EP1556932B1 - Precombustion chamber ignition device made of a material with high thermal conductivity for an internal combustion engine, and precombustion chamber igniter - Google Patents

Precombustion chamber ignition device made of a material with high thermal conductivity for an internal combustion engine, and precombustion chamber igniter Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1556932B1
EP1556932B1 EP03778403A EP03778403A EP1556932B1 EP 1556932 B1 EP1556932 B1 EP 1556932B1 EP 03778403 A EP03778403 A EP 03778403A EP 03778403 A EP03778403 A EP 03778403A EP 1556932 B1 EP1556932 B1 EP 1556932B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
combustion chamber
ignition device
passages
igniter
thermal conductivity
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EP03778403A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1556932A1 (en
Inventor
Cyril Robinet
Nicolas Tourteaux
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PSA Automobiles SA
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Peugeot Citroen Automobiles SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T13/00—Sparking plugs
    • H01T13/54—Sparking plugs having electrodes arranged in a partly-enclosed ignition chamber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
    • F02P9/00—Electric spark ignition control, not otherwise provided for
    • F02P9/002—Control of spark intensity, intensifying, lengthening, suppression
    • F02P9/007—Control of spark intensity, intensifying, lengthening, suppression by supplementary electrical discharge in the pre-ionised electrode interspace of the sparking plug, e.g. plasma jet ignition

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an ignition device for an internal combustion engine, as well as to a precombustion igniter.
  • the ignition device comprises a primer igniter which can be screwed in place of a conventional spark plug without modification of the cylinder head of the internal combustion engine (diameter less than or equal to 14 mm), the ignition means of an oxidant and fuel mixture being contained in a prechamber defined by a body whose head is provided with passages.
  • the prechamber of the igniter is separated from the main combustion chamber of the engine by the head of the prechamber body and communicates with the main combustion chamber by the intermediate passages in this head.
  • the prechamber lighter may optionally be provided with means for directly introducing the reagents into the prechamber.
  • the patent US 4,926,818 discloses a device and method for generating pulsed jets for forming vortex combustion pockets.
  • the described device comprises a main chamber containing a main fuel mixture in which a piston and a prechamber receiving reagents and communicating with the main chamber by orifices in a wall moves. Ignition of the reactants in the prechamber produces burning gas jets, which ignite the main mixture contained in the main chamber by convection of the flame front.
  • the orifices are of small diameter and able to prevent the passage of a flame front while allowing the passage of unstable compounds from the combustion of the reagents contained in the prechamber.
  • the compression system and the seeding of the main mixture into the unstable compounds allow mass self-ignition of the initial mixture.
  • the patent application FR 2,810,692 also relates to an ignition device of an internal combustion engine comprising a prechamber of generally cylindrical shape, similar to that described in the application FR 2 781 840 , but whose passages communicating with the main combustion chamber are circumscribed by a circular curve passing through the outermost passage centers, the diameter of this circular curve being in a ratio less than or equal to 1 ⁇ 2 with the diameter of the cylindrical prechamber .
  • This arrangement allows the operation of the engine with a small amount of combustion air, particularly when the composition of the air-fuel mixture in the main chamber is stoichiometric, for reasons of pollution with a three-way catalyst.
  • the prechamber body is made of a material having a thermal conductivity at 20 ° C of at least 30 W / K / m, more preferably at least 50 W / K / m.
  • the thermal conductivity at 20 ° C of the material in which the body of the prechamber is made does not exceed 350 W / K / m.
  • the material constituting the antechamber body according to the invention is chosen from binary brass, cupro-nickel, cupro-aluminum and nickel silver.
  • the composition of these alloys is given by standard NF A51-101
  • a particularly preferred material for the antechamber body according to the invention is CuCr1Zr alloy, whose thermal conductivity at 20 ° C is 320 W / K / m.
  • This alloy comprises, by weight, more than 0.4% of chromium, 0.02 to 0.1% of zirconium, the complement to 100% being copper.
  • alloys of high thermal conductivity are particularly suitable for precombustion igniters intended to be used with highly turbocharged internal combustion engines, ie having an Effective Mean Pressure of greater than or equal to 13 bars.
  • engines for compressors or turbochargers for compressors or turbochargers.
  • the combustion mode resulting from the use of the ignition device according to the invention ensures a sufficient rate of combustion to dispense with an increase in the rate of combustion via aerodynamics.
  • the ignition of the main mixture contained in the main chamber is by convection of the flame front from the ignition of the reagents contained in the prechamber.
  • the passage or passages are preferably of cylindrical shape and of diameter greater than 1 mm.
  • the passage or passages are able to prevent the propagation of a flame front while allowing the propagation of unstable compounds from the combustion of the reagents contained in the antechamber, the compression system of the main chamber and seeding the main mixture into said unstable compounds allowing mass self-ignition of the main mixture.
  • the self-ignition in a large volume allows a very rapid increase in pressure, a decrease in rattling and good repeatability.
  • the one or more passages are preferably of cylindrical shape and of diameter less than or equal to 1 mm.
  • said passage or passages have a length less than or equal to their diameter. Length means the dimension of the passages in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the partition wall. In this way, the least possible unstable compounds are trapped in the walls.
  • the number of passage (s) is between 1 and 20, preferably between 3 and 15.
  • the ratio d 2 / ⁇ is less than or equal to 1/3.
  • the center of the curve passing through the centers of the outermost passages is located on the axis of symmetry of the prechamber.
  • the center of the curve passing through the centers of the outermost passages may be located at a distance d 3 from the axis of symmetry of the prechamber, equal to or greater than a quarter of the diameter ⁇ of the prechamber.
  • the invention also relates to an igniter for an internal combustion engine comprising a prechamber defined by a prechamber body having a head provided with at least one passage, the antechamber being intended to contain a fuel mixture, and an ignition system of the mixture.
  • fuel contained in the antechamber characterized in that the antechamber body is made of a material having a thermal conductivity at 20 ° C of at least 10 W / K / m. Preferably at least 30 W / K / m, more preferably at least 50 W / K / m, and less than or equal to 350 W / K / m.
  • the prechamber body is made of a copper alloy. More preferably, the material constituting the antechamber body according to the invention is chosen from binary brass, cupro-nickel, cupro-aluminum and nickel silver.
  • a particularly preferred material for the antechamber body of the igniter according to the invention is CuCr1Zr alloy, whose thermal conductivity at 20 ° C is 320 W / K / m.
  • the Figure 1 is a schematic view, partially in section, of an ignition device comprising a prechamber igniter according to the invention.
  • the Figure 2 is a schematic vertical sectional view of the antechamber body of an igniter according to the invention.
  • the Figure 3 is a bottom view of the head of an antechamber body of an igniter according to the invention.
  • a cylinder of an internal combustion engine shown on the Figure 1 , comprises a main chamber 1 delimited by a liner (not shown) and closed upperly by a cylinder head 10.
  • the main chamber 1 contains a piston (not shown) actuated in translation by a connecting rod (not shown).
  • An igniter 11 with antechamber according to the invention is fixed in the yoke 10 so as to be contiguous to the main chamber 1, for example by screwing in a tapping 10a of the yoke 10.
  • the igniter 11 comprises a prechamber body 12, of generally tubular shape, comprising a head 12a, preferably having the shape of a spherical cap, defining a prechamber 2.
  • the head 12a of the antechamber body 12 constitutes a separation wall between the main chamber 1 and the prechamber 2.
  • the head 12a communicates the antechamber 2 with the main chamber 1 through passages (15).
  • the antechamber body 12 is made of a material having a thermal conductivity at 20 ° C of at least 10 W / K / m, preferably at least 20 W / K / m, more preferably at least 50 W / cm. K / m. Generally, the thermal conductivity at 20 ° C of the material in which the prechamber body is made does not exceed 350 W / K / m.
  • prechamber body 12 is made of CuCr1Zr alloy, whose thermal conductivity at 20 ° C. is 320 W / K / m.
  • prechamber 2 has a volume of between 0.2 cm 3 and 2 cm 3 , preferably between 0.5 cm 3 and 1.5 cm 3 .
  • the ratio SN between the sum of the sections of the passages 15 of the prechamber and the volume of the prechamber is between 10 -3 mm -1 and 5.10 -2 mm -1 .
  • the igniter may further comprise an inlet (not shown) for feeding pre-chamber 2 into a mixture of upstream air-fuel reactants or introducing fuel, the air being mixed with the fuel in the prechamber 2.
  • the antechamber is provided with an ignition system comprising a central electrode 13 and a ground electrode 14.
  • the inter-electrode space is for example of the order of 0.7 mm.
  • the passages 15 are orifices preferably having a diameter greater than 1 mm.
  • the passages 15 When it is desired to prevent, during ignition, the passage of a flame front while allowing the passage of unstable compounds (ignition of the main mixture by auto-ignition), the passages 15 then have a small diameter, generally less than 1 mm, and advantageously a length less than their diameter.
  • the passages 15 advantageously belong to a circle of diameter d 2 corresponding substantially to half the diameter ⁇ of the prechamber.
  • the center of this circle may be on the axis of symmetry 2b of the prechamber 2, as shown in FIG. Figure 2 .
  • the center of this circle may also be located at a distance d 3 from the axis of symmetry 2b of the prechamber 2, as shown in FIG. Figure 3 on which passages numbering 8 are represented.
  • An air-fuel mixture is introduced into the main chamber and pre-chamber 2 is fed.
  • a spark is then produced between the electrodes 13 and 14, thereby triggering the combustion in prechamber 2, so that the temperature and the pressure increase. his breast.
  • the high thermal conductivity of the prechamber body makes it possible to evacuate the energy at the prechamber body and thus to avoid the appearance of hot spots.
  • the resulting combustion mode ensures a sufficient rate of combustion to dispense with an increase in the rate of combustion via aerodynamics.

