GB2168829A - Apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator - Google Patents
Apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2168829A GB2168829A GB08432355A GB8432355A GB2168829A GB 2168829 A GB2168829 A GB 2168829A GB 08432355 A GB08432355 A GB 08432355A GB 8432355 A GB8432355 A GB 8432355A GB 2168829 A GB2168829 A GB 2168829A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- voltage
- output
- signal
- instruction signal
- speed
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P23/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by a control method other than vector control
- H02P23/08—Controlling based on slip frequency, e.g. adding slip frequency and speed proportional frequency
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
- B66B—ELEVATORS; ESCALATORS OR MOVING WALKWAYS
- B66B1/00—Control systems of elevators in general
- B66B1/24—Control systems with regulation, i.e. with retroactive action, for influencing travelling speed, acceleration, or deceleration
- B66B1/28—Control systems with regulation, i.e. with retroactive action, for influencing travelling speed, acceleration, or deceleration electrical
- B66B1/30—Control systems with regulation, i.e. with retroactive action, for influencing travelling speed, acceleration, or deceleration electrical effective on driving gear, e.g. acting on power electronics, on inverter or rectifier controlled motor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
- H02P27/04—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
- H02P27/06—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
- H02P27/08—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to controlling arrangements characterised by the converter used
- H02P2201/03—AC-DC converter stage controlled to provide a defined DC link voltage
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Control Of Ac Motors In General (AREA)
Abstract
The invention controls an AC electric motor IM that drives the cage 9, by using a power rectifier 2 made up of thyristors and a power inverter 4 made up of a transistor and a diode. A speed instruction 11 for the cage is compared at 12 with a detected speed from 6 to produce an output instruction signal voltage 12a for said power rectifier and a slip frequency instruction signal voltage 12b for said power inverter. The control circuit controls the phase of said power rectifier relying upon the output instruction signal and controls the pulse-width modulation of said power inverter relying upon said slip frequency instruction signal, the control circuit comprises a voltage detector 26 that detects the voltage of the AC power source, and a minimum value select circuit 27 that receives the output of said voltage detector as a first input, that receives said output instruction signal as a second input, that compares these inputs, and that produces a signal of the same level as the signal of the lower level. The output of said minimum value select circuit is produced as a corrected output instruction signal to control the phase of said power rectifier. The inverter is controlled so that its output voltage measured at 17 equals the sum of the actual speed voltage and the slip frequency voltage. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator
Background of the invention
Field of the invention:
The present invention relates to an apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator, which controls an AC electric motor that drives the cage, by using a power rectifier (hereinafter referred to as a converter) comprising thyristors and a power inverter (hereinafter referred to as an inverter) comprising a transistor and a diode.
Description of the prior art:
Figure 1 is a block diagram illustrating the structure of a conventional apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator, which is disclosed, for exampie, in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 162978/ 1981, wherein reference numeral 1 denotes a three-phase AC power source, reference numeral 2 denotes a vonverter which consists of thyristors and which converts an AC power source voltage into a direct current, numeral 3 denotes a capacitor for smoothing the output of the converter, numeral 4 denotes a converter which consists of a transistor and a diode, and which converts the DC voltage smoothed by the capacitor 3 into an alternating current of which the voltage and frequency can be changed, numeral 5 denotes a three-phase induction motor (hereinafter simply referred to as an electric motor) that is an AC electric motor, numeral 6 denotes a speed detector such as tachometer generator which is directly coupled to the electric motor 5, numeral 7 denotes a sheave rotated by the electric motor 5, numeral 8 denotes a rope wound on the sheave, numeral 9 denotes a cage coupled to an end of the rope, and numeral 10 denotes a counter weight coupled to the other end of the rope.
