EP1125086A1 - Ceramic sheathed element glow plug - Google Patents

Ceramic sheathed element glow plug

Info

Publication number
EP1125086A1
EP1125086A1 EP00960315A EP00960315A EP1125086A1 EP 1125086 A1 EP1125086 A1 EP 1125086A1 EP 00960315 A EP00960315 A EP 00960315A EP 00960315 A EP00960315 A EP 00960315A EP 1125086 A1 EP1125086 A1 EP 1125086A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
glow plug
ceramic
electrically conductive
temperature
layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP00960315A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1125086B1 (en
Inventor
Albrecht Geissinger
Christoph Kern
Steffen Schott
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE10020328A external-priority patent/DE10020328A1/en
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP1125086A1 publication Critical patent/EP1125086A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1125086B1 publication Critical patent/EP1125086B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
    • F23Q7/00—Incandescent ignition; Igniters using electrically-produced heat, e.g. lighters for cigarettes; Electrically-heated glowing plugs
    • F23Q7/001—Glowing plugs for internal-combustion engines
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49082—Resistor making
    • Y10T29/49087—Resistor making with envelope or housing

Definitions

  • the invention is based on a ceramic glow plug for diesel engines according to the category of the independent claims.
  • Glow plugs with an external ceramic heater are already known, for example, from patent application DE-OS 40 28 859.
  • metallic glow plugs in which the metallic filament is welded to a thermocouple.
  • the temperature in the respective cylinder can be measured during the operation of the glow plug by detecting the thermal voltage.
  • a metallic filament is not present in a glow plug with a ceramic heating element.
  • a glow plug is known with a connection element which is electrically connected to the glow plug via a contacting element. As shown in FIG. 1, this contacting element is designed as a spring.
  • the ceramic glow plug according to the invention with the features of the first independent claim has the advantage that the temperature of the glow plug can be measured. It is possible for the first time in a ceramic glow plug to measure the temperature of the glow plug directly in a selected area on the outside of the glow plug without additional equipment. The measurement of the temperature takes place in a selected area which is small compared to the volume of the entire glow plug, as a result of which the error which occurs due to a temperature distribution over a large volume can be reduced in the temperature determination.
  • a concentration of the heating power can be realized in a selected area of the glow pin without changing the cross section of the conductive layer, so that the surface in the area in which the heating power is to be concentrated is constant remains and thus the interaction surface is kept constant. Another advantage is that the manufacture of such a ceramic temperature measuring glow plug can be designed inexpensively.
  • the measures listed in the subclaims relating to the first independent claim permit advantageous developments and improvements of the ceramic glow plug shown in the main claim.
  • a suitable choice of the ceramic materials used for the different areas of the glow plug ensures that the mechanical stability of the heater is not impaired.
  • a processing of the measured temperature values by a control device allows a regulation of the temperature in the selected area of the glow plug.
  • the glow plug according to the invention in passive mode as a temperature sensor after it has fulfilled the heating function. In this way it can be determined whether the combustion in the respective cylinder is proceeding correctly. It is advantageous that, based on this information, parameters relevant to combustion can be influenced.
  • Contacting material is also advantageous because it enables good thermal conductivity.
  • the elastic spring component ensures that thermal shifts in the surrounding components due to different coefficients of thermal expansion can be compensated for.
  • the glow plug with a contacting element according to the invention in the manner described below, since such an arrangement of the Components contained in the candle housing are made, which prevents short circuits.
  • FIG. 2 shows the front section of the external ceramic heater as a side view
  • FIG. 3 shows an interconnection of the glow plug according to the invention with the control units
  • Figure 5 shows a glow plug according to the invention in longitudinal section.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows a longitudinal section through a ceramic glow plug 1 according to the invention.
  • electrical contact takes place via a circular plug 2, which is separated from the plug housing 4 via a seal 3 and is connected to the cylindrical feed line 5.
  • the cylindrical feed line 5 is fixed in the candle housing 4 via a metal ring 7 and an electrically insulating ceramic sleeve 8.
  • the cylindrical lead 5 is via a contact pin 10, wherein the cylindrical lead 5 can also be combined with the contact pin 10 in one component, and a suitable contacting element 12, preferably as a contact spring or as a electrically conductive powder pack or as an electrically conductive tablet with an elastic spring component, preferably made of graphite, is connected to the ceramic glow plug 14.
  • a suitable contacting element 12 preferably as a contact spring or as a electrically conductive powder pack or as an electrically conductive tablet with an elastic spring component, preferably made of graphite
  • the sealing packing 15 sealed against the combustion chamber.
  • the sealing packing 15 consists of an electrically conductive carbon compound.
  • the sealing packing 15 can also be formed by metals, a mixture of carbon and metal or a mixture of ceramic and metal.
  • the glow plug 14 consists of a ceramic heating layer 18 and ceramic supply layers 20 and 21, the two supply layers 20, 21 being connected by the heating layer 18 and together with the heating layer 18 forming the conductive layer.
  • the supply layers 20, 21 have any shape, and the heating layer 18 can also have any shape.
  • the conductive layer is preferably U-shaped.
  • the lead layers 20 and 21 are separated by an insulation layer 22, which is also made of ceramic material.
  • the glow plug 14 is designed such that the supply layers 20 and 21 and the heating layer 18 are arranged on the outside of the glow plug 14.
  • the supply layers 20 and 21 are located within the glow plug and are still covered by an external, ceramic, insulating layer.
  • the ceramic glow plug is isolated from the other components of the glow plug 4, 8, 12, 15 by a glass layer (not shown).
  • the glass layer is interrupted at point 24.
  • the glass layer is also interrupted for electrical contact between the supply layer 21 and the candle housing 4 via the sealing packing 15 at the point 26.
  • the heating layer 18 was placed at the tip of the glow pencil as the preferred embodiment. However, it is also conceivable to place this heating layer at a different location on the conductive layer. The heating layer 18 should be located at the point where the greatest heating effect is to be achieved.
  • Embodiment in which the heating layer 18 is located at the tip of the glow pencil. Furthermore, the feed layers 20, 21 and the insulation layer 22 can be seen.
  • This side view shows the embodiment in which the conductive layer, consisting of the supply layers 20 and 21 and the heating layer 18, has a U-shaped shape.
  • the material of the heating layer 18 is selected so that the absolute electrical resistance of the heating layer 18 is greater than that absolute electrical resistance of the supply layers 20, 21.
  • the term resistance without addition means the absolute electrical resistance.
  • the resistance of the insulation layer is chosen such that it is significantly greater than the resistance the heating layer 18 and the supply layers 20, 21.
  • FIG. 3 shows schematically which devices communicate with the glow plug 1.
  • the engine control unit 30 which contains a computer and a storage unit.
  • the engine-dependent parameters of the glow plug are stored in the engine control unit 30. These can be the resistance-temperature maps, for example, depending on the load and speed of the engine.
  • the engine control unit memory also contains one or more temperature reference values for correct combustion.
  • the engine control unit can control parameters that influence the combustion, for example the injection duration, the start of injection and the end of injection of the fuel.
  • the control unit 32 regulates a voltage that was specified by the engine control unit. This voltage represents the total voltage used for the glow plug.
  • the control unit 32 also houses a current measuring device with which the current intensity, which is greater than the
  • control unit 32 contains a memory and a computing unit.
  • the engine control unit 30 and the control unit 32 can also be combined in one device.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the resistances occurring across the glow plug.
  • the resistor 41 with a value R20 is the resistance of the ceramic supply layer 20.
  • the resistor 43 with a value R1 contains the resistance of the heating layer.
  • the resistor 45 with a value R21 contains the resistance of the ceramic lead layer 21.
  • the resistors 41, 43 and 45 are connected in series. For the considerations carried out with reference to FIG. 4, any cross currents that may occur should be neglected.
  • the total resistance R thus results from the sum of the resistances R20, R1 and R21.
  • the resistance R1 forms the largest summand.
  • An effective voltage is specified by the engine control unit 30 based on the characteristic diagrams contained therein and the desired temperature of the glow plug, which is regulated by the control unit 32. Due to the temperature dependence of the resistors 41, 43 and 45, a current I is established via the glow plug, that is to say via the resistor R, which is measured in the control unit 32.
  • the temperature dependence of the total resistance R R20 + Rl + R21 results mainly from the temperature dependence of the resistance Rl, since this resistance has the greatest value.
  • the temperature dependence of the resistors R20, Rl and R21 is almost constant over the entire operating range of the glow plug between room temperature and a temperature of approx. 1400 ° C.