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  • Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Ignition Installations For Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)

Abstract

An ignition system for an internal combustion engine comprises: (a) a main combustion chamber (1) destined to contain a main fuel mixture, and equipped with a compression system; (b) an ignitor (11) incorporating a precombustion chamber (2) destined to receive some reactives and an ignition system (13, 14) for the reactives contained in the precombustion chamber; (c) the precombustion chamber is defined by a body (12) having a head (12a) incorporating at least one passage (15); (d) the head separates the precombustion chamber from the main chamber, which are connected by passages in the head; (e) the body of the precombustion chamber is made in a material with a thermal conductivity at 20 degrees Celsius of at least 10 W/K/m. An Independent claim is also included for an ignitor for an internal combustion engine incorporating a precombustion chamber.

Description

La présente invention se rapporte à un dispositif d'allumage pour moteur à combustion interne, ainsi qu'à un allumeur à préchambre.The present invention relates to an ignition device for an internal combustion engine, as well as to a precombustion igniter.

Le dispositif d'allumage selon l'invention comprend un allumeur à préchambre qui peut se visser en lieu et place d'une bougie d'allumage classique sans modification de la culasse du moteur à combustion interne (diamètre inférieur ou égal à 14 mm), les moyens d'inflammation d'un mélange comburant et carburant étant contenus dans une préchambre définie par un corps dont la tête est pourvue de passages.The ignition device according to the invention comprises a primer igniter which can be screwed in place of a conventional spark plug without modification of the cylinder head of the internal combustion engine (diameter less than or equal to 14 mm), the ignition means of an oxidant and fuel mixture being contained in a prechamber defined by a body whose head is provided with passages.

Ainsi, lorsque l'allumeur à préchambre est monté dans la culasse du moteur, la préchambre de l'allumeur est séparée de la chambre de combustion principale du moteur par la tête du corps de préchambre et communique avec la chambre de combustion principale par l'intermédiaire des passages ménagés dans cette tête.Thus, when the prechamber igniter is mounted in the engine cylinder head, the prechamber of the igniter is separated from the main combustion chamber of the engine by the head of the prechamber body and communicates with the main combustion chamber by the intermediate passages in this head.

