EP1728878A2 - Process and device for hardening of saw-tooth and all-steel card clothing, and saw-toothed wire - Google Patents
Process and device for hardening of saw-tooth and all-steel card clothing, and saw-toothed wire Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1728878A2 EP1728878A2 EP06008191A EP06008191A EP1728878A2 EP 1728878 A2 EP1728878 A2 EP 1728878A2 EP 06008191 A EP06008191 A EP 06008191A EP 06008191 A EP06008191 A EP 06008191A EP 1728878 A2 EP1728878 A2 EP 1728878A2
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- sawtooth
- wire
- teeth
- sawtooth wire
- chamber
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21F—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF METAL WIRE
- B21F45/00—Wire-working in the manufacture of other particular articles
- B21F45/10—Wire-working in the manufacture of other particular articles of cards for fabric-napping machines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
- C21D9/525—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length for wire, for rods
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/24—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for saw blades
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/26—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for needles; for teeth for card-clothing
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01G—PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF FIBRES, e.g. FOR SPINNING
- D01G15/00—Carding machines or accessories; Card clothing; Burr-crushing or removing arrangements associated with carding or other preliminary-treatment machines
- D01G15/84—Card clothing; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- D01G15/88—Card clothing; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for formed from metal sheets or strips
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing sawtooth and Ganzstahlgarnitururen for the processing of textile fibers, esp.
- a method for producing sawtooth and Ganzstahlgarnitururen for the processing of textile fibers esp.
- a carding process in which a wire starting material arranged in the longitudinal direction one behind the other and provided starting from a foot region transverse to the longitudinal direction extending teeth and the sawtooth wire thus formed is subjected to a hardening process at least in the area of the teeth, a device for carrying out such methods and a sawtooth wire produced by such a method.
- Sawtooth wires made of unalloyed and alloyed steels produced by methods of the type specified above are used, for example, for processing textile fibers in Cards used.
- the sawtooth wires for example, helically on a circular cylinder jacket-shaped carrier, the tambour of the card, are raised.
- the tambour of the carding machine with the clothing mounted thereon is set in a rotational movement about its cylinder axis, so that the clothing can pass through and clean the clothing supplied with the reel, the reel assembly being provided with fixed or counter-rotating, each with a corresponding flat clothing Covers cooperates.
- the teeth of the sawtooth wires to be wound up on the spool are subjected to a hardening process. For example, they can be heated to their respective austenitizing temperature by means of an open flame and then quenched.
- a more or less thick scale or oxide layer may form on the wire.
- This layer is particularly problematic in view of the required accuracy of the mounted on the carrier garnish.
- the sawtooth wire is wound on the rotating carrier by means of a winding device helically. To ensure the necessary Aufziehoniazision the wire must go through this narrow guides. It can happen during this process due to the Bending and friction of the wire in the guides Scrap particles from the wire surface and settle in the mounting device and especially in the guides. Such soiling in the guides can severely affect the quality of the finish and the speed with which it can be pulled up. Furthermore, it is often necessary because of the peeling scale particles to interrupt the Aufziehvorgang so that the mounting device and esp. Their guides can be cleaned. If these cleaning interruptions do not occur in time, the increasing retraction forces of the wire due to the contamination of the guides may increase so much that the wire breaks.
- the object of the invention is to provide a method for producing sawtooth and all-steel clothing for the processing of textile fibers, with which the trimmings can be wound up quickly and reliably without affecting the clothing quality.
- this object is achieved by a development of the known method, which is characterized essentially by the fact that the curing process is performed in the region of the sawtooth wire with the exclusion of oxygen, wherein the sawtooth wire preferably passes through a heating chamber.
- the teeth of the sawtooth wire in the course of the curing process, as well as in the conventional method possibly after preheating to, for example 500-800 ° C, to an austenitizing temperature of preferably about 500 to 1200 ° C, esp - 1000 ° C, heated and then cooled rapidly.
- the cooling of the sawtooth wire is preferably carried out in the absence of oxygen or other oxidizing gases.
- a quenching bath which can be operated either with water, an emulsion of water and oil or oil, used, the sawtooth wires are first heated in continuous operation and then cooled in the quench.
- the cooling is expediently carried out in an oil bath in order to largely avoid the occurrence of stress cracks in the wire.
- the sawtooth wires can be reduced after cooling the annealed despite the use of oil baths for cooling brittleness or to increase the toughness, ie subjected to a further heat treatment process.
- This further heat treatment process is expediently carried out with exclusion of oxygen or other oxidizing gases in the region of the teeth to be hardened.
- the heating of the sawtooth wires to the Austenitmaschinestemperatur while ensuring a desired continuous production in a continuous operation carried out characterized in that at least the teeth of the sawtooth wire, at least during the heat occurring in the course of the curing process a flame.
- the flame for ensuring the invention provided for exclusion of oxygen in the region of the sawtooth wire in an inert inert gas atmosphere, such as a nitrogen atmosphere generated.
- the desired exclusion of oxygen can thereby be ensured that for generating the flame, a burner gas and an oxidizing agent, such as oxygen, are introduced into the heating chamber, that the oxidizing agent does not come into contact with the teeth to be hardened and preferably in the course of the flame generating combustion process is fully implemented.
- the flame used for heating is thus advantageously produced without excess oxygen.
- An unwanted contact of the teeth with atmospheric oxygen can be largely excluded when the heating chamber is traversed by protective gas, wherein expediently a protective gas pressure in the heating chamber is maintained.
- Sawtooth wires produced by the method according to the invention must, on the one hand, have a particularly high hardness in the region of their teeth or tooth tips, in order to allow a sufficient service life. On the other hand, these sawtooth wires must still have such a deformability in their foot area that they can be wound helically on the circular cylinder jacket-shaped carrier.