  • the temperature of the combustion chamber is in the operating range of the glow plug.
  • the measured current intensity I is converted by the control device 32 into a temperature based on a stored characteristic map, which mainly results from the temperature of the heating layer 18 due to the significantly higher resistance R1 compared to the resistors R20 and R21. This temperature is sent to the engine control unit 30 returned, the effective voltage for the glow plug being newly specified based on the temperature determined.
  • the temperature of the heating layer 18 of the glow pencil in another way, for example on a display.
  • the determined temperature for example, taking into account one or more reference temperatures stored in the engine control unit 30, to derive conclusions about the quality of the combustion in a cylinder-specific manner.
  • the control unit can take cylinder-specific measures which influence the combustion process and can thus ensure correct combustion again.
  • the injection duration, the start of injection or the injection pressure of the fuel could then be varied, for example.
  • the glow plug in passive mode, i.e. After the afterglow period, when the glow plug is no longer in active mode, measure the temperature of the combustion chamber.
  • a correspondingly lower effective voltage is specified and, in analogy to active operation, the current I which is established via the resistor R is measured, and the temperature of the heating area, which then corresponds to the temperature of the combustion chamber, is inferred.
  • the temperature of the combustion chamber can be compared with one or more reference values stored in the engine control unit for correct combustion in a cylinder-specific manner. Should the
  • p (T) the specific resistance as a function of the temperature T
  • pg the specific resistance at room temperature Tg
  • ⁇ (T) a temperature coefficient which is temperature-dependent.
  • the specific resistance of the heating layer 18 can be chosen such that pg of the heating layer is greater than P of the supply layers. Or else the temperature coefficient ⁇ of the heating layer 18 can be greater in the operating range of the glow plug than the temperature coefficient ⁇ of the supply layers 20, 21. It is also possible to choose both pg and ⁇ for the heating layer 18 larger for the operating range of the glow plug than for supply layers 20, 21.
  • the composition of the heating layer 18 and the Lead layers 20, 21 are selected such that the pg of the lead layers 20, 21 is at least 10 times smaller than the P ⁇ of the heating layer 18.
  • the temperature coefficient ⁇ of the heating layer 18 and the supply layers 20, 21 is approximately the same.
  • the resistivity of the insulation layer 22 is overall
  • heating layers there are heating layers, the supply layers and the
  • Insulation layer made of ceramic composite structures, which contains at least two of the compounds Al 2 O 3 , MoSi 2 , Si 3 N 4 and Y 2 O 3 . These composite structures can be obtained by a single or multi-stage sintering process.
  • the specific resistance of the layers can preferably be determined by the MoSi 2 content and / or the grain size of MoSi 2 , preferably the MoSi 2 content of the supply layers 20, 21 is higher than the MoSi 2 content of the heating layer 18, the heating layer 18 in turn has a higher MoSi 2 content than the insulation layer 22.
  • the heating layer 18, supply layers 20, 21 and the insulation layer 22 consist of a composite precursor ceramic with different proportions of fillers.
  • the matrix of this material consists of polysiloxanes, polysilsequioxanes, polysilanes or polysilazanes, which can be doped with boron or aluminum and which are produced by pyrolysis.
  • the filler forms at least one of the compounds Al 2 0 3 , MoSi 2 and SiC for the individual layers. Analogous to that The above-mentioned composite structure can preferably determine the MoSi 2 content and / or the grain size of MoSi 2 the specific resistance of the layers.
  • the MoSi 2 content of the feed layers 20, 21 is preferably set higher than the MoSi 2 content of the heating layer 18, the
  • Heating layer 18 in turn has a higher MoSi 2 content than the insulation layer 22.
  • compositions of the insulation layer, the supply layers and the heating layer are selected in the above-mentioned exemplary embodiments so that their thermal expansion coefficients and the shrinkage of the individual supply, heating and insulation layers occurring during the sintering or pyrolysis process are the same, so that no cracks arise in the glow pencil.
  • FIG. 5 shows a further preferred exemplary embodiment of the invention on the basis of a schematic longitudinal section through a glow plug 1 according to the invention.
  • the same reference numerals used in the previous figures mean the same components, which will not be explained again here.
  • the glow plug shown in FIG. 5 has a round plug 2, which is in electrical contact with the cylindrical feed line 5.
  • the cylindrical feed line 5 is over the
  • the cylindrical feed line 5, the contact pin 10, the contacting element 12 and the ceramic glow plug 14 are arranged one behind the other in this order, as shown in FIG. 5, in the direction of the combustion chamber.
  • the ceramic glow plug 14 has a pin 11 at the end remote from the combustion chamber.
  • the pin 11 forms an extension of the glow plug 14 in the direction of End distant from the combustion chamber by a cylindrical lead-out of the ceramic supply layers 20, 21 and the insulation layer 22, the pin 11 having a smaller outside diameter than the part of the glow plug 14 adjoining in the direction of the combustion chamber, the collar 13.
  • the Glow plug 14 has a heating layer 18 at the end on the combustion chamber side.
  • the two supply layers 20 and 21 can only be connected at the end of the glow plug on the combustion chamber side, as is done via the heating element 18.
  • connection element which can also be formed in one piece.
  • connection element a flange is provided which, together with the pin 11, limits the contacting element 12 in the direction of the axis of the glow plug.
  • the contacting element 12 which consists of a tablet made of electrically conductive powder, is preferably designed as graphite or a metal powder or an electrically conductive ceramic powder.
  • the tablet made of electrically conductive powder can also consist of at least a predominant proportion of graphite or of the metal powder or of the electrically conductive ceramic powder. Due to the design of the contacting element 12 as an electrically conductive powder, the contacting element 12 ensures a resilient contacting, which is able to carry high currents without thermal destruction. The large surface of the powder ensures good thermal conductivity. For the same reason, a low contact resistance with good conductivity can be realized. Graphite and ceramic conductive materials are also corrosion resistant.
  • the elastic spring component of the tablet made of electrically conductive powder ensures that the tablet compensates for thermal movements of the components by means of different coefficients of thermal expansion.
  • the tablet made of electrically conductive powder is delimited by a cylindrical clamping sleeve 9, which is present here as an independent component instead of the ceramic sleeve 8 shown in FIG.
  • the clamping sleeve 9 is provided in the same way as the ceramic sleeve 8 as an insulating component; in a preferred exemplary embodiment it consists of ceramic material.
  • the tablet made of electrically conductive powder is pressed firmly between the flange of the connecting element on the end facing away from the combustion chamber, the pin 11 of the glow plug 14 on the end facing the combustion chamber and the clamping sleeve 9.
  • the clamping between these fixed components in particular the fixed stop of the clamping sleeve 9 on the ceramic sleeve 8, i.e. the limited pressing height prevents the surrounding clamping sleeve 9 from not tearing due to excessive internal pressure build-up due to the pressing of the contacting element 12.
  • the axial preloading of the elastic spring component achieved by clamping the tablet made of electrically conductive powder can compensate for thermal expansions, settling behavior and vibration stress when the glow plug is shaken.
  • a glow plug according to FIG. 5 with a tablet made of electrically conductive powder as the contacting element 12 is produced as follows. First, the packing 15 is guided from the tip of the ceramic glow plug 14 on the combustion chamber side over the ceramic glow plug 14 and as a composite into the candle housing 4 from Inserted end distant from the combustion chamber. Subsequently, the contacting element 12, the clamping sleeve 9, the connecting element 5, 10, the ceramic sleeve 8 and the metal ring 7 are arranged in a holding element and then likewise inserted into the candle housing 4 from the end remote from the combustion chamber.
  • the components located in the candle housing are pressed, in particular the contacting element 12, which consists of a tablet made of electrically conductive powder, and the sealing packing 15 are pressed.
  • a force is only exerted on the contacting element 12 until the contact pin 10 of the connecting element 5, 10 has been pressed completely into the clamping sleeve 9 and the end face of the ceramic sleeve 8 on the end face of the
  • Adapter sleeve 9 rests.
  • the compression of the tablet from electrically conductive powder also ensures that the elastic spring portion of the tablet is biased.
  • the metal ring 7 is then caulked by means of a force applied radially from the outside to the candle housing 4.
  • the seal 3 and the circular plug 2 are mounted and also caulked by means of a force applied radially from the outside to the candle housing 4.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Spark Plugs (AREA)
  • Ignition Installations For Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)

Abstract

Disclosed is a ceramic sheathed element glow plug. The ceramic glow plug of said sheathed element glow plug consists of an electroconductive layer and an electrically insulating insulation layer. The conductive layer consists of supply layers and a heating layer. The higher specific electric resistance of the heating layer enables to determine the temperature of the heating layer and the combustion chamber. The electric contact between a connection element and the glow plug is produced by means of a contact element which is embodied by a tablet made of an electroconductive powder.