L'allumeur à préchambre peut éventuellement être muni de moyens permettant d'introduire directement les réactifs dans la préchambre.The prechamber lighter may optionally be provided with means for directly introducing the reagents into the prechamber.

Le brevet US 4,926,818 décrit un dispositif et un procédé de génération de jets pulsés destinés à former des poches de combustion tourbillonnaire. Le dispositif décrit comprend une chambre principale contenant un mélange combustible principal dans laquelle se déplace un piston et une préchambre recevant des réactifs et communiquant avec la chambre principale par des orifices pratiqués dans une paroi. L'allumage des réactifs dans la préchambre produits des jets de gaz en combustion, qui enflamment le mélange principal contenu dans la chambre principale par convection du front de flamme.The patent US 4,926,818 discloses a device and method for generating pulsed jets for forming vortex combustion pockets. The described device comprises a main chamber containing a main fuel mixture in which a piston and a prechamber receiving reagents and communicating with the main chamber by orifices in a wall moves. Ignition of the reactants in the prechamber produces burning gas jets, which ignite the main mixture contained in the main chamber by convection of the flame front.

La demande de brevet FR 2 781 840 décrit un dispositif d'allumage de moteur à combustion interne selon le préambule de la revendication 1 et un allumeur, selon le préambule de la revendication 16, comprenant :

  • une chambre principale destinée à contenir un mélange combustible principal, et munie d'un système de compression dudit mélange,
  • une préchambre destinée à recevoir des réactifs et communiquant avec la chambre principale par des orifices pratiqués dans une paroi séparant la chambre principale de la préchambre,
  • un système d'allumage des réactifs contenus dans la préchambre.
The patent application FR 2 781 840 discloses an internal combustion engine ignition device according to the preamble of claim 1 and an igniter, according to the preamble of claim 16, comprising:
  • a main chamber for containing a main fuel mixture, and provided with a compression system of said mixture,
  • a prechamber for receiving reagents and communicating with the main chamber through openings in a wall separating the main chamber of the prechamber,
  • an ignition system of the reagents contained in the prechamber.

Dans un tel dispositif, qui donne globalement satisfaction, les orifices sont de faible diamètre et aptes à empêcher le passage d'un front de flamme tout en permettant le passage des composés instables provenant de la combustion des réactifs contenus dans la préchambre. Le système de compression et l'ensemencement du mélange principal en les composés instables permettent une auto-inflammation en masse du mélange initial.In such a device, which gives overall satisfaction, the orifices are of small diameter and able to prevent the passage of a flame front while allowing the passage of unstable compounds from the combustion of the reagents contained in the prechamber. The compression system and the seeding of the main mixture into the unstable compounds allow mass self-ignition of the initial mixture.

La demande de brevet FR 2 810 692 concerne également un dispositif d'allumage d'un moteur à combustion interne comportant une préchambre de forme générale cylindrique, analogue à celle décrite dans la demande FR 2 781 840 , mais dont les passages communiquant avec la chambre de combustion principale sont circonscrits par une courbe circulaire passant par les centres de passage les plus externes, le diamètre de cette courbe circulaire étant dans un rapport inférieur ou égal à ½ avec le diamètre de la préchambre cylindrique. Cette disposition permet le fonctionnement du moteur avec une faible quantité d'air comburant, en particulier lorsque la composition du mélange air-carburant dans la chambre principale est stoechiométrique, pour des raisons de dépollution avec un catalyseur trois voies.The patent application FR 2,810,692 also relates to an ignition device of an internal combustion engine comprising a prechamber of generally cylindrical shape, similar to that described in the application FR 2 781 840 , but whose passages communicating with the main combustion chamber are circumscribed by a circular curve passing through the outermost passage centers, the diameter of this circular curve being in a ratio less than or equal to ½ with the diameter of the cylindrical prechamber . This arrangement allows the operation of the engine with a small amount of combustion air, particularly when the composition of the air-fuel mixture in the main chamber is stoichiometric, for reasons of pollution with a three-way catalyst.

Ces dispositifs peuvent encore être améliorés.These devices can be further improved.

En particulier, la présente invention concerne un dispositif d'allumage pour moteur à combustion interne qui peut présenter les avantages suivants :

  • diminution de l'enrichissement en carburant du mélange air-carburant lorsque le moteur fonctionne à pleine charge,
  • diminution voire suppression du cliquetis, ce qui permet d'augmenter le rapport volumétrique du moteur,
  • meilleur rendement d'utilisation du comburant et du carburant.
In particular, the present invention relates to an ignition device for an internal combustion engine which may have the following advantages:
  • reduced fuel enrichment of the air-fuel mixture when the engine is operating at full load,
  • reduction or even suppression of rattling, which makes it possible to increase the volumetric ratio of the engine,
  • better performance of use of the oxidant and the fuel.

A cet effet, l'invention concerne un dispositif d'allumage d'un moteur à combustion interne, comprenant :

  • une chambre principale destinée à contenir un mélange combustible principal, et munie d'un système de compression dudit mélange,
  • un allumeur comprenant une préchambre destinée à recevoir des réactifs et un système d'allumage des réactifs contenus dans la préchambre, ladite préchambre étant définie par un corps de préchambre ayant une tête comportant au moins un passage, ladite tête du corps de préchambre séparant la préchambre de la chambre principale et faisant communiquer la préchambre et la chambre principale par l'intermédiaire du ou des passages, caractérisé en ce que
ledit corps de préchambre est réalisé dans un matériau ayant une conductivité thermique à 20°C d'au moins 10 W/K/m.For this purpose, the invention relates to an ignition device of an internal combustion engine, comprising:
  • a main chamber for containing a main fuel mixture, and provided with a compression system of said mixture,
  • an igniter comprising a prechamber for receiving reagents and an ignition system for the reagents contained in the prechamber, said prechamber being defined by a prechamber body having a head having at least one passage, said prechamber body head separating the prechamber of the main chamber and communicating the prechamber and the main chamber through the passage or passages, characterized in that
said prechamber body is made of a material having a thermal conductivity at 20 ° C of at least 10 W / K / m.

