IE55622B1 - Hydrophobic composite,method and composition - Google Patents

Description

- 2 - - 2 - 5SSS3 The present invention relates to a process for producing a hydrophobic composite, the resulting composite, and a coating composition containing same. More particularly, the present invention is directed to improved hydrophobic 5 composite aggregates prepared by physically bonding, with an adherent coating comprising a film-forming polyurethane and asphalt, as an optional component, a hydrophobic colloidal oxide to the individual aggregate particles, such as sand, gravel or slag, to provide a product which is 10 useful in various waterproofing applications and in cleaning up oil spills.

A number of water-repellent composite materials composed of various absorbent substrates coated with organ-silicon compositions have been proposed for use in removing 15 oil or oil film from water contaminated therewith. One such material is disclosed in Tully et al., U.S. Patent No. 3,562,153, entitled "Oil Absorbent Compositions". The oil absorbent compositions of the Tully et al. patent are obtained by treating a liquid absorbent material, which may 20 be particulate, granular or fibrous in nature, with a colloidal metal or metalloid oxide which is chemically bonded to an organo-silicon compound to render the metal or metalloid oxide hydrophobic. The hydrophobic oxide-treated absorbent composition is contacted with the oil-contaminated 25 water and selectively removes the oil therefrom. The oil absorbent composition of Tully et al. is purported to have excellent water repellency, thus enabling it to maintain its oil absorbent efficiency for long periods of immersion in water. 3 It has now been discovered, in accordance with the present invention, that hydrophobic composites having superior water repellency are provided wherein a core material in particulate or granular form is coated with an adherent first coat comprising a film-forming polyurethane and, optionally, asphalt in an amount up to 50% by weight of the polyurethane, and a second, outer coat which is bonded to the core material by the adherent first coat, whereby the second, outer coat comprises a hydrophobic colloidal oxide of an element selected from silicon, titanium, aluminium, zirconium, vanadium, chromium, iron and mixtures thereof, and the first and the second coats each constitutes from 0.025% to 1.00% by weight of the hydrophobic composite.

In a process for producing the hydrophobic composite according to the present invention, the core material is admixed with a coating composition, comprising by weight, from 10% to 20% of the film-forming polyurethane, from 0% to 10% of asphalt and from 70% to 90% of a volatile solvent in which the polyurethane and asphalt are soluble, the solvent is removed to deposit the adherent first coat uniformly over the core material, followed by applying the hydrophobic colloidal oxide. Hydrophobic composites prepared in this manner not only prevent water from adhering to the surfaces of the individual composite particles. 4 but also from entering the interstitial spaces of the aggregates of the composites.

The hydrophobic composite of this invention, wherein the adherent first coat provides a secure, physical bonding 5 of the hydrophobic colloidal oxide to the surfaces of the core material, provide more durable water repellency than is obtainable from materials of this kind heretofore available.

Like the oil absorbent compositions described in the 10 aforementioned Tully et al. patent, the hydrophobic composites of the present invention have utility in cleaning up oil spills, and may be applied to oil spills on water, on land, e.g., beaches, or on paved surfaces.

Moreover, the hydrophobic composites described herein 15 are especially useful in numerous waterproofing applications. They may be used alone as a waterproofing agent in building and pavement construction, for example, as a fill or bed material under concrete slabs or as a wall coating, both below and above ground, or as a gravel fill or ballast for 20 road beds or sidewalks. The composites may also be used as a substitute for common aggregate in asphalt roofing or - 5 - shingles, or in built-up roofing. In such applications, the hydrophobic composites are effective in preventing water penetration and resulting damage caused by freeze/thaw cycles as well as dimensional changes due to welting and drying. The hydrophobic composites of the present invention also have utility as a top coat on paved surfaces, such as asphalt or concrete road surfaces or bridge decking, providing an extremely water-tight finish which substantially reduces freeze/thaw damage, and which is unaffected by saTr compositions-normally used fpi^ice removal. In^addition, these hydrophobic composites may be applied to painted surfaces to provide a durable, waterproof finish over wood, metal, concrete, stone, brick, and certain synthetic substrates.

The hydrophobic composites of the present invention may also be blended with suitable binding agents to provide a coating composition having excellent water repellency.

