EP0784128B1 - Procédé de fabrication d'un panneau à colombages, panneau obtenu par ce procédé et construction comprenant au moins un tel panneau - Google Patents
Procédé de fabrication d'un panneau à colombages, panneau obtenu par ce procédé et construction comprenant au moins un tel panneau Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0784128B1 EP0784128B1 EP19970440002 EP97440002A EP0784128B1 EP 0784128 B1 EP0784128 B1 EP 0784128B1 EP 19970440002 EP19970440002 EP 19970440002 EP 97440002 A EP97440002 A EP 97440002A EP 0784128 B1 EP0784128 B1 EP 0784128B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- elements
- skeleton
- panel
- filling material
- portions
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/56—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members
- E04B2/562—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with fillings between the load-bearing elongated members
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of building and real estate construction, in particular half-timbered constructions and houses, and relates to a method of manufacturing a prefabricated half-timbered panel, a panel obtained by this process and a construction comprising at least one such sign.
- Construction begins with the assembly on site of construction wood frames and filling the frame openings erected by masonry works so as to obtain the walls of the construction.
- a process of this type is known for example from document DE-A-3 627 647.
- the present invention aims in particular to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks and to propose means for carrying out a method of construction of buildings or half-timbered buildings using a number limited stakeholders, making the work to be done less painful, and allowing to reduce the duration of production and the cost price by rationalizing and limiting the number of operations, by maximizing the number of operations carried out outside site, in a suitable production site, and by minimizing the operations to perform on site, limiting them to assembly and punctual finish.
- the invention firstly relates to a manufacturing process a prefabricated panel intended to form a wall or part of a wall of a building with half-timbering as defined by claim 1.
- the invention also relates to a prefabricated panel intended for form a wall or part of a wall of a half-timbered building, obtained in particular by means of the aforementioned process and mainly composed of a wooden frame, including openings, delimited by elements or portions elements of said frame, are closed by a filling material, as defined by claim 7.
- the subject of the invention is a construction, in particular a half-timbered house, characterized in that at least one exterior wall thereof consists of a prefabricated panel or an assembly of at least two prefabricated panels as defined in claim 10.
- the method of manufacturing a panel prefabricated 1 half-timbered consists in particular of making the framework 2 of the panel 1, placing the latter flat on a flat support surface 4, flow into the openings 6 delimited by the elements 3, 3 ', 3 ", 3"' or the element portions of the framework 2 a filling material 5, preferably insulation, comprising in particular a hydraulic binder, then wait for the solidifying said filling material 5, then straightening said panel 1 and apply, if necessary, on one or both sides of said panel 1 a adapted coating or finishing layer 7, 7 '.
- a filling material 5 preferably insulation, comprising in particular a hydraulic binder
- the filling material 5 may advantageously consist of a hydraulic binder containing particles of an insulating material, such as example of polystyrene beads, and be, for example, of the type known as SYMRHEA designation by Lafarge.
- the support surface 4 can preferably be constituted by the flat and horizontal surface of the floor of a workshop, in particular a paved floor or covered with a smooth surface layer.
- the frame 2 of a panel 1 can be produced according to the techniques half-timbered construction, the assembly of elements 3, 3 ', 3 "and 3 "'between them being effected for example by tenon-mortise connections.
- the process may consist, before casting of the material filling 5, to cover the bottoms, formed by the support surface 4, openings 6 delimited by elements 3, 3 ', 3 ", 3"' or portions of elements of the framework 2 of a layer 8 of dry sand, then to pour a layer 9 of plaster hooking in said openings 6 intended to be closed.
- the layer 8 of dry sand allows, on the one hand, to make a shrinkage on the external or front face of the panels 1, between the elements 3, 3 ', 3 ", 3"' of the framework, subsequently authorizing the application of an outer coating layer 7 (for example a plaster) whose exterior surface is level with the faces elements 3, 3 ', 3 ", 3"' and, on the other hand, to avoid direct contact between the support surface 4 and the bonding layer 9 and to accelerate the drying of the latter.
