EP3766116A1 - Procede de fabrication d'anodes pour batteries a ions de lithium - Google Patents
Procede de fabrication d'anodes pour batteries a ions de lithiumInfo
- Publication number
- EP3766116A1 EP3766116A1 EP19728498.7A EP19728498A EP3766116A1 EP 3766116 A1 EP3766116 A1 EP 3766116A1 EP 19728498 A EP19728498 A EP 19728498A EP 3766116 A1 EP3766116 A1 EP 3766116A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mixture
- anode
- compounds
- lithium
- anode material
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 49
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 16
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000001962 electrophoresis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 142
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 96
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 91
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 77
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000000231 atomic layer deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- -1 U 3 PO 4 Chemical class 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910004283 SiO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000001947 vapour-phase growth Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium sulfate Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910012305 LiPON Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910012360 LiSiPON Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 101000690484 Leptodactylus fallax Aggression-stimulating peptide Proteins 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910013439 LiZr Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001652 electrophoretic deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910004261 CaF 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910020156 CeF Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910017768 LaF 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910012258 LiPO Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002200 LIPON - lithium phosphorus oxynitride Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910018091 Li 2 S Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910013189 LiBON Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910013376 LiBSO Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910013641 LiNbO 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910012311 LiPONB Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910012428 LiSON Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910005790 SnSiO Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PPTSBERGOGHCHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron lithium Chemical compound [Li].[B] PPTSBERGOGHCHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005234 chemical deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002223 garnet Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001175904 Labeo bata Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical compound [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910020599 Co 3 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims 2
- 150000002826 nitrites Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910012115 Li3(Sc2−xMx)(PO4)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910012631 LiTi2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910020328 SiSn Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011532 electronic conductor Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 92
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 16
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 9
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910015645 LiMn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002001 electrolyte material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910018068 Li 2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 241001411185 Sison Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001027 hydrothermal synthesis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910003473 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052692 Dysprosium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910018119 Li 3 PO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910018487 Ni—Cr Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910021525 ceramic electrolyte Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004581 coalescence Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- KTQDYGVEEFGIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-fluorosulfonylsulfamoyl fluoride Chemical compound FS(=O)(=O)NS(F)(=O)=O KTQDYGVEEFGIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000003739 neck Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000036316 preload Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008521 reorganization Effects 0.000 description 2
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoro-n-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide Chemical compound FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXELHGDYRQLRQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidin-1-ium Chemical compound CCCC[N+]1(C)CCCC1 PXELHGDYRQLRQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YQFWGCSKGJMGHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidin-1-ium Chemical compound CCC[N+]1(C)CCCC1 YQFWGCSKGJMGHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001212418 Aictis Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910017008 AsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004438 BET method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910020366 ClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052689 Holmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001030 Iron–nickel alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005279 LLTO - Lithium Lanthanum Titanium Oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010199 LiAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011281 LiCoPO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013086 LiNiPO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012465 LiTi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052775 Thulium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010252 TiO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- UBAZGMLMVVQSCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon dioxide;molecular oxygen Chemical compound O=O.O=C=O UBAZGMLMVVQSCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004770 chalcogenides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003411 electrode reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- KHYBPSFKEHXSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N iminotitanium Chemical compound [Ti]=N KHYBPSFKEHXSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000398 iron phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+) phosphate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000664 lithium aluminum titanium phosphates (LATP) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000877 morphologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001000 nickel titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007847 structural defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- SESRATMNYRWUTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfinyltitanium Chemical class [Ti].S=O SESRATMNYRWUTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IJZPACDOFYWLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfinyltungsten Chemical class O=S=[W] IJZPACDOFYWLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0438—Processes of manufacture in general by electrochemical processing
- H01M4/044—Activating, forming or electrochemical attack of the supporting material
- H01M4/0445—Forming after manufacture of the electrode, e.g. first charge, cycling
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0421—Methods of deposition of the material involving vapour deposition
- H01M4/0423—Physical vapour deposition
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0421—Methods of deposition of the material involving vapour deposition
- H01M4/0428—Chemical vapour deposition
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- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0438—Processes of manufacture in general by electrochemical processing
- H01M4/045—Electrochemical coating; Electrochemical impregnation
- H01M4/0457—Electrochemical coating; Electrochemical impregnation from dispersions or suspensions; Electrophoresis
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/46—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their combination with electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/30—Batteries in portable systems, e.g. mobile phone, laptop
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention belongs to the field of secondary batteries and in particular lithium ion batteries. It relates more particularly to lithium ion batteries in thin layers.
- the invention relates to a new method of manufacturing anodes for these batteries.
- the invention also relates to a method of manufacturing an electrochemical device, in particular of the battery type; comprising at least one of these anodes, and the devices thus obtained.
- a lithium ion secondary battery resulting from its manufacturing process, is normally discharged: it includes a lithium-charged electrode (this electrode is called a cathode) and an electrode that does not contain lithium ions (this electrode is called anode).
- this electrode is called a cathode
- anode an electrode that does not contain lithium ions
- the lithium ion battery is extracted from the cathode (which behaves like an anode during charging) and migrates through the electrolyte to the anode (which behaves like a cathode during charging where they fit into the structure of the anode material; electrons circulating in the external charging circuit reduce the anode and oxidize the cathode. All electrode reactions must be reversible so that the battery can reach a high number of charge and discharge cycles.
- batteries and their layers can be deposited by electrophoresis; they are known for example from patent applications WO 2013/064 772, WO 2013/064 773, WO 2013/064 774, WO 2013/064 776, WO 2013/064 779, WO 2013/064 781, WO 2014/102 520 , WO 2014/131997, WO 2016/001,579, WO 2016/001,584, WO 2016/001,588, WO 2017/1 15,032 (1-TEN).
