DE4305006A1 - Automatic handling, sorting and sepn. of waste material - preliminarily sorts by size, density or volume and secondarily identifies by spectrographic analysis, for reclaiming recyclable items - Google Patents

Abstract

A system for automatically sorting waste material has a preliminary stage in which items are sorted by size, density and low volume followed by sorting to specified criteria. Commencing with the random waste delivery (1) the various pre-sorting devices after conveyor separation (2) may include a beltsieve (4), ballistic separator (34), drumsieve (24), cyclone (26,27) sorteo, vibrator sieve (30), airblast or suction separator (40 to 45). Sorting by criteria in stage (9) is based on chemical composition and a spectrographic analysis is carried out on each item passing along the conveyor (10) by a polarising interferometer (11) and CPU (16) for selective sorting by the actuator (17). USE/ADVANTAGE - Provides accelerated classification and sorting of high volume waste. Enables cost effective and reliable separation of recyclable materials

Description

The invention relates to a method for automatic Sorting waste material, especially plastic waste preferably in large quantities and a facility for Implementation of the method with preferably mechanical and motorized devices for sorting mate materials, bodies or the like according to size and / or density and / or Volumes, such as vibrating sieves, sieve belts, sieve drums, vibra tion devices, cellular wheel sluices, air classifiers, ballistic Sorters, suction devices u. Like. individually or at least partly in combination, whereby the preselected and given if necessary, some waste material is fed to a conveyor belt becomes. The invention also relates to a method for Spectral analysis of substances, as is especially the case for first-mentioned method can be used, as well as on a associated device.

Waste, especially urban and industrial waste, is natural according to both its size and its size Composition very heterogeneous, what the sorting ratio moderately difficult. This difficulty increases especially when it comes to part of the waste like that prepare that it can be reused can. Now EP-B-82 815 describes a method in which it is described in  Surprisingly, sorting is practically possible chemical ingredients of the waste simply by sorting to bring about by size, if once due to a Waste analysis determined which fractions determined possess chemical properties. However, this is about Scripture not to reuse the material in the narrow Senses, d. H. for reuse in that area of application where the waste comes from, but about a combustion or Composting.

However, the requirements regarding the fabric are natural quality greater if the waste material is sorted in this way should be that it can be reused. This applies particularly to the reuse of Plastics, depending on their chemical composition require different treatment. Surrender to Then sort too big inaccuracies, so is the whole Reprocessing questioned.

So far, you have mainly had one hand in practice sorting supported when it came to new plastic waste to process. Of course, the most varied Known methods of chemical composition - also from Plastics of various materials - to be determined. These In practice, however, methods of investigation fail due to the large Quantity of the amount of garbage and could therefore for these purposes are rarely used.

The invention is based on the object, a sorting ver drive for waste material, especially plastic waste, to create with which even large amounts of waste automatically can be sorted with a high degree of accuracy. Invention  is therefore in a method of the type mentioned suggested that sorting in at least two steps is carried out, in a first step a precautionary measure tation according to preferably one of the material together setting of the waste material deviating criterion and then in a second step, sorting according to material Criteria is made.

This is where the invention based on EP-B-82 815 is concerned made use of the experience that sorting by material composition already differing criteria certain concentration of individual chemical substances in the one individual fractions. Then it is essential easier to select from these enriched fractions Carrying out criteria of the material composition. tries the applicant has also confirmed this.

In a further embodiment of the method according to the invention suggested that pre-sorting be done in at least two Steps is carried out, preferably these before sorting by size and / or density and / or volume of the Ab case material is made. These measures have proven to be proven inexpensive and it is beneficial when pre-sorting comprises at least one sieving process. But it is also from before partially includes at least one sieving process. But it is also from Advantage if this process step is a visual process Use of gas, especially air.

In order to increase the accuracy, according to a further characteristic Sign of the invention provided that preferably during the Pre-sorting, but always before sorting by material Criteria a separation of the waste material carried out  becomes. As a result, volu can be separated easily in an advantageous manner mina be checked reliably.

Because the sorting of materials after the pre-sorting is relatively quick must go on, is in a further embodiment of the invention suggested that to check or determine the substance criteria of the pre-sorted waste material in the second step determines a spectrogram of the waste material , preferably the spectrogram interferometrically, in particular by a Fourier analysis or a Fast Fourier Analysis is determined. You get particularly precise results for example with a polarization interferometer, as shown in WO90 / 10191 is described. However, it is particularly preferred a method for spectral analysis as described later in is described individually and the subject matter of claim 11 forms.

