EP0604423B1 - System zum schreiben von daten auf einer elektrophoretischen anzeigetafel. - Google Patents

System zum schreiben von daten auf einer elektrophoretischen anzeigetafel. Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0604423B1
EP0604423B1 EP92904723A EP92904723A EP0604423B1 EP 0604423 B1 EP0604423 B1 EP 0604423B1 EP 92904723 A EP92904723 A EP 92904723A EP 92904723 A EP92904723 A EP 92904723A EP 0604423 B1 EP0604423 B1 EP 0604423B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
line
written
lines
writing
time period
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP92904723A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0604423A1 (de
EP0604423A4 (de
Inventor
Franck J. Disanto
Denis A. Krusos
Edward Lewit
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Anixa Biosciences Inc
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Copytele Inc
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Publication of EP0604423A4 publication Critical patent/EP0604423A4/de
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
    • G09G3/3433—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices
    • G09G3/344—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices based on particles moving in a fluid or in a gas, e.g. electrophoretic devices
    • G09G3/3446—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices based on particles moving in a fluid or in a gas, e.g. electrophoretic devices with more than two electrodes controlling the modulating element
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
    • G09G2300/06—Passive matrix structure, i.e. with direct application of both column and row voltages to the light emitting or modulating elements, other than LCD or OLED
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2310/00—Command of the display device
    • G09G2310/02—Addressing, scanning or driving the display screen or processing steps related thereto
    • G09G2310/0202—Addressing of scan or signal lines
    • G09G2310/0205—Simultaneous scanning of several lines in flat panels
    • G09G2310/021—Double addressing, i.e. scanning two or more lines, e.g. lines 2 and 3; 4 and 5, at a time in a first field, followed by scanning two or more lines in another combination, e.g. lines 1 and 2; 3 and 4, in a second field
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
    • G09G2320/06—Adjustment of display parameters