- an outer coating layer 7 for example a plaster
- Said layer 9 of bonding plaster constitutes an intermediate layer, intended to ensure the connection between the filling material 5 and the exterior coating layer 7 applied subsequently when the panel 1 is in the upright position, and may be composed of bastard mortar. (lime / cement) at a rate of approximately 300 kg of binder per m 3 of plaster.
- the filling material 5 is poured in the openings 6 delimited by the elements 3, 3 ', 3 ", 3"' or portions of these elements of the framework 2 and on the layer 9 of bonding plaster, before solidification of the latter.
- This arrangement makes it possible to obtain a very strong adhesion due to the fact an intimate connection between the two materials 5 and 9 not yet solidified, possibly combined with partial mutual interpenetration of the said materials at their contact area.
- said elements of the framework 2 are preferably made of green wood, not yet dried time of manufacture of the panels 1.
- each opening 6 delimited by the elements 3, 3 ', 3 ", 3"' or portions of frame elements 2 is provided with at least one peripheral rib 10 fixed on the lateral faces of the elements 3, 3 ', 3 ", 3"' or portions of elements of the framework 2, delimiting said openings 6, said at at least one rib 10 being embedded in the filling material 5 after pouring of the last.
- the peripheral ribs of the openings 6, advantageously one in number by opening 6, consist of portions of bars 10 or section squares rectangular or square, for example of wood, fixed longitudinally for example at mid-height approximately on the lateral faces of elements 3, 3 ', 3 ", 3"' or portions of elements of the framework 2 delimiting the openings 6, with the interposition of a layer or a strip 10 'made of a flexible sealing material, preferably a elastomer.
- These ribs 10, which extend in form grooves complementary to the filling material 5, molded directly on said ribs 10 during the casting of said material, are also advantageously made of green wood in such a way that they also undergo, after a certain duration, a retraction and a narrowing of their section which creates a gap between said ribs 10 and their conjugate grooves made in the filling material 5.
- the ribs 9 may consist, for example, of rods to square section in fir wood covered on one side with a product persistent flexible elastomer, such as for example the product known under the Collbond designation by National Cheamsearch, and nailed to the sides, delimiting the openings 6, of the elements 3, 3 ', 3 ", 3"' of the frame 2.
- the manufacturing process according to the invention may also consist in placing on the upper face of the framework 2, laid flat on the support surface 4, a 5 "formwork and to pour the material filling 5 on a thickness greater than the thickness of the elements 3, 3 ', 3 ", 3"' of the framework, so as to have an extra thickness 5 ′ of material of filling on the interior or rear surface of the panel 1, at least one reinforcement 11, in the form of a trellis or the like, which can be embedded in said filling material 5 and one or more anchoring pieces 12, intended for be embedded in the mass of said filling material 5, which can be fixed on at least one of the elements 3, 3 ', 3 ", 3"' of the frame 2, these anchoring parts 12 ensuring the connection between the filling material 5 and the framework 2.
- the extra thickness 5 'of filling material relative to the face back of frame 2 provides a wall of sufficient thickness (approximately 30 cm) and limit the amount of wood required for frame 2 (thickness 15 cm) while having a large apparent area of wood.
- said frame 2 can also be provided, before pouring said filling material 5, of the frame (s) of one or more through opening (s) closable (s) such as a door, window or the like.
- These metal bars or rods 13 further perform a function of blocking and maintaining the frame assembly 2.
- the present invention also relates to a panel prefab 1 intended to form a wall or part of a wall of a building with half-timbering, obtained in particular by the method described above and composed mainly of a wooden frame 2, whose openings 6, delimited by the elements 3, 3 ', 3 ", 3"' or portions of elements of said frame 2, are closed with filling material 5.