According to a further embodiment of the Ver driving is suggested that especially in interferometry determination of the spectrogram under reflected light of the preferably different sizes and / or volumes send a waste material during the analysis process level measurement of a measuring head of the analysis device for Examining, preferably isolated, waste material is carried out and a derived from this distance measurement Signal as a correction signal or the like in a functional context with the preferably interferometrically determined spectrogram is set or this signal as a control signal for automatic term setting a predetermined distance of the measuring head is used for the waste material to be tested.

The measures according to the invention mentioned above result in  advantageously a simplified adaptation to large quantities currents reached. Also the danger of pollution of the Ana lysis device better avoided. Have the materials to be tested different materials, this is precisely the case with the Be Use of reflected rays Changes in the signal in Dependence on the distance of the waste from the interferometer. The Including distance measurement in the process eliminated advantageously these adverse effects.

The sorting procedure can be carried out quickly if by Another embodiment of the invention provides that before preferably for a variety of different materials procured waste materials spectrograms taking into account tion of different measuring distances as a characteristic, preferred wise multidimensional target spectrograms are saved, these with actual spectrograms each checked in the sorting process Waste material are compared and that from the comparison derived result signal at least as a control signal for the selective sorting process is used. The above mentioned Spectrograms result in multi-dimensional diagrams various variables, including "wavelength", "Distance" and "Material" and corresponding clusters of characterizing points. So can the measuring distance if desired, be read from the spectrogram in which Trap dispenses with a separate distance measuring device can be.

With a device of the type mentioned at the beginning for implementation The method described above is further developed the invention proposed that the conveyor belt to a Substance analysis device, which is an interferometer, esp. Has a polarization interferometer that with a  Incident lighting device for the waste material is equipped, which is preferably at least approximately parallel aligned light beams emitted, the output signal the interferometer of an evaluation device for implementation a Fourier analysis, especially Fast Fourier analysis, which evaluation device a comparison device for from analyzed waste material derived spectrograms and before has certain stored spectrograms, the Output signal of the comparison device for controlling Actuators, electrostatic and / or pneumatic and / or electromechanical ejectors, slides or the like for tested and qualified waste material is provided. These Setup enables efficient and inexpensive through implementation of the method according to the invention, the measurement done contactless.

The device according to the invention can be particularly universal set and the procedure can be carried out quickly if in Another embodiment of the invention provides that a Distance measuring device for determining the distance from the testing waste material to the measuring head of the analysis device is provided, the output signal of the evaluation device for preferably computational compensation of the measuring distance and / or for the automatic setting of a predetermined measurement distance of the analysis device to the waste material on Conveyor belt is fed.

It is advantageous if the device according to the invention for distance measurement, a non-contact active or passive distance measuring device for non-cooperative measurement objects, whereby as measuring radiation light, infrared radiation, Microwave radiation or ultrasound is provided and the  Measuring distance by signal transit time or measuring beam deflection can be determined according to trigonometric calculation rules.

In another aspect, the invention is based on the object reasons to speed up sorting to large mass flows to be able to cope. Because the large amount of garbage requires more and more the use of automatic sorting devices etc. to both the disposal and the recovery of To enable raw materials or materials cost-effectively. For this it is necessary to use procedures or facilities use that capture substances on these non-contact make optical measurements, specific spectral parameters compare and this analysis result for automatic Make control available if necessary.

An interferometer requires the mechanical one for spectral analysis Scanning of the entire spectral range. For this, a prism shifted in the beam path of the apparatus. This movement process takes a certain amount of time, which is not too big is, but nevertheless a quick measurement or detection of substances, such as through a conveyor channel or one Filling chute through falling body or the like not possible.