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for operating an electrophoretic display panel apparatus and, more particularly, to a method which increases the speed with which information can be written to an electrophoretic display panel.
  • Electrophoretic displays are now well known. A variety of display types and features are taught in several patents issued in the names of Frank J. DiSanto and Denis A. Krusos and assigned to the assignee herein, Copytele, Inc. of Huntington Station, New York. For example, U.S Patent Nos. 4,655,897 and 4,732,830, each entitled ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAY PANELS AND ASSOCIATED METHODS describe the basic operation and construction of an electrophoretic display. U.S. Patent No. 4,742,345, entitled ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAY PANELS AND METHODS THEREFOR, describes a display having improved alignment and contrast. U.S. Patent No.
  • the display panels shown in the abovementioned patents operate upon the same basic principle, viz., if a suspension of electrically charged pigment particles in a dielectric fluid is subjected to an applied electrostatic field, the pigment particles will migrate through the fluid in response to the electrostatic field. Given a substantially homogeneous suspension of particles having a pigment color different from that of the dielectric fluid, if the applied electrostatic field is localized, it will cause a visually observable localized pigment particle migration. The localized pigment particle migration results either in a localized area of concentration or rarefaction of particles depending upon the sign and direction of the electrostatic field and the charge on the pigment particles.
  • Patents are "triode-type" displays having a plurality of independent, parallel, cathode row conductor elements or "lines” deposited in the horizontal on one surface of a glass viewing screen.
  • a glass cap member forms a fluid-tight seal with the viewing window along the cap's peripheral edge for containing the fluid suspension and also acts as a substrate for an anode plate deposited on the interior flat surface of the cap.
  • the anode surface is in spaced parallel relation to both the cathode elements and the grid elements.
  • the cathode element voltage, the anode voltage, and the grid element voltage can then be ascertained such that when a particular voltage is applied to the cathode and another voltage is applied to the grid, the area proximate their intersection will assume a net charge sufficient to attract or repel pigment particles in suspension in the dielectric fluid. Since numerous cathode and grid lines are employed, there are numerous discrete intersection points which can be controlled by varying the voltage on the cathode and grid elements to cause localized visible regions of pigment concentration and rarefaction.
  • the operating voltages on both cathode and grid must be able to assume at least two states corresponding to a logical one and a logical zero.
  • Logical one for the cathode may either correspond to attraction or repulsion of pigment.
  • the cathode and grid voltages are selected such that only when both are a logical one at a particular intersection point, will a sufficient electrostatic field be present at the intersection relative to the anode to cause the writing of a visual bit of information on the display through migration of pigment particles.
  • the bit may be erased, e.g., upon a reversal of polarity and a logical zero-zero state occurring at the intersection coordinated with an erase voltage gradient between anode and cathode. In this manner, digitized data can be displayed on the electrophoretic display.
  • a computer with a visual output device for displaying character information such as a CRT
  • the writing and erasure of displayed information is not fast enough, it will slow the operator of the word processor in the completion of his task.
  • the computer memory and processing unit can operate at speeds far exceeding the capacity of a human user, if the input and output devices through which the computer communicates with the user are slow, the computer and the user must wait for the output devices. Thus, if a word processor user is paging through a document at high speed, a slow visual output device may well slow the speed of paging below that at which the user and/or the computer could potentially perform.
  • one factor which contributes to the speed with which the display can operate is the speed with which the pigment particles can travel through the electrophoretic fluid under the influence of a particular voltage gradient.
  • Pigment particle migration speed depends, inter alia, upon particle size and electrophoretic fluid viscosity.
  • particle speed there is also the factor of spatial distribution within the EPID envelope, i.e., because the particles are in suspension they are distributed, prior to being exposed to voltage gradients, relatively evenly within the fluid envelope. Accordingly, there is a range of particle proximity to the "target" element, the target element being that element to which the particles are sought to be directed to perform an operation, such as write or erase.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a typical triode-type EPID showing the essential electrical components thereof.
  • FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating an addressable display matrix comprised of horizontal and vertical elements, such as, a plurality of cathode lines and a plurality of grid lines, driven by display drivers, as would be used in known EPID devices like that shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating circuitry for controlling the x and y display drivers illustrated in FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 4 shows a character which could be displayed upon an x-y matrix using the circuitry and apparatus as illustrated in FIGS. 1-3, as controlled and operated in accordance with the method of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing a method for EPID writing in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 which is taken from U.S. Patent No. 4,732,830, shows an electrophoretic display 10 as is now known in the art.
  • the display 10 has an anode faceplate 12 and a cathode faceplate 14 which are sealably affixed on either side of an interstitial spacer (not shown) to form a fluid-tight envelope for containing a dielectric/pigment particle suspension or electrophoretic fluid.
  • the faceplates 12 and 14 are typically flat glass plates upon which are deposited conductor elements to comprise the situs of electrostatic charge for inducing motion of the pigment particles 16 in the electrophoretic fluid.
  • the techniques, materials and dimensions used to form the conductor elements upon the faceplates and the methods for making and using EPIDS, in general, are shown in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,655,897, 4,732,830 and 4,742,345.
  • EPIDS as depicted in FIG. 1, for example, have a plurality of independent, electrically conductive cathode lines 18, shown here as horizontal rows, deposited upon the cathode faceplate 14 using conventional deposition and etching techniques.
  • the orientation of the cathode lines 18 depends upon the orientation of the screen, which, if rotated 90 degrees, would position the cathode lines vertically.
  • the cathode lines are arbitrarily defined as horizontal or in the x-axis.
  • the cathode elements 18 be composed of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) as set forth in U.S. Patent No. 4,742,345.
  • ITO Indium Tin Oxide
  • a plurality of independent grid conductor lines 20 are superposed in the vertical (parallel with the ⁇ -axis) over the cathode elements 18. i.e. at right angles thereto, and are insulated therefrom by an interstitial photoresist layer 22.
  • the grid elements 20 may be formed by coating the photoresist layer 22 with a metal, such as nickel or chrome, using sputtering techniques or the like, and then selectively masking and etching to yield the intersecting but insulated configuration shown in FIG. 1.
  • Each cathode and grid element 18, 20 terminates at one end in a contact pad, or is otherwise adapted to permit connection to display driver circuitry.