- the structure of the sawtooth wires at the tooth tip usually made of martensite and in the foot of ferrite with molded, ie globular cementite.
- the sawtooth wires are expediently at least in the foot region before the hardening process when the method according to the invention is carried out annealed. The brought in the course of the curing process flame is suitably adjusted to ensure the desired microstructure in the foot so that it causes heating only in the area of the saw teeth and esp. The tooth tips.
- the wire starting material used in the process according to the invention is expediently provided in the form of cold-rolled profiles in order to obtain the desired cross-sectional shape of the wires.
- a system for the controlled and controlled introduction of the protective gas and a second system for introducing a predetermined mixture of oxygen and burner gas into the burner or the heating chamber.
- the protective gas is controlled with regard to the quantity and the pressure in the heating chamber.
- the mixture of burner gas and oxidizer and the burner geometry are chosen so that the teeth have no contact with unburned oxygen when passing through the flame and so scale.
- a contribution to avoid contact between the oxidant and the teeth is made by the introduction of the protective gas and the flow conditions generated thereby.
- trimmings produced by the method according to the invention is the fact that when using scale-free produced trimmings contamination of the textile fibers are completely excluded by Zunderschtex.
- the described disadvantage of contamination of textile fibers by scale residues can also be largely avoided by using brushed or with grinding wheels polished wires.
- the wires produced in this known manner have the great disadvantage that the edges and tips are unintentionally rounded by the grinding or polishing and so clearly loses the clothing wire to the desired and necessary for the use of edge sharpness and therefore clearly in his Kardier sculpture worse than non-abrasive treated wires. This applies correspondingly to chemically treated clothing wires.
- the apparatus may include a burner assembly for producing a flame in the region of the teeth of the sawtooth wire passing through the chamber to obtain the heating of the teeth required in the course of the curing operation.
- the burner assembly may comprise a mixing device with which a burner gas and an oxidising agent, such as oxygen, are miscible according to a predetermined ratio, before the mixture thus produced is stored in the flame receiving chamber is implemented or burned.
- the chamber may be associated with a nozzle arrangement for introducing the protective gas.
- the protective gas is advantageously introduced so that a protective gas pressure in the chamber is formed, which is additionally ensured by the protective gas, that the oxidizing agent or the oxygen does not come into contact with the teeth of the sawtooth.
- the heating chamber of a device according to the invention may be arranged downstream of an arrangement for cooling the heated teeth.
- This arrangement includes expediently, an oil bath passed through by the sawtooth wire in the absence of oxygen.
- the device according to the invention in the direction of passage in front of the chamber may have an annealing device for annealing the sawtooth wires.
- the starting material is usually provided by a punching operation with the teeth.
- a sawtooth wire produced by the method according to the invention is essentially characterized in that it has hardened teeth which have neither scale residue nor rounded edges produced by a mechanical grinding process or a chemical process.
- inventive method was used in connection with the production of sets for the drum of a card.
- inventive method can also be used for the production of sets for lickerin rolls or the like.
- the device shown in the drawing comprises a generally designated 20 tubular chamber in which a sawtooth wire 10 is conveyed in the direction indicated by the arrow P direction.
- the wire first passes through a preheating device 30, in which it is inductively preheated to a temperature between 500 and 800 ° C.
- a protective gas is introduced into the tubular chamber 20 with the aid of a corresponding protective gas inlet device 40.
- the wire 10 now conveyed in a protective gas atmosphere is heated to the austenitizing temperature in a burner device 50, excluding oxygen in the area of the sawtooth wire teeth , For this purpose, a flame is generated in the region of the teeth within the burner chamber 50.
- the corresponding burner assembly has a mixing device, with the burner gas and oxidizing agent can be introduced into the burner chamber 50 so that the oxidizing agent is completely converted or burned by the combustion and does not come into contact with the teeth of the sawtooth.
- the sawtooth wire 10 passes through a quenching device 60.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Preliminary Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Strip Materials And Filament Materials (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Herstellen von Sägezahn- und Ganzstahlgarnituren für die Bearbeitung von Textilfasern, insbes. im Rahmen eines Kardiervorgangs, bei dem ein Draht-Ausgangsmaterial mit in dessen Längsrichtung hintereinander angeordneten und sich ausgehend von einem Fußbereich quer zur Längsrichtung erstreckenden Zähnen versehen und der so gebildete Sägezahndraht zumindest im Bereich der Zähne einem Härtungsvorgang unterzogen wird, eine Vorrichtung zur Ausführung solcher Verfahren sowie einen mit einem derartigen Verfahren hergestellten Sägezahndraht.The invention relates to a method for producing sawtooth and Ganzstahlgarnitururen for the processing of textile fibers, esp. In the context of a carding process in which a wire starting material arranged in the longitudinal direction one behind the other and provided starting from a foot region transverse to the longitudinal direction extending teeth and the sawtooth wire thus formed is subjected to a hardening process at least in the area of the teeth, a device for carrying out such methods and a sawtooth wire produced by such a method.
Mit Verfahren der vorstehend angegebenen Art hergestellte Sägezahndrähte aus unlegierten und legierten Stählen werden beispielsweise zur Bearbeitung von Textilfasern in Karden eingesetzt. Dazu können die Sägezahndrähte beispielsweise wendelförmig auf einen kreiszylindermantelförmigen Träger, den Tambour der Karde, aufgezogen werden.Sawtooth wires made of unalloyed and alloyed steels produced by methods of the type specified above are used, for example, for processing textile fibers in Cards used. For this purpose, the sawtooth wires, for example, helically on a circular cylinder jacket-shaped carrier, the tambour of the card, are raised.