A wide variety of inorganic or organic substances may be used as the core material of the hydrophobic composite. The core material may be either solid or porous and includes sand, gravel, mine tailings, coal ash, natural rock, smelter slag, diatomaceous earth, crushed charcoal, sawdust, mica, wood chips, nut shells, and the like. Inorganic materials are favored from the standpoint of cost and availability. Particularly satisfactory composites have been obtained using inorganic siliceous substances such as sand, gravel or slag. Sources of these materials are conveniently available world wide.

The physical form of the core material may vary, with particulate or granular materials having a particle size between 25.0 millimeters (1 inch) and 125 microns (1/200 6 inch) being preferred. Particle sizes above 25.0 millimeters tend to be difficult to coat uniformly with the coatings applied in practicing this invention. Particle sizes smaller than 125 microns tend to require excessive 5 amounts of the coatings, making the preparation uneconomical. Core materials in the preferred particle size range are easily obtained using standard sizing techniques.

The core material should contain no more than 1¾ by weight of moisture. This degree of dryness may be achieved 10 by nit drying or conventional heating methods^^Higher levels of'τιιθιΤίητ^~ΓηΪ6τΤ§ΐΐ—with si~zing~bf~the core mafe^ rials and prevent uniform coating of the core material surfaces.

As mentioned above, the adherent first coat which is 15 deposited on the core material serves to anchor the subsequently applied hydrophobic outer coat. The first coat comprises a film-forming polyurethane, alone, or in combination with asphalt, the latter providing an increase in the anchoring quality of the first coat over a longer period of 20 time and an increased attraction for oil and oil related products. Any of the film-forming polyurethanes commonly employed in the field of coatings may be used in the practice of the present invention. Included in this category are the well-known two-component and one-component 25 polyurethane coating systems. The two-component systems are formed by the reaction of an aliphatic or aromatic isocyanate with a hydroxyl-bearing compound, such as polyfunc-tional polyesters based on adipic acid, phthalic anhydride, ethylene glycol and trimethylolpropane, for example.

Representative of the one-component polyurethane coating systems that may be employed as the first coat are those derived from stable isocyanate-terminated prepolymers formed from an aliphatic or aromatic isocyanate and polyfunctional polyether or polyester. These one component systems are 35 commonly referred to as "moisture cured" polyurethane 7 coatings because drying results from the reaction of the free-isocyanate groups of the prepolymer with water or atmospheric moisture. Another one-component polymer coating which may be used in the preparation of the hydrophobic 5 composites is the "urethane oil" or "uralkyd", which is the reaction producL of a diisocyanate with a hydroxyl-containing drying oil derivative, e.g., that produced by alcoholysis of an unsaturated glyceride with a polyol, such as trimethylolpropane.

A commercial polyurethane composition sold under the name "Urethane Clear 66 High Gloss" by C.I.L. Paints, Inc., Montreal, Canada, has been found to produce a strong bond between the core material and the hydrophobic second coat.

When asphalt is included in the adhesive first coat, it 15 may be present in an amount up to three hundred percent (300%) by weight of the film-forming polyurethane, which is an amounL up to about 75% by weight of the first coat. The term "asphalt" as used herein refers to a dark brown to black cementitious material in which the predominate 20 constituents are bitumens that occur in nature or are obtained in petroleum processing, the latter being preferred, primarily because of its greater availability.

The asphalt component of the adherent first coat may be either solid, semi-solid or liquid, so long as it forms a 25 homogeneous composition with the volatile solvent used to deposit the first coat on the core material. The classes of liquid asphalts known as rapid-setting emulsions and cutbacks are especially suited to the process of the present invention due to their ease of handling. Such asphalts are 30 commonly used as seal coats on paved surfaces. Particulary satisfactory first coaLs have been obtained using a commercially available asphalt sealer sold under the name "Black Topper Driveway Resurfacer" by Tone Craft Ltd., Toronto, Canada.

In general, the adherent first coat constitutes from 0.025% to 1.00% by weight of the finished - 8 - composite, depending upon the particle size and surface nature of the core material which determine the total surface area required to be coated.

The adherent first coat is easily applied to the core 5 materials by dissolving the film-forming polyurethane and asphalt, if desired, in a volatile solvent to form a homogeneous coating composition, contacting the core materials with the coating composition, and removing the volatile solvent from the coating composition, thereby to 10 deposit the adherent first coat uniformily over the surfaces of the core materials. The volatile solvent is conveniently removed by evaporative heating. Since the volatile solvent merely functions as a vehicle for depositing the first coat on the core materials, virtually any volatile solvent in 15 which the components of the first coat are soluble may be used. Good results have been obtained using petroleum distillates, such as mineral spirits or paint thinner. Such solvents have a boiling point between about 200° and 400°F. (93.3 - 204.4°C) and are readily evaporated from the mixture 20 of core materials and coating composition by conventional heating means.