- this prefabricated panel 1 has at level of each opening 6 of the framework 2 closed by the material of filling 5, with thermal insulation properties and, where appropriate, sound barrier, a circumferential sealing barrier 10, 10 ′ constituted by a rib 10 sealingly attached to the faces of the elements 3, 3 ', 3 ", 3"' of the framework 2 delimiting the opening 6 considered and projecting into the mass of the filling material 5 closing said opening 6.
- the added rib 10 consists of adjoining portions of bars or squares of rectangular or square section, fixed on the side faces of the elements 3, 3 ', 3 ", 3"' or portions of elements delimiting the opening 6 considered, with the interposition of a layer or a strip 10 'of flexible sealing material, preferably an elastomer.
- the filling material 5 is prominent by compared to the elements 3, 3 ', 3 ", 3"' of the framework 2 on the rear or interior face of the panel 1 and forms a block in one piece, said block of filling material 5 containing in its mass, on the one hand, at least one frame 11 in the form of trellis or the like, arranged substantially parallel to the plane of the panel 1 and, on the other hand, at least one anchoring piece 12 secured to at least one of said elements 3, 3 ', 3 ", 3"' of frame 2.
- the trellis 11 forming an armature is advantageously a trellis rigid metal, assembled by welding.
- said prefabricated panel 1 may include, for its handling, at least one metal bar or rod 13 passing through said panel 1 over its entire height and secured, at the level of the upper face of the element transverse upper 3 ', with at least one lifting ring and, at the face lower of the lower transverse element 3 ", to a plate or plate 14 in support against said lower face.
- Metal bars or rods 13, the number of which depends on the length of the prefabricated panel 1, may have, at the bottom, a end portion in the form of a threaded rod or screw, attached or not, capable of cooperating with a threaded perforation formed in the plate or corresponding plate 14, so as to create a surface grip at the level of the lower transverse element 3 "when lifting the prefabricated panel 1.
- the present invention also relates to a construction, in particular a half-timbered house, characterized in that at least one wall exterior of said construction consists of a prefabricated panel 1 or a assembly of at least two prefabricated panels 1 as described above.
- the one or more panel (s) 1 is (are) anchored in the foundations 15 of the construction by through the protruding lower ends 13 'of the bars or rods 13 crossing this or these over their entire height and rest (s) on said foundations 15, on the one hand, discontinuously at the level of the element lower transverse 3 ′ of its frame 2 with interposition of wedges 14 and, on the other hand, continuously at the level of the prominent part 5 ′ of the block of filling material 5, with interposition of a compression seal 16.
- the protruding lower ends 13 'can for example be introduced, during the installation of the panel 1 concerned on the foundations 15, in a reinforcement or a reservation 15 'of the foundations 15, previously filled sealing mortar, for example of the type known under the designation Clarex.
- the shims 14 serving as a discontinuous base for each panel 1 include in particular the aforementioned plates or plates, said support discontinuous allowing air circulation between the underside of the element transverse lower 3 "of the panel 1 considered and the foundations 15 and therefore a ventilation of said 3 "element on all of its faces, although an added joint is placed between said shims 14.
- these wedges 14 at least partially driven into the fresh mortar filling the reinforcement or reservations 15 ', contribute also to the anchoring of the panels 1 after drying of the said mortar.
- the half-timbered construction includes several walls to half-timbering or at least one wall formed of several prefabricated panels 1, these the latter are assembled together at the level of the upper transverse elements 3 'of their frameworks 2 via perforated connection plates 17 and / or of clamshell 17 'and are secured to the bracing pillars 18 adjoining the ends of the interior walls 19 of the construction, at the level of the elements lateral verticals 3 "'of their frameworks 2 by means of connection plates 20 perforated ( Figures 4 to 7 of the accompanying drawings).
- the bracing pillars 18 can be made, for example example, by a stack of core bricks, the connecting plates 20 being able to be partially integrated into the mass of the filling material forming the core (concrete), the latter being advantageously provided with a metal frame 18 'over its entire height.