Description

Keramische GlühstiftkerzeCeramic glow plug
Stand der TechnikState of the art
Die Erfindung geht aus von einer keramischen Glühstiftkerze für Dieselmotoren nach der Gattung der unabhängigen Ansprüche. Es sind bereits Glühstiftkerzen mit außenliegendem keramischen Heizer beispielsweise aus der Patentanmeldung DE-OS 40 28 859 bekannt. Desweiteren sind z.B. aus DE-OS 29 37 884 metallische Glühstiftkerzen bekannt, bei denen die metallische Glühwendel mit einem Thermoelement verschweißt ist. Hier läßt sich während des Betriebs der Glühstiftkerze durch die Erfassung der Thermospannung die Temperatur im jeweiligen Zylinder messen. In einer Glühstiftkerze mit keramischem Heizelement ist jedoch eine metallische Glühwendel nicht vorhanden.The invention is based on a ceramic glow plug for diesel engines according to the category of the independent claims. Glow plugs with an external ceramic heater are already known, for example, from patent application DE-OS 40 28 859. Furthermore, e.g. known from DE-OS 29 37 884 metallic glow plugs, in which the metallic filament is welded to a thermocouple. Here, the temperature in the respective cylinder can be measured during the operation of the glow plug by detecting the thermal voltage. However, a metallic filament is not present in a glow plug with a ceramic heating element.
Weiterhin ist aus der DE 198 44 347 ist eine Glühstiftkerze mit einem Anschlußelement bekannt, das mit dem Glühstift über ein Kontaktierungselement elektrisch verbunden ist. Dieses Kontaktierungselement wird, wie Figur 1 zu entnehmen ist, als Feder ausgeführt. Vorteile der ErfindungFurthermore, from DE 198 44 347 a glow plug is known with a connection element which is electrically connected to the glow plug via a contacting element. As shown in FIG. 1, this contacting element is designed as a spring. Advantages of the invention
Die erfindungsgemäße keramische Glühstiftkerze mit den Merkmalen des ersten unabhängigen Anspruchs hat den Vorteil, daß die Temperatur des Glühstiftes meßbar ist. Es ist in einer keramischen Glühstiftkerze erstmals möglich, ohne zusätzlichen apparativen Aufwand die Temperatur des Glühstiftes direkt in einem ausgewählten Bereich an der Außenseite des Glühstiftes zu messen. Die Messung der Temperatur erfolgt in einem gegenüber dem Volumen des gesamten Glühstiftes kleinen, ausgewählten Bereich, wodurch der Fehler, der durch eine Temperaturverteilung über ein großes Volumen auftritt, bei der Temperaturbestimmung verringert werden kann. Es ist weiterhin vorteilhaft, daß in der erfindungsgemäßen Glühstiftkerze eine Konzentration der Heizleistung in einem ausgewählten Bereich des Glühstiftes realisiert werden kann, ohne den Querschnitt der leitfähigen Schicht zu ändern, sodaß die Oberfläche in dem Bereich, in dem die Konzentration der Heizleistung erfolgen soll, konstant bleibt und somit auch die Wechselwirkungsfläche konstant gehalten wird. Von Vorteil ist weiterhin, daß die Fertigung einer derartigen keramischen Temperaturmeß- Glühstiftkerze kostengünstig gestaltet werden kann.The ceramic glow plug according to the invention with the features of the first independent claim has the advantage that the temperature of the glow plug can be measured. It is possible for the first time in a ceramic glow plug to measure the temperature of the glow plug directly in a selected area on the outside of the glow plug without additional equipment. The measurement of the temperature takes place in a selected area which is small compared to the volume of the entire glow plug, as a result of which the error which occurs due to a temperature distribution over a large volume can be reduced in the temperature determination. It is furthermore advantageous that in the glow plug according to the invention a concentration of the heating power can be realized in a selected area of the glow pin without changing the cross section of the conductive layer, so that the surface in the area in which the heating power is to be concentrated is constant remains and thus the interaction surface is kept constant. Another advantage is that the manufacture of such a ceramic temperature measuring glow plug can be designed inexpensively.
Durch die in den auf den ersten unabhängigen Anspruch bezogenen Unteransprüchen aufgeführten Maßnahmen sind vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen und Verbesserungen der im Hauptanspruch angegebenen keramischen Glühstiftkerze möglich. Insbesondere ist durch eine geeignete Wahl der für die verschiedenen Bereiche der Glühstiftkerze verwendeten keramischen Materialien sichergestellt, daß die mechanische Stabilität des Heizers nicht beeinträchtigt wird. Eine Vearbeitung der gemessenen Temperaturwerte durch ein Steuergerät erlaubt eine Regelung der Temperatur in dem ausgewählten Bereich des Glühstiftes. Es ist außerdem vorteilhaft, die erfindungsgemäße Glühstiftkerze im Passivbetrieb, nachdem sie die Aufheizfunktion erfüllt hat, als Temperatursensor zu benutzen. Es kann so festgestellt werden, ob die Verbrennung im jeweiligen Zylinder korrekt abläuft. Vorteilhaft ist, daß aufgrund dieser Informationen eine Beeinflussung von für die Verbrennung relevanten Parametern erfolgen kann.The measures listed in the subclaims relating to the first independent claim permit advantageous developments and improvements of the ceramic glow plug shown in the main claim. In particular, a suitable choice of the ceramic materials used for the different areas of the glow plug ensures that the mechanical stability of the heater is not impaired. A processing of the measured temperature values by a control device allows a regulation of the temperature in the selected area of the glow plug. It is also advantageous to use the glow plug according to the invention in passive mode as a temperature sensor after it has fulfilled the heating function. In this way it can be determined whether the combustion in the respective cylinder is proceeding correctly. It is advantageous that, based on this information, parameters relevant to combustion can be influenced.
Die erfindungsgemäße keramische Glühstiftkerze mit denThe ceramic glow plug with the invention
Merkmalen des unabhängigen Anspruchs 14 hat gegenüber dem Stand der Technik den Vorteil, daß aufgrund des größeren Leitungsquerschnitts höhere Ströme ohne thermische Zerstörung des Materials des Kontaktierungselements übertragen werden können. Die große Oberfläche desFeatures of independent claim 14 has the advantage over the prior art that, because of the larger line cross section, higher currents can be transmitted without thermal destruction of the material of the contacting element. The large surface of the
Kontaktierungsmaterials ist weiterhin vorteilhaft, da sie eine gute Wärmeleitfähigkeit ermöglicht. Der elastische Federanteil stellt sicher, daß thermische Verschiebungen der umgebenden Bauteile aufgrund von unterschiedlichen Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten ausgeglichen werden können.Contacting material is also advantageous because it enables good thermal conductivity. The elastic spring component ensures that thermal shifts in the surrounding components due to different coefficients of thermal expansion can be compensated for.
Die in den abhängigen Ansprüchen, bezogen auf Anspruch 14, aufgeführten Maßnahmen sind vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen und Verbesserungen der im Hauptanspruch angegebenen keramischen Glühstiftkerze möglich. Dabei ist es vorteilhaft, das Kontaktierungselement als Graphit oder leitfähiges Keramikpulver auszubilden, da diese Materialien korrosionsbeständig sind. Weiterhin ist es vorteilhaft, nur einen überwiegenden Teil des Materials als Graphit oder leitfähige Keramik oder Metallpulver vorzusehen, daThe measures listed in the dependent claims, based on claim 14, are advantageous developments and improvements of the ceramic glow plug specified in the main claim. It is advantageous to design the contacting element as graphite or conductive ceramic powder, since these materials are corrosion-resistant. Furthermore, it is advantageous to provide only a predominant part of the material as graphite or conductive ceramic or metal powder, since
Einsparungen teuer Materialien bei annähernd gleichen Eigenschaften möglich ist. Weiterhin ist vorteilhaft, die Glühstiftkerze mit einem erfindungsgemäßen Kontaktierungselement nach der unten beschriebenen Art und Weise herzustellen, da so eine Anordnung der in dem Kerzengehäuse befindlichen Bestandteile erfolgt, die Kurzschlüsse verhindert. Außerdem ist gewährleistet, daß die Bestandteile so verpreßt werden, daß einerseits keine Lockerung der Bestandteile und andererseits keine Sprengung von Bestandteilen durch eine zu große Gegenkraft von federnden Elementen (z.B. durch das Kontaktierungselement) erfolgt .Savings in expensive materials with approximately the same properties is possible. It is also advantageous to manufacture the glow plug with a contacting element according to the invention in the manner described below, since such an arrangement of the Components contained in the candle housing are made, which prevents short circuits. In addition, it is ensured that the components are pressed in such a way that, on the one hand, there is no loosening of the components and, on the other hand, no detonation of components due to an excessive counterforce of resilient elements (for example by the contacting element).
Zeichnungendrawings
Die Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung sind in Zeichnungen dargestellt und in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert . Es zeigen Figur 1 eine erfindungsgemäße Glühstiftkerze imThe exemplary embodiments of the invention are illustrated in drawings and explained in more detail in the description below. 1 shows a glow plug according to the invention in
