing transmitter. The sensing measurements may be made available locally to the sensing receiver's application (software, firmware, etc.). The sensing measurements are optionally transmitted wirelessly from the sensing responder to the sensing initiator (e.g., using a protocol-based sensing measurement report frame) and made available to the sensing initiator's application (e.g., software, firmware) or transmitted from the sensing receiver to the sensing transmitter.

The following numbered sections provide examples of Non-Infrastructure Mode (NIM) sensing:

Clause D1. A method/device/system/software for a non-infrastructure mode wireless sensing system, comprising: initiating a non-infrastructure mode (NIM) sensing procedure by a sensing initiator of the system within a venue based on a protocol, the sensing initiator being a non-infrastructure mode heterogeneous wireless device within a wireless ad-hoc network; participating in the NIM sensing procedure by a sensing responder of the system within the venue based on a protocol, the sensing responder being a wireless heterogeneous wireless device within the wireless ad-hoc network; defining a mutually acceptable sensing parameter set for the NIM sensing procedure between the sensing initiator and the sensing responder; Defining one of the initiator and the sensing responder as a sensing transmitter, which is a type 1 heterogeneous wireless device, and defining the other as a sensing receiver, which is a type 2 heterogeneous wireless device; transmitting a wireless (sounding) signal by the sensing transmitter through a wireless multipath channel of the venue, where the wireless multipath channel is affected by the movement of objects in the venue; receiving the wireless signal by the sensing receiver, where the transmitted wireless signal differs from the received wireless signal due to the multipath channel and the movement of objects; acquiring time-series channel information (TSCI) of the wireless multipath channel in the venue based on the received wireless signal by the sensing receiver; and making the TSCI available for wireless sensing applications.

In some embodiments, reporting of sensing measurement results (e.g., using a sensing measurement report frame) may be optional.

Clause D2. A method/apparatus/system/software for a NIM wireless sensing system as described in clause D1, optionally including transmitting the TSCI to the sensing initiator based on a protocol.

Trigger-based (TB) sensing using NDPA or Trigger Frame (TF) I2R NDP.

Clause D3. The method/apparatus/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system of clause D1, including transmitting either an announcement frame or a trigger frame from the sensing initiator to the sensing responder prior to transmitting the wireless signal.

NDPA or NDPA-like frame, TF or TF-like frame.

Clause D4. The method/device/system/software of the NIM wireless sensing system described in clause D3, wherein the announcement frame comprises at least one of an NDP Announcement frame (NDPA), a frame similar to an NDPA, or an 802.11 compatible NDPA, and the trigger frame comprises at least one of a trigger frame (TF), a variant of a TF, a frame similar to a TF, a frame similar to a variant of a TF, an 802.11 compatible frame, or an 802.11 compatible TF.

Non-TB sensing where both R2I NDP and I2R NDP are sent. R2I NDP sent from sensing responder to sensing initiator. I2R NDP sent from sensing initiator to sensing responder.

The features described above may be advantageously implemented in one or more computer programs executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions from and transmit data and instructions to a data storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. The computer programs may be written in any type of programming language (e.g., C, Java), including compiled or interpreted languages, and may be deployed in any form, such as a standalone program or as a module, component, subroutine, browser-based web application, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment.

Processors suitable for executing a program of instructions include, for example, general and special purpose microprocessors, digital signal processors, the sole processor or one of multiple processors or cores of any type of computer. Typically, a processor receives instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory, or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for executing instructions and one or more memories for storing instructions and data. Typically, a computer also includes, or is operatively coupled to communicate with, one or more mass storage devices for storing data files. Such devices include magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical disks, optical disks, and the like. Storage devices suitable for embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including, by way of example, semiconductor memory devices such as EPROMs, EEPROMs, and flash memory devices, magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical disks, and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and memory may be supplemented by, or incorporated in, ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits).

While the present teachings include many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present teachings or what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular embodiments of the present teachings. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination.

Similarly, although the figures depict operations in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring such operations to be performed in the particular order depicted, or sequentially, or to perform all of the depicted operations, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking or parallel processing may be advantageous. Furthermore, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the program components and systems described may generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged in multiple software products.

Specific embodiments of the subject matter have been described. Any combination of the features and architectures described above is intended to be within the scope of the following claims. Other embodiments are also within the scope of the following claims. In some cases, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. Additionally, the processes depicted in the accompanying figures do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In certain implementations, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous.