- the lithium will come out of the cathode to be inserted in the anode; this can lead to irreversible structural transformation within the anode.
- the capacity of the final battery is slightly reduced as well as its operating voltage range.
- the anodes have irreversible losses. In other words, some of the lithium inserted into the structure of the anode material can no longer be released during the discharge of the battery. These losses are all the more important on the anode materials of the nitride or oxynitride type.
- WO2015 / 133139 (Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha) describes a precharged anode made of lithium which makes it possible to limit the effects of loss of irreversible capacitance during the first charges.
- the process described in this document is however very difficult to implement because of the high reactivity of lithium metal with respect to the atmosphere and moisture. It involves either a step in which the anode materials are mixed with lithium powder under argon, or a step in which the anode material is reduced with a lithium compound, or else a step of electrochemical reduction of the lithium. Once the lithium is introduced into the anode, it is still necessary to protect the anode against moisture and oxygen during the subsequent manufacturing steps.
- electrolyte materials such as, for example, amorphous polyethylene oxide PEO, are capable of irreversibly inserting the first lithium charge.
- the present invention seeks to provide a method of manufacturing microbatteries with electrodes and a more stable electrolyte. More particularly it is desired to overcome irreversible capacity losses, whether in the electrodes and / or some solid electrolyte films covering the electrodes. It is also desired to have anodes which do not show a significant irreversible loss at the first charge.
- the problem is solved by the use of a protective coating on the anodes which protects them from the ambient atmosphere, including oxygen, carbon dioxide and moisture.
- This protective coating may be applied to the anode film and / or the anode material powder particles. It is preferably deposited by the technique of atomic layer deposition known under the acronym ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition). Its thickness is preferably less than 5 nm.
- ALD Atomic Layer Deposition
- This coating may be especially Li 3 P0 4 or alumina. It may be coated with a solid electrolyte layer, for example a layer of LLZO deposited from nanoparticles.
- the invention can be implemented for any type of anode that can be used with lithium ion batteries.
- the anode may be a dense anode, for example an entirely solid anode deposited by electrophoresis of monodisperse nanoparticles contained in a suspension, as described in the application WO 2013/064773, or by vapor deposition.
- the anode is covered with a protective coating before charging lithium and before assembling the battery.
- This protective coating may be of very thin thickness and may be produced by ALD atomic layer deposition or by chemical solution in the form known as CSD of the "Chemical solution Dissolution".
- an electronic insulator may be used, in particular an oxide such as silica, alumina or zirconia; the thickness of such a coating preferably does not exceed 2 to 3 nm.
- the level of tightness of such a coating with respect to the atmosphere depends on its thickness, and it is advantageous to further deposit a coating of a solid and dense electrolyte, also resistant to the atmosphere, to improve the anode protection after lithium charging and before assembly to form a battery.
- the solid and dense electrolyte coating may be deposited by ALD or chemically in CSD solution, as far as possible, or, for complex stoichiometries, by any other suitable technique. Said thin layer of electronic insulation deposited by ALD or chemically in CSD solution also limits the parasitic reactions at the interfaces between the solid electrolyte coating and the anode.
- the anode may be a porous anode, preferably mesoporous, which has a network of nanoparticles interconnected by an ionic conduction path, while leaving pores, preferably mesopores; these latter may be filled with an ionic conductive liquid, for example an ionic liquid comprising a dissolved lithium salt.
- a porous anode, preferably mesoporous is protected by a dense coating deposited by ALD or by chemical means in CSD solution before preloading with lithium.
- This coating is advantageously an electronic insulator, in particular an oxide such as silica, alumina or zirconia, but it is also possible to deposit a solid electrolyte layer.
- the invention can be implemented in any type of lithium ion battery.
- this coating makes it possible to preload the lithium anode without fearing that the lithium will react with air or humidity during the assembly steps of the battery, or a fortiori during its use.
- a first object of the invention is an anode for a lithium ion battery, comprising at least one anode material and being free of binder, said anode being preloaded with lithium ions, characterized in that said deposited anode material on an electronically conductive substrate adapted to serve as an anode current collector, is coated with a protective coating in contact with said anode material, said protective coating being able to protect this anode material from the ambient atmosphere.
- the anode according to the invention may be porous, preferably mesoporous.
- It is capable of being manufactured by a vapor phase deposition technique, in particular by a physical vapor deposition technique such as sputtering, and / or by a chemical vapor deposition technique, possibly assisted by plasma.
- said suspension of nanoparticles i.e. colloidal suspension may comprise nanoparticles of at least one anode material of primary diameter D50 less than or equal to 50 nm.
- said colloidal suspension may comprise aggregates of nanoparticles of anode material.
- said protective coating comprises a first layer, in contact with the anode material, deposited by the ALD technique (Atomic Layer Deposition) or by chemical means in CSD solution, this first layer has a thickness of less than 10 nm, preferably less than 5 nm, and which is even more preferably between 1 nm and 3 nm.
- this first layer is an electronic insulating oxide, preferably selected from the group formed by silica, alumina and zirconia.