Reference numeral 11 denotes a speed instruction generator which generates a speed instruction signal 11a, numeral 12 denotes a speed control operation circuit which compares the speed instruction signal 11a with a speed signal 6a of the speed detector 6 to produce an output instruction signal 12a for the converter 2 and a slip frequency instruction signal 12b for the inverter 4, reference numeral 13 denotes a voltage detector which detects the voltage across the ends of the capacitor 3, numeral 14 denotes a voltage control operation circuit which compares the output instruction signal 12a with a voltage signal 13a of the voltage detector 13 to produce a voltage instruction signal, numeral 15 denotes a phase circuit which generates gate pulses to control the thyristors that constitute the converter 2 in response to the voltage instruction signal, numeral 16 denotes a voltage instruction generator circuit which generates a voltage instruction signal of a sinusoidal wave responsive to the speed signal 6a and the slip frequency instruction signal 12b, numeral 17 denotes a voltage detector circuit which detects the output voltage of the inverter 4, numeral 18 denotes a pulse-width modulation comparator which compares the voltage instruction signal of the voltage instruction generator circuit 16 with the voltage signal of the voltage detector circuit 17 to generate a pulsewidth modulation instruction signal, numeral 19 denotes a base drive circuit which, responsive to the pulse-width modulation instruction signal, generates a gate signal to control the transistor which constitutes the inverter 4.
In the thus constructed apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator, a three-phase AC voltage is rectified and smoothed through the converter 2 and the capacitor 3. An AC voltage of which the pulse width is modulated by the inverter 4 is then supplied to the electric motor 5, and the cage 9 starts to run.
At this time, the speed detector 6 detects the revolving speed of the electric motor 5, and applies the speed signal 6a of cage 9 to the speed control operation circuit 12 which compares the speed signal 6a with the speed instruction signal 11a to produce an output instruction signal 12a and a slip frequency instruction signal 12b which are applied to the voltage control operation circuit 14 and to the voltage instruction generator circuit 16, respectively.
With the output instruction signal 12a and a setpoint value and with the speed signal of the voltage detector 13 as a value that is fed back, the voltage control operation circuit 14 produces a voltage instruction signal, so that the deviation between these two values will become zero. The phase circuit 15 then receives the voltage instruction signal and controls the thyristors of the inverter 2.
Relying upon the slip frequency instruction signal 12b and the speed signal 6a, the voltage instruction generator circuit 16 produces a voltage instruction signal of a sinusoidal wave that will be applied to the pulse-width modulation comparator 18. With the voltage instruction signal as a setpoint value and the voltage signal of the voltage detector circuit 17 as a value that is fed back, the pulsewidth modulation comparator 18 produces a pulsewidth modulation instruction signal, so that the deviation between these value will become zero, and applies the pulse-width modulation instruction signal to the base drive circuit 19 which then controls the base current of the inverter 4.
Thus, the voltage and frequency applied to the electric motor 5 are controlled, and the speed of the cage 9 is controlled precisely in accordance with the speed instruction signal 11a of the speed instruction generator 11.
Figure 2 is a circuit diagram which shows in detail the aforementioned voltage control operation circuit 14 which consists of resistors 20 and 21 of which the ends on one side are connected to the speed control operation circuit 12 and the voltage detector 13, respectively; an operational amplifier 24 of which the inverting input terminal (-) is connected to the ends on the other side of these resistors and of which the output terminal is connected to the phase circuit 15; a resistor 22 and a capacitor 23 are connected between the inverting input terminal (-) of the operational amplifier 24 and the output terminal of the operational amplifier 24; and a comparator 25 of which one input terminal is connected to the output terminal of the operational amplifier 24 and the other input terminal is connected to a reference voltage V,,f, and of which the output terminal is connected to the phase circuit
15.
In Figure 2, as the voltage instruction signal 12a is applied through the resistor and the voltage signal 13a through the resistor21, a voltage signal 24a corresponding to the difference between the two input signals is applied to the phase circuit 15.
The comparator 25 determines the level of the voltage signal 24a. When the level exceeds a predetermined value, a signal is applied to the phase circuit 15 to regenerate the electric power back to the power source, i.e., a bank switching signal 25a of the converter 2 is applied to the phase circuit 15.
In the speed control apparatus of this type, if the power source voltage is denoted by Vac, and a
maximum output voltage of the converter 2 by ED while neglecting the voltage drop of the thyristor, there exists a relation ED = 1.35 V,,[Vj.