Claims (30)

A system in a wireless data communication network for wireless sensing, comprising:
a transmitter configured to transmit a time sequenced radio sounding signal (WSS) based on a radio protocol associated with the wireless data communication network, the wireless data communication network comprising a physical (PHY) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and at least one higher layer;
1. A receiver comprising:
receiving the time series of WSS (TSWSS) over a wireless channel of a venue based on the wireless protocol;
performing a plurality of wireless sensing measurements based on the received TSWSS to obtain sensing measurement results;
The PHY layer or the MAC layer of the receiver reports the sensing measurement results to the at least one upper layer of the receiver;
the at least one higher layer of the receiver performs a sensing-based task based on the sensing measurement results.
and the receiver configured to: The system of claim 1 , wherein the wireless protocol is at least one of a wireless LAN (WLAN) protocol, a mobile communication protocol, a WLAN standard, a Wi-Fi standard, an IEEE 802 standard, an IEEE 802.11 standard, or an IEEE 802.11bf standard. the sensing measurement result includes a time series of channel information (CI) of the wireless channel;
Each CI of the time series of CI (TSCI) is obtained by the receiver based on a respective WSS;
The system of claim 1 , wherein each CI includes at least one of a channel state information (CSI), a channel impulse response (CIR), or a channel frequency response (CFR). The sensing measurement results are configured to be reported to the at least one upper layer of the receiver based on a configuration field of a configuration frame;
The system of claim 1 , wherein the configuration frame is obtained by the receiver during a set-up procedure associated with the wireless sensing measurement according to the wireless protocol. The system of claim 4 , wherein the sensing measurements are configured to be reported to the at least one upper layer of the receiver on behalf of a device other than the receiver. The system of claim 4 , wherein the sensing measurement results are configured not to be reported to devices other than the receiver. the configuration frame is communicated during the setup procedure based on the radio protocol;
The system of claim 4 , wherein the setup procedure is performed prior to a plurality of the wireless sensing measurements. The system of claim 4 , wherein the sensing measurement results are configured to be reported locally at the receiver by configuring the receiver using the configuration field of the configuration frame communicated during the setup procedure based on the wireless protocol. The system of claim 8 , wherein the receiver is configured to report the sensing measurements locally within the receiver by a sensing initiator device of the system based on the wireless protocol during the setup procedure. The system of claim 9 , wherein the configuration frame is communicated during a negotiation process between the sensing initiator device and the receiver based on the wireless protocol. each of the transmitters and the receivers being individually configured by a sensing initiator device of the system to perform a plurality of the wireless sensing measurements in a coordinated manner;
The transmitter is configured by the sensing initiator device to function as a sensing transmitter device for transmitting the TSWSS to the receiver;
the TSWSS comprises at least one configuration associated with the sensing-based task;
The receiver is configured by the sensing initiator device to function as a sensing receiver to receive the TSWSS from the transmitter and obtain the TSCI based on the received TSWSS;
The receiver is configured based on the radio protocol to either report the TSCI locally to the at least one upper layer of the receiver or non-locally to another device in the system;
The system of claim 3 , wherein at least one of the transmitter or the receiver functions as a sensing responder device associated with the sensing initiator device. The receiver, by the sensing initiator device based on the wireless protocol,
processing the TSCI in a first manner including a first precision reduction for locally reporting the TSCI;
The system of claim 11 , configured to process the TSCI in a second manner that includes a second precision reduction that is different from the first precision reduction for reporting the TSCI non-locally. When the TSCI is reported non-locally,
The receiver wirelessly transmits each CI to the sensing initiator device based on the wireless protocol;
The system of claim 12 , wherein the reported TSCI is available non-locally at the sensing initiator device for the sensing-based task. The system of claim 13 , wherein the non-locally reported TSCI is available for centralized computing of the sensing-based task at the sensing initiator device. When the TSCI is reported locally,
The system of claim 12 , wherein the receiver makes each CI locally available to the at least one upper layer of the receiver for the sensing-based task. The system of claim 15 , wherein the locally reported TSCI is available for distributed computing of sensing-based tasks at the receiver. The system of claim 11 , wherein the first CI of the TSCI is reported both locally and non-locally by the receiver. The system of claim 11 , wherein the second CI of the TSCI is not reported locally or non-locally by the receiver. the sensing initiator device is an access point (AP) device of the wireless data communication network;
the transmitter is a client device of the wireless data communications network and functions as a sensing responder device;
The receiving side is the AP,
The receiver locally reports the TSCI;
