DE3727319A1 - Roof and wall board - Google Patents
Roof and wall boardInfo
- Publication number
- DE3727319A1 DE3727319A1 DE19873727319 DE3727319A DE3727319A1 DE 3727319 A1 DE3727319 A1 DE 3727319A1 DE 19873727319 DE19873727319 DE 19873727319 DE 3727319 A DE3727319 A DE 3727319A DE 3727319 A1 DE3727319 A1 DE 3727319A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- roof
- proportion
- wall
- wall panel
- fibers
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010454 slate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012784 inorganic fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000009969 flowable effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012783 reinforcing fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011210 fiber-reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009191 jumping Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001331 nose Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
- B28B7/40—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels characterised by means for modifying the properties of the moulding material
- B28B7/46—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels characterised by means for modifying the properties of the moulding material for humidifying or dehumidifying
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B1/00—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material
- B28B1/52—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material specially adapted for producing articles from mixtures containing fibres, e.g. asbestos cement
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B15/00—General arrangement or layout of plant ; Industrial outlines or plant installations
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B3/00—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B3/00—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor
- B28B3/02—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor wherein a ram exerts pressure on the material in a moulding space; Ram heads of special form
- B28B3/021—Ram heads of special form
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Press-Shaping Or Shaping Using Conveyers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Dach- und Wandplatte aus Beton.The invention relates to a roof and wall plate made of concrete.
Bekannte Beton-Dachplatten haben einen relativ hohen Anteil an Sand und fallen demgemäß schwer und dick aus. Trotz ihres hohen Gewichtes sind derartige Platten stark bruch- und riß empfindlich.Known concrete roof tiles have a relatively high proportion of sand and are therefore heavy and thick. Despite her Such plates are very heavy and break and crack sensitive.
Der Erfindung liegt demgemäß die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Dach- und Wandplatte zu schaffen, die die Nachteile der bekannten Beton-Dachplatten nicht aufweist und die sich bei gesteigerter Festigkeit relativ dünnwandig herstellen läßt.The invention is accordingly based on the object of and wall plate to create the disadvantages of the known Concrete roof tiles does not have and which is increased Strength can be made relatively thin-walled.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß in der Trockenmischung der Dach- und Wandplatte der Anteil an Sand niedrig ist, nämlich etwa 45% beträgt, während ein hoher Anteil an Zement von etwa 53% Verwendung findet und daß Armierungsfasern verwendet werden, nämlich 0,2 bis 0,8% künstliche organische oder anorganische Fasern und 1 bis 3% natürliche organische Fasern.This object is achieved in that in the dry mix of the roof and wall panels Sand is low, namely around 45%, while one high proportion of cement of about 53% is used and that reinforcing fibers are used, namely 0.2 to 0.8% artificial organic or inorganic fibers and 1 to 3% natural organic fibers.
Unter Verwendung einer derartigen Mischung lassen sich in überraschender Weise relativ dünne Dach- und Wandplatten herstellen, die unter Zugrundelegung einer normalen Dach ziegelgröße beispielsweise eine relativ geringe Wandstärke von etwa 10 mm aufweisen können. Dementsprechend haben die mit der erfindungsgemäßen Mischung hergestellten Dach- und Wandplatten ein relativ geringes Gewicht, so daß sie relativ leicht handhabbar sind.Using such a mixture can be found in Surprisingly, relatively thin roof and wall panels manufacture that using a normal roof brick size, for example, a relatively small wall thickness of about 10 mm. Accordingly, they have with the mixture according to the invention roof and Wall panels have a relatively light weight, making them relatively are easy to handle.
Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn in der Trockenmischung der Anteil der künstlichen organischen bzw. anorganischen Fasern 0,4% und der Anteil der natürlichen organischen Fasern 1,1% beträgt.It is particularly advantageous if in the dry mix the proportion of artificial organic or inorganic Fibers 0.4% and the proportion of natural organic Fibers is 1.1%.
Die erfindungsgemäße Mischung enthält also relativ wenig Bewehrungsfasern, wobei sich überraschenderweise gezeigt hat, daß schon ein so geringer Faseranteil ausreicht, um den Dach- und Wandplatten die erforderliche Festigkeit zu verleihen. Hohe Bruch- und Rißempfindlichkeiten wie bei den bekannten Beton-Dachplatten, treten kaum auf.The mixture according to the invention therefore contains relatively little Reinforcement fibers, surprisingly being shown has that such a low fiber content is sufficient to the required strength for the roof and wall panels to lend. High sensitivity to breakage and cracking as with the well-known concrete roof tiles, hardly occur.