- said protective coating comprises a second layer, deposited above the first layer, which is made of material selected from the group consisting of:
- Silicates such as Li 2 SiO 3 , Li SisOn, Li 3 SiO 4 , Li 2 SiOe, LiAISiO 4 , Li 4 SiO 4 , LaisA 2 O 6;
- Oxides such as a coating of Al 2 O 3 , LiNbO 3 ;
- Fluorides such as AIF 3 , LaF 3 , CaF 2 , LiF, CeF 3 ;
- the anti-perovskite type compounds chosen from: Li 3 OA with a halide or a mixture of halides, preferably at least one of F, Cl, Br, I or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements; ⁇ (3- C) M c / 2 OA with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3, M a divalent metal, preferably at least one of the elements selected from Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements, a halide or a mixture of halides, preferably at least one of F, Cl, Br, I or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements; Li (3-X) M 3 X / 30A with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3, M 3 a trivalent metal, A halide or a mixture of halides, preferably at least one of F, Cl, Br, I or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements; or üCOX z Y (i -Z) , with X and
- a second object of the invention is a method for manufacturing an anode for a lithium ion battery according to the invention, comprising the steps of:
- the deposition of said anode material can be carried out by a vapor phase deposition technique, in particular by a physical vapor phase deposition technique such as sputtering, and / or by a chemical deposition technique by vapor phase, possibly assisted by plasma.
- a vapor phase deposition technique in particular by a physical vapor phase deposition technique such as sputtering, and / or by a chemical deposition technique by vapor phase, possibly assisted by plasma.
- it can be performed by electrophoresis from a suspension of nanoparticles of at least one anode material, or by dipping.
- a last subject of the invention is a lithium ion battery, comprising an anode according to the invention, or comprising an anode capable of being obtained by the process according to the invention, and further comprising an electrolyte in contact with said anode, and a cathode in contact with said electrolyte.
- electrolytes formed by a separator impregnated with a liquid electrolyte, typically based on an aprotic solvent comprising a lithium salt or ionic liquid containing one or more lithium salts or a mixture of the two,
- porous electrolytes preferably mesoporous, impregnated with a liquid electrolyte, typically based on an aprotic solvent comprising a lithium salt or ionic liquid containing one or more lithium salts or a mixture of the two,
- the electrolytes comprising a polymer impregnated with a liquid electrolyte and / or a lithium salt
- electrolytes formed by a solid electrolyte material conductive of lithium ions, and preferably one such as oxide, sulphide or phosphate.
- Said cathode may be in particular a fully solid cathode or a porous cathode, preferably mesoporous. It can wear a protective coating of the same type as that of the anode.
- the capacity of an accumulator or battery is the current (in milliamperes) that can be extracted from a battery in 1 hour. This indicates the battery life.
- the size of a particle is defined by its largest dimension.
- nanoparticle is meant any particle or object of nanometric size having at least one of its dimensions less than or equal to 100 nm.
- suspension is meant any liquid in which solid particles are dispersed.
- nanoparticle suspension and “colloidal suspension” are used interchangeably.
- Nanoparticle suspension or “colloidal suspension” means any liquid in which solid nanoparticles are dispersed.
- mesoporous materials any solid which has within its structure pores called “mesopores” having a size intermediate between that of micropores (width less than 2 nm) and that of macropores (width greater than 50 nm), namely a size between 2 nm and 50 nm.
- This terminology corresponds to that adopted by IUPAC (International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry), which refers to the skilled person.
- IUPAC International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry
- the term “mesoporous electrode” or “mesoporous layer” means a layer or electrode that has mesopores. As will be explained below, in these electrodes or layers the mesopores contribute significantly to the total pore volume; this fact is translated by the expression “mesoporous electrode / mesoporous layer greater than X% by volume” used in the description below.
- aggregate means, according to the IUPAC definitions (which refer to those skilled in the art), a loosely bound assembly of primary particles.
- these primary particles are nanoparticles having a diameter that can be determined by transmission electron microscopy.
- Aggregate aggregated primary nanoparticles can normally be destroyed (ie reduced to primary nanoparticles) suspended in a liquid phase under the effect of ultrasound, according to a technique known to those skilled in the art.
- the invention applies to batteries with electrodes which may be dense or porous, preferably mesoporous.
- the dense electrodes may be electrophoretically deposited from a suspension comprising unaggregated nanoscale (monodisperse) primary particles, i.e. the particle diameter in the suspension is their primary diameter.
- the particle size of the anode materials is a critical parameter for depositing electrodes dense by electrophoresis, because of the thermal and / or mechanical compaction during which the residual porosity of the layer decreases following the morphological reorganization of the nanoparticles; the driving force behind this reorganization is surface energy and energy related to structural defects.
- the primary diameter D 5 o of the particles is advantageously less than 100 nm, preferably less than 50 nm, and even more preferably less than 30 nm.
- primary diameter is meant here the diameter of the non-aggregated particles.
- the same diameter limit is advantageous for the deposition of dense layers of cathode material and electrolyte, to complete the battery.
- the zeta potential of these suspensions of primary nanoparticles is typically greater than 50 mV in absolute value, and preferably greater than 60 mV.
- These suspensions can be prepared in different ways, for example directly by hydrothermal synthesis of nanoparticles of anode material; to obtain a stable suspension it must be purified to reduce (or eliminate) its ionic charge.
- deposited anode layers by a vapor phase deposition technique, in particular by physical vapor deposition or by chemical vapor deposition, or by a combination of these techniques.
- Vapor phase deposition techniques make it possible to produce especially dense layers.
- the porous electrodes preferably mesoporous, can be electrophoretically deposited from a suspension comprising aggregates of primary nanoparticles.
- a suspension is used in which the primary particles are at least partially aggregated.
- These aggregates have a dimension advantageously between 80 nm and 300 nm, preferably between 100 nm and 200 nm.
- Such a suspension having nanoparticles at least partially aggregated directly can be prepared by hydrothermal synthesis of said primary nanoparticles: these suspensions are stable only when they have been well purified, that is to say freed of their residual ionic charge. We can thus obtaining a suspension of at least partially aggregated nanoparticles by partial purification of a suspension resulting from the hydrothermal synthesis.
- zeta potential of such a suspension is typically less than 50 mV in absolute value, preferably less than 45 mV.