The hydrophobic second coat used in the practice of this invention is a hydrophobic colloidal oxide of an element selected from the group of silicon, titanium, 25 aluminum, zirconium, vanadium, chromium, iron or mixtures thereof. In general, colloidal oxides having an average particle size of less than 1 micron are preferred, and 0.5 micron or less are especially preferred. Oxides of higher average particle size should be avoided because their 30 reduced organic surface area would in turn reduce the number of hydrophobic siloxane groups attached to their surfaces; lower particle size oxides are undesirable because of increased cost of production. The oxide is rendered hydrophobic via a chemisorption reaction with certain well- 9 known organo-silicons, which have long been used for this purpose. The oxide surface must have sufficient reactive hydroxyl-groups to undergo reaction with the organo-silicon compound. In general, at least about 0.25 milliequivalents per gram of hydroxyl-groups is required. Various organo-silicon compounds bearing reactive functional moieties will undergo reaction with the surface hydroxyl-groups on the oxides to chemically bond the organo-silicon compound to the oxide. Specific examples of such compounds include organo-halosilanes such as (CH3)3SiCl, (CH3)2SiBr2» (CH3)2SiCl2i (C4H9) 3S1CI or organosilylamines such as (013)381(CH2)3NH (CH2)2NH2, and (CH30)2(CH3)SiCH2CH(CH3)CH2NHCH2CH2NH2) among others.

The details of the processes available for the chemisorption reaction between colloidal oxides and organo-silicons are well-documented in both the patent and scientific literature and are familiar to those skilled in the art.

Colloidal silicas are the colloidal oxides of choice because of availability and reasonable prices. A hydrophobic fumed silica made by Tulco Inc., Talbot Mills Industrial Park, North Billerica, Mass., and sold under the name "Tullanox 500" has been found to provide an excellent hydrophobic second coat. This product is derived from fumed silica (99.8% Si02), the individual particles of which have chemically bonded to their surfaces hydrophobic trimethyl-siloxyl groups of the formula (CH3>Si0—. "Tullanox 500" (generally having particle diameters of 0.5 microns or less) has an extremely large surface area, enabling it to impart superior water-repellency when applied in relatively low concentrations to the core materials having the adherent first coat thereon. As used herein, the term "fumed silica" refers to a colloidal form of silica made by combustion of silicon Letrachloride in hydrogen-oxygen furnaces.

In general, the hydrophobic second coal constitutes from 0.025% to 1.00% by weight of the finished composite, depending upon the particle size and surface nature of the core material which determine the total 5 surface area required to be coated.

In coating applications in which the hydrophobic composites are exposed to the elements or to continuous wear over long periods of time, it is avantageous to incorporate a powdered abrasive in an amount up to about 0.25% by weight 10 of the finished composite. A suitable abrasive for this purpose is powdered corundum (AI2O3) of a particle size of less than 50 microns (1/500 inch).

The general procedure for preparing the hydrophobic composites of the present invention will now be described.

The core material, which, as indicated above, is preferably a particulate or granular material such as sand, gravel or slag, is dried to a moisture content of less than 1% by weight and sized as requited for the intended end use of the composite. Next, the core material is mixed with a 20 coating composition comprising, by weight, from 10% to 20% of a film-forming polyurethane, from 0% to 10% of asphalt and from 70% to 90% of a volatile solvent, e.g., a petroleum distillate, in which the film-forming polyurethane and asphalt are soluble. The amount of coating composition used to deposit the adherent 25 first coat may be up to about 1.0% by weight of the dry core material. The required amount of the coating composition will vary depending on the particle size and nature of the core material. For example, considerably less than 1.0% of the coating composition is needed for relatively coarse core 30 material, i.e., material having a particle size larger than 750 microns (1/32 inch). The use of coating composition in 11 an excess of 1.0% by weight of the dried core material is unnecessary unless the core material is open-celled, requiring an increase in coating composition to insure coverage of the entire surface area. Mixing is conveniently 5 carried out by tumbling the core material and coating composition together in a conventional tumbling apparatus such as a drum mixer. The mixture is then heated to a temperature of between 200°F and A00°F (93.3° - 204.4°C) to effect substantially complete vaporization of the 10 solvent, leaving the core material uniformly covered with the adherent first coat. The core material with the adhesive first coat thereon is contacted with the hydrophobic colloidal oxide and powdered abrasive (depending on the intended end use) which become bonded to the core material 15 by the adherent first coat. Here again, tumbling is the method of choice for applying the hydrophobic second coat. The resulting hydrophobic composites are cooled to ambient temperature and packaged, if desired. It is estimated that the processing time for production of the hydrophobic 20 composite by the above procedure on a commercial scale, from drying through packaging, would take from about 30 to about 90 minutes.