Starting from a method according to the preamble of the claim 17 is therefore the invention in a further embodiment based on creating a method and a device which ver the disadvantages of interferometric spectral analysis avoid and increase the measuring speed. According to the invention are in a method of the aforementioned Kind proposed the characterizing features of claim 17. Because the substance to be measured during its conveying movement is irradiated or irradiated, a stop of the respective substance  no longer required in a certain position. Also the fact that several radiation-electric converters are featured are saving time that is otherwise for the successive Scanning the spectrum would be necessary. This is the procedure Ren can be carried out quickly and provides the necessary measurement values for the classification of the recorded substance. Since the to measure send material, body, etc. no longer stopped in the measuring field are needed, becomes a continuous and time-saving ab run a sorting process, for example.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention is pre suggest that the substance to be detected or measured is sent to the guided photoelectric converters for spectral analysis is, the before each measurement of the substance to be examined surrounding medium, such as air or the like, with the radiation electri transducers and the connected spectrometric ana lysis device is detected and measured and from this before derived measurement values for the standardization of the Quiescent signals of the photoelectric converters can be used. As a result, the same starting conditions become for all measuring processes created for measuring accuracy and thus for trouble-free Operation contribute significantly, which in particular for the indu strategic use is essential.

In a further embodiment of the invention it is proposed that by guiding the substance to be examined past at least a significant change in a radiation-electric converter whose output signals are initiated, which change to Activation of the spectral analysis of the substance is used. This will automatically in the simplest way without use additional devices such as light barriers, sensors etc. Measurement process or spectral analysis initiated.  

According to a further preferred feature of the invention struck that the output signals of the radiation electrical Transducer during the period of passing the measurement to be carried out Substance at least in preferably predetermined time intervals be subjected to spectral analysis. By this measure depending on the examined substance, body or the like during the pass sierens through the field of view of the radiation-electric converter made a variety of measurements, the analyzer fed and subjected to the evaluation process. This increases not only the accuracy of the measurement method but also the Possibility to recognize substances, bodies and the like that are used for Partly covered by labels, paintwork, etc.

In the device according to the invention with a radiation source and a radiation-electric sensor device, in particular to control automatic sorting devices, preferably wise for plastic bodies, such as plastic bottles, packaging material, etc. for performing the method according to the invention the features of claim 15 are proposed. Through this Design creates a device that is single Lich requires little equipment, which a quick Er Detection or measurement of the substances and also a Sorting of the measured substances.

Due to the preferred embodiment of the invention that at least one radiation-electric converter at least medium bar a threshold switch or a threshold program radio tion to activate the spectral analysis process is achieved, that the measuring function is activated automatically without having to use an additional sensor.  

Depending on the flat or spatial shape of the object to be measured Substance or the body to be measured, it is after one ferred embodiment of the invention advantageous, the lichtelek trical converter in the form of a row or a matrix to line up, with a control device preferably at the time sequential supply of the output signals of the converter to the Analysis device is provided. By doing so on a fabric or several measurements or spectral analyzes on one body carried out, which on the one hand caused any interference through covers, soiling of the item to be examined Reduce material, body or the like.

For numerous applications, it can be advantageous if according to a further embodiment of the invention, the beam Removed source and / or the radiation-electric converter are arranged from the substance to be measured and via radiation conductors or fiber optic systems with the substance to be measured in active combination can be brought. This can, if necessary Environmentally sensitive electronics in a safe place to be ordered. The device can also be cleaned thereby be significantly simplified since the decoupling of the Transducer and / or the radiation source from the device Radiation conductor or the fiber optic systems very simple and can be carried out in a short time.

Further details of the invention will become apparent from the following description of Darge schematically in the drawing presented examples:

Fig. 1, the inventive method illustrated for the sorting of waste materials including the associated facilities, and

Fig. 2 shows schematically a device with a spectrometric analysis device and with this controlled sorting device.

On the basis of FIG. 1 are ge shows several different ways, which can be used alternatively or cumulatively. So it is conceivable that, for. B. collected at collection points plastic material M is transported by truck 1 in order to be fed to a separating device 2 , if appropriate after intermediate storage in an intermediate bunker. As can be seen, the individual plastic containers are each handed over to a conveyor belt 3 , from where they are fed to a pre-sorting. As can be seen, this pre-sorting takes place in two steps.

In the first step there is a screening, for which purpose a sieve belt 4 is provided, which passes the plastic material passed through to a funnel, at the exit of which a cell wheel lock 6 for dispensing the material is arranged in a storage container 7 .

As indicated by the dashed line 8 , this material can, however, be fed directly to the downstream substance sorting stage 9 , which tests the material according to material criteria, ie by performing a chemical analysis. In this case it is advantageous if the cellular wheel sluice 6 is operated step by step so that the separation of the material is maintained on the transport paths 8 . The material then reaches ge on a conveyor belt 10 , which passes the individual parts on a polarization interferometer (later called device) 11 , which is preferably designed in accordance with WO 90/10191. In contrast to this known embodiment, however, the device 11 works with an incident light lamp 12 , so that the device 11 receives the light reflected from the material. The light source 12 is preferably associated with an optical system, in particular a mirror optical system 13 , which aligns the illuminating beams 14 at least approximately in parallel, since this reduces the sensitivity of the device 11 to differences in distance.