Die mit dieser Mischung hergestellten Platten bleiben also trotz des geringen Faseranteiles rißfrei.The plates made with this mixture remain crack-free despite the low fiber content.
Aufgrund des hohen Zementanteiles ist es möglich, relativ viel Wasser der Mischung zuzugeben, so daß ein fließfähiges Gemisch entsteht, das sich pressen läßt. Letzteres bietet insbesondere die Möglichkeit, die Oberfläche derartiger Platten mit Strukturen, insbesondere Schieferstrukturen, zu versehen.Due to the high proportion of cement, it is possible to be relative add a lot of water to the mixture so that it is flowable Mixture is created that can be pressed. The latter offers in particular the possibility of the surface of such Panels with structures, especially slate structures, to provide.
Bei einem Verfahren und einer Vorrichtung zur Herstellung derartiger faserarmierter Dach- und Wandplatten wird die Faserbetonmasse der jeweiligen Dach- und Wandplatte jeweils in eine von mehreren auf einer Ringbahn angeordneten Formen eingebracht, die taktweise umlaufen, wobei wenigstens eine Presse vorgesehen ist, deren Preßstempel jeweils eine der Formen in einer Arbeitsstation übergreift. Sollen mit Einhängnasen versehene Dachplatten hergestellt werden, kann das Werkzeug des Preßstempels mit zwei Höhlungen versehen werden, die der Ausbildung der Nasen zur Einhängung von Dachplatten an die Dachlatten dienen. Sollen die Platten eine strukturierte Oberfläche erhalten, kann der Boden der jeweiligen Form mit einer Struktur versehen werden, die der Negativform einer Schieferstruktur entspricht.In a method and an apparatus for manufacturing of such fiber-reinforced roof and wall panels Fiber concrete mass of the respective roof and wall panels in one of several forms arranged on a ring track introduced, which circulate in cycles, at least a press is provided, the ram each one which overlaps forms in a work station. Should with Roof tabs provided with hooks can be produced provide the tool of the press ram with two cavities be the training of the noses for hanging Serve roof tiles on the roof battens. Shall the plates can get a textured surface, the bottom of the each shape with a structure that the Negative form corresponds to a slate structure.
Auf diese Weise wird erreicht, daß - falls erwünscht und/oder erforderlich - jede einzelne Platte mit einer individuellen Oberflächenstruktur versehen werden kann. Es brauchen hierzu lediglich entsprechende Formen in den Ringlauf eingeschleust zu werden. Aus demselben Grunde ist auch ein jederzeitiger Wechsel der den Platten aufzuprägenden Strukturen ohne weiteres möglich. Bei entsprechender Ausbildung der Vor richtung braucht hierzu noch nicht einmal der Arbeits ablauf unterbrochen zu werden.In this way it is achieved that - if desired and / or required - each individual plate with an individual Surface structure can be provided. It takes this only appropriate shapes introduced into the ring course to become. For the same reason, there is always one Change of the structures to be stamped on the plates without further possible. With appropriate training the Vor direction does not even need to work process to be interrupted.
Zweckmäßigerweise schließt an die Arbeitsstation eine Ent formungsstation an, in welcher die gepreßten Dach- und Wand platten ausgeformt und abgefördert werden.Appropriately, an Ent connects to the workstation forming station, in which the pressed roof and wall plates are shaped and removed.
Die Erfindung wird im folgenden anhand eines im wesentlichen auf die Herstellung von Dachplatten abgestellten Ausführungs beispieles in der Zeichnung näher erläutert. The invention is essentially based on one execution on the manufacture of roof tiles example explained in more detail in the drawing.
Fig. 1 zeigt in perspektivischer Darstellung die Ober- und Unterseite einer mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren bzw. der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung herstell baren Dachplatte. Fig. 1 shows a perspective view of the top and bottom of a roof panel producible with the inventive method and the inventive device.
Fig. 2 zeigt in schematischer Darstellung den Arbeitsablauf der erfindungs gemäßen Vorrichtung. Fig. 2 shows a schematic representation of the workflow of the device according to the Invention.
Fig. 3 ist im Schnitt ein Ausschnitt aus einem Ausführungsbeispiel für die verwendete Presse. Fig. 3 is a section of a section of an embodiment for the press used.
Gemäß Fig. 1 ist die Oberfläche 2 einer erfindungsgemäß her gestellten Dachplatte 1 mit einer schieferähnlichen Struktur 3 versehen, die während des Preßvorganges auf die Oberfläche 2 aufgebracht wird.Referring to FIG. 1, the surface 2 is provided an inventively provided forth roof panel 1 with a slate-like structure 3, which is applied to the surface 2 during the pressing process.