De préférence, le corps de préchambre est réalisé dans un matériau ayant une conductivité thermique à 20°C d'au moins 30 W/K/m, mieux d'au moins 50 W/K/m.Preferably, the prechamber body is made of a material having a thermal conductivity at 20 ° C of at least 30 W / K / m, more preferably at least 50 W / K / m.

Généralement, la conductivité thermique à 20°C du matériau dans lequel est réalisé le corps de la préchambre ne dépasse pas 350 W/K/m.Generally, the thermal conductivity at 20 ° C of the material in which the body of the prechamber is made does not exceed 350 W / K / m.

Pour réaliser le corps de préchambre selon l'invention, on peut utiliser tout type de matériau dont la conductivité thermique est telle que définie précédemment et qui soit capable de résister aux contraintes de température et de pression dues au fonctionnement du dispositif d'allumage.To achieve the antechamber body according to the invention, one can use any type of material whose thermal conductivity is as defined above and which is able to withstand the temperature and pressure constraints due to the operation of the ignition device.

En particulier, on peut utiliser les alliages de cuivre. De préférence, le matériau constituant le corps de préchambre selon l'invention est choisi parmi les laitons binaires, les cupro-nickel, les cupro-aluminium et les maillechorts.In particular, it is possible to use copper alloys. Preferably, the material constituting the antechamber body according to the invention is chosen from binary brass, cupro-nickel, cupro-aluminum and nickel silver.

On peut citer notamment les alliages CuZn5, CuZn10, CuZn15, CuZn20, CuZn30, CuZn33, CuZn36, CuZn37, CuZn40, CuNi44Mn, CuNi5Fe, CuAl5, CuAl6, CuAl10Fe5Ni5, CuNi10Zn27, CuNi12Zn24, CuNi15Zn21, CuNi18Zn20, CuNi18Zn27, CuNi10Zn42Pb2 et CuNi18Zn19Pb1, de préférence l'alliage CuZn5 dont la conductivité thermique à 20°C est de 234 W/(m.K). La composition de ces alliages est donnée par la norme NF A51-101In particular, mention may be made of CuZn5, CuZnOl, CuZnOl, CuZnOl, CuZnOl, CuNiO4Mn, CuNi5Fe, CuAl5, CuAl6, CuAl10Fe5Ni5, CuNi10Zn27, CuNi12Zn24, CuNi15Zn21, CuNi18Zn20, CuNi18Zn27, CuNi10Zn42Pb2 and CuNi18Zn19Pb1 alloys, preferably the CuZn5 alloy whose thermal conductivity at 20 ° C is 234 W / (mK). The composition of these alloys is given by standard NF A51-101

Un matériau particulièrement préféré pour le corps de préchambre selon l'invention est l'alliage CuCr1Zr, dont la conductivité thermique à 20°C est de 320 W/K/m. Cet alliage comprend, en poids, plus de 0,4 % de chrome, de 0,02 à 0,1 % de zirconium, le complément à 100% étant du cuivre.A particularly preferred material for the antechamber body according to the invention is CuCr1Zr alloy, whose thermal conductivity at 20 ° C is 320 W / K / m. This alloy comprises, by weight, more than 0.4% of chromium, 0.02 to 0.1% of zirconium, the complement to 100% being copper.

Ces alliages de conductivité thermique élevée conviennent tout particulièrement pour les allumeurs à préchambre destinés à être utilisés avec des moteurs à combustion interne fortement suralimentés, c'est à dire ayant une Pression Moyenne Effective supérieure ou égale à 13 bars. On peut citer par exemple les moteurs pour compresseurs ou turbocompresseurs.These alloys of high thermal conductivity are particularly suitable for precombustion igniters intended to be used with highly turbocharged internal combustion engines, ie having an Effective Mean Pressure of greater than or equal to 13 bars. For example, engines for compressors or turbochargers.

L'utilisation d'un tel matériau selon l'invention permet de mieux évacuer l'énergie au niveau du corps de la préchambre et ainsi d'éviter l'apparition de points chauds.The use of such a material according to the invention allows better evacuate the energy at the body of the prechamber and thus prevent the appearance of hot spots.

Le mode de combustion résultant de l'utilisation du dispositif d'allumage selon l'invention assure une vitesse de combustion suffisante pour se passer d'une augmentation de la vitesse de combustion via l'aérodynamique.The combustion mode resulting from the use of the ignition device according to the invention ensures a sufficient rate of combustion to dispense with an increase in the rate of combustion via aerodynamics.

Cela permet notamment de diminuer de façon considérable le cliquetis. Cette diminution du cliquetis rend possible un rapport volumétrique du moteur élevé, avantageusement compris entre 8 et 14.This allows to significantly reduce the rattling. This reduction of rattling makes possible a high volumetric ratio of the engine, advantageously between 8 and 14.

De plus, cette diminution du cliquetis permet un meilleur rendement d'utilisation du comburant et du carburant.In addition, this reduction in rattling allows a better use of the oxidizer and the fuel.

En effet, lorsque le moteur est limité par le cliquetis (en particulier à charge élevée), c'est-à-dire lorsque la vitesse de combustion trop faible permet d'atteindre dans certaines parties de la chambre les conditions d'auto-inflammation du mélange avant que celles-ci n'aient put être brûlées par le front de flamme, le réglage appliqué en terme d'avance à l'allumage est dégradé par rapport au cas optimal. La quantité d'air et de carburant introduite dans la chambre de combustion n'est pas utilisée avec un rendement optimal.Indeed, when the motor is limited by the rattling (especially at high load), that is to say when the speed of combustion too low achieves in certain parts of the chamber the conditions of auto-ignition of the mixture before these could be burned by the flame front, the setting applied in terms of ignition advance is degraded compared to the optimal case. The amount of air and fuel introduced into the combustion chamber is not used with optimum efficiency.