Additionally or alternatively, a distance measuring water can be connected to the device 11 . This distance meter is formed in the illustrated embodiment by two light-electric converters 15 located on a base, which receive the light coming from the light source 12 and reflected by the respective material. In itself, one of the photoelectric converters 15 could also be replaced by a light source, but this is not necessary in the present case, since sufficient light is ensured by the light source 12 . In addition, the Ab standmeßeinrichtung 15 can be formed in any way, for example, include a diode row or as a rangefinder, z. B. with ultrasound. However, it is also possible to carry out the distance measurement by evaluating the spectrogram accordingly.

In any case, an output signal of the device 11 is determined on an output line 20 and is fed to an evaluation device 16 for performing a Fourier analysis, in particular a Fast Fourier analysis. The evaluation device 16 then preferably compares the spectrogram developed from this analysis with at least one stored target spectrogram in order to determine the chemical composition of the respective material, and accordingly actuates an actuator 17 . In principle, this takes place in a similar manner to that shown and described in EP-A-0 475 121. There are mainly electrostatic and pneumatic actuators for throwing out the sorted parts mentioned, but it can be the actuator 17 also a mechanical African, for example, an electrofluid converter 18 for converting the signal received via an output line 19 into a corresponding fluid, z . B. pneumatic, signal on output lines 21 , the output lines 21 controls an actuating cylinder 22 for actuating a slide 23 . Just as in the mentioned EP-A-0 475 121, it is readily possible to arrange several such actuators 17 along the belt 10 in order to actuate one or the other, depending on the material to be sorted out.

However, the invention is by no means only applicable to plastic material that has already been pre-sorted, as is produced by the truck 1 angelie. Reference is made to DE-A-38 36 608, which mainly deals with the processing of so-called green waste, which often contains a certain proportion of plastics. According to this DE-A-, a sieve drum 24 , preferably consisting of several compartments with various hole sizes, is provided, to which a blower 26 for a fraction of the sieve diarrhea is attached to the air classifier 25 . In this case, the classifying air is expediently operated in a circuit, for which purpose the air classifier 25 opens into a cyclone 27 , within which the separate plastic fraction is deposited downwards, whereas the air again runs to the blower 26 . A cellular wheel sluice 106 is provided on the underside of the cyclone 27 , which - in a manner similar to the cellular wheel sluice 6 - can expediently be operated step by step in order to deposit isolated plastic parts 29 on a passing conveyor belt 28 .

The goods thus separated can in turn be fed from the conveyor belt 28 to the analysis and sorting stage 9 already described. It goes without saying that - especially in the case of green compost - the screened fraction can carry with it a high proportion of fine compost parts, but this is separated out in the wind sifter 25 in accordance with the disclosure of DE-A 38 36 698.

The various sorting methods can be used in combination with one another within the scope of the invention if, for example, a vibration device 30 is used, which can be designed as a vibrating screen or as a known heavy part reader. If the material, e.g. B. similar to the design of CH-PS 522 451, or DE-A-23 37 808, introduced via a filler neck 31 and ge reaches at least one sieve tray 104 . However, several sieve trays can also be arranged one above the other with a decreasing hole cross section. Furthermore, a suction connection 32 is connected for the extraction of a fine fraction, and the vibration of the sieve bottom 104 can be designed such that the heavy parts collect on the top of this sieve.

In this way - in addition to the suction nozzle 32 - three outlets 32 a, 32 b, 32 c can be seen for different fractions, which then each have a buffer (not shown here), e.g. B. similar to the intermediate container 7 , feed material, or deliver the material directly to the sorting line 9 via a multi-way switch 33 .

Although it is preferred to connect a further screening after a screening, this can also be dispensed with if necessary. In the case of the sieve 4 , a ballistic sorter 34 is connected downstream, which has a brush roller 35 according to WO91 / 01817. Due to the resilience of the upper surface of the brush roller 35 are heavier parts to sink deeper and then down which eclip onto a belt conveyor 36 directs be, whereas lighter items will be thrown off tangentially and 38 supplied via a conveyor 37 an intermediate bearing leads are. As can be seen, the parts from the conveyor 36 go directly to the analysis and sorting line 9 , but the material coming from the conveyor 37 can also be fed to the analysis line 9 according to line 39 .