If now the power source voltage V drops due to some reasons, the output voltage of the converter 2 drops, also. Therefore, the output voltage of the operational amplifier 24 increases to compensate for the voltage drop. When the voltage drop is relatively great, however, the output voltage signal 24a of the operational amplifier 24 saturates from a time t1 to a time t2 as shown in Figure 3, and the voltage instruction signal 12a often becomes greater than the voltage signal 13a. Namely, the output corresponding to the voltage instruction signal 12a is not always obtained. In this case, if the inverter 4 is shifted from the powering operation to the regenerative operation, operation of the comparator 25 is delayed due to the saturation of the operational amplifier 24, and the voltage rises across the terminals of the capacitor 3.Further, since the power source voltage is low, it becomes difficult to control the current on the regenerative side; i.e., an excess current flows into the thyristor bank on the regenerative side.
Summary of the invention
The present invention eliminates the above-mentioned defects, and has four its object to provide an apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator, which has a voltage detector to detect an AC power source voltage, and which also has a minimum value select circuit that compares a voltage signal of the voltage detector and an output instruction for the converter for controlling the speed and that applies, as a corrected output instruction, a signal having the same level as the signal of the lower level to the voltage control circuit of the comparator, in order to prevent beforehand an excess current from flowing into the thyristor bank of -the regenerative side constituting the converter.
Brief description of the drawings
Figure 1 is a block diagram illustrating the structure of a conventional apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator;
Figure 2 is a circuit diagram which illustrates in detail the major elements of the apparatus for controlling the speed;
Figure 3 is a waveform diagram for explaining the function of the apparatus for controlling the speed;
Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating the structure of an apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 5 is a waveform diagram for explaining the function of the above embodiment; and
Figure 6 is a circuit diagram which illustrates in detail the major elements of the above embodiment.
Description of the preferred embodiment
Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating the structure of an apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator according to an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the same reference numerals as those of Figure 1 denote the same elements.
What makes this embodiment different from the apparatus of Figure 1 is the provision of a voltage detector 26 that detects the AC power source voltage, and a minimum value select circuit 27 that receives a voltage signal 26a of the voltage detector 26 and an output instruction signal 12a of the speed control operation circuit 12, that compares these two signals, and that applies, as a corrected output instruction, a signal having the lower level than to the voltage control operation circuit 14.
Figure 6 is a circuit diagram illustrating in detail the structures of the voltage detector 26 and the minimum value select circuit 27. First, the voltage detectr 26 is comprised of a three-phase transformer 28 (hereinafter referred to as transformer) of which the primary side is connected to the AC power source, a rectifier circuit which is connected to the secondary side of the transformer 28 and which is made up of six diodes 29 to 34 that are bridge-connected, and a resistor 35 and a capacitor 36 for smoothing the rectified output.The minimum value select circuit 27 is comprised of an operational amplifier 37 which receives the voltage signal 26a of the voltage detector 26 through a non-inverting input terminal (+) thereof and which receives the output instruction signal 12a of the speed control operation circuit 12 through an inverting input terminal (-) thereof via an input resistor 38, a diode 39 which is connected to the output of the operational amplifier 37 so that the operational amplifier 37 will operate effectively when a relation between the voltage signal 26a and the output instruction signal 12a is 26a ( 12a, and a buffer amplifier 40 which receives the output of the operational amplifier 37 and which produces a corrected output instruction signal 27a while suppressing the signal 27a below the level of the voltage signal 26a.
The function of the thus constructed apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator will be described here below by mainly emphasizing the features which distinguish this embodiment from the apparatus of Figure 1.
First, the voltage detector 26 detects the voltage of the AC power source 1, and applies a voltage signal 26a of the same kind as the output instruction signal 12a to the operational amplifier 37 of the minimum value select circuit 27. If the voltage signal 26a is greater than the output instruction signal 12a, the output of the operational amplifier 37 is invalidated by the function of the diode 39, whereby the output instruction signal 12a becomes equal to the output of the buffer amplifier 40, and an output instruction 27a equal to the output instruction signal 12a is produced.
Then, as the voltage signal 26a becomes smaller than the output instruction signal 12a due to a drop in the AC power source voltage, the operational amplifier 37 becomes effective, and the output instruction signal 27a is limited to the level of the voltage signal 26a of the voltage detector 26.
Thus, the minimum value select circuit 27 receives the output voltage signal 26a of the voltage detector 26 as a first input, receives the output instruction signal 12a of the speed control operation circuit 12 as a second input, compares these two inputs, and produces a signal which corresponds to the lower level input signal.