Lorsque le phénomène de cliquetis est inhibé, il est possible de régler le moteur avec une avance à l'allumage plus proche du rendement optimal, ce qui permet une meilleure utilisation du comburant et du carburant.When the pinging phenomenon is inhibited, it is possible to adjust the engine with an ignition advance closer to optimal efficiency, which allows a better use of the oxidant and the fuel.

Selon un premier mode de réalisation, l'inflammation du mélange principal contenu dans la chambre principale se fait par convection du front de flamme issu de l'allumage des réactifs contenus dans la préchambre.According to a first embodiment, the ignition of the main mixture contained in the main chamber is by convection of the flame front from the ignition of the reagents contained in the prechamber.

Dans ce cas, le ou les passages sont de préférence de forme cylindrique et de diamètre supérieur à 1 mm.In this case, the passage or passages are preferably of cylindrical shape and of diameter greater than 1 mm.

Selon un second mode de réalisation, le ou les passages sont aptes à empêcher la propagation d'un front de flamme tout en permettant la propagation de composés instables provenant de la combustion des réactifs contenus dans la préchambre, le système de compression de la chambre principale et l'ensemencement du mélange principal en lesdits composés instables permettant une auto-inflammation en masse du mélange principal.According to a second embodiment, the passage or passages are able to prevent the propagation of a flame front while allowing the propagation of unstable compounds from the combustion of the reagents contained in the antechamber, the compression system of the main chamber and seeding the main mixture into said unstable compounds allowing mass self-ignition of the main mixture.

L'auto-inflammation dans un large volume permet une montée en pression très rapide, une diminution du cliquetis et une bonne répétabilité.The self-ignition in a large volume allows a very rapid increase in pressure, a decrease in rattling and good repeatability.

Dans ce cas, le ou lesdits passages sont de préférence de forme cylindrique et de diamètre inférieur ou égal à 1 mm.In this case, the one or more passages are preferably of cylindrical shape and of diameter less than or equal to 1 mm.

De préférence encore, le ou lesdits passages ont une longueur inférieure ou égale à leur diamètre. Par longueur, on entend la dimension des passages selon une direction perpendiculaire à la surface de la paroi de séparation. De cette manière, le moins possible de composés instables sont piégés aux parois.More preferably, said passage or passages have a length less than or equal to their diameter. Length means the dimension of the passages in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the partition wall. In this way, the least possible unstable compounds are trapped in the walls.

Généralement, le nombre de passage(s) est compris entre 1 et 20, de préférence entre 3 et 15.Generally, the number of passage (s) is between 1 and 20, preferably between 3 and 15.

Dans le cas de l'auto-inflammation du mélange par ensemencement du mélange principal en composés instables, selon un mode de réalisation préféré :

  • la partie supérieure du corps de préchambre, non attenante à la chambre principale, a la forme d'un cylindre de diamètre intérieur Φ, et
  • la tête du corps de préchambre comprend plusieurs passages, lesdits passages étant circonscrits par une courbe circulaire de diamètre d2 passant par les centres des passages les plus extérieurs, le rapport d2/Φ étant inférieur ou égal à 0,5.
In the case of self-ignition of the mixture by seeding the main mixture with unstable compounds, according to a preferred embodiment:
  • the upper part of the prechamber body, not adjoining the main chamber, has the shape of a cylinder of inner diameter Φ, and
  • the head of the prechamber body comprises a plurality of passages, said passages being circumscribed by a circular curve of diameter d 2 passing through the centers of the outermost passages, the ratio d 2 / Φ being less than or equal to 0.5.

De préférence, le rapport d2/Φ est inférieur ou égal à 1/3.Preferably, the ratio d 2 / Φ is less than or equal to 1/3.

De manière avantageuse, le centre de la courbe passant par les centres des passages les plus extérieurs est situé sur l'axe de symétrie de la préchambre.Advantageously, the center of the curve passing through the centers of the outermost passages is located on the axis of symmetry of the prechamber.

Mais, selon un autre mode de réalisation, le centre de la courbe passant par les centres des passages les plus extérieurs peut être situé à une distance d3 de l'axe de symétrie de la préchambre, égale ou supérieure au quart du diamètre Φ de la préchambre. Cette configuration permet d'orienter préférentiellement les jets de flammes ou de composés instables vers une zone particulière de la chambre de combustion, en fonction de la position dudit centre de la courbe par rapport à l'axe de symétrie de la préchambre.But, according to another embodiment, the center of the curve passing through the centers of the outermost passages may be located at a distance d 3 from the axis of symmetry of the prechamber, equal to or greater than a quarter of the diameter Φ of the prechamber. This configuration makes it possible to preferentially orient the jets of flames or unstable compounds towards a particular zone of the combustion chamber, as a function of the position of said center of the curve with respect to the axis of symmetry of the prechamber.

L'invention concerne encore un allumeur pour moteur à combustion interne comprenant une préchambre définie par un corps de préchambre ayant une tête munie d'au moins un passage, la préchambre étant destinée à contenir un mélange combustible, et un système d'allumage du mélange combustible contenu dans la préchambre, caractérisé en ce que le corps de préchambre est réalisé dans un matériau ayant une conductivité thermique à 20°C d'au moins 10 W/K/m. De préférence d'au moins 30 W/K/m, mieux d'au moins 50 W/K/m, et inférieure ou égale à 350 W/K/m.The invention also relates to an igniter for an internal combustion engine comprising a prechamber defined by a prechamber body having a head provided with at least one passage, the antechamber being intended to contain a fuel mixture, and an ignition system of the mixture. fuel contained in the antechamber, characterized in that the antechamber body is made of a material having a thermal conductivity at 20 ° C of at least 10 W / K / m. Preferably at least 30 W / K / m, more preferably at least 50 W / K / m, and less than or equal to 350 W / K / m.

De préférence, le corps de préchambre est réalisé dans un alliage de cuivre. De préférence encore, le matériau constituant le corps de préchambre selon l'invention est choisi parmi les laitons binaires, les cupro-nickel, les cupro-aluminium et les maillechorts.Preferably, the prechamber body is made of a copper alloy. More preferably, the material constituting the antechamber body according to the invention is chosen from binary brass, cupro-nickel, cupro-aluminum and nickel silver.