The hydrophobic composite produced by the above procedure is non-toxic, non-dusting and as free-flowing as the 25 uncoated starting core material. When immersed in water, an aggregate of the hydrophobic composites takes on a puttylike consistency, but upon removal from the water is dry and becomes free-flowing once again.

The process of the present invention produces no 30 chemical change in the starting core material. The changes that result are strictly physical. Thus, the coating composition wets out the surfaces of the core materials and, on heating, the volatile solvent component of the coating composition evaporates, depositing a uniform adherent first 35 coat on the core materials. Upon mixing of the hydrophobic colloidal oxide and abrasive (if used) with the core 12 material having the first coat thereon, the former becomes firmly bonded to the latter.

The hydrophobic composites of the present invention may be applied to a substrate to be coated therewith in any 5 desired manner, such as by spraying, trowelling or flowing.

The rate of application of hydropobic composite will vary in thickness according to use and function.

When the hydrophobic composites are employed as a top coat on paved surfaces, such as asphalt or concrete, a flood 10 coat of asphalt sealer should first be applied over the surface, immediately after which a heavy coat of the hydrophobic composites is sprayed ονετ and rolled into the asphalt sealer, providing an extremely watertight top coat.

The same top coating technique may be used in pot hole 15 repairs in roadways. Lining of the pot hole with the hydrophobic composites also prevents water penetration from underneath the roadbase. A top coat of the hydrophobic composites may be applied in similar fashion following conventional spray coating of traffic markings on road 20 surfaces, to provide a water-repellent, durable finish with improved visibility in the rain and at night. The hydrophobic composites may also be applied over a coat of adherent material, such as asphalt or paint, to various metal substrates to prevent oxidation of the metal and are 25 especially useful in rust prevention.

Also within the scope of the present invention are water-repellent coating compositions comprising an aggregate of the hydrophobic composites described herein and a liquid binding agent. Suitable liquid binding agents are the same 30 asphalts as used in the adhesive first coat of the hydrophobic composites, or any asphalts or coal tars used in conventional paving or roofing operations, or any liquid binding agent, such as paint, varnish, lacquer, liquid plastic or adhesive, which will accept and retain the 35 hydrophobic composites. The amount of liquid binding agent 13 - used in preparing the composition will generally range from 5% to 10% by weight, depending on the average particle size of the aggregate. The smaller the average particle size of the aggregate, the lower the amount of binding agent 5 required. The coating composition is applied by spraying, brushing or flooding the liquid binder over the material to be coated (metal, wood, concrete, asphalt, etc.), followed by application of the hydrophobic composite in an even layer onto the binder by spraying or flooding, followed by 10 conventional rolling or other pressure application as required to insure penetration of the composite into the binder.

The following examples further describe the manner and process of making and using the invention and set forth the 15 best mode contemplated for carrying out the invention, but are not to be construed as limiting the invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Ordinary sand obtained from a commercial sand and gravel pit in Victoria, B.C., Canada, was dried by heating 20 in an electric furnace to a moisture content of less than 1% by weight. The sand was sized using a Tyler screen to remove particles in excess of 1.5 millimeters (1/16 inch) and the remaining sand was collected. One thousand (1,000) grams of the collected sand was placed in a closed metal 25 cylinder with five (5) grams of coating composition containing 1/2 gram of film-forming polyurethane (Urethane Clear 66 High Gloss), 1/2 gram of asphalt (Black Topper Driveway Resurfacer) and four (4) grams of a volatile petroleum distilllate ("Shell Sol", available from Shell 30 Canada Limited, Don Mills, Ontario, Canada). The amount of the coating composition was d.5% by weight of the dry sand. The sand and coating composition were tumbled together in 14 the closed metal container for five (5) minutes. Thereafter, the mixture of sand and coating composition was heated in the tumbling apparatus to a temperature of about 200°F. to evaporate the solvent, thereby depositing a uniform 5 adherent coating of the polyurethane and asphalt on the individual sand particles. Evaporation of the solvent required about 30 minutes. A mixture of one (1) gram of hydrophobic fumed silica (Tullanox 500) and one (1) gram of powdered corundum was then added to the metal cylinder and 10 mixed with the coated sand particles to apply thereto a hydrophobic outer coat. The resulting hydrophobic sand was then cooled to room temperature.

