DE19806094A1 - Arrangement of structural elements of a spatial structure - Google Patents

Abstract

The spatial support structure is formed using stems (21) and at least one connection head which exhibits the torsion-proof rod shaped connecting element (35). The arrangement has malleable cast iron connection head which is configured with a connection part (50) and attachment part (80). The connection part is firmly connected with a rod element. The attachment part has contact surfaces which exhibits attachment wall sections for attachment at the stem. The connection head has upper head part (44) and lower head part which are connected with one another as one-piece. A perforated disk is formed between them which reaches upto the connection part, attachment side and slot which opens in the vertical outer surface for inserting over the stem, which is fitted on it. An upper cotter opening (152) is formed in the upper head part and a lower cotter opening in the lower head part. The brace serves as cotter (41) for connecting the scaffolding element. The sidewall parts (46.1,46.2) are formed with the outer vertical surfaces (76.1,76.2), which encloses a wedge angle that takes in, preferably, an eighth part of a full circle.

Description

The invention relates to a support structure element arrangement Space structure, in particular a grandstand, a podium or Scaffolding that with the help of stems and at least a connecting rod-shaped Connection elements is designed torsionally rigid.

For the connection to vertical scaffold posts are on these Horizontal disks with through holes for wedges known. Rod elements are connected via the disks Connection heads plugged in. Taking into account the intended use and manufacture are expedient malleable cast iron heads used, which are suitable for welding with steel pipes. There are different designs of such connection heads, for example according to DE-OS 39 34 857.

The connection head is the element in a scaffold, which at Most often, rod scaffolds equipped with connection nodes or almost the most common. Because of this connection head all forces of the respective connecting element in the  Vertical rod and the other rods are introduced comes to him also of paramount importance to user safety. Manufacturing optimization and usage optimization are Requirements for every technical component. To a connection head of a scaffold, they are put to a special degree.

Because of the complicated situation regarding the introduction of force tion and transfer and the tension within of the connection head depending on the applied forces, which too be dynamic and can change frequently Knowledge and insights into this element only with great Effort in the practical application of scaffolding gained expertise and skill to create new ones Use detailed solutions.

The invention has for its object the connection heads of Fasteners in terms of several conditions on material costs, weight, manufacturing times, Manufacturing expenses and operating expenses also at different loads and in terms of Space structures occurring stress conditions, force and moment transfer ratios as well as load functions of Fasteners cheaper for most purposes design than previous connection heads of connecting elements.  

In addition to the features listed above, the following features are provided to achieve this object

• - The connection head made of malleable cast iron is included designed a connection part and a system part,
• - The connection part is firmly connected to a rod element,
• - The system part has system wall with system surfaces parts to rest on the stems,
• - The connection head has an upper head part and one lower headboard on,
• - Between these is a reaching to the connection part, for Slit on the system side and the vertical outer surfaces to attach to a perforated disc on the handle educated,
• - In the upper part of the head is an upper wedge opening and in the lower Head part is formed a lower wedge opening, for one through the wedge openings and the perforated disc, the Clamping the wedge to be connected to the scaffolding elements,
• - The connection head is in the circumferential direction with side wall parts and bounded at the top and bottom with wall parts whose the Force-transmitting material areas leaving usable spaces are trained
• - the side wall parts are formed with vertical outer surfaces, the one occupying the eighth part of a full circle Include wedge angle,
• - The connection head faces from the vertical outer surfaces horizontal and / or the inclined outer surfaces  under all surface areas with the exception of Transition areas in corners extending inwards essentially the same wall thickness.

It can be provided that the vertical outer surfaces and the assigned inner wall surfaces of the top and preferably also the lower side wall parts in the vicinity of the slots essentially parallel with a wall thickness are designed. These measures make it easier to deal with a support-surface structure formed connection head. Furthermore, a scaffold element with a particular structurally favorable in terms of production technology and load formed connection head possible.

It can further be provided that the rod element is tubular, in particular with an outer diameter, a Inner diameter and a tube having a wall thickness is trained. This allows for connection heads with designed tubular rod or profile elements Fasteners an improved wall or partial wall ge design of the connection head having usable spaces.