Bei modernen Karden wird zur Herstellung einer Sägezahn- und Ganzstahlgarnitur für den Tambour einer Karde ein Sägezahndraht mit einer Länge von mehreren Kilometern benötigt. Zur Bearbeitung der Textilfasern wird der Tambour der Karde mit der darauf aufgezogenen Garnitur in eine Drehbewegung um seine Zylinderachse versetzt, so daß die Garnitur dem Tambour zugeführtes Fasermaterial durchfahren und reinigen kann, wobei die Tambourgarnitur mit feststehenden oder gegenläufig angetriebenen, jeweils mit einer entsprechenden Deckelgarnitur versehenen Deckeln zusammenwirkt. Bei dieser Faserbearbeitung muß zum Erhalt eines zufriedenstellenden Kardierergebnisses und zur Vermeidung einer Beschädigung der Karde sichergestellt werden, daß die Sägezahndrähte mit hoher Genauigkeit derart auf den kreiszylindermantelförmigen Träger aufgezogen werden, daß sich keine das Kardierergebnis oder die Betriebszuverlässigkeit beeinträchtigenden Änderungen des radialen Abstands der Sägezahndrahtspitzen von der Drehachse des Tambours ergeben, weil auch nur lokale Ungenauigkeiten beim Aufziehen des Sägezahndrahts auf den Tambour zu Beschädigungen der daraus gebildeten Sägezahn- und Ganzstahlgarnitur führen können, die einen vollständigen Austausch erforderlich machen.With modern cards, a sawtooth wire with a length of several kilometers is required to produce a sawtooth and all-steel set for the tambour of a card. For processing the textile fibers, the tambour of the carding machine with the clothing mounted thereon is set in a rotational movement about its cylinder axis, so that the clothing can pass through and clean the clothing supplied with the reel, the reel assembly being provided with fixed or counter-rotating, each with a corresponding flat clothing Covers cooperates. In this fiber processing to ensure a satisfactory Kardierergebnisses and to avoid damage to the card must be ensured that the sawtooth be wound with high accuracy on the kreiszylindrumell-shaped support that no the carding result or operational reliability affecting changes in the radial distance of the Sägezahndrahttspitzen of the Rotary axis of the spool result, because only local inaccuracies when mounting the sawtooth wire on the spool can lead to damage of the sawtooth and steel wire set formed therefrom, which require a complete replacement.
Das ist bei modernen Hochleistungskarden im Hinblick auf die damit verbundenen Maschinenstillzeiten und das dazu benötigte Material mit sehr hohen Kosten verbunden. Ferner muß im Sinne der Sicherstellung einer zufriedenstellenden Kardierqualität auch ein zufälliger axialer Versatz aufeinanderfolgender Windungen verhindert werden. Darüber hinaus muß zum Erhalt zufriedenstellender Standzeiten von Karden sichergestellt werden, daß ein übermäßiger Verschleiß der Sägezahndrähte vermieden wird. Zu diesem Zweck werden die Zähne der auf den Tambour aufzuziehenden Sägezahndrähte einem Härtungsvorgang unterzogen. Sie können beispielsweise mittels offener Flamme auf ihre jeweilige Austenitisierungstemperatur erhitzt und anschließend abgeschreckt werden.This is associated with modern high-performance karten with regard to the associated machine downtime and the required material at very high costs. Furthermore, in order to ensure a satisfactory carding quality, a random axial offset of successive turns must also be prevented. In addition, to ensure satisfactory service life of carding must be ensured that excessive wear of the sawtooth wires is avoided. For this purpose, the teeth of the sawtooth wires to be wound up on the spool are subjected to a hardening process. For example, they can be heated to their respective austenitizing temperature by means of an open flame and then quenched.
Im besonderen bei der Erwärmung des Drahtes kann sich eine mehr oder weniger dicke Zunder- bzw. Oxidschicht auf dem Draht bilden. Diese Schicht ist im Hinblick auf die benötigte Genauigkeit der auf den Träger aufgezogenen Garnitur besonders problematisch. Der Sägezahndraht wird auf den sich drehenden Träger mittels einer Aufziehvorrichtung wendelförmig aufgezogen. Zur Sicherstellung der erforderlichen Aufziehpräzision muß der Draht dabei enge Führungen durchlaufen. Es können bei diesem Vorgang aufgrund der Biegung und Reibung des Drahtes in den Führungen Zunderpartikel von der Drahtoberfläche abplatzen und sich in die Aufziehvorrichtung und speziell in die Führungen setzen. Solche Verschmutzungen in den Führungen können die Aufziehqualität und die Geschwindigkeit, mit der aufgezogen werden kann, stark beeinträchtigen. Ferner ist es wegen der abplatzenden Zunderpartikel häufig notwendig, den Aufziehvorgang zu unterbrechen, damit die Aufziehvorrichtung und insbes. deren Führungen gereinigt werden können. Falls diese Reinigungsunterbrechungen nicht rechtzeitig erfolgen, können die aufgrund der Verschmutzung der Führungen größer werdenden Rückzugskräfte des Drahtes so weit ansteigen, daß der Draht reißt.In particular, in the heating of the wire, a more or less thick scale or oxide layer may form on the wire. This layer is particularly problematic in view of the required accuracy of the mounted on the carrier garnish. The sawtooth wire is wound on the rotating carrier by means of a winding device helically. To ensure the necessary Aufziehpräzision the wire must go through this narrow guides. It can happen during this process due to the Bending and friction of the wire in the guides Scrap particles from the wire surface and settle in the mounting device and especially in the guides. Such soiling in the guides can severely affect the quality of the finish and the speed with which it can be pulled up. Furthermore, it is often necessary because of the peeling scale particles to interrupt the Aufziehvorgang so that the mounting device and esp. Their guides can be cleaned. If these cleaning interruptions do not occur in time, the increasing retraction forces of the wire due to the contamination of the guides may increase so much that the wire breaks.