The following example sets forth the results of a test carried out to evaluate the durability of the hydrophobic 15 composites of the present invention.

EXAMPLE 2 The testing of any given water-repellent granular material by immersing in water and determining the time required for the material to absorb a measurable amount of 20 water can be quite Lime consuming. This is particularly true of highly water-repellent materials which are able to resist water absorption for many months, or even years. The test described in this example was designed for evaluating the wateT-repellency of materials in the latter category by 25 accelerating the rate of water absorption so that absorption occurs within a reasonable time frame. In carrying out this test, advantage is taken of the known tendency of detergents to destroy the water-repellency of hydrophobic substances and rapidly increase the rate of water absorption of such 30 substances.

A mild detergent solution was prepared comprising, by weight, 7.5¾ of a common household detergent ("Sunlight Detergent", available from Lever Detergents, Limited, Toronto, Canada) and 92.57. distilled water. The solution 5 was well shaken and allowed to stand for at least 24 hours.

Three separate test samples were made up using ordinary sand dried to a moisture content of less than 17. and having a particle size between 1500 microns (1/16 inch) and 125 microns (1/200 inch). Each sample weighed one hundred (100) 10 grams. Sample A comprised untreated sand and was used as a control. Sample B was treated by mixing it in the dry state with 0.107. by weight of hydrophobic fumed silica (Tullanox 500) in the manner described in the aforementined Tully et al. patent. Sample C, by processing in accordance with this 15 invention, was provided (after solvent evaporation) with 0.107. by weight of an adherent first coat made up of a 50:50 blend of Urethane Clear 66 High Gloss and Black Topper Driveway Resurfacer and a 0.107. by weight outer coat of hydrophobic fumed silica (also Tullanox 500). Twenty (20) 20 grams of each sample was placed in a clear plastic vial approximately 1-1/4 inches (3.2 cm) in diameter and 2-1/2 inches (6.4 cm) in height and leveled by shaking. A concave indentation approximately 3/4 of an inch (2 cm) in diameter was made in the upper surface of the material in each vial. 25 One (1) ml. of the detergent solution was drawn into an eye dropper and, with the eye dropper held within 1/8 inch (0.3 cm) of the upper surface of the sample, the detergent solution was carefully dispensed into the indentation.

The time required for the detergent solution to be 30 completely absorbed in the indentation of each sample was then accurately measured. Absorption was deemed to be complete when reflected light from the solution in the indentation was no longer visible. It is considered safe to 16 assume that each minute of time requited for complete absorption of the detergent solution roughly corresponds to a minimum of 100 days for the complete absorption of ordinary water, i.e., containing no detergent. This rough 5 time equivalency is based on long-term testing of 100 grams-of Sample B material, treated with only 0.011 (rather than 0.10¾) by weight of Tullanox 500, which sample was kept submerged in four (4) inches (10 cm) of ordinary water and showed no indication of water absorption after 150 days (a 10 portion removed from under the water being dry and free flowing), but which had absorbed 2% of its own weight of water after 200 days of submersion. A retained sample of the same material, not submerged in water, was tested as above with the detergent solution and had an average 15 absorption time of 1.2 minutes on five (5) samples tested.

The following table sets forth the average results of five (5) tests conducted, as described on page 13, on each of Samples A, B, and C.

Sample Absorption Time (in min.) Absorption Time 20 for Detergent Solution (in days) For Ordinary Water A less than 1/60 minute* less than 1/60 minute B approximately 15 minutes at least 1500 days C approximately 75 minutes at least 7500 days 25 * Absorption occurred immediately These test results indicate that the hydrophobic composite prepared in accordance with the present invention, - 17 i.e., wherein the hydrophobic outer coat is bonded to the core material by an adherent intermediate coat, provides more durable water repellency than a similar hydrophobic material without an adherent intermediate coat.