- the layers of the battery, and in particular the anode are free of binder.
- the electrode layers are typically deposited on substrates suitable for use as current collectors; in a manner known per se, it is possible to use a metal sheet or a polymer sheet coated with a conductive layer of metal or conductive oxide.
- the anode may be made in particular from an anode material chosen from:
- lithiated iron phosphate of typical formula LiFePO 4 ;
- the composite oxides TiNb 2 0 7 comprising between 0% and 10% by mass of carbon, preferably the carbon being selected from graphene and carbon nanotubes.
- the morphology and structure of the anode layers depend on their deposition technique, and the skilled person is able to distinguish for example between a dense layer deposited by electrophoresis, a dense layer deposited by vapor phase, and a porous layer or mesoporous deposited by electrophoresis.
- the so-called dense electrode layers deposited by electrophoresis according to the technique described in WO 2013/064773 have a density which amounts to at least 80%, and preferably at least 90%, and even more preferentially at least 95% of the theoretical density of the solid mass.
- the layers deposited by vapor phase on the other hand are generally fairly homogeneous, free from porosity, and may possibly have columnar growth.
- the porous layers, preferably electroporetically deposited mesoporous have a specific morphology, characterized by a network of pores, preferably mesopores, which appears on transmission electron microcopies.
- This electronically conductive substrate suitable for use as a current collector may be metallic, for example a metal foil, or a metallized polymeric or non-metallic foil (i.e. coated with a metal layer).
- the substrate is preferably selected from strips of titanium, copper, nickel or stainless steel.
- the metal sheet may be coated with a layer of noble metal, in particular chosen from gold, platinum, palladium, titanium or alloys containing predominantly at least one or more of these metals, or a layer of material ITO type conductor (which has the advantage of also acting as a diffusion barrier).
- a layer of noble metal in particular chosen from gold, platinum, palladium, titanium or alloys containing predominantly at least one or more of these metals, or a layer of material ITO type conductor (which has the advantage of also acting as a diffusion barrier).
- massive materials including titanium, copper or nickel strips, also protects the cutting edges of battery electrodes from corrosion.
- Stainless steel can also be used as a current collector, especially when it contains titanium or aluminum as an alloying element, or when it has a thin layer of protective oxide on the surface.
- substrates serving as current collector may be used such as less noble metal strips coated with a protective coating, to avoid the possible dissolution of these strips induced by the presence of electrolytes on contact.
- These less noble metal strips may be copper strips, nickel or strip of metal alloys such as stainless steel strips, Fe-Ni alloy strips, Be-Ni-Cr alloy, alloy Ni-Cr or Ni-Ti alloy.
- the coating that can be used to protect substrates serving as current collectors can be of different kinds. It can be a:
- ⁇ thin layer obtained by sol-gel process of the same material as that of the electrode The absence of porosity in this film makes it possible to avoid contact between the electrolyte and the metal current collector.
- Thin metal layer dense, flawless, such as a thin layer of gold, titanium, platinum, palladium, tungsten or molybdenum. These metals can be used to protect current collectors because they have good conduction properties and can withstand heat treatments in the subsequent electrode manufacturing process.
- This layer can in particular be made by electrochemistry, PVD, CVD, evaporation, ALD.
- ⁇ thin layer of carbon such as diamond carbon graph, deposited by ALD, PVD, CVD or by inking a sol-gel solution to obtain after thermal treatment inorganic phase doped with carbon to make it conductive.
- the coating that can be used to protect the substrates serving as current collectors must be electronically conductive so as not to interfere with the operation of the electrode subsequently deposited on this coating, making it too resistive.
- the maximum dissolution currents measured on the substrates, at the operating potentials of the electrodes, expressed in mA / cm 2 must be 1000 times lower than the surface capacities. electrodes expressed in pAh / cm 2 .
- the electrophoretically deposited layers require specific treatment after deposition, and first of all they must be dried after being separated from contact with the suspension from which they were deposited. The drying must not induce the formation of cracks. For this reason it is preferred to perform it under conditions of controlled humidity and temperature.
- the drying step of the anode material layer preferably takes place between the end of the electrophoresis deposition and the beginning of the deposition of the protective coating.
- the drying step of the anode layer can be carried out at atmospheric pressure, preferably at a temperature of between 30 ° C and 120 ° C. Drying under reduced pressure may weaken the layer because of the violent departure of liquid evaporated from the sub-surface areas of the layer. Depending on the size of the particles and their melting temperature, the drying step may be limited to eliminating the liquid phase from the suspension, or to achieve consolidation of the layer. Also, depending on the nature of the materials constituting these layers, their crystalline state, their particle size, the anode layer may be subjected after drying to an optional annealing, possibly preceded and / or accompanied by pressing. This may be necessary in order to optimize the electrochemical properties of the anode films.
- Deposition of the protective coating is performed before preloading the anode layer. For layers deposited by electrophoresis it intervenes after drying and / or consolidation.
- the purpose of the protective coating is to protect the pre-charged anode from the atmosphere so that lithium does not come out of the anode in contact with the atmosphere. It is applied on the anodes, before the assembly of the battery. It plays the role of a protective layer. The latter avoids the formation of secondary products that lower the insertion capacity of lithium cations. It also prevents anodes from losing their lithium ions inserted in their structure.
- the protective coating must be dense and strong. In an advantageous embodiment, it is deposited by ALD or by chemical means in CSD solution. These techniques of deposition by ALD and by CSD make it possible to realize a coating coating which reproduces faithfully the topography of the substrate; it covers the entire surface of the electrodes. Its thickness is advantageously less than 10 nm, and advantageously greater than 2 nm to guarantee a good barrier effect.