Im Hinblick auf diese Probleme im Stand der Technik wurde bereits vorgeschlagen, die während des Härtungsvorgangs entstehende Zunder- bzw. Oxidschicht nach dem Härtungsvorgang zu entfernen. Zu diesem Zweck sind beispielsweise abrasive Verfahren bekannt geworden, bei denen die Drähte nach dem Härten mit rotierenden Metallbürsten gebürstet und so der anhaftende Zunder soweit wie möglich entfernt wird. Bei einem anderen Verfahren wird der Draht durch profilierte Schleifscheiben zur Entfernung der Zunderschicht geschliffen. Schließlich sind auch chemische Verfahren bekannt geworden, bei denen die Zunderschicht chemisch entfernt wird.In view of these problems in the prior art, it has already been proposed to remove the scale or oxide layer formed during the hardening process after the hardening process. For this purpose, for example, abrasive methods have become known in which the wires are brushed after hardening with rotating metal brushes and thus the adhering scale is removed as far as possible. In another method, the wire is ground by profiled grinding wheels to remove the scale layer. Finally, chemical processes have become known in which the scale layer is chemically removed.
Die im Hinblick auf die beim Aufziehen der Sägezahndrähte entstehenden Probleme vorgeschlagenen Verfahren zur Entfernung der Zunderschicht haben allerdings den Nachteil, daß durch den mechanisch oder chemisch bewirkten Materialabtrag auch der Draht selbst mehr oder weniger beschädigt wird. Darüber hinaus werden durch die im Hinblick auf die beim Aufziehen auftretenden Probleme notwendige Entfernung der Zunderschicht ungewollt auch die Flanken und Spitzen der Zähne des Sägezahndrahts abgerundet, so daß sie einen Teil der gewünschten Schärfe verlieren.However, the proposed in view of the problems arising when mounting the sawtoothing methods for removing the scale layer have the disadvantage that the wire itself is more or less damaged by the mechanically or chemically effected material removal. In addition, by the necessary in view of the problems occurring when mounting the scale layer unintentionally, the flanks and tips of the teeth of the sawtooth wire are rounded so that they lose some of the desired sharpness.
Angesichts dieser Probleme im Stand der Technik liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zum Herstellen von Sägezahn- und Ganzstahlgarnituren für die Bearbeitung von Textilfasern bereitzustellen, mit dem die Garnituren ohne Beeinträchtigung der Garniturqualität schnell und zuverlässig aufgezogen werden können.In view of these problems in the prior art, the object of the invention is to provide a method for producing sawtooth and all-steel clothing for the processing of textile fibers, with which the trimmings can be wound up quickly and reliably without affecting the clothing quality.
Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe durch eine Weiterbildung der bekannten Verfahren gelöst, die im wesentlichen dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, daß der Härtungsvorgang unter Ausschluß von Sauerstoff im Bereich des Sägezahndrahts durchgeführt wird, wobei der Sägezahndraht vorzugsweise eine Erwärmungskammer durchläuft.According to the invention this object is achieved by a development of the known method, which is characterized essentially by the fact that the curing process is performed in the region of the sawtooth wire with the exclusion of oxygen, wherein the sawtooth wire preferably passes through a heating chamber.
Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren wird durch den Ausschluß von Sauerstoff während des Härtungsvorgangs die Zunder- bzw. Oxidschichtbildung von vornherein vermieden, so daß die bei Verfahren nach dem Stand der Technik den Aufziehvorgang beeinträchtigenden und verzögernden Verschmutzungsprobleme erst gar nicht auftreten und daher auch keine Beeinträchtigung der Sägezahndrahtqualität durch eine ansonsten notwendige Entfernung der Zunder- bzw. Oxidschicht zu besorgen ist.With the method according to the invention, the exclusion of oxygen during the curing process, the formation of scale or oxide avoided from the outset, so that in the process of the prior art the Aufziehvorgang impairing and delaying pollution problems do not even occur and therefore no impairment of Sägezahndrahtqualität to be obtained by an otherwise necessary removal of the scale or oxide layer.
Darüber hinaus kann mit erfindungsgemäß hergestellten Sägezahn- und Ganzstahlgarnituren auch eine verbesserte Qualität der kardierten Fasern sichergestellt werden, weil die gemäß den herkömmlichen Verfahren hergestellten Garnituren trotz der beschriebenen Maßnahmen in vielen Fällen noch Zunderpartikel aufweisen, welche sich im Verlauf der Faserbearbeitung von der Garnitur lösen und die Textilfasern verunreinigen können. Das führt bei den mit den herkömmlichen Verfahren hergestellten Garnituren zu einer Beeinträchtigung des Kardierergebnisses und zu einer Reduzierung der Garniturstandzeit, weil die sich lösenden Zunderpartikel auch einen zusätzlichen Verschleiß der Garnitur verursachen. Auch diese Probleme werden durch Einsatz von mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellten Garnituren grundsätzlich gelöst, weil es erst gar nicht zur Zunderbildung auf der Sägezahndrahtoberfläche kommt.In addition, with inventively produced Sägezahn- and Ganzstahlgarnitur also improved quality of the carded fibers can be ensured because the trimmings produced according to the conventional methods despite the measures described in many cases still have scale particles which dissolve in the course of fiber processing of the clothing and can contaminate the textile fibers. In the case of the trimmings produced by the conventional methods, this leads to an impairment of the carding result and to a reduction of the clothing service life, because the dissolving scale particles also cause additional wear of the clothing. These problems are also solved in principle by using sets produced by the method according to the invention, because it does not even come to the formation of scale on the Sägezahndrahtoberfläche.
Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren können die Zähne des Sägezahndrahts im Verlauf des Härtungsvorgangs, ebenso wie bei den herkömmlichen Verfahren, ggf. nach einer Vorerwärmung auf beispielsweise 500 - 800 °C, auf eine Austenitisierungstemperatur von vorzugsweise etwa 500 - 1200 °C, insbes. etwa 800 - 1000 °C, erwärmt und anschließend rasch abgekühlt werden. Dabei erfolgt auch die Abkühlung des Sägezahndrahts vorzugsweise unter Ausschluß von Sauerstoff oder anderen oxidierenden Gasen. Zweckmäßigerweise wird zur Abkühlung ein Abschreckbad, das wahlweise mit Wasser, einer Emulsion aus Wasser und Öl oder Öl betrieben werden kann, eingesetzt, wobei die Sägezahndrähte im Durchlaufbetrieb zunächst erwärmt und dann in dem Abschreckbad abgekühlt werden.In the method according to the invention, the teeth of the sawtooth wire in the course of the curing process, as well as in the conventional method, possibly after preheating to, for example 500-800 ° C, to an austenitizing temperature of preferably about 500 to 1200 ° C, esp - 1000 ° C, heated and then cooled rapidly. In this case, the cooling of the sawtooth wire is preferably carried out in the absence of oxygen or other oxidizing gases. Conveniently, for cooling, a quenching bath, which can be operated either with water, an emulsion of water and oil or oil, used, the sawtooth wires are first heated in continuous operation and then cooled in the quench.
Die Abkühlung erfolgt zweckmäßigerweise in einem Ölbad, um das Auftreten von Spannungsrissen in dem Draht weitgehend zu vermeiden. Bei einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung können die Sägezahndrähte nach der Abkühlung zur Verringerung der trotz Einsatz von Ölbädern zur Abkühlung noch vorhandenen Sprödigkeit bzw. zur Erhöhung der Zähigkeit angelassen, d. h. einem weiteren Wärmebehandlungsvorgang unterzogen werden. Auch dieser weitere Wärmebehandlungsvorgang erfolgt zweckmäßigerweise unter Ausschluß von Sauerstoff oder anderen oxidierenden Gasen im Bereich der zu härtenden Zähne.The cooling is expediently carried out in an oil bath in order to largely avoid the occurrence of stress cracks in the wire. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the sawtooth wires can be reduced after cooling the annealed despite the use of oil baths for cooling brittleness or to increase the toughness, ie subjected to a further heat treatment process. This further heat treatment process is expediently carried out with exclusion of oxygen or other oxidizing gases in the region of the teeth to be hardened.
Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren kann die Erwärmung der Sägezahndrähte auf die Austenitisierungstemperatur unter Sicherstellung eines im Rahmen einer kontinuierlichen Produktion gewünschten Durchlaufbetriebs dadurch erfolgen, daß zumindest die Zähne des Sägezahndrahts zumindest während der im Rahmen des Härtungsvorgangs erfolgenden Erwärmung eine Flamme durchlaufen. Dabei wird die Flamme zur Sicherstellung des erfindungsgemäß vorgesehenen Ausschlusses von Sauerstoff im Bereich des Sägezahndrahts in einer reaktionsträgen Schutzgasatmosphäre, wie etwa einer Stickstoffatmosphäre, erzeugt. Der angestrebte Sauerstoffausschluß kann dabei dadurch sichergestellt werden, daß zur Erzeugung der Flamme ein Brennergas und ein Oxidationsmittel, wie etwa Sauerstoff, derart in die Erwärmungskammer eingeleitet werden, daß das Oxidationsmittel nicht in Kontakt mit den zu härtenden Zähnen gelangt und vorzugsweise im Verlauf des die Flamme erzeugenden Verbrennungsvorgangs vollständig umgesetzt wird. Bei der Ausführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird die zur Erwärmung eingesetzte Flamme also zweckmäßigerweise ohne überschüssigen Sauerstoff erzeugt.In the method according to the invention, the heating of the sawtooth wires to the Austenitisierungstemperatur while ensuring a desired continuous production in a continuous operation carried out characterized in that at least the teeth of the sawtooth wire, at least during the heat occurring in the course of the curing process a flame. In this case, the flame for ensuring the invention provided for exclusion of oxygen in the region of the sawtooth wire in an inert inert gas atmosphere, such as a nitrogen atmosphere generated. The desired exclusion of oxygen can thereby be ensured that for generating the flame, a burner gas and an oxidizing agent, such as oxygen, are introduced into the heating chamber, that the oxidizing agent does not come into contact with the teeth to be hardened and preferably in the course of the flame generating combustion process is fully implemented. In carrying out the method according to the invention, the flame used for heating is thus advantageously produced without excess oxygen.
Ein unerwünschter Kontakt der Zähne mit Luftsauerstoff kann weitgehend ausgeschlossen werden, wenn die Erwärmungskammer von Schutzgas durchströmt wird, wobei zweckmäßigerweise ein Schutzgasüberdruck in der Erwärmungskammer aufrechterhalten wird.An unwanted contact of the teeth with atmospheric oxygen can be largely excluded when the heating chamber is traversed by protective gas, wherein expediently a protective gas pressure in the heating chamber is maintained.
Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellte Sägezahndrähte müssen einerseits im Bereich ihrer Zähne bzw. Zahnspitzen eine besonders hohe Härte aufweisen, um eine ausreichende Standzeit zu ermöglichen. Andererseits müssen diese Sägezahndrähte in ihrem Fußbereich noch eine solche Verformbarkeit aufweisen, daß sie auf den kreiszylindermantelförmigen Träger wendelförmig aufgezogen werden können. Dazu besteht das Gefüge der Sägezahndrähte an der Zahnspitze üblicherweise aus Martensit und im Fußbereich aus Ferrit mit eingeformtem, d. h. globularem Zementit. Zum Erhalt der gewünschten Gefügestruktur im Fußbereich werden die Sägezahndrähte bei Ausführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens vor dem Härtungsvorgang zweckmäßigerweise zumindest im Fußbereich weichgeglüht. Die im Verlauf des Härtungsvorgangs zum Einsatz gebrachte Flamme wird zweckmäßigerweise zur Sicherstellung der gewünschten Gefügestruktur im Fußbereich so eingestellt, daß sie eine Erwärmung nur im Bereich der Sägezähne und insbes. der Zahnspitzen bewirkt.Sawtooth wires produced by the method according to the invention must, on the one hand, have a particularly high hardness in the region of their teeth or tooth tips, in order to allow a sufficient service life. On the other hand, these sawtooth wires must still have such a deformability in their foot area that they can be wound helically on the circular cylinder jacket-shaped carrier. For this purpose, the structure of the sawtooth wires at the tooth tip usually made of martensite and in the foot of ferrite with molded, ie globular cementite. To obtain the desired microstructure in the foot region, the sawtooth wires are expediently at least in the foot region before the hardening process when the method according to the invention is carried out annealed. The brought in the course of the curing process flame is suitably adjusted to ensure the desired microstructure in the foot so that it causes heating only in the area of the saw teeth and esp. The tooth tips.
Das im Rahmen des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens eingesetzte Draht-Ausgangsmaterial wird zum Erhalt der gewünschten Querschnittsform der Drähte zweckmäßigerweise in Form von kaltgewalzten Profilen bereitgestellt.The wire starting material used in the process according to the invention is expediently provided in the form of cold-rolled profiles in order to obtain the desired cross-sectional shape of the wires.
Bei Ausführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens kommen vorzugsweise zwei verschiedene Gassysteme zum Einsatz. Ein System zum gesteuerten und kontrollierten Einbringen des Schutzgases und ein zweites System zum Einbringen einer vorgegebenen Mischung aus Sauerstoff und Brennergas in den Brenner bzw. die Erwärmungskammer. Dabei wird das Schutzgas je nach Betriebszustand und Brennerposition (Anfahren, Stoppen usw.) hinsichtlich der Menge und des Drucks in der Erwärmungskammer gesteuert. Die Mischung von Brennergas und Oxidationsmittel und die Brennergeometrie werden so gewählt, daß die Zähne beim Durchlaufen der Flamme keinen Kontakt zu unverbranntem Sauerstoff haben und so verzundern. Darüber hinaus wird durch die Einleitung des Schutzgases und die dabei erzeugten Strömungsverhältnisse ein Beitrag zur Vermeidung des Kontakts zwischen Oxidationsmittel und Zähnen geleistet.In carrying out the method according to the invention preferably two different gas systems are used. A system for the controlled and controlled introduction of the protective gas and a second system for introducing a predetermined mixture of oxygen and burner gas into the burner or the heating chamber. Depending on the operating state and burner position (starting, stopping, etc.), the protective gas is controlled with regard to the quantity and the pressure in the heating chamber. The mixture of burner gas and oxidizer and the burner geometry are chosen so that the teeth have no contact with unburned oxygen when passing through the flame and so scale. In addition, a contribution to avoid contact between the oxidant and the teeth is made by the introduction of the protective gas and the flow conditions generated thereby.
Die mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellten Ganzstahlgarniturdrähte bieten im Vergleich zu den mit herkömmlichen Verfahren hergestellten Drähten folgende Vorteile:The all-steel garniture wires produced by the method according to the invention have the following advantages in comparison to the wires produced by conventional methods:
Da die mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellten Drähte frei von Zunder sind, können sich auch keine Rückstände in den Führungen der Aufziehvorrichtungen festsetzen. Im Ergebnis bedeutet dies, daß mit erfindungsgemäß hergestellten Drähten eine wesentlich höhere Aufziehgeschwindigkeit erzielt werden kann als mit den mit herkömmlichen Verfahren hergestellten Ganzstahlgarniturdrähten. Darüber hinaus sind Unterbrechungen des Aufziehvorgangs zum Reinigen der Führungen und der Aufziehvorrichtung bei Einsatz erfindungsgemäßer Verfahren nicht erforderlich. Außerdem wird ein Verklemmen und Reißen des Drahts in den Führungen sicher vermieden.Since the wires produced by the method according to the invention are free of scale, no residues can settle in the guides of Aufziehvorrichtungen. As a result, this means that with wires produced according to the invention a much higher winding speed can be achieved than with the all-steel garniture wires produced by conventional methods. In addition, interruptions of the Aufziehvorgangs for cleaning the guides and the mounting device when using inventive method are not required. In addition, jamming and tearing of the wire in the guides is safely avoided.
Ein weiterer Vorteil von mit erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellten Garnituren ist darin zu sehen, daß bei Einsatz zunderfrei hergestellter Garnituren Verschmutzungen der Textilfasern durch Zunderrückstände vollständig ausgeschlossen sind. In diesem Zusammenhang ist darauf hinzuweisen, daß der beschriebene Nachteil der Verschmutzung von Textilfasern durch Zunderrückstände auch durch Einsatz gebürsteter oder mit Schleifscheiben polierter Drähte weitgehend vermieden werden kann. Die auf diese bekannte Art und Weise hergestellten Drähte haben aber den großen Nachteil, daß durch das Abschleifen oder Polieren auch die Kanten und Spitzen ungewollt verrundet werden und so der Garniturdraht deutlich an der gewünschten und für den Einsatz notwendigen Kantenschärfe verliert und in seiner Kardierleistung daher deutlich schlechter ist als nicht abrasiv behandelte Garniturdrähte. Das gilt entsprechend für chemisch behandelte Garniturdrähte.Another advantage of trimmings produced by the method according to the invention is the fact that when using scale-free produced trimmings contamination of the textile fibers are completely excluded by Zunderrückstände. In this context, it should be noted that the described disadvantage of contamination of textile fibers by scale residues can also be largely avoided by using brushed or with grinding wheels polished wires. However, the wires produced in this known manner have the great disadvantage that the edges and tips are unintentionally rounded by the grinding or polishing and so clearly loses the clothing wire to the desired and necessary for the use of edge sharpness and therefore clearly in his Kardierleistung worse than non-abrasive treated wires. This applies correspondingly to chemically treated clothing wires.