Figure 5 illustrates a relation therebetween, as well as the output condition of the operational amplifier 24 of the voltage control operation circuit 14.
As long as the voltage signal 26a remains lower than the output instruction signal 12a, the output instruction signal 12a is limited, and the output instruction 27a is applied to the voltage control operation circuit 14. Accordingly, the operational amplifier 24 does not saturate, and the voltage across the terminals of the capacitor 3 is maintained low as will be obvious from the voltage signal 13a. Therefore, an excess current is prevented from flowing into the onverter.
When the output voltage of the converter 2 is lowered, the output voltage of the inverter 4 decreases also, and the output waveform therefrom approaches a square wave, causing a sinusoidal waveform to be slightly distorted. This, however, does not cause any substantial hindrance in the control characteristics.
According to the present invention as will be obvious from the foregoing description, the power source voltage is detected and the output instruction is limited to a low value. In the regenerative operation, therefore, an excess current is reliably prevented from flowing into the thyristors that constitute the converter.
Claims (7)
1. An apparatus for controlling the speed of elevator, comprising:
a power rectifier which consists of thyristors and which converts an AC power source voltage into a direct current;
a capacitor for smoothing the direct current of said power rectifier;
a power inverter which consists of a transistor and a diode, which converts the DC voltage smoothed by said capacitor into an alternating current having a variable voltage and a variable frequency, and which supplies the alternating current to an AC electric motor that drives the cage; and
a control circuit which compares a speed instruction signal for said cage with a detected speed, which produces an output instruction signal for said power rectifier and a slip frequency instruction signal for said power inverter, which controls the phase of said power rectifier based upon the output instruction signal, and which controls the pulse-width modulation of said power inverter based upon said slip frequency instruction signal;;
wherein said control circuit has a voltage detector which detects the voltage of the AC power source, and a minimum value select circuit which receives the output signal of said voltage detector as a first input, receives said output instruction signal as a second input, which compares these two inputs, and which produces a signal having the same level as the signal of the lower level, and wherein said control circuit supplies, as a corrected output instruction signal, the output signal of said minimum value select circuit to said power rectifier to control the phase thereof.
2. An apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevators according to claim 1, wherein said control circuit further comprises:
a speed control cirduit which compares said speed instruction signal for the cage with the detected speed to produce an output instruction signal for said power rectifier and a slip frequency instruction signal for said power inverter; and
a voltage control circuit which receives said output instruction signal of the speed control circuit and a voltage signal that represents the output voltage of said power rectifier, which compares these signals, and which produces a voltage signal to control said power rectifier;
and wherein said minimum value select circuit is connected between said speed control circuit and said voltage control circuit, and the output signal of said minimum value select signal is supplied to said voltage control circuit.
3. An apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator according to claim 1, wherein when said electric motor is in a powering mode of operation, said power rectifier converts the output of said power source into a direct current that will be supplied to said power inverter and when said electric motor is in a regenerative mode of operation, a direct current is converted into an alternating current through said power inverter and is returned back to said power source, and wherein provision is further made of a thyristor bank to effect the powering and regeneration.
4. An apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator according to claim 3, wherein said voltage control circuit comprises:
an operational amplifier which receives a signal consisting of said output instruction signal and the output voltage signal of said power rectifier, and which supplies an output signal to a phase circuit that generates gate pulses to control said power rectifier; and
a comparator which receives the output signal of said coperational amplifier through one of its input terminals, which receives a predetermined reference voltage, which compares these inputs, and which supplies an output signal to said phase circuit, so that the thyristor bank of either the powering side or the regenerative side of said power rectifier is rendered conductive.
5. An apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator according to claim 1, wherein said voltate detector comprises:
a transformer of having the primary side thereof connected to said power source;
a rectifier circuit connected to the secondary side of said transformer; and
a smoothing circuit which smoothes the output of said rectifier circuit and produces an output as the detected voltage.
6. An apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator according to claim 1, wherein said minimum value select circuit comprises:
an operational amplifier which receives said output instruction signal and a voltage signal of said voltage detector; and
an amplifier which produces the output of said amplifier as said corrected output instruction signal.