Längsschnitt ,Longitudinal section,
Figur 2 den vorderen Abschnitt des außenliegenden keramischen Heizers als Seitenansicht,FIG. 2 shows the front section of the external ceramic heater as a side view,
Figur 3 eine Verschaltung der erfindungsgemäßen Glühstiftkerze mit den Steuergeräten,FIG. 3 shows an interconnection of the glow plug according to the invention with the control units,
Figur 4 die in der erfindungsgemäßen keramischen4 shows the ceramic in the invention
Glühstiftkerze und in den Zuleitungen auftretendenGlow plug and occurring in the supply lines
Widerstände undResistors and
Figur 5 eine erfindungsgemäße Glühstiftkerze im Längsschnitt.Figure 5 shows a glow plug according to the invention in longitudinal section.
Beschreibung der AusführungsbeispieleDescription of the embodiments
Figur 1 zeigt schematisch einen Längsschnitt durch eine erfindungsgemäße keramische Glühstiftkerze 1. Am brennraumfernen Ende der Glühstiftkerze 1 erfolgt der elektrische Kontakt über einen Rundstecker 2, der über eine Dichtung 3 vom Kerzengehäuse 4 getrennt und mit der zylindrischen Zuleitung 5 verbunden ist. Die Fixierung der zylindrischen Zuleitung 5 im Kerzengehäuse 4 erfolgt über einen Metallring 7 und eine elektrisch isolierende Keramikhülse 8. Die zylindrische Zuleitung 5 ist über einen Kontaktstift 10, wobei die zylindrische Zuleitung 5 auch mit dem Kontaktstift 10 in einem Bauteil vereinigt sein kann, und ein geeignetes Kontaktierungselement 12 , das vorzugsweise als Kontaktfeder oder als eine elektrisch leitfähige Pulverpackung oder als eine elektrisch leitfähige Tablette mit einem elastischen Federanteil, vorzugsweise aus Graphit, ausgebildet ist, mit dem keramischen Glühstift 14 verbunden. Das Innere der Glühkerze wird mittels einerFIG. 1 schematically shows a longitudinal section through a ceramic glow plug 1 according to the invention. At the end of the glow plug 1 remote from the combustion chamber, electrical contact takes place via a circular plug 2, which is separated from the plug housing 4 via a seal 3 and is connected to the cylindrical feed line 5. The cylindrical feed line 5 is fixed in the candle housing 4 via a metal ring 7 and an electrically insulating ceramic sleeve 8. The cylindrical lead 5 is via a contact pin 10, wherein the cylindrical lead 5 can also be combined with the contact pin 10 in one component, and a suitable contacting element 12, preferably as a contact spring or as a electrically conductive powder pack or as an electrically conductive tablet with an elastic spring component, preferably made of graphite, is connected to the ceramic glow plug 14. The inside of the glow plug is covered by a
Dichtpackung 15 gegenüber dem Brennraum abgedichtet. Die Dichtpackung 15 besteht aus einer elektrisch leitenden Kohlenstoff-Verbindung. Die Dichtpackung 15 kann aber auch durch Metalle, eine Mischung aus Kohlenstoff und Metall oder eine Mischung aus Keramik und Metall ausgebildet sein. Der Glühstift 14 besteht aus einer keramischen Heizschicht 18 und keramischen Zuleitungsschichten 20 und 21, wobei die beiden Zuleitungsschichten 20, 21 durch die Heizschicht 18 verbunden sind und mit der Heizschicht 18 zusammen die Leitschicht bilden. Die Zuleitungsschichten 20, 21 besitzen eine beliebige Form, auch die Heizschicht 18 kann eine beliebige Form besitzen. Vorzugsweise ist die Leitschicht u- för ig ausgebildet. Die Zuleitungschichten 20 und 21 sind über eine Isolationsschicht 22, die ebenfalls aus keramischem Material besteht, getrennt. In dem in Figur 1 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel ist der Glühstift 14 derart gestaltet, daß die Zuleitungsschichten 20 und 21 sowie die Heizschicht 18 außen am Glühstift 14 angeordnet sind. Es ist jedoch auch möglich, mindestens die Zuleitungsschichten 20 und 21 so anzuordnen, daß sie sich innerhalb des Glühstiftes befinden und noch von einer außen liegenden, keramischen, isolierenden Schicht bedeckt werden. Innerhalb des Kerzengehäuses ist der keramische Glühstift durch eine nicht dargestellte Glasschicht von den übrigen Bestandteilen der Glühstiftkerze 4, 8, 12, 15 isoliert. Um den elektrischen Kontakt zwischen dem Kontaktierungselement 12 und der Zuleitungsschicht 20 herzustellen, ist die Glasschicht an der Stelle 24 unterbrochen. Die Glasschicht ist ebenfalls unterbrochen, für einen elektrischen Kontakt zwischen Zuleitungsschicht 21 und Kerzengehäuse 4 über die Dichtpackung 15 an der Stelle 26. In diesemSealing packing 15 sealed against the combustion chamber. The sealing packing 15 consists of an electrically conductive carbon compound. The sealing packing 15 can also be formed by metals, a mixture of carbon and metal or a mixture of ceramic and metal. The glow plug 14 consists of a ceramic heating layer 18 and ceramic supply layers 20 and 21, the two supply layers 20, 21 being connected by the heating layer 18 and together with the heating layer 18 forming the conductive layer. The supply layers 20, 21 have any shape, and the heating layer 18 can also have any shape. The conductive layer is preferably U-shaped. The lead layers 20 and 21 are separated by an insulation layer 22, which is also made of ceramic material. In the embodiment shown in Figure 1, the glow plug 14 is designed such that the supply layers 20 and 21 and the heating layer 18 are arranged on the outside of the glow plug 14. However, it is also possible to arrange at least the supply layers 20 and 21 such that they are located within the glow plug and are still covered by an external, ceramic, insulating layer. Inside the candle housing, the ceramic glow plug is isolated from the other components of the glow plug 4, 8, 12, 15 by a glass layer (not shown). Around To establish the electrical contact between the contacting element 12 and the lead layer 20, the glass layer is interrupted at point 24. The glass layer is also interrupted for electrical contact between the supply layer 21 and the candle housing 4 via the sealing packing 15 at the point 26. In this
Ausführungsbeispiel wurde als bevorzugte Ausfuhrungsform die Heizschicht 18 an der Spitze des Glühstiftes plaziert. Es ist jedoch auch denkbar, diese Heizschicht an einer anderen Stelle der Leitschicht zu plazieren. Die Heizschicht 18 sollte sich an der Stelle befinden, an der die größte Heizwirkung erzielt werden soll.Exemplary embodiment, the heating layer 18 was placed at the tip of the glow pencil as the preferred embodiment. However, it is also conceivable to place this heating layer at a different location on the conductive layer. The heating layer 18 should be located at the point where the greatest heating effect is to be achieved.
In Figur 2 ist nochmals das keramische Heizelement in einer Ansicht von der Seite gezeigt . Wie in Figur 1 ist dieIn Figure 2, the ceramic heating element is shown again in a view from the side. As in Figure 1, the
Ausfuhrungsform, bei der sich die Heizschicht 18 an der Spitze des Glühstiftes befindet, dargestellt. Desweiteren sind die Zuleitungsschichten 20, 21 und die Isolationsschicht 22 zu erkennen. In dieser Seitenansicht ist die Ausfuhrungsform gezeigt, in der die Leitschicht, bestehend aus den Zuleitungsschichten 20 und 21 und der Heizschicht 18, eine u-förmige Gestalt aufweist.Embodiment in which the heating layer 18 is located at the tip of the glow pencil. Furthermore, the feed layers 20, 21 and the insulation layer 22 can be seen. This side view shows the embodiment in which the conductive layer, consisting of the supply layers 20 and 21 and the heating layer 18, has a U-shaped shape.
Der Betriebszustand, in dem der Glühstift zur Unterstützung der Verbrennung im Brennraum beheizt wird, wobei dieses Heizen beim Start der Brennkraftmaschine, während einer Nachglühphase, die sich vorzugsweise über 3 Minuten erstreckt, sowie während einer Zwischenglühphase erfolgt, wenn die Temperatur des Brennraums während des Betriebs der Brennkraftmaschine zu stark absinkt, wird Aktivbetrieb genannt .The operating state in which the glow plug is heated in order to support the combustion in the combustion chamber, this heating taking place when the internal combustion engine is started, during an afterglow phase, which preferably extends over 3 minutes, and during an intermediate glow phase, when the temperature of the combustion chamber is in operation the internal combustion engine drops too much is called active operation.
Bei der erfindungsgemäßen keramischen Glühstiftkerze ist das Material der Heizschicht 18 so gewählt, daß der absolute elektrische Widerstand der Heizschicht 18 größer ist als der absolute elektrische Widerstand der Zuleitungsschichten 20, 21. (Im Folgenden soll unter der Bezeichnung Widerstand ohne Zusatz der absolute elektrische Widerstand verstanden werden.) Um Querströme zwischen der Leitschicht zu vermeiden, ist der Widerstand der Isolationsschicht so gewählt, daß er deutlich größer als der Widerstand der Heizschicht 18 und der Zuleitungsschichten 20, 21 ist.In the ceramic glow plug according to the invention, the material of the heating layer 18 is selected so that the absolute electrical resistance of the heating layer 18 is greater than that absolute electrical resistance of the supply layers 20, 21. (In the following, the term resistance without addition means the absolute electrical resistance.) In order to avoid cross currents between the conductive layer, the resistance of the insulation layer is chosen such that it is significantly greater than the resistance the heating layer 18 and the supply layers 20, 21.