- the connecting plates 20 are then, during the assembly of the panels 1, secured by screws or nails to the elements 3 "'of the frameworks of said panels 1.
- the contact zones between the protruding parts 5 ′ of the filling material, or between these protruding parts 5 'and the bracing pillars 18, are provided with compression seals 16 ′, in particular of the type known under the designation Compribande, pinched between the elements in contact.
- the invention also makes it possible to overcome a rotting of the framework 2 by a breakdown of the constituent elements of this last and achieve a very good seal between the frame 2 and the material of filling 5, not varying over time.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Load-Bearing And Curtain Walls (AREA)
- Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
Description
Claims (13)
- Procédé de fabrication d'un panneau préfabriqué destiné à former un mur ou une partie de mur d'une construction à colombages, caractérisé en qu'il consiste à réaliser l'ossature (2) du panneau (1) à partir d'éléments (3, 3', 3", 3"') ou de portions de tels éléments, préférentiellement en bois vert, à pourvoir chaque ouverture (6) délimitée par lesdits éléments (3, 3', 3", 3"') ou portions d'éléments d'au moins une nervure périphérique (10) fixée sur les faces latérales des éléments (3, 3', 3", 3"') ou des portions d'éléments de l'ossature (2) et consistant en des portions de barres ou de carrelets à section rectangulaire ou carrée, préférentiellement en bois vert, fixées avec interposition d'une couche ou d'une bande (10') en un matériau d'étanchéité souple, à disposer ladite ossature (2) à plat sur une surface support plane (4), à couler dans les ouvertures (6) délimitées par les éléments (3, 3', 3", 3"') ou les portions d'élément de l'ossature (2) un matériau de remplissage (5), préférentiellement thermiquement isolant, comprenant notamment un liant hydraulique, de manière à noyer les nervures (10), à attendre ensuite la solidification dudit matériau de remplissage (5), puis à redresser ledit panneau (1) et à appliquer, le cas échéant, sur l'une ou sur les deux faces dudit panneau (1) une couche de revêtement ou de finition adaptée (7, 7').
- Procédé de fabrication selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste, avant coulage du matériau de remplissage (5), à recouvrir les fonds, formés par la surface support (4), des ouvertures (6) délimitées par les éléments (3, 3', 3", 3"') ou des portions d'éléments de l'ossature (2) d'une couche (8) de sable sec, puis à couler une couche (9) d'enduit d'accrochage dans lesdites ouvertures (6) destinées à être obturées.
- Procédé de fabrication selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que le matériau de remplissage (5) est coulé dans les ouvertures (6) délimitées par les éléments (3, 3', 3", 3"') ou des portions de ces éléments de l'ossature (2) et sur la couche (9) d'enduit d'accrochage, avant solidification de cette dernière.
- Procédé de fabrication selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à disposer sur la face supérieure de l'ossature (2), posée à plat sur la surface support (4), un coffrage (5") et à couler le matériau de remplissage (5) sur une épaisseur supérieure à l'épaisseur des éléments (3, 3', 3", 3"') de l'ossature, de manière à présenter une surépaisseur (5') de matériau de remplissage sur la surface intérieure ou arrière du panneau (1), au moins une armature (11), sous forme de treillis ou analogue, pouvant être noyée dans ledit matériau de remplissage (5) et une ou plusieurs pièces d'ancrage (12), destinée(s) à être noyée(s) dans la masse dudit matériau de remplissage (5), pouvant être fixée(s) sur l'un au moins des éléments (3, 3', 3", 3"') de l'ossature (2).