7. An apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator according to claim 6, wherein said operational amplifier has said voltage signal applied through a non-inverting input terminal thereof, has said output instruction signal applied through an inverting input terminal thereof, and the output terminal of said operational amplifier is connected to the cathode of a diode of which the anode is connected to said output amplifier.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08432355A GB2168829B (en) | 1984-12-21 | 1984-12-21 | Apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator |
| SG31288A SG31288G (en) | 1984-12-21 | 1988-05-20 | Apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08432355A GB2168829B (en) | 1984-12-21 | 1984-12-21 | Apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8432355D0 GB8432355D0 (en) | 1985-02-06 |
| GB2168829A true GB2168829A (en) | 1986-06-25 |
| GB2168829B GB2168829B (en) | 1988-02-24 |
Family
ID=10571568
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08432355A Expired GB2168829B (en) | 1984-12-21 | 1984-12-21 | Apparatus for controlling the speed of an elevator |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2168829B (en) |
| SG (1) | SG31288G (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0426056A2 (en) * | 1989-10-31 | 1991-05-08 | KONE Elevator GmbH | Procedure and apparatus for the control of a hoisting motor |
| EP0682405A2 (en) * | 1994-05-11 | 1995-11-15 | Kone Oy | Apparatus for regulating an elevator motor |
| WO2004027973A1 (en) * | 2002-09-23 | 2004-04-01 | Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc. | System and method for automatic current limit control |
| EP1957390A1 (en) * | 2005-11-23 | 2008-08-20 | Otis Elevator Company | Elevator motor drive tolerant of an irregular power source |
| US8763760B2 (en) | 2010-04-07 | 2014-07-01 | Kone Corporation | Adjustment device for controlling electric drive of an elevator, electric drive of an elevator and method for controlling electric drive of an elevator |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2461118C1 (en) * | 2011-04-05 | 2012-09-10 | Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Алтайский государственный технический университет им. И.И. Ползунова" (АлтГТУ) | Single-phase network-driven frequency speed regulator for three-phase asynchronous short-circuited electric motor |
-
1984
- 1984-12-21 GB GB08432355A patent/GB2168829B/en not_active Expired
-
1988
- 1988-05-20 SG SG31288A patent/SG31288G/en unknown
Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0426056A2 (en) * | 1989-10-31 | 1991-05-08 | KONE Elevator GmbH | Procedure and apparatus for the control of a hoisting motor |
| EP0426056A3 (en) * | 1989-10-31 | 1992-08-26 | Kone Elevator Gmbh | Procedure and apparatus for the control of a hoisting motor |
| US5229558A (en) * | 1989-10-31 | 1993-07-20 | Kone Elevator Gmbh | Control of an elevator hoisting motor during under voltage conditions in the main power source |
| EP0682405A2 (en) * | 1994-05-11 | 1995-11-15 | Kone Oy | Apparatus for regulating an elevator motor |
| EP0682405A3 (en) * | 1994-05-11 | 1996-03-06 | Kone Oy | Apparatus for regulating an elevator motor. |
| US5712457A (en) * | 1994-05-11 | 1998-01-27 | Kone Oy | Apparatus for regulating an elevator motor |
| CN1047893C (en) * | 1994-05-11 | 1999-12-29 | 科恩股份公司 | Apparatus for regulating an elevator motor |
| WO2004027973A1 (en) * | 2002-09-23 | 2004-04-01 | Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc. | System and method for automatic current limit control |
| US7414377B2 (en) | 2002-09-23 | 2008-08-19 | Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc. | System and method for automatic current limit control |
| EP1957390A1 (en) * | 2005-11-23 | 2008-08-20 | Otis Elevator Company | Elevator motor drive tolerant of an irregular power source |
| EP1957390A4 (en) * | 2005-11-23 | 2011-11-02 | Otis Elevator Co | Elevator motor drive tolerant of an irregular power source |
| US8127894B2 (en) | 2005-11-23 | 2012-03-06 | Otis Elevator Company | Elevator motor drive tolerant of an irregular power source |
| US8763760B2 (en) | 2010-04-07 | 2014-07-01 | Kone Corporation | Adjustment device for controlling electric drive of an elevator, electric drive of an elevator and method for controlling electric drive of an elevator |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB8432355D0 (en) | 1985-02-06 |
| GB2168829B (en) | 1988-02-24 |
| SG31288G (en) | 1988-09-30 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 19941221 |