In Figur 3 ist schematisch dargestellt, welche Geräte mit der Glühstiftkerze 1 kommunizieren. Dies ist zunächst das Motorsteuergerät 30, das eine Rechner- und eine Speichereinheit beinhaltet. Im Motorsteuergerät 30 werden die motorabhängigen Parameter der Glühstiftkerze gespeichert. Dies können beispielsweise die Widerstands- Temperaturkennfelder in Abhängigkeit von Last und Drehzahl des Motors sein. Der Speicher des Motorsteuergeräts enthält auch einen oder mehrere Temperatur-Referenzwerte für eine korrekte Verbrennung. Das Motorsteuergerät kann Parameter steuern, die die Verbrennung beeinflussen, beispielsweise die Einspritzdauer, den Einspitzbeginn und das Einspritzende des Kraftstoffs. Das Steuergerät 32 regelt eine Spannung, die vom Motorsteuergerät vorgegeben wurde. Diese Spannung stellt die für die Glühstiftkerze verwendete Gesamtspannung dar. Das Steuergerät 32 beherbergt außerdem ein Strommeßgerät, mit dem die Stromstärke, die über denFIG. 3 shows schematically which devices communicate with the glow plug 1. First of all, this is the engine control unit 30, which contains a computer and a storage unit. The engine-dependent parameters of the glow plug are stored in the engine control unit 30. These can be the resistance-temperature maps, for example, depending on the load and speed of the engine. The engine control unit memory also contains one or more temperature reference values for correct combustion. The engine control unit can control parameters that influence the combustion, for example the injection duration, the start of injection and the end of injection of the fuel. The control unit 32 regulates a voltage that was specified by the engine control unit. This voltage represents the total voltage used for the glow plug. The control unit 32 also houses a current measuring device with which the current intensity, which is greater than the
Glühstift fließt, gemessen wird. Außerdem beinhaltet das Steuergerät 32 eine Speicher- und eine Recheneinheit. Das Motorsteuergerät 30 und das Steuergerät 32 können auch in einem Gerät vereinigt sein.Glow plug flows, is measured. In addition, the control unit 32 contains a memory and a computing unit. The engine control unit 30 and the control unit 32 can also be combined in one device.
Die Figur 4 veranschaulicht die über die Glühstiftkerze auftretenden Widerstände. Der Widerstand 41 mit einem Wert R20 ist der Widerstand der keramischen Zuleitungsschicht 20. Der Widerstand 43 mit einem Wert Rl beinhaltet den Widerstand der Heizschicht. Der Widerstand 45 mit einem Wert R21 beinhaltet den Widerstand der keramischen Zuleitungsschicht 21. Hinzu kommen noch die Widerstände der übrigen Zu- und Rückleitungen, die jedoch alle klein gegenüber den Widerständen R20 und R21 sind und deshalb nicht berücksichtigt werden. Sie sind in Figur 4 nicht gezeichnet. Die Widerstände 41, 43 und 45 sind in Reihe verschaltet . Für die anhand von Figur 4 durchgeführten Betrachtungen sollen evtl. auftretende Querströme vernachlässigt werden. Somit ergibt sich der Gesamtwiderstand R aus der Summe der Widerstände R20, Rl und R21. Der Widerstand Rl bildet dabei den größten Summanden.Figure 4 illustrates the resistances occurring across the glow plug. The resistor 41 with a value R20 is the resistance of the ceramic supply layer 20. The resistor 43 with a value R1 contains the resistance of the heating layer. The resistor 45 with a value R21 contains the resistance of the ceramic lead layer 21. In addition there are the resistances of the other supply and return leads, which are all small compared to the resistors R20 and R21 and are therefore not taken into account. They are not shown in Figure 4. The resistors 41, 43 and 45 are connected in series. For the considerations carried out with reference to FIG. 4, any cross currents that may occur should be neglected. The total resistance R thus results from the sum of the resistances R20, R1 and R21. The resistance R1 forms the largest summand.
Vom Motorsteuergerät 30 wird anhand der dort enthaltenen Kennfelder und der gewünschten Temperatur des Glühstiftes eine Effektivspannung vorgegeben, die vom Steuergerät 32 geregelt wird. Aufgrund der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Widerstände 41, 43 und 45 stellt sich ein Strom I über die Glühstiftkerze, also über den Widerstand R, ein, der im Steuergerät 32 gemessen wird. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit des Gesamtwiderstandes R = R20 + Rl + R21 ergibt sich dabei hauptsächlich aus der Temperaturabhängigkeit des Widerstandes Rl , da dieser Widerstand den größten Wert besitzt. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Widerstände R20, Rl und R21 ist über den gesamten Betriebsbereich der Glühstiftkerze zwischen Raumtemperatur und einer Temperatur von ca. 1400°C nahezu konstant. Die Temperatur des Brennraums liegt im Betriebsbereich der Glühstiftkerze.An effective voltage is specified by the engine control unit 30 based on the characteristic diagrams contained therein and the desired temperature of the glow plug, which is regulated by the control unit 32. Due to the temperature dependence of the resistors 41, 43 and 45, a current I is established via the glow plug, that is to say via the resistor R, which is measured in the control unit 32. The temperature dependence of the total resistance R = R20 + Rl + R21 results mainly from the temperature dependence of the resistance Rl, since this resistance has the greatest value. The temperature dependence of the resistors R20, Rl and R21 is almost constant over the entire operating range of the glow plug between room temperature and a temperature of approx. 1400 ° C. The temperature of the combustion chamber is in the operating range of the glow plug.
Die gemessene Stromstärke I wird vom Steuergerät 32 anhand eines gespeicherten Kennfeldes in eine Temperatur umgerechnet, die sich aufgrund des deutlich höheren Widerstandes Rl gegenüber den Widerständen R20 und R21 hauptsächlich aus der Temperatur der Heizschicht 18 ergibt. Diese Temperatur wird an das Motorsteuergerät 30 zurückgegeben, wobei aufgrund der ermittelten Temperatur die Effektivspannung für die Glühstiftkerze neu vorgegeben wird.The measured current intensity I is converted by the control device 32 into a temperature based on a stored characteristic map, which mainly results from the temperature of the heating layer 18 due to the significantly higher resistance R1 compared to the resistors R20 and R21. This temperature is sent to the engine control unit 30 returned, the effective voltage for the glow plug being newly specified based on the temperature determined.
Es ist ebenfalls möglich, die Temperatur der Heizschicht 18 des Glühstiftes anderweitig auszugeben, beispielsweise auf einem Display. Weiterhin ist es möglich, anhand der ermittelten Temperatur beispielsweise unter Berücksichtigung von einer oder mehreren, im Motorsteuergerät 30 gespeicherten, Referenztemperaturen Schlußfolgerungen über die Qualität der Verbrennung zylinderspezifisch herzuleiten. Im Falle einer nicht korrekten Verbrennung können vom Steuergerät zylinderspezifische Maßnahmen ergriffen werden, die den Verbrennungsvorgang beeinflussen und so wieder für eine korrekte Verbrennung sorgen können. Es könnte dann beispielsweise die Einspritzdauer, der Einspritzbeginn oder der Einspritzdruck des Kraftstoffs variiert werden.It is also possible to output the temperature of the heating layer 18 of the glow pencil in another way, for example on a display. Furthermore, it is possible to use the determined temperature, for example, taking into account one or more reference temperatures stored in the engine control unit 30, to derive conclusions about the quality of the combustion in a cylinder-specific manner. In the event of incorrect combustion, the control unit can take cylinder-specific measures which influence the combustion process and can thus ensure correct combustion again. The injection duration, the start of injection or the injection pressure of the fuel could then be varied, for example.
In einem weiteren Ausführungsbeispiel ist es möglich, auch im Passivbetrieb der Glühstiftkerze, d.h. nach der Nachglühzeit, wenn sich die Glühstiftkerze nicht mehr im Aktivbetrieb befindet, eine Messung der Temperatur des Brennraums vorzunehmen. Hier wird eine entsprechend niedrigere Effektivspannung vorgegeben und, analog zum Aktivbetrieb der sich über den Widerstand R einstellende Strom I gemessen und so auf die Temperatur des Heizbereichs geschlossen, der dann der Temperatur des Brennraums entspricht . Ebenso wie im Aktivbetrieb kann die Temperatur des Brennraums zylinderspezifisch mit einem oder mehreren im Motorsteuergerät gespeicherten Referenzwerten für eine korrekte Verbrennung verglichen werden. Sollte dieIn a further exemplary embodiment, it is also possible to operate the glow plug in passive mode, i.e. After the afterglow period, when the glow plug is no longer in active mode, measure the temperature of the combustion chamber. Here, a correspondingly lower effective voltage is specified and, in analogy to active operation, the current I which is established via the resistor R is measured, and the temperature of the heating area, which then corresponds to the temperature of the combustion chamber, is inferred. As in active mode, the temperature of the combustion chamber can be compared with one or more reference values stored in the engine control unit for correct combustion in a cylinder-specific manner. Should the
Temperatur des Brennraums nicht einer korrekten Verbrennung entsprechen, können, wie für den aktiven Betrieb der Glühstiftkerze erläutert, Maßnahmen ergriffen werden, die wieder für eine korrekte Verbrennung sorgen, beispielsweise eine Variation der Einspritzdauer, des Einspritzbeginns und des Einspritzdrucks des Kraftstoffes.If the temperature of the combustion chamber does not correspond to correct combustion, measures can be taken, as explained for the active operation of the glow plug, which ensure correct combustion, for example a variation of the injection duration, the start of injection and the injection pressure of the fuel.