- Procédé de fabrication selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à monter dans l'ossature (2), avant le coulage du matériau de remplissage (5), les conduites, goulottes ou analogues destinées à contenir les conducteurs électriques et/ou à la circulation de fluide(s), de telle manière que celles-ci soient intégrées dans la masse du matériau de remplissage (5) après coulage, ladite ossature (2) pouvant également être pourvue, avant coulage dudit matériau de remplissage (5), du ou des dormant(s) d'une ou de plusieurs ouverture(s) traversante(s) obturable(s) telle(s) qu'une porte, une fenêtre ou analogue.
- Procédé de fabrication selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à intégrer dans l'ossature (2), avant coulage du matériau de remplissage (5), au moins une barre ou tige métallique (13) s'étendant sur toute la hauteur de ladite ossature (2) et traversant notamment les éléments transversaux supérieur (3') et inférieur (3") de ladite ossature (2), ladite barre ou tige (13) étant solidarisée à un anneau de levage au niveau de son extrémité supérieure et à une plaquette ou platine (14), en appui contre la face inférieure de l'élément transversal inférieur (3"), au niveau de son extrémité inférieure.
- Panneau préfabriqué destiné à former un mur ou une partie de mur d'une construction à colombages, obtenu notamment au moyen du procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, et composé principalement d'une ossature en bois, dont les ouvertures, délimitées par les éléments ou des portions d'éléments de ladite ossature, sont obturées par un matériau de remplissage, ledit panneau présentant au niveau de chaque ouverture (6) de l'ossature (2) obturée par le matériau de remplissage (5), doté de propriétés d'isolation thermique et, le cas échéant, phonique, une barrière d'étanchéité circonférentielle (10, 10') constituée par une nervure (10) rapportée de manière étanche sur les faces des éléments (3, 3', 3", 3"') de l'ossature (2) délimitant l'ouverture (6) considérée et faisant saillie dans la masse du matériau de remplissage (5) obturant ladite ouverture (6), ladite nervure rapportée (10) consistant en des portions contiguës de barres ou de carrelets à section rectangulaire ou carrée, fixées sur les faces latérales des éléments (3, 3', 3", 3"') ou portions d'éléments délimitant l'ouverture (6) considérée, avec interposition d'une couche ou d'une bande (10') de matériau d'étanchéité souple, préférentiellement d'élastomère.
- Panneau préfabriqué selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que le matériau de remplissage (5) est proéminent par rapport aux éléments (3, 3', 3", 3"') de l'ossature (2) sur la face arrière ou intérieure du panneau (1) et forme un bloc d'un seul tenant, ledit bloc de matériau de remplissage (5) renfermant dans sa masse, d'une part, au moins une armature (11) sous forme de treillis ou analogue, disposée sensiblement parallèlement au plan du panneau (1) et, d'autre part, au moins une pièce d'ancrage (12) solidaire de l'un au moins desdits éléments (3, 3', 3", 3"') de l'ossature (2).
- Panneau préfabriqué selon l'une quelconque des revendications 7 et 8, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte au moins une barre ou tige métallique (13) traversant ledit panneau (1) sur toute sa hauteur et solidarisée, au niveau de la face supérieure de l'élément transversal supérieur (3'), à au moins un anneau de levage et, au niveau de la face inférieure de l'élément transversal inférieur (3"), à une plaquette ou platine (14) en appui contre ladite face inférieure.
- Construction, notamment maison, à colombages, caractérisée en ce qu'au moins un mur extérieur de ladite construction consiste en un panneau préfabriqué (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 7 à 9 ou en un assemblage d'au moins deux panneaux préfabriqués (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 7 à 9.
- Construction selon la revendication 10, caractérisée en ce que ledit ou lesdits panneau(x) (1) est (sont) ancré(s) dans les fondations (15) de la construction par l'intermédiaire des extrémités inférieures proéminentes (13') des barres ou tiges métalliques (13) traversant ce ou ces derniers sur toute leur hauteur et repose(nt) sur lesdites fondations (15), d'une part, de manière discontinue au niveau de l'élément transversal inférieur (3') de son (leur) ossature (2) avec interposition de cales (14) et, d'autre part, de manière continue au niveau de la partie proéminente (5') du bloc de matériau de remplissage (5), avec interposition d'un joint à compression (16).