Zwei Befestigungslöcher 4 dienen der zusätzlichen Befestigung der Dachplatte 1 an den Dachlatten im Dachrandbereich, da dort die Dachplatten Windkräften besonders ausgesetzt sind. Two fastening holes 4 are used for the additional fastening of the roof panel 1 to the roof battens in the roof edge area, since there the roof panels are particularly exposed to wind forces.
Auf der Plattenunterseite 5 sind über die Plattenebene vor springende Nasen 6 angeordnet, die der Einhängung der Dach platten 1 an die Dachlatten dienen.On the plate underside 5 are arranged above the plate level before jumping lugs 6 , which serve to hang the roof plates 1 to the roof battens.
Fig. 2 zeigt in schematischer Darstellung den Arbeitsablauf bei der Herstellung von Dach- und Wandplatten mittels der erfindungsgemäßen Anordnung. Es sind hier mehrere auf Förderern 8 angeordnete und damit auf einer Ringbahn um laufende Formen 7 vorgesehen, in welche in einer Beschic kungsstation 9 die Faserbetonmasse eingebracht wird, worauf sie in Richtung der Pfeile 10 und 11 einer Arbeitsstation 12 zugeführt werden, in welcher wenigstens eine Presse vorge sehen ist. Beim dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel sind vier Pressen 13 nebeneinander angeordnet, um den Arbeitsablauf entsprechend zu beschleunigen. Fig. 2 shows a schematic representation of the workflow in the manufacture of roof and wall panels by means of the arrangement according to the invention. There are several arranged on conveyors 8 and thus on an annular path around the running molds 7 , into which the fiber concrete mass is introduced in a loading station 9 , whereupon they are fed in the direction of arrows 10 and 11 to a work station 12 in which at least one Press is provided. In the illustrated embodiment, four presses 13 are arranged side by side in order to accelerate the workflow accordingly.
Die gepreßten Dach- und Wandplatten werden einer Entformungs station 14 zugeführt, dort ausgeformt und in Richtung der Pfeile 15 und 16 abgefördert, wobei Zwischenstapel 17 gebildet werden können.The pressed roof and wall panels are supplied to a demolding station 14 , shaped there and conveyed in the direction of arrows 15 and 16 , intermediate stacks 17 being able to be formed.
Die entleerten Formen 7 werden in Richtung des Pfeiles 18 einer Reinigungsstation 19 und in Richtung des Pfeiles 20 einer Station 21 zugeführt, in welcher sie geölt werden, um die Entnahme der gepreßten Faserbetonplatten zu erleichtern. Anschließend gelangen die Formen 7 wieder in die Beschickungs station 9.The emptied molds 7 are fed in the direction of arrow 18 to a cleaning station 19 and in the direction of arrow 20 to a station 21 , in which they are oiled in order to facilitate the removal of the pressed fiber-reinforced concrete slabs. Then the molds 7 get back into the loading station 9 .
Fig. 3 zeigt einen Ausschnitt aus einer der Pressen 13, wobei ein mit einem Preßstempel 22 verbundenes Werkzeug 23 vorge sehen ist, welches Entwässerungskanäle 24 aufweist und inner halb eines Dichtrahmens 25 in Richtung des Doppelpfeiles 26 bewegbar ist. Die jeweilige Form 7 wird mittels des Förde rers 8 in die Preßstation 12 gefördert, in welcher sie von dem Preßstempel 22 bzw. von dessen Werkzeug 23 übergriffen wird. Während des Preßvorganges wird der Förderer 8 durch eine Werkstückauflage 31 (Pressenunterbär) abgestützt. Fig. 3 shows a section of one of the presses 13 , wherein a tool 23 connected to a press ram 22 is provided, which has drainage channels 24 and is movable within half of a sealing frame 25 in the direction of the double arrow 26 . The respective form 7 is conveyed by means of the conveyor 8 into the press station 12 , in which it is overlapped by the press ram 22 or by its tool 23 . During the pressing process, the conveyor 8 is supported by a workpiece support 31 (press lower bear).
Der Boden 27 der Form 7 ist mit einer Struktur 28 versehen, die der Negativform einer Schieferstruktur entspricht, so daß durch das Pressen die Struktur gemäß Fig. 1 erzeugt wird.The bottom 27 of the mold 7 is provided with a structure 28 which corresponds to the negative form of a slate structure, so that the structure according to FIG. 1 is produced by the pressing.