Der Wert der Widerstände R20, Rl und R21 sowie deren Temperaturabhängigkeit wird wegenThe value of the resistors R20, Rl and R21 and their temperature dependency is due to
R = p * 1 / A ,R = p * 1 / A,
wobei 1 die Länge des Widerstandes und A die Querschnittsfläche darstellt, durch die Temperaturabhängigkeit des spezifischen Widerstandes p eingestellt. Dabei ergibt sich die Temperaturabhängigkeit auswhere 1 represents the length of the resistor and A the cross-sectional area, set by the temperature dependence of the specific resistance p. The temperature dependency results from this
p(T) = p0(T0) * (1 + (T) * (T-T0)).p (T) = p 0 (T 0 ) * (1 + (T) * (TT 0 )).
Es bezeichnet p(T) den spezifischen Widerstand als Funktion der Temperatur T, pg den spezifischen Widerstand bei der Raumtemperatur Tg und α(T) einen Temperaturkoeffizienten, der temperaturabhängig ist.It denotes p (T) the specific resistance as a function of the temperature T, pg the specific resistance at room temperature Tg and α (T) a temperature coefficient which is temperature-dependent.
Um eine unterschiedliche Temperaturabhängigkeit der Widerstände der Zuleitungen R20 und R21 gegenüber dem Widerstand Rl zu erreichen, kann der spezifische Widerstand der Heizschicht 18 so gewählt werden, daß pg der Heizschicht größer ist als P der Zuleitungsschichten. Oder aber der Temperaturkoeffizient α der Heizschicht 18 kann im Betriebsbereich der Glühstiftkerze größer sein als der Temperaturkoeffizient α der Zuleitungsschichten 20, 21. Es ist auch möglich, sowohl pg als auch α für die Heizschicht 18 für den Betriebsbereich der Glühstiftkerze größer zu wählen als für Zuleitungsschichten 20, 21.In order to achieve a different temperature dependence of the resistances of the supply lines R20 and R21 with respect to the resistance Rl, the specific resistance of the heating layer 18 can be chosen such that pg of the heating layer is greater than P of the supply layers. Or else the temperature coefficient α of the heating layer 18 can be greater in the operating range of the glow plug than the temperature coefficient α of the supply layers 20, 21. It is also possible to choose both pg and α for the heating layer 18 larger for the operating range of the glow plug than for supply layers 20, 21.
In einem bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel wird die Zusammensetzung der Heizschicht 18 und der Zuleitungsschichten 20, 21 so gewählt, daß das pg der Zuleitungsschichten 20, 21 mindestens 10 mal kleiner als das Pθ der Heizschicht 18 ist. Der Temperaturkoeffizient α der Heizschicht 18 und der Zuleitungsschichten 20, 21 ist näherungsweise gleich. Somit ist eine Genauigkeit derIn a preferred embodiment, the composition of the heating layer 18 and the Lead layers 20, 21 are selected such that the pg of the lead layers 20, 21 is at least 10 times smaller than the P θ of the heating layer 18. The temperature coefficient α of the heating layer 18 and the supply layers 20, 21 is approximately the same. Thus, accuracy is the
Temperaturmessung von 20 Kelvin im gesamten Betriebsbereich der Glühstiftkerze realisiert.Temperature measurement of 20 Kelvin implemented in the entire operating range of the glow plug.
In einem bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel ist der spezifische Widerstand der Isolationsschicht 22 im gesamtenIn a preferred embodiment, the resistivity of the insulation layer 22 is overall
Betriebsbereich der Glühstiftkerze mindestens 10 mal größer als der spezifische Widerstand der Heizschicht 18.Operating range of the glow plug at least 10 times greater than the specific resistance of the heating layer 18.
In einem bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel bestehen Heizschicht, die Zuleitungsschichten und dieIn a preferred exemplary embodiment, there are heating layers, the supply layers and the
Isolationsschicht aus keramischen Verbundgefügen, die mindestens zwei der Verbindungen AI2O3 , MoSi2 , Si3N4 und Y2O3 enthält . Diese Verbundgefüge sind durch einen ein- oder mehrstufigen Sinterprozeß erhältlich. Der spezifische Widerstand der Schichten kann dabei vorzugsweise durch den MoSi2-Gehalt und/oder die Korngröße von MoSi2 bestimmt werden, vorzugsweise ist der MoSi2-Gehalt der Zuleitungsschichten 20, 21 höher als der MoSi2~Gehalt der Heizschicht 18, wobei die Heizschicht 18 wiederum einen höheren MoSi2~Gehalt als die Isolationsschicht 22 aufweist.Insulation layer made of ceramic composite structures, which contains at least two of the compounds Al 2 O 3 , MoSi 2 , Si 3 N 4 and Y 2 O 3 . These composite structures can be obtained by a single or multi-stage sintering process. The specific resistance of the layers can preferably be determined by the MoSi 2 content and / or the grain size of MoSi 2 , preferably the MoSi 2 content of the supply layers 20, 21 is higher than the MoSi 2 content of the heating layer 18, the heating layer 18 in turn has a higher MoSi 2 content than the insulation layer 22.
In einem weiteren Ausführungsbeispiel bestehen Heizschicht 18, Zuleitungsschichten 20, 21 und die Isolationsschicht 22 aus einer Komposit-Precursor-Keramik mit unterschiedlichen Anteilen an Füllstoffen. Die Matrix dieses Materials besteht dabei aus Polysiloxanen, Polysilsequioxanen, Polysilanen oder Polysilazanen, die mit Bor oder Aluminium dotiert sein können und die durch Pyrolyse hergestellt werden. Den Füllstoff bilden für die einzelnen Schichten mindestens eine der Verbindungen Al203, MoSi2 und SiC. Analog zu dem obengenannten Verbundgefüge kann vorzugsweise der MoSi2~ Gehalt und/oder die Korngröße von MoSi2 den spezifischen Widerstand der Schichten bestimmen. Vorzugsweise wird der MoSi2 -Gehalt der Zuleitungsschichten 20, 21 höher als der MoSi2-Gehalt der Heizschicht 18 eingestellt, wobei dieIn a further exemplary embodiment, the heating layer 18, supply layers 20, 21 and the insulation layer 22 consist of a composite precursor ceramic with different proportions of fillers. The matrix of this material consists of polysiloxanes, polysilsequioxanes, polysilanes or polysilazanes, which can be doped with boron or aluminum and which are produced by pyrolysis. The filler forms at least one of the compounds Al 2 0 3 , MoSi 2 and SiC for the individual layers. Analogous to that The above-mentioned composite structure can preferably determine the MoSi 2 content and / or the grain size of MoSi 2 the specific resistance of the layers. The MoSi 2 content of the feed layers 20, 21 is preferably set higher than the MoSi 2 content of the heating layer 18, the
Heizschicht 18 wiederum einen höheren MoSi2-Gehalt als die Isolationsschicht 22 aufweist.Heating layer 18 in turn has a higher MoSi 2 content than the insulation layer 22.
Die Zusammensetzungen der Isolationsschicht, der Zuleitungsschichten und der Heizschicht werden in den oben angegebenen Ausführungsbeispielen so gewählt, daß ihre thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten und die während des Sinter- bzw. Pyrolyseprozesses auftretenden Schrumpfungen der einzelnen Zuleitungs-, Heiz- und Isolationsschichten gleich sind, so daß keine Risse im Glühstift entstehen.The compositions of the insulation layer, the supply layers and the heating layer are selected in the above-mentioned exemplary embodiments so that their thermal expansion coefficients and the shrinkage of the individual supply, heating and insulation layers occurring during the sintering or pyrolysis process are the same, so that no cracks arise in the glow pencil.
In Figur 5 ist ein weiteres bevorzugtes Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung anhand eines schematischen Längsschnitts durch eine erfindungsgemäße Glühstiftkerze 1 dargestellt. Dabei bedeuten in den vorangegangenen Figuren verwendete gleiche Bezugszeichen gleiche Bauteile, die hier nicht noch einmal erläutert werden. Analog zu Figur 1 weist die in Figur 5 dargestellte Glühstiftkerze einen Rundstecker 2 auf, der sich in elektrischem Kontakt mit der zylindrischen Zuleitung 5 befindet. Die zylindrische Zuleitung 5 ist über denFIG. 5 shows a further preferred exemplary embodiment of the invention on the basis of a schematic longitudinal section through a glow plug 1 according to the invention. The same reference numerals used in the previous figures mean the same components, which will not be explained again here. Analogously to FIG. 1, the glow plug shown in FIG. 5 has a round plug 2, which is in electrical contact with the cylindrical feed line 5. The cylindrical feed line 5 is over the