- the coatings obtained by ALD or CSD are very protective even when they are thin, because they are dense in the sense that they are free of holes ("pinhole"). In addition they are thin enough not to affect the performance of the anode. For a dense (hole-free) layer, the Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTP) decreases with the thickness of the layer.
- WVTP Water Vapor Transmission Rate
- the deposition of the protective coating comprises the deposition by ALD or by CSD of a layer of an electronically insulating material, preferably selected from alumina, silica or zirconia, or a solid electrolyte conducting ions lithium, preferably U 3 PO 4 , said protective coating having a thickness between 1 nm and 5 nm, preferably between 1 nm and 4 nm, more preferably between 1 nm and 3 nm.
- the anodes can be covered with a dense and solid protective film of ionic conductive material and stable in contact with the atmosphere.
- This protective film can be:
- silicates such as a coating of: Li 2 SiO 3, L SisOn, LhS 2 Os, Li 2 SiO 6 , LiAISiO 4 , ü 4 SiO 4 , Li AIS I 2 C 6;
- a coating of oxides such as a coating of Al2O3, LiNb0 3 ;
- a coating of fluorides such as a coating of: AIF 3 , LaF 3 , CaF 2 , LiF, CeF 3 ; an anti-perovskite-type coating chosen from: Li 3 OA with a halide or a mixture of halides, preferably at least one of F, Cl, Br, I or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements; ⁇ (3 -c ) mC / 20A with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3, M a divalent metal, preferably at least one of the elements selected from Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements, has a halide or a mixture of halides, preferably at least one of F, Cl, Br, I or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements; Li ( 3 x) M 3 x / 3 OA with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3, M 3 a trivalent metal, A halide or a mixture of halides, preferably at least one of
- the protective film may also be made of an electronic insulator type oxide material. It is possible to deposit, for example, an alumina oxide Al 2 O 3 , silica or zirconia, especially if the thickness is small, in particular less than about 5 nm, and preferably between 2 nm and 3 nm.
- the barrier effect of these layers deposited by ALD increases with their thickness, but the ALD technique being quite slow we would like to deposit layers as thin as possible.
- the protective coating can be deposited by ALD or by CSD, preferably by ALD; its thickness does not exceed 5 nm.
- porous anode layers preferably mesoporous
- the deposition of a protective coating, especially inside the pores of these layers is advantageously carried out by ALD.
- ALD ALD
- lithium ion conductive materials As just explained, it is advantageous to use lithium ion conductive materials, as just explained, to deposit a coating. dense electrolyte from nanoparticles.
- the latter may be deposited over a first thin coating deposited by ALD or by CSD, which may be an electronic insulator; this embodiment avoids the reaction of the electrolyte materials with the anode material.
- the stable solid electrolytes in contact with the atmosphere which can be deposited as such as a protective coating from nanoparticles can be those which have just been listed as a dense and solid protective film for covering the anodes, and can in particular be selected from the group formed by: lithiated phosphates, lithiated borates, lithiated silicates, lithiated oxides, lithiated antiperovskites, mixtures of these compositions.
- LiPON lithium oxynitride and phosphorus
- LiPON lithium oxynitride and phosphorus
- LiSiPON lithiated compounds based on lithium oxynitride, phosphorus and silicon
- LiSiPON Li1 9Si0 28P1 0O1 1 N1 0;
- LiBON LiBSO, LiSiPON, LiSON, thio-LiSiCON, LiPONB (or B, P and S respectively represent boron, phosphorus and sulfur);
- the silicates preferably chosen from Li 2 Si 2 O 5, Li 2 SiO 3 , Li 2 SiO 6 , U 2 Si 2 O 6 , LiAISiO 4 , Li 4 SiO 4 , LiAISi 2 O 6, Li 2 SiOi 1;
- solid electrolytes of anti-perovskite type chosen from: Li 3 OA with a halide or a mixture of halides, preferably at least one of F, Cl, Br, I or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements; Li (3-X) M X / 20A with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3, M a divalent metal, preferably at least one of Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements, a halide or a mixture of halides, preferably at least one of F, Cl, Br, I or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements; ⁇ (3 -c) c M 3 / 30A with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3, M 3 a trivalent metal, A halide or mixture of halides, preferably at least one element selected from F, Cl, Br, I or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements; or LiCOX z Y (iZ) , with X and Y hal
- this protective coating (which may be, in the case of a dense anode, a coating deposited by ALD or by CSD, possibly coated with a dense electrolyte film, and, in the case of a porous anode, a coating deposited by ALD or by CSD), the anode can be charged with lithium by immersion and polarization in a liquid electrolyte. Several charge and discharge cycles can be performed to achieve a completely reversible behavior of the anode. The anode thus charged can subsequently be assembled by hot pressing with the cathode without risk of loss of lithium: The solid electrolyte layer which covers the anode prevents the mobile lithium from leaving the anode.
- the preloading method according to the invention can be carried out in order to compensate irreversible losses at the first charge.
- the preloading is carried out by charging the lithium anode from its initial potential to its lithium insertion end potential and then again to a return to the initial potential to redo. take out the mobile lithium.
- This pre-loaded anode has a new reversible capacitance lower than that of the first charge. It is the value of the capacity of this preloaded anode that will be balanced with the capacity of the cathode.
- This embodiment is particularly applicable to anodes based on nitrides, oxynitrides; it makes it possible to increase the specific energy of the battery cells.
- the preloading method according to the invention can also be carried out in order to optimize the operating voltage range of the battery cells to guarantee excellent cycling performance, and to compensate for defects in Li 4 Ti 5 electrodes. 0i 2 .