The core material employed in the foregoing examples may be replaced, if desired, by gravel, mine tailings, coal ash, natural rock, smelter slag, diatomaceous earth, crushed charcoal, sawdust, mica, wood chips, or nut shells. Similarly, the components of the coating composition used to 10 apply the adherent first coat may be replaced by equivalent materials. For instance, most fast-drying liquid plastics may be used as a substitute ίοτ the Urethane Clear 66 High Gloss, most cut-back and emulsified liquid asphalts or coal tars may be used as a substitute for the Black Topper Driveway Resurfacer, and most paint thinners or mineral spirits may be used as a substitute for the Shell Sol solvent. In addition, hydrophobic colloidal titania, alumina, zirconia, vanadia, chromia, or iron oxide may be used instead of hydrophobic fumed silica. it is not intended to limit the present invention to particular embodiments described and exemplified in the foregoing specification, but various modifications may be made therein and thereto without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as set forth in the following 25 claims.

Claims (16)

1. A hydrophobic composite wherein a core material in particulate or granular form is coated with an adherent first coat comprising a film-forming polyurethane and, optionally, asphalt in an amount up to 50% by weight of the polyurethane, and a second, outer coat which is bonded to the core material by the adherent first coat, whereby the second, outer coat comprises a hydrophobic colloidal oxide of an element selected from silicon, titanium, aluminium, zirconium, vanadium, chromium, iron and mixtures thereof, and the first and the second coats each constitutes from 0.025% to 1.00% by weight of the hydrophobic composite.

2. A hydrophobic composite according to claim 1, wherein the core material has a particle size of 25 millimeters to 125 microns and is selected from sand, gravel, mine tailings, coal ash, natural rock, smelter slag, diatomaceous earth, crushed charcoal, sawdust, mica, wood chips and nut shells.

3. A hydrophobic composite according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic colloidal oxide is hydrophobic fumed silica.

4. A hydrophobic composite according to claim 1, wherein the second coat optionally includes a powdered abrasive material, such as powdered corundum, in an amount up to 100% by weight of the hydrophobic colloidal oxide, the abrasive material having a particle size less than 50 microns.

5. An aggregate consisting essentially of hydrophobic material, wherein the hydrophobic material is the hydrophobic composite according to claim 1. - 19 -

6. A process for producing a hydrophobic composite according to claim 1, wherein the core material is admixed with a coating composition comprising, by weight, from 10% to 20% of a film- 5 forming polyurethane, from 0% to 10% of asphalt and from 70% to 90% of a volatile solvent in which the polyurethane and asphalt are soluble, the solvent is removed to deposit an adherent first coat uniformly over the core material, followed by applying 10 hydrophobic colloidal oxide of an element selected from silicon, titanium, aluminium, zirconium, vanadium, chromium, iron and mixtures thereof.

7. A process according to claim 6, wherein the core material is a substance selected from sand, 15 gravel, mine tailings, coal ash, natural rock, smelter slag, slag, diatomaceous earth, crushed charcoal, sawdust, wood chips, mica and nut shells, and has a particle size of 25 millimeters to 120 microns.

8. A process according to claim 6, wherein the 2o second coat is applied to the core material having said adherent first coat thereon at an elevated temperature, the solvent is removed by evaporation and the resultant composite is thereafter cooled to ambient temperature.

9. A process according to claim 6, wherein the 25 core material is admixed with the coating composition, excluding the volatile solvent, in an amount up to 0.5% by weight of the core material in applying the adherent first coat.

10. A process according to claim 6, wherein the hydrophobic colloidal oxide is hydrophobic fumed silica. 30 - 20

11. A process according to claim 6, wherein a powdered abrasive material, such as powdered corundum having a particle size less than 50 microns, is optionally applied to the core material having thereon 5 the adherent first coat.

12. A water-repellant coating composition comprising an aggregate and a liquid binding agent, wherein the aggregate is a hydrophobic composite according to claim 1 and the binding agent comprises 10 less than 10% by weight of the composition and is selected from asphalt, coal tar, paint, varnish, lacquer, liquid plastic or adhesive material.

13. A hydrophobic composite according to claim 1, substantially as hereinbefore described and 15 exemplified.

14. A process according to claim 6 for producing a hydrophobic composite according to claim 1, substantially as hereinbefore described and exemplified. 20

15. A hydrophobic composite according to claim 1, whenever produced by a process claimed in a preceding claim.

16. A water-repellant coating composition according to claim 12, substantially as hereinbefore 25 described and exemplified. F.R. KELLY & CO. AGENTS FOR THE APPLICANTS