Das Werkzeug 23 des Preßstempels 22 ist mit zwei Höhlungen 29 versehen, die der Ausbildung der Nasen 6 (vgl. Fig. 2) zur Einhängung der Dachplatten an die Dachlatten dienen. Mit dem Werkzeug 23 werden also plattenunterseitig immer dieselben Nasen 6 und dieselbe Oberfläche erzeugt, während die Platten oberseite, die in Fig. 3 unten liegt, mit unterschied lichen Strukturen 28 versehen werden kann.The tool 23 of the ram 22 is provided with two cavities 29 , which are used to form the lugs 6 (see FIG. 2) for hanging the roof panels on the roof battens. With the tool 23 , the same lugs 6 and the same surface are always produced on the underside of the plate, while the upper side of the plates, which is at the bottom in FIG. 3, can be provided with different structures 28 .
Die in die Form 7 in der Beschickungsstation 9 eingebrachte Faserbetonmasse ist in Fig. 3 mit 30 bezeichnet.The fiber concrete mass introduced into the mold 7 in the loading station 9 is designated by 30 in FIG. 3.
Claims (9)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19873727319 DE3727319A1 (en) | 1987-06-09 | 1987-08-17 | Roof and wall board |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE3719209 | 1987-06-09 | ||
DE19873727319 DE3727319A1 (en) | 1987-06-09 | 1987-08-17 | Roof and wall board |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE3727319A1 true DE3727319A1 (en) | 1988-12-22 |
DE3727319C2 DE3727319C2 (en) | 1989-11-16 |
Family
ID=25856457
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE19873727319 Granted DE3727319A1 (en) | 1987-06-09 | 1987-08-17 | Roof and wall board |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
DE (1) | DE3727319A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1995016644A1 (en) * | 1993-12-16 | 1995-06-22 | Materiaux De Construction International | Article, particularly a covering panel for buildings, and method for making same |
FR2735415A1 (en) * | 1995-06-15 | 1996-12-20 | Mci Sa | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A PLATE-SHAPED ARTICLE AND ARTICLE MANUFACTURED |
WO2006002449A1 (en) * | 2004-07-02 | 2006-01-12 | Siemens Transportation Systems Gmbh & Co Kg | Novel materials for a land vehicle |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10046407B4 (en) * | 2000-09-18 | 2011-02-17 | Sven Obernolte | Process for producing a formwork element made of fiber cement |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1584718B2 (en) * | 1964-11-25 | 1974-08-01 | Heinrich 3251 Altenhagen Schaper | Device for producing roof tiles, in particular concrete roof tiles |
DE3601733C1 (en) * | 1986-01-22 | 1987-05-14 | Fulgurit Baustoffe Gmbh | Process for producing construction panels |
-
1987
- 1987-08-17 DE DE19873727319 patent/DE3727319A1/en active Granted
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1584718B2 (en) * | 1964-11-25 | 1974-08-01 | Heinrich 3251 Altenhagen Schaper | Device for producing roof tiles, in particular concrete roof tiles |
DE3601733C1 (en) * | 1986-01-22 | 1987-05-14 | Fulgurit Baustoffe Gmbh | Process for producing construction panels |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
PROBST: Handbuch der Betonsteinindustrie, 1962, S.238 * |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1995016644A1 (en) * | 1993-12-16 | 1995-06-22 | Materiaux De Construction International | Article, particularly a covering panel for buildings, and method for making same |
FR2714048A1 (en) * | 1993-12-16 | 1995-06-23 | Everite Sa | Article, in particular a cladding plate for buildings, and a method of manufacturing such an article. |
US5779957A (en) * | 1993-12-16 | 1998-07-14 | Materiaux De Construction International | Article, in particular a building covering plate, and process for manufacturing said article |
FR2735415A1 (en) * | 1995-06-15 | 1996-12-20 | Mci Sa | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A PLATE-SHAPED ARTICLE AND ARTICLE MANUFACTURED |
WO1997000161A1 (en) * | 1995-06-15 | 1997-01-03 | Materiaux De Construction International (M.C.I. S.A.) | Method for making a plate-like article, and resulting article |
WO2006002449A1 (en) * | 2004-07-02 | 2006-01-12 | Siemens Transportation Systems Gmbh & Co Kg | Novel materials for a land vehicle |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE3727319C2 (en) | 1989-11-16 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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OP8 | Request for examination as to paragraph 44 patent law | ||
D2 | Grant after examination | ||
8364 | No opposition during term of opposition | ||
8339 | Ceased/non-payment of the annual fee |