On peut citer notamment les alliages CuZn5, CuZn10, CuZn15, CuZn20, CuZn30, CuZn33, CuZn36, CuZn37, CuZn40, CuNi44Mn, CuNi5Fe, CuAl5, CuAl6, CuAl10Fe5Ni5, CuNi10Zn27, CuNi12Zn24, CuNi15Zn21, CuNi18Zn20, CuNi18Zn27, CuNi10Zn42Pb2 et CuNi18Zn19Pb1, de préférence l'alliage CuZn5 dont la conductivité thermique à 20°C est de 234 W/(m.K).In particular, mention may be made of CuZn5, CuZnOl, CuZnOl, CuZnOl, CuZnOl, CuNiO4Mn, CuNi5Fe, CuAl5, CuAl6, CuAl10Fe5Ni5, CuNi10Zn27, CuNi12Zn24, CuNi15Zn21, CuNi18Zn20, CuNi18Zn27, CuNi10Zn42Pb2 and CuNi18Zn19Pb1 alloys, preferably the CuZn5 alloy whose thermal conductivity at 20 ° C is 234 W / (mK).

Un matériau particulièrement préféré pour le corps de préchambre de l'allumeur selon l'invention est l'alliage CuCr1Zr, dont la conductivité thermique à 20°C est de 320 W/K/m.A particularly preferred material for the antechamber body of the igniter according to the invention is CuCr1Zr alloy, whose thermal conductivity at 20 ° C is 320 W / K / m.

L'invention sera mieux comprise et d'autres buts, avantages et caractéristiques de celle-ci apparaîtront plus clairement à la lecture de la description qui suit, faite au regard des dessins annexés.The invention will be better understood and other objects, advantages and characteristics thereof will appear more clearly on reading the description which follows, made with reference to the accompanying drawings.

La Figure 1 représente une vue schématique, partiellement en coupe, d'un dispositif d'allumage comportant un allumeur à préchambre selon l'invention.The Figure 1 is a schematic view, partially in section, of an ignition device comprising a prechamber igniter according to the invention.

La Figure 2 représente une vue schématique en coupe verticale du corps de préchambre d'un allumeur selon l'invention.The Figure 2 is a schematic vertical sectional view of the antechamber body of an igniter according to the invention.

La Figure 3 est une vue de dessous de la tête d'un corps de préchambre d'un allumeur selon l'invention.The Figure 3 is a bottom view of the head of an antechamber body of an igniter according to the invention.

Un cylindre d'un moteur à combustion interne, représenté sur la Figure 1, comporte une chambre principale 1 délimitée par une chemise (non représentée) et fermée supérieurement par une culasse 10. Comme cela est classique, la chambre principale 1 contient un piston (non représenté) actionné en translation par une bielle (non représentée).A cylinder of an internal combustion engine, shown on the Figure 1 , comprises a main chamber 1 delimited by a liner (not shown) and closed upperly by a cylinder head 10. As is conventional, the main chamber 1 contains a piston (not shown) actuated in translation by a connecting rod (not shown).

Un allumeur 11 à préchambre selon l'invention est fixé dans la culasse 10 de manière à être attenant à la chambre principale 1, par exemple par vissage dans un taraudage 10a de la culasse 10.An igniter 11 with antechamber according to the invention is fixed in the yoke 10 so as to be contiguous to the main chamber 1, for example by screwing in a tapping 10a of the yoke 10.

L'allumeur 11 comporte un corps de préchambre 12, de forme générale tubulaire, comprenant une tête 12a, de préférence ayant la forme d'une calotte sphérique, définissant une préchambre 2.The igniter 11 comprises a prechamber body 12, of generally tubular shape, comprising a head 12a, preferably having the shape of a spherical cap, defining a prechamber 2.

La tête 12a du corps de préchambre 12 constitue une paroi de séparation entre la chambre principale 1 et la préchambre 2. La tête 12a fait communiquer la préchambre 2 avec la chambre principale 1 par l'intermédiaire de passages (15).The head 12a of the antechamber body 12 constitutes a separation wall between the main chamber 1 and the prechamber 2. The head 12a communicates the antechamber 2 with the main chamber 1 through passages (15).

Le corps de préchambre 12 est réalisé dans un matériau ayant une conductivité thermique à 20 °C d'au moins 10 W/K/m, de préférence d'au moins 20 W/K/m, mieux d'au moins 50 W/K/m. Généralement, la conductivité thermique à 20°C du matériau dans lequel est réalisé le corps de préchambre ne dépasse pas 350 W/K/m. Avantageusement, le corps de préchambre 12 est réalisé dans l'alliage CuCr1Zr, dont la conductivité thermique à 20°C est de 320 W/K/m.The antechamber body 12 is made of a material having a thermal conductivity at 20 ° C of at least 10 W / K / m, preferably at least 20 W / K / m, more preferably at least 50 W / cm. K / m. Generally, the thermal conductivity at 20 ° C of the material in which the prechamber body is made does not exceed 350 W / K / m. Advantageously, prechamber body 12 is made of CuCr1Zr alloy, whose thermal conductivity at 20 ° C. is 320 W / K / m.

Généralement, la préchambre 2 a un volume compris entre 0,2 cm3 et 2 cm3, de préférence compris entre 0,5 cm3 et 1,5 cm3.Generally, prechamber 2 has a volume of between 0.2 cm 3 and 2 cm 3 , preferably between 0.5 cm 3 and 1.5 cm 3 .

En général, le rapport SN entre la somme des sections des passages 15 de la préchambre et le volume de la préchambre est compris entre 10-3 mm-1 et 5.10-2 mm-1.In general, the ratio SN between the sum of the sections of the passages 15 of the prechamber and the volume of the prechamber is between 10 -3 mm -1 and 5.10 -2 mm -1 .