- Construction selon l'une quelconque des revendications 10 et 11, caractérisée en ce que les panneaux préfabriqués (1) sont assemblés entre eux au niveau des éléments transversaux supérieurs (3') de leurs ossatures (2) par l'intermédiaire de plaques de liaison (17) perforées et/ou de clameaux (17') et sont solidarisés à des piliers contreventements (18) contigus aux extrémités des murs intérieurs (19) de la construction, au niveau des éléments verticaux latéraux (3"') de leurs ossatures (2) par l'intermédiaire de plaques de liaison (20) perforées.
- Construction selon l'une quelconque des revendications 10 à 12, caractérisée en ce que, en cas de superposition de deux panneaux préfabriqués (1,1'), la face supérieure de l'élément transversal supérieur (3') de l'ossature (2) du panneau inférieur (1) est pourvu d'une nervure (21) rapportée de manière étanche sur ladite face supérieure et coopérant, après superposition des deux panneaux (1 et 1'), avec une rainure (21) ménagée dans la face inférieure de l'élément transversal inférieur (3") de l'ossature (2) du panneau supérieur (1'), le cas échéant avec interposition d'un joint d'étanchéité à compression (23), ce dernier élément transversal (3") comportant en outre un rebord inférieur frontal saillant (24) recouvrant, après superposition, la partie supérieure de la face avant de l'élément transversal supérieur (3') de l'ossature (2) du panneau inférieur (1).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9600404A FR2743584B1 (fr) | 1996-01-11 | 1996-01-11 | Procede de fabrication d'un panneau a colombages, panneau obtenu par ce procede et construction comprenant au moins un tel panneau |
FR9600404 | 1996-01-11 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0784128A1 EP0784128A1 (fr) | 1997-07-16 |
EP0784128B1 true EP0784128B1 (fr) | 1999-10-06 |
Family
ID=9488125
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19970440002 Expired - Lifetime EP0784128B1 (fr) | 1996-01-11 | 1997-01-09 | Procédé de fabrication d'un panneau à colombages, panneau obtenu par ce procédé et construction comprenant au moins un tel panneau |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0784128B1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69700571T2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2743584B1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0965702A1 (fr) * | 1998-06-16 | 1999-12-22 | Höhn, Jochen | Panneaux préfabriqués composites à colombages et béton de copeaux de bois |
FR2800767B1 (fr) | 1999-11-08 | 2002-03-08 | Georges Bernat | Panneaux prefabriques pour constructions a colombages et leur procede de mise en oeuvre |
CN107327176B (zh) * | 2017-08-23 | 2023-11-07 | 宁夏众力管廊科技有限公司 | 一种预制装配式变电站舱基 |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3627647A1 (de) * | 1986-08-14 | 1988-03-03 | Leon Dipl Ing Pytlik | Verfahren zur herstellung von bauteilen mit einer tragenden holzkonstruktion |
FR2638474B1 (fr) * | 1988-11-03 | 1995-05-24 | Aznavorian Garabet | Panneaux prefabriques pour la construction de batiments, procede de construction et batiments construits au moyen de ces panneaux |
US5055252A (en) * | 1989-01-12 | 1991-10-08 | Superior Walls Of America, Ltd. | Method of constructing an integrated concrete wall structure |
-
1996
- 1996-01-11 FR FR9600404A patent/FR2743584B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-01-09 DE DE1997600571 patent/DE69700571T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-01-09 EP EP19970440002 patent/EP0784128B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2743584A1 (fr) | 1997-07-18 |
DE69700571D1 (de) | 1999-11-11 |
EP0784128A1 (fr) | 1997-07-16 |
FR2743584B1 (fr) | 1999-06-11 |
DE69700571T2 (de) | 2000-05-31 |
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