Wie der vorstehenden Erläuterung erfindungsgemäßer Verfahren zu entnehmen ist, weist eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung zur Ausführung dieses Verfahrens eine Härtungskammer mit einer Eintrittsöffnung und einer Austrittsöffnung für einen die Kammer durchlaufenden Sägezahndraht und eine Anordnung zur Erzeugung einer Schutzgasatmosphäre im Bereich der Zähne des die Kammer durchlaufenden Sägezahndrahts auf.As can be seen from the above explanation of the method according to the invention, a device according to the invention for carrying out this method comprises a hardening chamber with an inlet opening and an outlet opening for a sawtooth wire passing through the chamber and an arrangement for producing a protective gas atmosphere in the area of the teeth of the sawtooth wire passing through the chamber.
Die Vorrichtung kann zum Erhalt der im Verlauf des Härtungsvorgangs erforderlichen Erwärmung der Zähne eine Brenneranordnung zur Erzeugung einer Flamme im Bereich der Zähne des die Kammer durchlaufenden Sägezahndrahts aufweisen. Zur Erzeugung der einen Sauerstoffausschluß im Bereich der Zähne weitgehend sicherstellenden Mischung kann die Brenneranordnung eine Mischeinrichtung aufweisen, mit der ein Brennergas und ein Oxidationsmittel, wie etwa Sauerstoff, gemäß einem vorgegebenen Verhältnis mischbar sind, bevor die so hergestellte Mischung in der Kammer zum Erhalt der Flamme umgesetzt bzw. verbrannt wird.The apparatus may include a burner assembly for producing a flame in the region of the teeth of the sawtooth wire passing through the chamber to obtain the heating of the teeth required in the course of the curing operation. To produce the mixture which largely excludes oxygen in the region of the teeth, the burner assembly may comprise a mixing device with which a burner gas and an oxidising agent, such as oxygen, are miscible according to a predetermined ratio, before the mixture thus produced is stored in the flame receiving chamber is implemented or burned.
Zusätzlich kann der Kammer eine Düsenanordnung zur Einleitung des Schutzgases zugeordnet sein. Durch diese Düsenanordnung wird das Schutzgas zweckmäßigerweise so eingeleitet, daß ein Schutzgasüberdruck in der Kammer entsteht, wobei durch die Schutzgaseinleitung zusätzlich sichergestellt wird, daß das Oxidationsmittel bzw. der Sauerstoff nicht in Kontakt mit den Zähnen des Sägezahndrahts gelangt.In addition, the chamber may be associated with a nozzle arrangement for introducing the protective gas. Through this nozzle arrangement, the protective gas is advantageously introduced so that a protective gas pressure in the chamber is formed, which is additionally ensured by the protective gas, that the oxidizing agent or the oxygen does not come into contact with the teeth of the sawtooth.
Der Erwärmungskammer einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung kann eine Anordnung zum Abkühlen der erwärmten Zähne nachgeordnet sein. Diese Anordnung umfaßt zweckmäßigerweise ein von dem Sägezahndraht unter Sauerstoffausschluß durchlaufenes Ölbad.The heating chamber of a device according to the invention may be arranged downstream of an arrangement for cooling the heated teeth. This arrangement includes expediently, an oil bath passed through by the sawtooth wire in the absence of oxygen.
Ferner kann die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung in Durchlaufrichtung vor der Kammer eine Glühvorrichtung zum Weichglühen der Sägezahndrähte aufweisen.Furthermore, the device according to the invention in the direction of passage in front of the chamber may have an annealing device for annealing the sawtooth wires.
Im Rahmen des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird das Ausgangsmaterial üblicherweise durch einen Stanzvorgang mit den Zähnen versehen.As part of the process of the invention, the starting material is usually provided by a punching operation with the teeth.
Ein mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellter Sägezahndraht ist im wesentlichen dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß er gehärtete Zähne besitzt, die weder Zunderrückstände noch durch einen mechanischen Schleifvorgang oder einen chemischen Vorgang erzeugte abgerundete Kanten aufweisen.A sawtooth wire produced by the method according to the invention is essentially characterized in that it has hardened teeth which have neither scale residue nor rounded edges produced by a mechanical grinding process or a chemical process.
Vorstehend wurde das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren im Zusammenhang mit der Herstellung von Garnituren für den Tambour einer Karde eingesetzt. Darüber hinaus kann das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren aber auch zur Herstellung von Garnituren für Vorreißerwalzen oder dgl. eingesetzt werden.Above, the inventive method was used in connection with the production of sets for the drum of a card. In addition, the inventive method can also be used for the production of sets for lickerin rolls or the like.
Nachstehend wird die Erfindung unter Bezugnahme auf die Zeichnung, auf die hinsichtlich aller erfindungswesentlichen und in der Beschreibung nicht näher herausgestellten Einzelheiten ausdrücklich verwiesen wird, erläutert:In the following, the invention will be explained with reference to the drawing, to which reference is expressly made with regard to all details essential to the invention and details of which there is no further details.
Die einzige Figur der Zeichnung zeigt eine schematische Darstellung einer zur Ausführung erfindungsgemäßer Verfahren geeigneten erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung.The sole figure of the drawing shows a schematic representation of a device according to the invention suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention.