The system of claim 11 , wherein the locally reported TSCI is available at the AP for the sensing-based task. The system of claim 19 , wherein the wireless sensing measurements are trigger-based (TB) using null data packet (NDP) frames and trigger frames (TF) based on the wireless protocol. and further comprising at least one additional transmitter within the venue, the additional transmitter being individually configured by the sensing initiator device based on the wireless protocol to function as a sensing transmitter device;
Each additional transmitter is configured to transmit a respective TSWSS to the receiver based on the wireless protocol;
The receiver includes:
receiving each of the TSWSSs over the wireless channel based on the wireless protocol;
Obtaining a respective TSCI based on each of the received TSWSSs;
locally reporting each of the TSCIs to the at least one higher layer in the receiver;
20. The system of claim 19, configured to perform the sensing-based task in a centralized manner based on a plurality of locally reported TSCIs. the sensing initiator device is an access point device (AP) of the wireless data communication network;
the transmitter is an AP,
the receiver is a client device of the wireless data communications network and functions as a sensing responder device;
The receiver locally reports the TSCI;
The system of claim 11 , wherein the locally reported TSCI is available to the client device for the sensing-based task. The system of claim 22 , wherein the TSWSS is broadcast from the transmitter to the receiver. The system of claim 22 , wherein the wireless sensing measurements are trigger-based (TB) using Null Data Packet (NDP) and NDP Announcement (NDPA) frames based on the wireless protocol. and further including at least one additional receiving device within the venue, the additional receiving device being individually configured by the sensing initiator device based on the wireless protocol to function as a sensing receiver device;
the transmitter is configured to transmit each TSWSS to each additional receiver based on the wireless protocol;
Each additional receiver
receiving each of the TSWSSs over the wireless channel based on the wireless protocol;
Obtaining a respective TSCI based on each received TSWSS;
reporting each of the TSCIs locally to the at least one higher layer of each of the additional receivers;
23. The system of claim 22, configured to locally perform each of the portions of the sensing-based task based on each of the locally reported TSCIs to perform the sensing-based task in a decentralized manner based on a plurality of locally reported TSCIs. the sensing initiator device is a client device of the wireless data communications network;
the sensing responder device is an access point device (AP) of the wireless data communications network;
the transmitter is the client device;
The receiver is the AP,
The receiver locally reports the TSCI;
The system of claim 11 , wherein the locally reported TSCI is available at the AP for the sensing-based task. the sensing initiator device is a client device of the wireless data communications network;
the sensing responder device is an access point device (AP) of the wireless data communication network;
the transmitter is the AP,
the receiver is the client device;
The receiver locally reports the TSCI;
The system of claim 11 , wherein the locally reported TSCI is available to the client device for the sensing-based task. the sensing initiator device is an access point device (AP) of the wireless data communication network;
a first client device of the wireless data communications network is a first sensing responder device;
a second client device of the wireless data communications network is a second sensing responder device;
the transmitter is the first client device;
the receiver is the second client device;
The receiver locally reports the TSCI;
The system of claim 11 , wherein the locally reported TSCI is available to the second client device for the sensing-based task. A wireless device in a wireless data communication network for wireless sensing, comprising:
A processor;
a memory communicatively coupled to the processor;
a receiver communicatively coupled to the processor;
an additional wireless device in the wireless data communication network configured to transmit a time sequence of wireless sounding signals (WSS) based on a wireless protocol associated with the wireless data communication network;
The wireless data communication network comprises a physical (PHY) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and at least one higher layer;
The receiver includes:
receiving the time series of WSS (TSWSS) based on the wireless protocol over a wireless channel of a venue;
performing a plurality of wireless sensing measurements based on the received TSWSS to obtain sensing measurement results;
The PHY layer or the MAC layer of the receiver reports the sensing measurement result to the at least one upper layer of the receiver;
The at least one upper layer of the receiver is configured to perform a sensing-based task based on the sensing measurements. 1. A method for wireless sensing, comprising:
transmitting, by a transmitter in a wireless data communications network, the wireless data communications network including a physical (PHY) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and at least one higher layer, a time-series wireless sounding signal (WSS) according to a radio protocol associated with the wireless data communications network;
receiving, by a receiver in the wireless data communications network, the time series of WSS (TSWSS) over a venue wireless channel based on the wireless protocol;
performing, by the receiver, a plurality of wireless sensing measurements based on the received TSWSS to obtain sensing measurement results;
reporting the sensing measurement results to the at least one upper layer of the receiver by the PHY layer or the MAC layer of the receiver;
and performing, by the at least one upper layer of the receiver, a sensing-based task based on the sensing measurements.

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