- heat treatments nanoparticles Li 4 Ti 5 0i 2 are likely to form oxides TiO 2 or neighboring form on their surfaces. These oxides insert lithium at 1. 7V instead of 1. 55V for Li 4 Ti 5 0i 2 .
- the voltage of the battery cell being the resultant of the potential difference between the cathode and the anode. To ensure that the cathode is always in its reversibility range during its operation, it is important to be able to accurately correlate the voltage of the battery cell to the potential of the cathode.
- the anode always operates exclusively at 1, 55 V.
- the potential of the cathode then being that of the battery cell minus 1, 55 V, it is important to preload the anode Li 4 Ti 5 0i 2 to pass the plate at 1, 7 V and place the anode before assembly at 1, 55 V.
- the reversible capacity of the anode at 1. 55 V must be slightly higher than that of the cathode.
- the electrodes preferably covered with a protective layer, for example ceramic oxide or solid electrolyte, are polarized charged in a solution containing lithium cations. Once charged, these electrodes can operate in complete cells over an optimized voltage range and without irreversible loss at the first charge. 6.
- the anode protected and preloaded according to the invention may be suitable with any type of electrolyte suitable for a lithium ion battery.
- the electrolyte of the battery may consist of:
- a separator impregnated with a liquid electrolyte typically based on an aprotic solvent, comprising a lithium salt or ionic liquid containing one or more lithium salts or a mixture of the two,
- porous insulating structure preferably mesoporous impregnated with a liquid electrolyte, typically based on an aprotic solvent comprising a lithium salt or ionic liquid containing one or more lithium salts or a mixture of the two,
- a solid electrolyte material eg oxide, sulfide, phosphate
- conductive lithium ions eg oxide, sulfide, phosphate
- the electrolyte of the battery consists of a polymer impregnated with a lithium salt
- the polymer is preferably chosen from the group formed by polyethylene oxide, polyimides, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, the polysiloxanes
- the lithium salt is preferably selected from LiCl, LiBr, LiL, Li (ClO 4 ), Li (BF 4 ), Li (PF 6 ), Li (AsF 6 ), Li (CH 3 C0 2 ), Li (CF 3 SO 3 ), Li (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N, Li (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , Li (CF 3 CO 2 ), Li (B (C 6 H 5 )) , Li (SCN), Li (NO 3 ).
- the ionic liquid may be a type 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (also called EMI +) and / or n-propyl-n-methylpyrrolidinium (also called PYR I3 + ) and / or n-butyl-n -methylpyrrolidinium (also called PYR + ), associated with bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (TFSL) and / or bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide (FSI) anions.
- TFSL bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide
- FSI fluorosulfonyl) imide
- a lithium salt of LiTFSI type can be dissolved in the ionic liquid which serves as a solvent or in a solvent such as g-butyrolactone.
- the lithium ion carrier phase can comprise a solid electrolyte such as LiBH 4 or a mixture of LiBH 4 with one or more compounds chosen from LiCl, Lil and LiBr.
- LiBH 4 is a good conductor of lithium and has a low melting point facilitating its impregnation in porous electrodes, especially by soaking. Due to its extremely reducing properties, LiBH 4 is not widely used as an electrolyte.
- the use of a protective film on the surface of the porous electrodes in Lithium phosphate prevents the reduction of electrode materials, especially cathode materials, by LiBH 4 and avoids degradation of the electrodes.
- the carrier phase of lithium ions comprises at least one ionic liquid, preferably at least one ionic liquid at room temperature, such as PYR14TFSI, optionally diluted in at least one solvent, such as g-butyrolactone.
- the carrier phase of lithium ions comprises between 10% and 40% by weight of a solvent, preferably between 30 and 40% by weight of a solvent, and even more preferably between 30 and 40% by weight of g-butyrolactone. .
- the carrier phase of lithium ions comprises more than 50% by weight of at least one ionic liquid and less than 50% of solvent, which limits the risks of safety and ignition in the event of malfunction of the batteries comprising such carrier phase of lithium ions.
- the carrier phase of lithium ions comprises:
- the carrier phase of lithium ions may be an electrolytic solution comprising PYR14TFSI, LiTFSI and g-butyrolactone, preferably an electrolytic solution comprising approximately 90% by weight of PYR14TFSI, 0.7 M of LiTFSI and 10% by mass of g-butyrolactone.
- the layer of electrolyte material is made from solid electrolyte material chosen from:
- ⁇ A 1 is a cation of oxidation + II, preferably Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba, Fe, Mn, Zn, Y, Gd; and or
- ⁇ A 2 represents a cation with an oxidation number + III, preferably Al, Fe, Cr, Ga, Ti, La; and or
- ⁇ (T0) represents an anion wherein T is an atom with an oxidation number + IV, located at the center of a tetrahedron formed by the oxygen atoms, and preferably wherein T0 represents the anion silicate or zirconate, knowing that all or part of the elements T of a degree of oxidation + IV can be replaced by atoms of a degree of oxidation + III or + V, such that Al, Fe, As, V, Nb, In, Ta ; ⁇ knowing that: d is between 2 and 10, preferably between 3 and 9, and even more preferably between 4 and 8; x is 3 but can be between 2.6 and 3.4 (preferably between 2.8 and 3.2); y is 2 but can range from 1.7 to 2.3 (preferably from 1.9 to 2.1) and z is from 3 but may range from 2.9 to 3.1;
- LiPON and LIBON lithium oxynitride materials
- LiPON and LIBON lithium oxynitride materials
- LiSiPON the lithiated compounds based on lithium oxynitride, phosphorus and silicon
- LiSiPON the lithiated compounds based on lithium oxynitride, phosphorus and silicon
- LiI 9 Sio 28Pi OOi i Ni 0 the lithiated compounds based on lithium oxynitride, phosphorus and silicon
- lithium oxynitrides of LiBON, LiBSO, LiSiPON, LiSON, thio-LiSiCON, LiPONB (or B, P and S respectively represent boron, phosphorus and sulfur);
- the silicates preferably chosen from Li 2 Si 2 O 5 , Li 2 SiO 3 , Li 2 Si 2 O 6 , LiAISiO 4 , U 4 SiO 4 , LiAlSiO 6;
- the solid electrolytes of anti-perovskite type chosen from: Li 3 OA with a halide or a mixture of halides, preferably at least one of F, Cl, Br, I or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements; Li (3-X) M X / 20A with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3, M a divalent metal, preferably at least one of Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements, a halide or a mixture of halides, preferably at least one of F, Cl, Br, I or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements; Li (3-X) M 3 X / 30A with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3, M 3 a trivalent metal, A halide or a mixture of halides, preferably at least one of F, Cl, Br, I or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements; or LiCOX z Y (iZ) , with X and Y halogen
- a dense layer can be used, as is known from WO 2013/064 772. It is also possible to use a porous, preferably mesoporous layer, which can be impregnated with a polymer or an ionic liquid comprising lithium ions. ; this will be described in greater detail below.