Facultativement, l'allumeur peut en outre comporter une arrivée (non représentée) permettant d'alimenter la préchambre 2 en un mélange de réactifs air-carburant constitué en amont ou d'introduire du carburant, l'air étant mélangé au carburant dans la préchambre 2.Optionally, the igniter may further comprise an inlet (not shown) for feeding pre-chamber 2 into a mixture of upstream air-fuel reactants or introducing fuel, the air being mixed with the fuel in the prechamber 2.

La préchambre est munie d'un système d'allumage comprenant une électrode centrale 13 et une électrode de masse 14. L'espace inter-électrodes est par exemple de l'ordre de 0,7 mm.The antechamber is provided with an ignition system comprising a central electrode 13 and a ground electrode 14. The inter-electrode space is for example of the order of 0.7 mm.

Lorsque l'inflammation du mélange principal se fait par convection du front de flamme en provenance de la préchambre, les passages 15 sont des orifices ayant de préférence un diamètre supérieur à 1 mm.When the ignition of the main mixture is by convection of the flame front from the prechamber, the passages 15 are orifices preferably having a diameter greater than 1 mm.

Lorsque l'on souhaite empêcher, lors de l'allumage, le passage d'un front de flamme tout en permettant le passage de composés instables (allumage du mélange principal par auto-inflammation), les passages 15 ont alors un diamètre faible, généralement inférieur à 1 mm, et, avantageusement, une longueur inférieure à leur diamètre.When it is desired to prevent, during ignition, the passage of a flame front while allowing the passage of unstable compounds (ignition of the main mixture by auto-ignition), the passages 15 then have a small diameter, generally less than 1 mm, and advantageously a length less than their diameter.

Dans le cas de l'auto-inflammation du mélange principal, comme le montre la Figure 2, les passages 15 appartiennent avantageusement à un cercle de diamètre d2 correspondant sensiblement à la moitié du diamètre Φ de la préchambre.In the case of self-ignition of the main mixture, as shown in Figure 2 the passages 15 advantageously belong to a circle of diameter d 2 corresponding substantially to half the diameter Φ of the prechamber.

Le centre de ce cercle peut être sur l'axe de symétrie 2b de la préchambre 2, comme le montre la Figure 2.The center of this circle may be on the axis of symmetry 2b of the prechamber 2, as shown in FIG. Figure 2 .

Le centre de ce cercle peut également être situé à une distance d3 de l'axe de symétrie 2b de la préchambre 2, comme le montre la Figure 3, sur laquelle des passages 15 au nombre de 8 ont été représentés.The center of this circle may also be located at a distance d 3 from the axis of symmetry 2b of the prechamber 2, as shown in FIG. Figure 3 on which passages numbering 8 are represented.

On introduit un mélange air-carburant dans la chambre principale et on alimente la préchambre 2. On produit ensuite une étincelle entre les électrodes 13 et 14 en déclenchant ainsi la combustion dans la préchambre 2, de telle sorte que la température et la pression augmentent en son sein.An air-fuel mixture is introduced into the main chamber and pre-chamber 2 is fed. A spark is then produced between the electrodes 13 and 14, thereby triggering the combustion in prechamber 2, so that the temperature and the pressure increase. his breast.

Sous l'effet de la pression plus élevée dans la préchambre 2 que dans la chambre principale 1, les flammes, ou les composés instables dans le cas ou la dimension des passages empêche la propagation du front de flamme, sont expulsés sous forme de jets vers la chambre principale 1. Ainsi le mélange principal contenu dans la chambre principale 1 est enflammé.Under the effect of the higher pressure in the prechamber 2 than in the main chamber 1, the flames, or the unstable compounds in the case where the size of the passages prevents the propagation of the flame front, are expelled in the form of jets towards bedroom main 1. Thus the main mixture contained in the main chamber 1 is ignited.

Dans les deux cas (allumage du mélange principal par convection du front de flamme ou par auto-inflammation), la conductivité thermique élevée du corps de préchambre permet d'évacuer l'énergie au niveau du corps de préchambre et ainsi d'éviter l'apparition de points chauds.In both cases (ignition of the main mixture by convection of the flame front or by auto-ignition), the high thermal conductivity of the prechamber body makes it possible to evacuate the energy at the prechamber body and thus to avoid the appearance of hot spots.

Le mode de combustion résultant assure une vitesse de combustion suffisante pour se passer d'une augmentation de la vitesse de combustion via l'aérodynamique.The resulting combustion mode ensures a sufficient rate of combustion to dispense with an increase in the rate of combustion via aerodynamics.

On peut ainsi diminuer l'enrichissement lorsque le moteur fonctionne à pleine charge. On diminue aussi considérablement le phénomène de cliquetis.It can thus decrease the enrichment when the engine runs at full load. The phenomenon of rattling is also considerably reduced.

Claims (22)