Although it is therefore not preferred to carry out only a single type of presorting, such can take place in several stages, in which the material is fed to a filling funnel 40 , which is expediently closed by a rotary valve 41 . Below the cellular wheel sluice there is a conveyor channel 42 to which a number of wind classifiers, preferably zigzag wind classifiers 43, are connected.

In order to cause the material supplied to the channel 42 to rise into the air classifier channels 43, impulse nozzles 44 can be provided at the entrance of a air classifier channel, which deflect the material into the air classifier channel. Alternatively or additionally, suction lines 45 are connected to the top of the air classifier channels 43 . In any case, the lighter material is led upwards, whereas the heavier sinks back into the conveyor channel 42 and is taken to the next air classifier. The arrangement can expediently be such that each of the channels 43 sorts out a different fraction, be it that the flow conditions in these channels are designed differently (greater or lesser pressure or wind speed), and / or that the channels differ , e.g. B. are designed with different cross-section.

The outputs of these air classifier channels 43 can in turn be fed directly to the analysis and sorting section 9 via a pipe switch 133 or to an intermediate bunker (not shown here).

It is understood that numerous variations within the scope of the invention anten are conceivable, in particular the different me methods of presorting can be combined with each other for example, by using the sorting effect of fluidized beds for pre-sorting. Sorting by possible in many different ways, for example, also chromatographically. If a spectrometer is used is the use of electromagnetic radiation cheap in the near infrared range, but not a requirement; at for example, light from the visible area can also be used will. It is also understood that the incident light illumination it is favorable that it would also be conceivable to sort the Material about a, e.g. B. oblique to direct shaft in which the Probe of a spectrometer is housed.

A particularly favorable device for material sorting by means of a spectrometer is shown with reference to FIG. 2, parts of the same function having the same reference numerals as in FIG. 1, parts having only a similar function having the same reference numerals, but with an added hundreds digit.

In FIG. 2, 110 denotes a chute, into which substances such as bottles M made of plastic are introduced. The like bottles M can be made from a wide variety of materials. For the further processing of waste or for the recovery of materials from waste recycling, it is absolutely necessary to determine whether the bottles M are made of polyester, polyamide or polyvinyl chloride, for example. In order to determine from which material or from which material the bottles M are made, the chute 1 is equipped with a spectrometric analysis device 111 .

The spectrometric analysis device 111 has the light source 12 in the form of an electric incandescent lamp. This light source 12 is attached to the outside of the wall of the chute 110 and shines through a window, not shown, into the chute 110 . A large number of photoelectric converters 50 are also arranged on the outside on the wall of the chute 110 opposite the light source 12 . These photoelectric converters 50 can be strung together in the form of a row or can also be arranged flat in the form of a matrix or an array. Photodiodes, CCD lines, CCD arrays or arrays that can be read out in parallel can be used as the photoelectric converter 50 . If necessary, these transducers 50 are to be preceded by optical systems for colimation or the like, but in any case a known decomposition device for the spectrum (not shown).

The electronic digital computing device 16 is in turn connected to the outputs 60 of the photoelectric converters 50 . The output signals supplied by the photoelectric converters 50 are functionally related to the spectrum of the substance under investigation and represent the respective actual spectrum. The computing device 16 has storage devices for target spectra. These target spectra have previously been measured and stored using known substances or materials. Furthermore, the computing device 16 has a comparison device for the desired spectrum and signals corresponding to the actual spectrum.

When arranging the light source 12 and the photoelectric converters 50 , the substances or bodies to be detected and measured must be taken into account. It may be more advantageous to analyze and evaluate instead of transmitted light illumination, radiation reflected by the body or both.

Furthermore, the geometric arrangement of the individual light electrical converter on the size, on the format and also on the shape of the body to be detected can be turned off. Often times are plastic bottles with labels, signs or the like provided that would interfere with the analysis process. To ver this avoid the supply of the output signals of the photoelectric the converter to the computing device in a time-sequential manner men so that a variety of measurements per body ver are made available and those measured values in the analysis-computing process can be excreted, which are significantly different from those signals derived from the material of the body. Over a Control device, not shown, the frequency of the measurement follow predetermined and set. When choosing the measuring however, the transport speed of the bodies must be taken into account sight.