- the cathode of a battery according to the invention can be made from a cathode material chosen from:
- the invention can be implemented with an anode and / or a porous cathode, preferably mesoporous.
- a porous electrode in a thin layer, deposited on a substrate advantageously has a thickness of less than 10 ⁇ m, preferably less than 8 ⁇ m, and even more preferably between 1 ⁇ m and 6 ⁇ m. It is free of binder. It has pores with an average diameter of less than 100 nm, preferably less than 80 nm. Its porosity is advantageously greater than 30% by volume, preferably between 30% and 55% by volume, more preferably between 35% and 50%, and even more preferably between 40% and 50%.
- An anode or porous cathode preferably mesoporous, may be manufactured by a process in which:
- a colloidal suspension comprising aggregates or agglomerates of nanoparticles of at least one material P of primary diameter is supplied average D 5 o less than or equal to 50 nm (preferably between 10 nm and 30 nm), said aggregates or agglomerates having a mean diameter of between 80 nm and 300 nm (preferably between 100 nm and 200 nm),
- step (B) a substrate is immersed in conjunction with a counter electrode in said colloidal suspension supplied in step (A),
- Said material P is an anode material for making a porous anode or a cathode material for making a porous cathode.
- this method comprises the following steps:
- the nanoparticles present in said colloidal suspension are destabilized so as to form clusters of particles with a mean diameter of between 80 nm and 300 nm, preferably between 100 nm and 200 nm, said destabilization preferably being carried out by adding a destabilizing agent such as a salt, preferably LiOH;
- step (B) immersing a substrate in said colloidal suspension comprising the aggregates or agglomerates of nanoparticles obtained in step (A2), together with a counter-electrode;
- step (D) it is necessary to carry out a specific treatment of the layers obtained at the end of step (D).
- the dried layers can be consolidated by a pressing and / or heating step.
- this treatment leads to a partial coalescence of the primary nanoparticles in the aggregates, and between neighboring aggregates; this phenomenon is called “necking” or “neck training". It is characterized by the partial coalescence of two particles in contact, which remain separated but connected by a collar (restrained). Lithium ions are mobile within these necks and can diffuse from one particle to another without encountering grain boundaries. Thus forms a three-dimensional network of interconnected particles with high ionic mobility and electronic conduction; this network comprises pores, preferably mesopores.
- the temperature required to obtain "necking" depends on the material; given the diffusive nature of the phenomenon that leads to necking, the duration of the treatment depends on the temperature.
- the average pore diameter is between 2 nm and 80 nm, preferably between 2 nm and 50 nm, preferably between 6 nm and 30 nm and even more preferably between 8 nm and 20 nm.
- the protective coating is deposited on the pores of the porous anode material and inside the pores of the porous anode material .
- the total thickness of the protective coating of the porous anodes should not exceed 10 nm, and preferably remain below 5 nm, so as not to clog said pores.
- the first layer of the protective coating is preferably chosen an electrically insulating material, which may in particular be alumina, silica or zirconia, or a solid electrolyte conductive lithium ion Li 3 P0 4 ; its thickness is advantageously between 1 nm and 5 nm, preferably 2 nm and 4 nm.
- the thickness of this first layer of the protective coating is between 1 nm and 3 nm if a second layer is then deposited.
- a second thin layer of at least one solid electrolyte is deposited by dipping or electrophoresis. from a suspension comprising monodisperse nanoparticles of at least one solid electrolyte material.
- the second layer of the protective coating may be a solid electrolyte material selected from the group consisting of:
- Silicates such as Li 2 SiO 3 , L SisOn, Li 3 SiO 4 , Li 3 SiOe, LiAISiO 4 , Li 4 SiO 4 , LiAl 2 O 6;
- Oxides such as a coating of Al 2 O 3 , LiNbO 3 ;
- Fluorides such as AIF 3 , LaF 3 , CaF 2 , LiF, CeF 3 ;
- the anti-perovskite type compounds chosen from: Li 3 OA with a halide or a mixture of halides, preferably at least one of F, Cl, Br, I or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements; Li (3. C) M c / 2 OA with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3, M a divalent metal, preferably at least one of Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements, a halide or a mixture of halides, preferably at least one of F, Cl, Br, I or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements; ⁇ (3-C) M 3 c / 3 OA with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3, M 3 a trivalent metal, A halide or a mixture of halides, preferably at least one of F, Cl, Br, I or a mixture of two or three or four of these elements; or LiCOX z Y (i -Z) , with X and Y hal
- the porous electrode may advantageously be impregnated with an electrolyte, which is preferably an ionic liquid comprising a lithium salt; said ionic liquid may be diluted with an aprotic solvent.