Kontaktstift 10 und das Kontaktierungselement 12 mit dem keramischen Glühstift 14 elektrisch verbunden. Die zylindrische Zuleitung 5, der Kontaktstift 10, das Kontaktierungselement 12 und der keramische Glühstift 14 sind hintereinander in dieser Reihenfolge, wie in Figur 5 dargestellt, in Richtung des Brennraums angeordnet. Der keramische Glühstift 14 weist in der in Figur 5 dargestellten bevorzugten Ausfuhrungsform am brennraumfernen Ende einen Zapfen 11 auf. Den Zapfen 11 bildet eine Verlängerung des Glühstifts 14 in Richtung des brennraumfernen Endes durch eine zylinderförmige Herausführung der keramischen Zuleitungsschichten 20, 21 und der Isolationsschicht 22, wobei der Zapfen 11 einen geringeren Außendurchmesser aufweist als der sich in Richtung des Brennraums anschließende Teil des Glühstifts 14, der Bund 13. Es ist weiterhin nicht notwendig, daß der Glühstift 14 am brennraumseitigen Ende eine Heizschicht 18 aufweist. In einem bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel können die beiden Zuleitungsschichten 20 und 21 lediglich am brennraumseitigen Ende des Glühstifts derart verbunden sein, wie dies über das Heizelement 18 erfolgt.Contact pin 10 and the contacting element 12 with the ceramic glow plug 14 electrically connected. The cylindrical feed line 5, the contact pin 10, the contacting element 12 and the ceramic glow plug 14 are arranged one behind the other in this order, as shown in FIG. 5, in the direction of the combustion chamber. In the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the ceramic glow plug 14 has a pin 11 at the end remote from the combustion chamber. The pin 11 forms an extension of the glow plug 14 in the direction of End distant from the combustion chamber by a cylindrical lead-out of the ceramic supply layers 20, 21 and the insulation layer 22, the pin 11 having a smaller outside diameter than the part of the glow plug 14 adjoining in the direction of the combustion chamber, the collar 13. It is also not necessary that the Glow plug 14 has a heating layer 18 at the end on the combustion chamber side. In a preferred exemplary embodiment, the two supply layers 20 and 21 can only be connected at the end of the glow plug on the combustion chamber side, as is done via the heating element 18.
Die zylindrische Zuleitung 5 und der Kontaktstift 10 bilden zusammen das Anschlußelement, das auch einstückig ausgebildet sein kann. Am brennraumseitigen Ende desThe cylindrical feed line 5 and the contact pin 10 together form the connection element, which can also be formed in one piece. At the combustion chamber end of the
Anschlußelements ist ein Flansch vorgesehen, der zusammen mit dem Zapfen 11 das Kontaktierungselement 12 in Richtung der Achse der Glühstiftkerze begrenzt.Connection element, a flange is provided which, together with the pin 11, limits the contacting element 12 in the direction of the axis of the glow plug.
Das Kontaktierungselement 12, das aus einer Tablette aus elektrisch leitfähigem Pulver besteht, ist vorzugsweise als Graphit oder einem Metallpulver oder einem elektrisch leitenden Keramikpulver ausgebildet . In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausfuhrungsform kann die Tablette aus elektrisch leitfähigem Pulver auch mindestens aus einem überwiegenden Anteil aus Graphit oder aus dem Metallpulver oder aus dem elektrisch leitenden Keramikpulver bestehen. Aufgrund der Ausbildung des Kontaktierungselements 12 als elektrisch leitfähiges Pulver gewährleistet das Kontaktierungselement 12 eine federnde Kontaktierung, die in der Lage ist, hohe Ströme ohne thermische Zerstörung zu tragen. Die große Oberfläche des Pulvers stellt eine gute Wärmeleitfähigkeit sicher. Aus dem gleichen Grund kann auch ein geringer Kontaktwiderstand bei guter Leitfähigkeit realisiert werden. Graphit und keramische leitfähige Materialen sind außerdem korrosionsbeständig. Der elastische Federanteil der Tablette aus elektrisch leitfähigem Pulver gewährleistet, daß die Tablette thermische Bewegungen der Bauteile durch unterschiedliche Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten ausgleicht.The contacting element 12, which consists of a tablet made of electrically conductive powder, is preferably designed as graphite or a metal powder or an electrically conductive ceramic powder. In a further preferred embodiment, the tablet made of electrically conductive powder can also consist of at least a predominant proportion of graphite or of the metal powder or of the electrically conductive ceramic powder. Due to the design of the contacting element 12 as an electrically conductive powder, the contacting element 12 ensures a resilient contacting, which is able to carry high currents without thermal destruction. The large surface of the powder ensures good thermal conductivity. For the same reason, a low contact resistance with good conductivity can be realized. Graphite and ceramic conductive materials are also corrosion resistant. The elastic spring component of the tablet made of electrically conductive powder ensures that the tablet compensates for thermal movements of the components by means of different coefficients of thermal expansion.
Seitlich wird die Tablette aus elektrisch leitfähigem Pulver durch eine zylindrische Spannhülse 9 begrenzt, die hier anstelle der in Figur 1 dargestellten Keramikhülse 8 als ein selbständiges Bauteil vorhanden ist. Die Spannhülse 9 wird analog zur Keramikhülse 8 als isolierendes Bauteil vorgesehen, es besteht in einem bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel aus keramischem Material . Bei der Herstellung der Glühstiftkerze wird die Tablette aus elektrisch leitfähigem Pulver fest zwischen dem Flansch des Anschlußelements auf der brennraumfernen Stirnseite, dem Zapfen 11 des Glühstifts 14 auf der brennraumseitigen Stirnseite und der Spannhülse 9 eingepreßt. Die Einspannung zwischen diesen festen Bauteilen, insbesondere der Festanschlag der Spannhülse 9 auf der Keramikhülse 8, d.h. die limitierte Verpreßhöhe, verhindert, daß die umgebende Spannhülse 9 nicht durch einen zu großen Innendruckaufbau aufgrund der Verpressung des Kontaktierungselements 12 reißt. Die durch die Einspannung der Tablette aus elektrisch leitfähigem Pulver erreichte axiale Vorspannung des elastischen Federanteils können thermische Dehnungen, Setzverhalten und Schwingungsbeanspruchung bei Schüttelbeanspruchung der Glühstiftkerze ausgeglichen werden.Laterally, the tablet made of electrically conductive powder is delimited by a cylindrical clamping sleeve 9, which is present here as an independent component instead of the ceramic sleeve 8 shown in FIG. The clamping sleeve 9 is provided in the same way as the ceramic sleeve 8 as an insulating component; in a preferred exemplary embodiment it consists of ceramic material. In the manufacture of the glow plug, the tablet made of electrically conductive powder is pressed firmly between the flange of the connecting element on the end facing away from the combustion chamber, the pin 11 of the glow plug 14 on the end facing the combustion chamber and the clamping sleeve 9. The clamping between these fixed components, in particular the fixed stop of the clamping sleeve 9 on the ceramic sleeve 8, i.e. the limited pressing height prevents the surrounding clamping sleeve 9 from not tearing due to excessive internal pressure build-up due to the pressing of the contacting element 12. The axial preloading of the elastic spring component achieved by clamping the tablet made of electrically conductive powder can compensate for thermal expansions, settling behavior and vibration stress when the glow plug is shaken.
Eine Glühstiftkerze nach Figur 5 mit einer Tablette aus elektrisch leitfähigem Pulver als Kontaktierungselement 12 wird folgendermaßen hergestellt. Zuerst wird die Dichtpackung 15 von der brennraumseitigen Spitze des keramischen Glühstifts 14 über den keramischen Glühstift 14 geführt und als Verbund in das Kerzengehäuse 4 vom brennraumfernen Ende her eingeführt. Anschließend werden das Kontaktierungselement 12, die Spannhülse 9, das Anschlußelement 5, 10, die Keramikhülse 8 und der Metallring 7 in einem Halteelement angeordnet und danach ebenfalls vom brennraumfernen Ende in das Kerzengehäuse 4 eingeführt . Dann werden mittels einer axialen Kraft, die auf das brennraumferne Ende des Metallrings 7 ausgeübt wird, die im Kerzengehäuse befindlichen Bestandteile verpreßt, insbesondere wird das Kontaktierungselement 12, das aus einer Tablette aus elektrisch leitfähigem Pulver besteht, und die Dichtpackung 15 verpreßt. Dabei wird auf das Kontaktierungselement 12 nur so lange eine Kraft ausgeübt, bis den Kontaktstift 10 des Anschlußelements 5, 10 vollständig in die Spannhülse 9 gepreßt hat und die Stirnseite der Keramikhülse 8 auf der Stirnseite derA glow plug according to FIG. 5 with a tablet made of electrically conductive powder as the contacting element 12 is produced as follows. First, the packing 15 is guided from the tip of the ceramic glow plug 14 on the combustion chamber side over the ceramic glow plug 14 and as a composite into the candle housing 4 from Inserted end distant from the combustion chamber. Subsequently, the contacting element 12, the clamping sleeve 9, the connecting element 5, 10, the ceramic sleeve 8 and the metal ring 7 are arranged in a holding element and then likewise inserted into the candle housing 4 from the end remote from the combustion chamber. Then, by means of an axial force which is exerted on the end of the metal ring 7 remote from the combustion chamber, the components located in the candle housing are pressed, in particular the contacting element 12, which consists of a tablet made of electrically conductive powder, and the sealing packing 15 are pressed. A force is only exerted on the contacting element 12 until the contact pin 10 of the connecting element 5, 10 has been pressed completely into the clamping sleeve 9 and the end face of the ceramic sleeve 8 on the end face of the
Spannhülse 9 aufliegt. Die Verpressung der Tablette aus elektrisch leitfähigem Pulver stellt außerdem sicher, daß der elastische Federanteil der Tablette vorgespannt wird. Anschließend wird mittels einer radial von außen auf das Kerzengehäuse 4 aufgebrachten Kraft der Metallring 7 verstemmt . Danach werden die Dichtung 3 und der Rundstecker 2 montiert und ebenfalls mittels einer radial von außen auf das Kerzengehäuse 4 aufgebrachten Kraft verstemmt . Adapter sleeve 9 rests. The compression of the tablet from electrically conductive powder also ensures that the elastic spring portion of the tablet is biased. The metal ring 7 is then caulked by means of a force applied radially from the outside to the candle housing 4. Then the seal 3 and the circular plug 2 are mounted and also caulked by means of a force applied radially from the outside to the candle housing 4.