The spectrometric analysis device can be in continuous operation and can measure the surrounding medium such as air etc. This leads to a standardization of the idle signal of each photoelectric converter, which increases the measuring accuracy and operational reliability. As soon as a body M enters the field of view of the first photoelectric converter 50 seen in the falling direction, its output signal suddenly undergoes a change. If a threshold switch is at least indirectly connected to this first photoelectric converter 50 , then its output signal is used to activate the comparison computing process. However, instead of a separate threshold switch, it is also possible to provide a program function for the computing device 16 , which is used to activate the comparison method or the analysis method.

If very dirty bodies or very dirty bodies are measured and, for example, the chute 110 according to FIG. 2 often has to be cleaned, the photoelectric converters 50 can be arranged remotely. The possibly highly sensitive photodiodes including preamplifier can be easily uncoupled on the one hand and can be removed from the transport device for cleaning. On the other hand, critical environmental conditions such as extreme temperatures, humidity, etc. can be sufficiently kept away from the light-electric converters 50 . This also applies to the light source 12 or to the supply of light to the body via light guides.

The output signal of the spectrometric analysis device 111 is fed to a positioning device 118 and its electromotive drive 122 , which leads, for example, via a follow-up control, a switch 123 to the loading openings of a storage container 74 divided into several chambers A, B, C. Chamber A is intended for example for plastic bottles M made of polyester, chamber B for bottles made of polyamide and chamber C for bottles made of polyvinyl chloride. If the measurement of a plastic bottle M shows that the material is polyamide, the positioning device 118 receives a signal from the computing device 16 , which causes it to lead the switch 123 to the chamber B.

It is understood that numerous within the scope of the invention Modifications are possible, for example by replacing visible light invisible electromagnetic radiation, such as NIR or UV light, microwaves, etc., a single or different frequency is used.

Claims (26)