- the cathode material is also coated with a protective coating; the same methods can be used as to protect the anode materials. More specifically, the cathode material, deposited on an electronically conductive substrate able to serve as a cathode current collector, is coated with a protective coating in contact with said cathode material, said protective coating being able to protect this material from cathode of the ambient atmosphere.
- Example 1 Manufacture of a preloaded anode
- a suspension of the anode material was prepared by grinding / dispersing a Li 4 Ti 2 O 12 powder in absolute ethanol at about 10 g / L with a few ppm citric acid. Milling was carried out so as to obtain a stable suspension with a particle size of 5 D o less than 70 nm.
- An anode layer was deposited by electrophoresis of U 4 Ti50i 2 nanoparticles contained in the suspension; this layer was deposited on both sides of a first substrate with a thickness of 1 ⁇ m; it was dried and then heat-treated at about 600 q C.
- This anode layer was a layer called "dense", having undergone thermal consolidation step which leads to the increase in the density of the layer.
- the anode was then coated with a protective coating of Li 3 PO at a thickness of 10 nm deposited by ALD. Then, on this anode layer, a ceramic electrolyte layer Li 3 Al 0.4 Sci , 6 (PO) 3 (abbreviated LASP) was electrophoretically deposited; the thickness of this layer of LASP was about 500 nm. This electrolyte layer was then dried and consolidated by heat treatment at about 600 ° C.
- the anode was then immersed in a solution of LiPF 6 / EC / DMC, with a lithium metal counterelectrode and charged at 1.55 V.
- the capacity of this anode on its reversible plate at 1. 55 V was greater than the capacity of the cathode.
- a slurry at about 10 g / L of cathode material was prepared by grinding / dispersing a LiMn 2 0 4 powder in water.
- a suspension at 5 g / L of ceramic electrolyte material was also prepared by grinding / dispersing a Li 3 Alo, 4Sci, 6 (PO 4) 3 powder in absolute ethanol. For these suspensions the milling was carried out so as to obtain stable suspensions with a particle size of 5 D o less than 50 nm.
- a cathode was prepared by electrophoretic deposition of LiMn 2 0 4 nanoparticles contained in the suspension described above, in the form of a thin film deposited on both sides of a second substrate; this 1 ⁇ m thick cathode layer was then heat treated at about 600 ° C.
- Example 1 the anode obtained in Example 1 and the cathode were stacked on their electrolyte faces and held under pressure for 15 minutes at 500 ° C .; a lithium ion battery was thus obtained which could be charged and discharged in many cycles.
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FR1853912A FR3080862B1 (fr) | 2018-05-07 | 2018-05-07 | Procede de fabrication d'anodes pour batteries a ions de lithium |
PCT/FR2019/051027 WO2019215406A1 (fr) | 2018-05-07 | 2019-05-06 | Procede de fabrication d'anodes pour batteries a ions de lithium |
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CA (1) | CA3098634A1 (fr) |
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FR3002695B1 (fr) | 2013-02-28 | 2021-04-02 | I Ten | Procede de fabrication d'une batterie monolithique entierement solide |
FR3023302B1 (fr) | 2014-07-01 | 2016-07-15 | I-Ten | Batterie entierement solide comprenant un electrolyte solide a base de phosphate lithie, stable au contact de l'anode |
FR3023418B1 (fr) | 2014-07-01 | 2016-07-15 | I Ten | Batterie entierement solide comprenant un electrolyte en materiau polymere solide reticule |
FR3023417B1 (fr) | 2014-07-01 | 2016-07-15 | I-Ten | Batterie entierement solide comprenant un electrolyte solide et une couche de materiau polymere solide |
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2018
- 2018-05-07 FR FR1853912A patent/FR3080862B1/fr active Active
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2019
- 2019-05-06 IL IL278271A patent/IL278271B2/en unknown
- 2019-05-06 JP JP2020555813A patent/JP2021521592A/ja active Pending
- 2019-05-06 CA CA3098634A patent/CA3098634A1/fr active Pending
- 2019-05-06 SG SG11202010856SA patent/SG11202010856SA/en unknown
- 2019-05-06 CN CN201980029250.9A patent/CN112055903A/zh active Pending
- 2019-05-06 WO PCT/FR2019/051027 patent/WO2019215406A1/fr unknown
- 2019-05-06 US US17/049,448 patent/US20210367224A1/en active Pending
- 2019-05-06 EP EP19728498.7A patent/EP3766116A1/fr active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (1)
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BAEK SEUNG-WOOK ET AL: "Garnet related lithium ion conductor processed by spark plasma sintering for all solid state batteries", JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, ELSEVIER, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 249, 30 October 2013 (2013-10-30), pages 197 - 206, XP028804756, ISSN: 0378-7753, DOI: 10.1016/J.JPOWSOUR.2013.10.089 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR3080862B1 (fr) | 2022-12-30 |
JP2021521592A (ja) | 2021-08-26 |
CA3098634A1 (fr) | 2019-11-14 |
FR3080862A1 (fr) | 2019-11-08 |
IL278271B1 (en) | 2023-11-01 |
IL278271A (fr) | 2020-12-31 |
WO2019215406A1 (fr) | 2019-11-14 |
IL278271B2 (en) | 2024-03-01 |
SG11202010856SA (en) | 2020-11-27 |
US20210367224A1 (en) | 2021-11-25 |
CN112055903A (zh) | 2020-12-08 |
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