  • An anode 26 is formed on an interior surface of the anode faceplate 12 by plating with a thin layer of conductor material, such as, chrome.
  • FIG. 2 also taken from U.S. Patent No. 4,732,830, shows, in the simplest schematic form, how the cathode 18 and grid lines 20 comprise an addressable x-y matrix allowing pixels at the intersection points to be selectively displayed.
  • Each horizontal 18 and vertical 20 line has an associated amplifer/driver 24R and 24C, respectively, for impressing either a logical "1" or "0" thereon, such that when both are "1" at an intersection, that intersection is written.
  • the horiziontal lines have been labelled R1...R2200 to signify that 2200 display lines 18 or rows would typically be present.
  • 1700 vertical lines 20 or columns are common, as depicted by the labels C1...C1700.
  • FIG. 3, taken from Patent No. 4,742,345, shows exemplary circuitry for suplying input data to the x and y drivers, 24R and 24C.
  • a large capacity, composite, serial-to-parallel register 26 may be used as a buffer for collecting a large number of bits of display data, e.g. 850 bits. After sequentially clocking data into the register 26 and filling it to capacity, the data is latched in parallel into a latch array 28 having an equal capacity. The data is then strobed into the display driver amplifiers 24 through a plurality of AND gates 30. Data may be accumulated in the serial register while the transfer from latch array 28 to drivers 24 occurs.
  • FIG. 4 shows exemplary circuitry for suplying input data to the x and y drivers, 24R and 24C.
  • a large capacity, composite, serial-to-parallel register 26 may be used as a buffer for collecting a large number of bits of display data, e.g. 850 bits. After sequentially clocking data into
  • the output of the AND gates are labelled with odd number columns 1 through 1699.
  • the data for even number columns would be supplied, in this case, by a twin circuit disposed on the cathode faceplate opposite to that for the odd columns. This configuration prevents overcrowding of electrical connections to the grid lines as explained in Patent No. 4,742,345.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 The proportions of the grid 20 and cathode 18 lines as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 have been greatly enlarged for the purposes of illustration.
  • the grid 20 and cathode 18 lines are very thin and elongated.
  • a workable panel would have a large number of intersections, e.g., 2,200 X 1,700 or a total of 3,740,000 separately addressable intersection points in a panel approximately 8" X 11".
  • cathode lines 18, and grid lines 20 are depicted. Additional illustrations of electrophoretic displays, their components and electrical circuitry can be seen by referring to U.S. Patents Nos. 4,742,345 and 4,772,820, each being awarded to the inventors herein.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a character, i.e. the letter "T" written on a EPID as described above in reference to FIGS. 1-3 by utilizing the algorithm flow chartered in FIG. 5.
  • the writing time of the EPID can be reduced by simultaneously writing more than one line at a time. That is, in the above-described previously known EPIDS, an entire set of column data for a particular row is impressed upon the columns, e.g. the grid lines. A single row is then enabled with a logica "1" and thereby written. The next set of column data is loaded onto the grid lines and the next row is enabled or written. This goes on sequentially until the entire screen is written.
  • each row in pas operation had to be held in the logical "1" state for the required writing period or writing cycle time.
  • a set of rows greater than one row e.g., two rows
  • the two rows will both be dimly written with the same display information in one half the cycle time. For instance, if column data for row 1 is loaded and rows 1 and 2 are written, both row 1 and row 2 will be dimly written with row 1 display information.
  • a 70 line X 25 line matrix with 1750 pixels may be used as the area for expressing a single character.
  • the pattern of pixels comprising the common characters is very repetitive.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates this principle using a matrix of only 22 X 22 lines, i.e., those lines centrally located within the entire 29 X 31 line matrix depicted.
  • the top of the "T” begins at (r5,c5) and ends at (r9,c26). The significance of the X's on row 5 will be explained below.
  • the stem of the "T” starts at (r10,c13) and ends at (r26,c17).
  • the top of the "T” is composed of 5 identical rows of pixels and the stem of the "T” is composed of 17 identical rows of pixels.
  • the "T” depicted in FIG. 4 is an example of applying the present inventive method in writing in two row sets at one half the normal write cycle time (twice the writing speed). Specifically, one would execute the following steps in order to display the "T" shown in FIG. 4.:
  • r5 has been selected as the first line that has "ls" or written pixels in it and it should be the first line of the "top" of the "T". Due to the fact, however, that r5 is a transition line, i.e., a transition from non-written to written pixels, it will not be completely written and instead will only be dimly written or half written. This is so because each write cycle, since it is at twice the speed as a normal cycle, only "half writes” the information. The next cycle is necessary to fully write the information, but only if the next cycle uses the same data. In the case of a transition line, succeeding rows have different data.
  • Load r10 Write r10,r11 repeats until row 26 where: Load r26 Write r26,r27 (constitutes another transition line) Write r27, r28, etc. Load r27
  • FIG. 5 is a generalized flowchart of the steps of the present inventive method for operating an EPID in a multi-line write mode. It would be expected that operator selection of display writing speed would be offered so that the operator can choose the speed and clarity. This sort of selection is presently offered to operators upon printing on dot-matrix printers, i.e. enhanced printing has greater pixel density but takes longer to print. Accordingly, the operator first enters the number of lines to be written in each write cycle 32. From, this input the write cycle time (writing speed) is adjusted 34. The greater the number of lines simultaneously written in each write cycle, the faster the writing speed.
  • the operator input could be expressed as a selection of writing speed, wherein the operator would select from a range of speeds corresponding to the number of lines simultaneously written.
  • the flowchart shown in FIG. 5 pertains to the display of a single complete image (frame) on the EPID. This algorithm would be utilized over and over under the control of programming at the next higher level. The operator would not be queried as to the operating speed on each frame displayed. Information of that type would be initially set by query or default then changed by interrupt if desired. Having determined the line set size for writing, the writing is begun at the first row 36. (Of course, it would be equally feasible to load rows with data and write columns.) The processor then enters a loop wherein data for the current row is loaded onto the column lines (here grid lines) 38.
  • the data is simultaneously written on the current row and the next x-1 rows by enabling those rows with a logical "1" 40, x being the number of rows in the write set selected.
  • row 1 and the next (4-1) or 3 rows i.e., rows 2, 3 and 4 are written.
  • the "1" state may correspond to a variety of voltages depending upon the EPID in question, e.g., whether the EPID is a triode or tetrode. A voltage of 0 volts has been used to enable writing in triodes and, in those instances, represent a logical "1" or enable state.
  • the row set is written for a write cycle time that has been adjusted by the size of the row set (divided by). This is continued until all rows are written 42,44, whereupon control is returned to the next higher level in the program.
  • line writing sequences could be employed using a multi-line write strategy, for example, vertical lines can be written from left to right or right to left, horizontal lines could be written from bottom to top or from the middle to the outer periphery, etc.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)