Claims

Ansprüche Expectations
1. Glühstiftkerze (1) mit einem keramischen Glühstift (14) und einem der Stromzuführung dienenden Anschlußelement (5, 10), wobei das Anschlußelement mit dem keramischen Glühstift (14) über ein Kontaktierungselement (12) elektrisch verbunden ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Kontaktierungselement (12) als eine Tablette aus elektrisch leitfähigem Pulver ausgebildet ist.1. glow plug (1) with a ceramic glow plug (14) and a power supply connection element (5, 10), the connection element with the ceramic glow plug (14) being electrically connected via a contacting element (12), characterized in that Contacting element (12) is designed as a tablet made of electrically conductive powder.
2. Glühstiftkerze nach Anspruch 1 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Tablette aus elektrisch leitfähigem Pulver einen axial vorgespannten elastischen Federanteil aufweist.2. glow plug according to claim 1, characterized in that the tablet made of electrically conductive powder has an axially biased elastic spring component.
3. Glühstiftkerze nach Anspruch 1 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das elektrisch leitfähige Pulver aus Graphit oder aus Metallpulver oder aus elektrisch leitfähigem Keramikpulver oder zumindestens aus einem überwiegendem Anteil dieser Materialien besteht .3. Glow plug according to claim 1, characterized in that the electrically conductive powder consists of graphite or of metal powder or of electrically conductive ceramic powder or at least from a predominant proportion of these materials.
4. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Glühstiftkerze nach Anspruch 1 mit folgenden Schritten: a) Einführen einer Dichtpackung (15) von der brennraumseitigen Spitze des keramischen Glühstifts (14) über den keramischen Glühstift (14) und Ausbildung eines Verbunds, wobei dieser Verbund in ein Kerzengehäuse (4) eingeführt wird, b) Anordnen der Tablette aus elektrisch leitfähigem Pulver, einer Spannhülse (9) , des Anschlußelements (5, 10) , einer Keramikhülse (8) und eines Metallrings (7) in einem Halteelement und Einführung desselben in das Kerzengehäuse (4) , c) Verpressung der im Kerzengehäuse (4) befindlichen Bestandteile mittels einer axialen Kraft, die auf das brennraumferne Ende des Metallrings (7) ausgeübt wird, d) Verstemmung des Metallrings (7) mittels einer radial von außen auf das Kerzengehäuse (4) aufgebrachten Kraft.4. The method for producing a glow plug according to claim 1, comprising the following steps: a) inserting a packing (15) from the combustion chamber-side tip of the ceramic glow plug (14) over the ceramic glow plug (14) and forming a composite, this composite in a candle housing (4) is introduced, b) arranging the tablet made of electrically conductive powder, an adapter sleeve (9), the connecting element (5, 10), a ceramic sleeve (8) and a metal ring (7) in a holding element and introduction of the same into the candle housing (4), c) pressing the components located in the candle housing (4) by means of an axial force which is exerted on the end of the metal ring (7) remote from the combustion chamber, d) caulking the metal ring (7) by means of a force applied radially from the outside to the candle housing (4).
5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß durch die Verpressung der im Kerzengehäuse (4) befindlichen5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that by pressing the located in the candle housing (4)
Bestandteile mittels einer axialen Kraft auf einen elastischen Federanteil der Tablette aus elektrisch leitfähigem Pulver eine axiale Vorspannung aufgebracht wird. Components are applied by means of an axial force on an elastic spring portion of the tablet made of electrically conductive powder, an axial preload.
EP00960315A 1999-08-27 2000-07-25 Ceramic sheathed element glow plug Expired - Lifetime EP1125086B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19940668 1999-08-27
DE19940668 1999-08-27
DE10020328 2000-04-26
DE10020328A DE10020328A1 (en) 1999-08-27 2000-04-26 Ceramic glow plug
PCT/DE2000/002420 WO2001016529A1 (en) 1999-08-27 2000-07-25 Ceramic sheathed element glow plug

Publications (2)

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EP1125086A1 true EP1125086A1 (en) 2001-08-22
EP1125086B1 EP1125086B1 (en) 2004-04-21

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US (1) US6759631B1 (en)
EP (1) EP1125086B1 (en)
JP (1) JP4567265B2 (en)
AT (1) ATE265023T1 (en)
CZ (1) CZ300971B6 (en)
ES (1) ES2220531T3 (en)
HU (1) HU224369B1 (en)
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WO (1) WO2001016529A1 (en)

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PL347434A1 (en) 2002-04-08
WO2001016529A1 (en) 2001-03-08
HUP0103763A2 (en) 2002-03-28
HUP0103763A3 (en) 2002-04-29
US6759631B1 (en) 2004-07-06
ES2220531T3 (en) 2004-12-16
HU224369B1 (en) 2005-08-29
JP2003508713A (en) 2003-03-04
JP4567265B2 (en) 2010-10-20
EP1125086B1 (en) 2004-04-21
CZ20011473A3 (en) 2002-02-13
CZ300971B6 (en) 2009-09-30
ATE265023T1 (en) 2004-05-15

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