  1. Ignition device for an internal combustion engine, comprising:
    - a main chamber (1) intended to contain a main combustion mixture, and provided with a compression system for said mixture,
    - an igniter (11) comprising a pre-combustion chamber (2) intended to receive the reactive substances and an ignition system (13, 14) for the reactive substances contained in the pre-combustion chamber, with said pre-combustion chamber (2) being defined by a pre-combustion chamber body (12) with a head (12a) comprising at least one passage (15), with said head (12a) of the pre-combustion chamber body separating the pre-combustion chamber (2) from the main chamber (1) and linking the pre-combustion chamber (2) and the main chamber (1) by means of the passage or passages (15),
    characterized in that said pre-combustion chamber body (12) is made of a material having a thermal conductivity at 20° C of at least 10 W/K/m.
  2. Ignition device according to claim 1, characterized in that said pre-combustion chamber (12) is made of a material having a thermal conductivity at 20° C of at least 30 W/K/m, preferably of at least 50 W/K/m.
  3. Ignition device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that said pre-combustion chamber body (12) is made of a material having a thermal conductivity at 20° C less than or equal to 350 W/K/m.
  4. Ignition device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the material forming said pre-combustion chamber body (12) is chosen among the copper alloys.
  5. Ignition device according to claim 4, characterized in that the material forming the body of the pre-combustion chamber according to the invention is chosen among binary brasses, cupronickels, aluminum bronzes and nickel silvers.
  6. Ignition device according to claim 5, characterized in that the material forming the pre-combustion chamber body according to the invention is chosen among the CuZn5, CuZn10, CuZn15, CuZn20, CuZn30, CuZn33, CuZn36, CuZn37, CuZn40, CuNi44Mn, CuNi5Fe, CuA15, CuA16, CuAl10Fe5Ni5, CuNi10Zn27, CuNi12Zn24, CuNi15Zn21, CuNi18Zn20, CuNi18Zn27, CuNi10Zn42Pb2 and CuNi18Zn19Pb1 alloys, preferably the CuZn5 alloy.
  7. Ignition device according to claim 4, characterized in that the material forming said pre-combustion chamber body (12) is CuCr1Zr.
  8. Ignition device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the passage or passages (15) have the form of a cylinder with a diameter greater than 1 mm.
  9. Ignition device according to any of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the passage or passages (15) are capable of preventing the propagation of a flame front while allowing the propagation of unstable compounds originating from the combustion of the reactive substances contained in the pre-combustion chamber (2), with the compression system of the main chamber (1) and the spiking of the main mixture with the above-mentioned unstable compounds allowing a mass self-combustion of the main mixture.
  10. Ignition device according to claim 9, characterized in that the above-mentioned passage or passages (15) have the form of a cylinder with a diameter less than or equal to 1 mm.
  11. Ignition device according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that said passage or passages (15) have a length less than or equal to their diameter.
  12. Ignition device according to claim 9, 10 or 11,
    characterized in that
    - the upper part of the body of the pre-combustion chamber (12), not adjoining the main chamber, has the form of a cylinder with an internal diameter Φ, and
    - the head of the body of the pre-combustion chamber comprises several passages (15), said passages being circumscribed by a circular curve of diameter d2 passing through the centers of the outermost passages (15), and the ratio d2/Φ being less than or equal to 0.5.
  13. Ignition device according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the ratio d2/Φ is less than or equal to 1/3.
  14. Ignition device according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that the center of the curve passing through the centers of the outermost passages (15) is situated on the axis of symmetry (2b) of the pre-combustion chamber (2).
  15. Ignition device according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that the center of the curve passing through the centers of the outermost passages is situated at a distance d3 from the axis of symmetry (2b) of the pre-combustion chamber (2), said distance d3 being equal to or greater than one quarter of the diameter Φ of the pre-combustion chamber (2).
  16. Igniter for an internal combustion engine comprising a pre-combustion chamber (2) defined by the body of a pre-combustion chamber (12) with a head (12a) equipped with at least one passage (15), the pre-combustion chamber being intended to contain a combustible mixture, and an ignition system (13, 14) for the combustible mixture contained in the pre-combustion chamber (2), characterized in that the pre-combustion chamber body (2) is made from a material having a thermal conductivity greater than 10 W/K/m.
  17. Igniter according to claim 16, characterized in that said pre-combustion chamber body (12) is made from a material having a thermal conductivity greater than 10 W/K/m, preferably greater than 30 W/K/m.
  18. Igniter according to claim 16 or 17, characterized in that said pre-combustion chamber body (12) is made from a material having a thermal conductivity less than or equal to 350 W/K/m.
  19. Igniter according to one of claims 16 to 18, characterized in that the material forming said pre-combustion chamber body (12) is chosen among the copper alloys.
  20. Igniter according to claim 19, characterized in that the material forming said pre-combustion chamber body (12) is chosen among binary brasses, cupronickels, aluminum bronzes and nickel silvers.
  21. Igniter according to claim 20, characterized in that the material forming said pre-combustion chamber body (12) is chosen among the CuZn5, CuZn10, CuZn15, CuZn20, CuZn30, CuZn33, CuZn36, CuZn37, CuZn40, CuNi44Mn, CuNi5Fe, CuA15, CuA16, CuA110Fe5Ni5, CuNi10Zn27, CuNi12Zn24, CuNi15Zn21, CuNi18Zn20, CuNi18Zn27, CuNi10Zn42Pb2 and CuNi18Zn19Pb1 alloys, preferably the CuZn5 alloy.
  22. Igniter according to claim 19, characterized in that the material forming said pre-combustion chamber body (12) is the CuCr1Zr alloy.
EP03778403A 2002-10-18 2003-10-17 Precombustion chamber ignition device made of a material with high thermal conductivity for an internal combustion engine, and precombustion chamber igniter Expired - Lifetime EP1556932B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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FR0213017A FR2846042B1 (en) 2002-10-18 2002-10-18 PRE-BRAKE IGNITION DEVICE MADE IN HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY MATERIAL FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE AND PRE-BURST IGNITER
FR0213017 2002-10-18
PCT/FR2003/003083 WO2004036709A1 (en) 2002-10-18 2003-10-17 Precombustion chamber ignition device made of a material with high thermal conductivity for an internal combustion engine, and precombustion chamber igniter

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EP1556932A1 EP1556932A1 (en) 2005-07-27
EP1556932B1 true EP1556932B1 (en) 2008-07-09

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8461750B2 (en) 2009-09-11 2013-06-11 Woodward, Inc. Pre-chamber spark plug and electrodes therefor
US8657641B2 (en) 2009-09-11 2014-02-25 Woodward Inc. Method for forming an electrode for a spark plug
US8839762B1 (en) 2013-06-10 2014-09-23 Woodward, Inc. Multi-chamber igniter

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US7104245B2 (en) 2006-09-12
DE60322089D1 (en) 2008-08-21
FR2846042A1 (en) 2004-04-23
US20050268882A1 (en) 2005-12-08
ATE400912T1 (en) 2008-07-15
FR2846042B1 (en) 2005-02-04
JP2006503218A (en) 2006-01-26
ES2307997T3 (en) 2008-12-01
WO2004036709A1 (en) 2004-04-29
EP1556932A1 (en) 2005-07-27

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