Die in der Zeichnung gezeigte Vorrichtung umfaßt eine insgesamt mit 20 bezeichnete rohrförmige Kammer, in der ein Sägezahndraht 10 in der durch den Pfeil P bezeichneten Richtung gefördert wird. Dabei durchläuft der Draht zunächst eine Vorerwärmungseinrichtung 30, in der er induktiv auf eine Temperatur zwischen 500 und 800 °C vorerwärmt wird. Nach Verlassen der Vorerwärmungseinrichtung erfolgt eine Schutzgaseinspeisung in die rohrförmige Kammer 20 mit Hilfe einer entsprechenden Schutzgaseinleitungseinrichtung 40. Im Anschluß an die Schutzgaseinleitungseinrichtung 40 wird der jetzt in einer Schutzgasatmosphäre geförderte Draht 10 in einer Brennereinrichtung 50 unter Ausschluß von Sauerstoff im Bereich der Sägezahndrahtzähne auf die Austenitisierungstemperatur erwärmt. Dazu wird im Bereich der Zähne innerhalb der Brennerkammer 50 eine Flamme erzeugt. Die entsprechende Brenneranordnung weist eine Mischeinrichtung auf, mit der Brennergas und Oxidationsmittel so in die Brennerkammer 50 eingeleitet werden können, daß das Oxidationsmittel durch die Verbrennung vollständig umgesetzt bzw. verbrannt wird und nicht in Kontakt mit den Zähnen des Sägezahndrahts gelangt.The device shown in the drawing comprises a generally designated 20 tubular chamber in which a
Im Anschluß an die Brennerkammer 50 durchläuft der Sägezahndraht 10 eine Abschreckeinrichtung 60.Following the
Claims (14)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102005025627A DE102005025627B3 (en) | 2005-06-03 | 2005-06-03 | Production of sawtooth wire clothing for textile carding comprises cutting saw teeth in wire and hardening it by heating in protective atmosphere to austenite-forming temperature and rapidly cooling it, wire then being annealed |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1728878A2 true EP1728878A2 (en) | 2006-12-06 |
| EP1728878A3 EP1728878A3 (en) | 2008-07-09 |
| EP1728878B1 EP1728878B1 (en) | 2013-06-05 |
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|---|---|---|---|
| EP06008191.6A Not-in-force EP1728878B1 (en) | 2005-06-03 | 2006-04-20 | Process for hardening of saw-tooth and all-steel card clothing |
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| US (1) | US7743470B2 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1728878B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP5378640B2 (en) |
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| CN (2) | CN103173603A (en) |
| AR (1) | AR053473A1 (en) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0602102A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2548632A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE102005025627B3 (en) |
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| EP2942425A1 (en) * | 2014-05-09 | 2015-11-11 | Groz-Beckert KG | Card clothing formed from metal strips |
| WO2015197150A1 (en) * | 2014-06-24 | 2015-12-30 | TRüTZSCHLER GMBH & CO. KG | Method for tempering a clothing wire for processing textile fibres and plant therefor |
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| CN102296384A (en) * | 2011-07-22 | 2011-12-28 | 青岛新鲁锋王针布有限公司 | Production process of metallic clothing |
| DE102014106574B4 (en) * | 2014-05-09 | 2018-04-19 | Groz-Beckert Kg | Metallic wire |
| CN104805265B (en) * | 2015-04-20 | 2017-01-04 | 烟台金光工具有限公司 | Automatic line for annealing end of saw blade |
| CN105014318B (en) * | 2015-07-08 | 2016-04-13 | 安徽华天机械股份有限公司 | A kind of special-shaped long serrated knife and manufacture method thereof |
| CN107475822B (en) * | 2017-11-08 | 2023-06-06 | 金轮针布(江苏)有限公司 | Dislocation card clothing manufacturing installation |
| CN114231727B (en) * | 2021-12-14 | 2022-10-11 | 浙江正宏特科技有限公司 | Heat treatment equipment for steel used for saw teeth |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2942425A1 (en) * | 2014-05-09 | 2015-11-11 | Groz-Beckert KG | Card clothing formed from metal strips |
| WO2015169797A1 (en) * | 2014-05-09 | 2015-11-12 | Groz-Beckert Kg | All-steel fitting |
| RU2682530C2 (en) * | 2014-05-09 | 2019-03-19 | Гроц-Беккерт Кг | All-steel toothed fillet |
| EP3597802A1 (en) * | 2014-05-09 | 2020-01-22 | Groz-Beckert KG | Solid steel fitting |
| US11414792B2 (en) | 2014-05-09 | 2022-08-16 | Groz-Beckert Kg | All-steel fitting |
| WO2015197150A1 (en) * | 2014-06-24 | 2015-12-30 | TRüTZSCHLER GMBH & CO. KG | Method for tempering a clothing wire for processing textile fibres and plant therefor |
| CN106460086A (en) * | 2014-06-24 | 2017-02-22 | 特吕茨施勒有限及两合公司 | Method for tempering a clothing wire for processing textile fibres and plant therefor |
| US10344347B2 (en) | 2014-06-24 | 2019-07-09 | Truetzschler Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method of hardening a clothing wire for processing textile fibres, and apparatus system therefor |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1873033A (en) | 2006-12-06 |
| ES2426493T3 (en) | 2013-10-23 |
| EP1728878B1 (en) | 2013-06-05 |
| US20070028423A1 (en) | 2007-02-08 |
| CN103173603A (en) | 2013-06-26 |
| US7743470B2 (en) | 2010-06-29 |
| KR20060126394A (en) | 2006-12-07 |
| DE102005025627B3 (en) | 2006-10-05 |
| JP2006336108A (en) | 2006-12-14 |
| BRPI0602102A (en) | 2007-02-13 |
| AR053473A1 (en) | 2007-05-09 |
| TW200712273A (en) | 2007-04-01 |
| CA2548632A1 (en) | 2006-12-03 |
| JP5378640B2 (en) | 2013-12-25 |
| EP1728878A3 (en) | 2008-07-09 |
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