Claims (7)

  1. Verfahren zur Verkürzung der Zeitdauer zum Schreiben eines Rahmens von Anzeigedaten (36, 38), der aus einer Mehrzahl von Zeilen (20) von anzeigbaren Bildpunkten besteht, auf einer elektrophoretischen Anzeige (10) mit hoher Zeilendichte, die eine vorbestimmte Zeitdauer zum vollständigen Schreiben einer Zeile erfordert, wobei das besagte Verfahren folgende Schritte umfaßt:
    (a) gleichzeitiges Schreiben (40) einer Menge von mindestens zwei benachbarten Zeilen (20) mit besagten Anzeigedaten (36, 38) in einer ersten Zeitdauer, die kürzer als die besagte vorbestimmte Zeitdauer zum vollständigen Schreiben einer Zeile ist;
    (b) Verschieben der Elemente (44) der besagten Zeilenmenge, so daß die besagte Menge mindestens eine neue Zeile und mindestens eine Ursprungszeile enthält;
    (c) Beschreiben der besagten verschobenen Zeilenmenge (40) in einer zweiten Zeitdauer, die kürzer als die besagte vorbestimmte Zeitdauer ist, nach dem besagten Schritt des Verschiebens (44); und
    (d) Wiederholen der Schritte (b) und (c), bis der besagte Rahmen vollständig geschrieben ist.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Länge jeder der besagten ersten und zweiten Zeitdauern mit steigenden Anzahlen der besagten Elemente in der besagten Zeilenmenge abnimmt.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, wobei jede der besagten ersten und zweiten Zeitdauern annähernd die besagte vorbestimmte Zeitdauer geteilt durch die Anzahl von Elementen in der besagten Zeilenmenge ist.
  4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei die besagten Bildpunkte der besagten Ursprungszeile mit einer Bildpunktintensität geschrieben werden, die sich einer vorbestimmten Bildpunktintensität für einen Bildpunkt nähert, der die besagte vorbestimmte Zeitdauer zum vollständigen Schreiben einer Zeile lang geschrieben worden ist, wenn die besagte neue Zeile Bildpunkte mit einem vorbestimmten Versatz enthält.
  5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4, wobei das Verfahren weiterhin den Schritt des Auswählens der Zeilenzahl in der besagten Menge enthält (32).
  6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 5, wobei das Verfahren weiterhin den Schritt des Einstellens der Länge der besagten Zeitdauer (34) enthält, die kürzer als die besagte vorbestimmte Zeitdauer zum vollständigen Schreiben einer Zeile ist, wenn eine Änderung der Zeilenzahl in der besagten Menge eintritt.
  7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, wobei der besagte vorbestimmte Versatz gleich dem Versatz einer Bezugszeile ist, die sich an einem Rand der besagten Anzeige (10) befindet.
EP92904723A 1991-09-17 1991-09-17 System zum schreiben von daten auf einer elektrophoretischen anzeigetafel. Expired - Lifetime EP0604423B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/US1991/006601 WO1993006585A1 (en) 1991-09-17 1991-09-17 Method for writing data to an electrophoretic display panel