1. A method for the automatic sorting of waste material, characterized in that the sorting is carried out in at least two steps, with a pre-sorting being carried out in a first step and then sorting according to material criteria in a second step. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that that the sorting according to one of the material together setting of the waste material deviating criterion, preferably in is carried out at least two steps, preferably this sorting according to size and / or density and / or volume of the waste material is made. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized records that preferably during pre-sorting, however always make a check before sorting according to material criteria waste material is carried out. 4. Process according to at least one of the preceding Claims that to check or determine the material Criteria of the pre-sorted waste material in the second A spectrogram of the waste material is determined, preferably the spectrogram is interferometric, in particular through a Fourier analysis or a Fast Fourier analysis  is determined. 5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that, especially with interferometric determination of the spec trogram under the illumination of preferably under different sizes and / or volumes of waste material during the analysis process, a distance measurement of a measurement head of the analysis device for the test, before preferably carried out isolated waste material and a signal derived from this distance measurement as a correction signal nal or the like. In a functional connection with the preferred interferometrically determined spectrogram is set or this signal as a control signal for automatic adjustment a predetermined distance of the measuring head to the test Waste material is used. 6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that preferably for a variety of different fabric waste materials procured under consideration viewing different measuring distances as characteristic, preferably multidimensional target spectrograms are stored be, these with actual spectrograms each in the sorting process tested waste material are compared, and that from the Comparison derived result signal at least as a control signal is used for the selective sorting process. 7. Device for carrying out the method according to one of claims 1 to 6, with devices for sorting materials, bodies or the like. According to size and / or density and / or volume, the preselected waste material being fed to a conveyor track, characterized in that that the conveyor track ( 10 ; 110 ) is guided to an analysis device ( 11 ; 111 ) which has a spectrometer. 8. Device according to claim 7, characterized in that a distance measuring device ( 15 ) for determining the distance of the waste material to be tested to the measuring head of the Analyzeein device ( 11 ) is provided, the output signal of the evaluation device ( 16 ) for preferably computational compensation of the measuring distance and / or for automatic setting of a predetermined measuring distance of the analysis device ( 11 ) for waste material on the conveyor track ( 10 ) is supplied. 9. Device according to claim 8, characterized net that the device for distance measurement a contactless working active or passive distance measuring device for is not cooperative test objects, being used as measurement radiation Light, infrared radiation, microwave radiation or ultrasound is provided, and the measuring distance by signal transit time or Measuring beam deflection according to trigonometric calculation rules can be determined. 10. Device according to one of claims 7 to 9, characterized in that the spectrometer is a reflected light illumination device ( 12 , 13 ) for the waste material is assigned, which preferably emits at least approximately parallel aligned light beams. 11. Device according to one of claims 7 to 10, characterized in that the spectrometer is designed as an interferometer, in particular polarization interferometer, the output signal of an evaluation device ( 16 ) for performing a Fourier analysis, in particular Fast Fourier analysis, leads is. 12. Device according to one of claims 7 to 11, characterized in that an evaluation device ( 16 ) with a comparison device for spectrograms derived from the analyzed waste material and predetermined stored spectrograms is provided. 13. Device according to one of claims 7 to 12, characterized in that the output signal of the spectrometer of a control of at least one actuator ( 22 , 23 ; 122 , 123 ) can be fed, such as electrostatic and / or pneumatic and / or electromechanical ejectors, sliders ( 17 to 23 ), switches ( 123 ) or the like 14. Device according to one of claims 7 to 13, characterized in that the sorting device for the presorting has at least one sieve ( 4 , 24 , 104 ). 15. Device according to one of claims 7 to 15, characterized in that the sorting device for the presorting has at least one wind sifter device ( 27 , 32 , 43 ). 16. Device according to one of claims 7 to 16, characterized in that a separating device ( 3 ), optionally in combination with a pre-sorting device, for. B. with a rotary valve ( 6 , 106 ) is provided. 17. Process for spectral analysis of substances, in particular for the sorting of materials in a process according to a of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the mes send substance during its transportation along a predetermined  th transport path from an electromagnetic radiation source is irradiated or irradiated and the material reflected and / or radiation emerging from the material at the same time several arranged in a row and the spectrum of that of the substance emitted radiation-absorbing radiation-electrical transducers is projected, the output signal of a spectral analysis in a spectrometric analysis device for recording or Measurement of species-specific material parameters is supplied. 18. The method according to claim 17, characterized in that that before each measurement of the substance to be examined, the surrounding Medium, such as air or the like, from the radiation electric wall learn and the connected spectrometric analysis device is detected and measured, and that from this premature measurement derived measurement values for standardizing the idle signal of the radiation-electrical converter can be used. 19. The method according to claim 18, characterized in that by passing the substance to be examined to minde least a radiation-electric converter a significant one Change whose output signal is initiated, which changes tion to activate the spectral analysis of the substance becomes. 20. The method according to any one of claims 17 to 19, there characterized in that the output signals of the radiation electrical converter during the period of passing the substance to be measured at least in at least two, preferably predetermined, time intervals subjected to the spectral analysis will. 21. Device for carrying out the method according to one of claims 17 to 20, with a radiation source and a radiation-electric sensor device, in particular for controlling automatic sorting devices, preferably for plastic bodies, such as plastic bottles, packaging material, etc., characterized in that a conveyor device ( 1 ) the is provided to be examined substance (2) into the beam path of the radiation source (4) to a plurality of radiation-electric transducers (5) for introducing in that the radiation-electrical transducer (5) comprises a spectrometric analysis device (3) with an electronic digital computing device (8) is connected, which has a preferably digital, storage direction for different substances assigned target spectra and a, preferably digital, comparison device for the radiation electrical converters ( 5 ) and in functional connection with the actual Sp Ectrum of the investigated substance ( 2 ) has standing output signals. 22. The apparatus according to claim 21, characterized in that the output signal of the comparison device of a positioning device ( 9 ) for an adjustable switch ( 10 ) of the conveyor for selective loading of storage containers ( 14 ) or the like. Can be supplied. 23. The apparatus of claim 21 or 22, characterized ge indicates that the storage device and / or the Ver equal facility also as digital facility (s) is or are trained. 24. The device according to any one of claims 21 to 23, characterized in that at least indirectly a threshold switch or a threshold program function for activating the spectral analysis process is connected to at least one radiation-electric converter ( 5 ). 25. The device according to any one of claims 21 to 24, characterized in that the radiation-electric transducers ( 5 ) are lined up in the form of a line or a matrix, with a control device, for. B. a shift register is provided for the time-sequential supply of the output signals of the converters ( 5 ) to the computing device ( 8 ). 26. Device according to one of claims 21 to 25, characterized in that the radiation source ( 4 ) and / or the radiation-electric transducer ( 5 ) are arranged away from the substance to be measured ( 2 ) and via radiation conductors or fiber optic systems with the one to be measured Substance ( 2 ) can be brought into operative connection.