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EP0604423A1 EP0604423A1 (de) 1994-07-06
EP0604423A4 EP0604423A4 (de) 1995-03-01
EP0604423B1 true EP0604423B1 (de) 1996-12-11

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CA (1) CA2119247C (de)
DE (1) DE69123605T2 (de)
WO (1) WO1993006585A1 (de)

Cited By (7)

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US6124851A (en) 1995-07-20 2000-09-26 E Ink Corporation Electronic book with multiple page displays
US6473072B1 (en) 1998-05-12 2002-10-29 E Ink Corporation Microencapsulated electrophoretic electrostatically-addressed media for drawing device applications
US6504524B1 (en) 2000-03-08 2003-01-07 E Ink Corporation Addressing methods for displays having zero time-average field
US6531997B1 (en) 1999-04-30 2003-03-11 E Ink Corporation Methods for addressing electrophoretic displays
US6683333B2 (en) 2000-07-14 2004-01-27 E Ink Corporation Fabrication of electronic circuit elements using unpatterned semiconductor layers
US6704133B2 (en) 1998-03-18 2004-03-09 E-Ink Corporation Electro-optic display overlays and systems for addressing such displays
US8466852B2 (en) 1998-04-10 2013-06-18 E Ink Corporation Full color reflective display with multichromatic sub-pixels

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US6291925B1 (en) 1998-01-12 2001-09-18 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Apparatus and methods for reversible imaging of nonemissive display systems
US6445489B1 (en) * 1998-03-18 2002-09-03 E Ink Corporation Electrophoretic displays and systems for addressing such displays
EP0971336A3 (de) * 1998-07-10 2000-04-05 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur selektiven Bilderzeugung in einem nicht-emitierenden Anzeigesystem
US6762744B2 (en) 2000-06-22 2004-07-13 Seiko Epson Corporation Method and circuit for driving electrophoretic display, electrophoretic display and electronic device using same
WO2004003650A1 (en) * 2002-07-01 2004-01-08 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Electrophoretic display panel
JP2005266178A (ja) 2004-03-17 2005-09-29 Sharp Corp 表示装置の駆動装置、表示装置、及び表示装置の駆動方法
EP1739650A1 (de) * 2005-06-30 2007-01-03 Thomson Licensing Methode der Ansteuerung einer Bildanzeige-Vorrichtung mit passiver Matrix durch Auswahl mehrerer Zeilen

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6124851A (en) 1995-07-20 2000-09-26 E Ink Corporation Electronic book with multiple page displays
US6680725B1 (en) 1995-07-20 2004-01-20 E Ink Corporation Methods of manufacturing electronically addressable displays
US6704133B2 (en) 1998-03-18 2004-03-09 E-Ink Corporation Electro-optic display overlays and systems for addressing such displays
US8466852B2 (en) 1998-04-10 2013-06-18 E Ink Corporation Full color reflective display with multichromatic sub-pixels
US6473072B1 (en) 1998-05-12 2002-10-29 E Ink Corporation Microencapsulated electrophoretic electrostatically-addressed media for drawing device applications
US6738050B2 (en) 1998-05-12 2004-05-18 E Ink Corporation Microencapsulated electrophoretic electrostatically addressed media for drawing device applications
US6531997B1 (en) 1999-04-30 2003-03-11 E Ink Corporation Methods for addressing electrophoretic displays
US6504524B1 (en) 2000-03-08 2003-01-07 E Ink Corporation Addressing methods for displays having zero time-average field
US6683333B2 (en) 2000-07-14 2004-01-27 E Ink Corporation Fabrication of electronic circuit elements using unpatterned semiconductor layers

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EP0604423A1 (de) 1994-07-06
CA2119247C (en) 1999-07-06
DE69123605T2 (de) 1997-04-03
WO1993006585A1 (en) 1993-04-01
EP0604423A4 (de) 1995-03-01
JPH06510370A (ja) 1994-11-17
CA2119247A1 (en) 1993-04-01
DE69123605D1 (de) 1997-01-23

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