It can also be provided that the stems are made of steel round tubes are, with a stem outer radius and a wall thickness and where the wall thickness of the side wall parts in the range of about 20 to 30% of the stem outer radius and / or in the range of 1.5 to 3 times  the wall thickness of the handle is designed. It can also be provided be that the wall thickness in the range of 2.5 to 4 times the Wall thickness of the rod element connected to the connection head and / or in the range of about 10 to 16% of the outside diameter of the tube is designed. By means of such Fasteners is the advantageous structure of an entire Scaffolding with regard to, especially with scaffolding occurring static and dynamic loads as well Power and torque transmission relationships to each other Scaffold parts designed to match.

It can also be provided that the connection part one with the Wedge-receiving space communicating opening whose Opening edges span an opening diameter that at least 60%, preferably 65 to 85% of the inner diameter of the Tube is. This makes it even easier and in terms of on the production and transmission of forces and moments as well as the connection conditions of tubular connection elements structurally favorably designed connection head possible.

It can also be provided that the rod element with a profile open to the top, in particular a U-profile is. This enables connection heads with Support profiles designed connecting elements, such as Horizontal support bar, an improved wall or partial wall ge design of the connection head having usable spaces.  

It can also be provided that the connection part one on the Joining and stress conditions as well as the bar element specially designed stop surface for contacting the rod element having.

It can also be provided that the connection part in the area the stop surface has a thickness which is approximately the wall thickness of the bar element and preferably about the average Wall thickness of the connection head corresponds. This enables one simple and safe welding of the two scaffolding elements.

It can also be provided that the connection part is a joint part has, which is pivotable with the rod element, in particular a diagonal bar is connected. This is for Connection heads of articulated connecting elements improved wall or partial wall design of the utility rooms having connection head possible.

It can also be provided that the joint part with a Articulated bracket at an angle of 135 ° to one of the handle axis pointing center line of the connection head is formed. This enables especially if four are perpendicular to each other arranged perforations of the perforated disks with horizontal Bar elements, such as horizontal support bars, longitudinal bars, Crossbars or lattice girders are claimed, the  Connection of additional stiffening of the space structure Diagonal struts.

It can also be provided that the distances of the upper end the upper contact surface and the lower end of the lower Contact surface of the the slot at half the height Slot width intersecting horizontal plane are the same size, preferably the upper contact surface and the lower Contact area are the same size. The symmetrical arrangement of the Contact surfaces relative to that in the horizontal slot by means of the Wedge clamped perforated disc enables a uniform Distribution of static and dynamic forces and moments favorable material utilization. Furthermore, this is one for In exceptional cases, possible mounting of the connection head rotated by 180 ° reachable.  

Further details, advantages, features and aspects of the Invention result from the following based on the Drawings part of the description.

An embodiment of the invention is described below the drawings explained in more detail. It shows

Figure 1 is a schematic oblique view of part of a scaffold with scaffolding elements having connection heads, which are designed according to the other figures according to the invention.

Figure 2 is a partial horizontal section in the area of a connecting node with plan view of an apertured disc as well as two connecting heads with wedges, one of the connecting heads is partially cut with the associated scaffolding tube.

Fig. 3 is a vertical section in the area of a connection node, the connection head and the areas surrounding it are shown;

Fig. 4 is a side view of a connection head;

Fig. 5 is the handle-side front view of a connection head;

Fig. 6, the tube-side rear view of a connection head;

Fig. 7 is the top view of a connection head according to the arrow 7 in Fig. 4;

Figure 8 is a horizontal section through the connecting head in accordance with the arrows 8-8 in Fig. 4.

Fig. 9 is a bottom view of a connection head according to the arrow 9 in Fig. 4;

FIG. 10 is a vertical section through the connection of head according to the arrows 10-10 in Fig. 8;

Fig. 11 is a three-dimensional representation of a connection head with a favorable for scaffold tubes connection-el ment design;

Fig. 12 is a three-dimensional representation of a connection head with a for U-profile rods, such as horizontal bars, inexpensive connection element Ge design;

Fig. 13 is a three-dimensional representation of a connection head with a favorable connection element design for diagonal struts.

The scaffold 20 shown in FIG. 1 forms a three-dimensional structure with vertical supports 21 , horizontal bars 22 , diagonal bars 23 , horizontal support bars 24 and scaffold floors 25 , which are suspended from the horiozontal support bars 24 with the aid of suspension means, in particular suspension claws 26 . The stems 21 are supported on height-adjustable feet 27 on the floor. The stems 21 can also be short bar elements of consoles, lattice girders or other space structure elements. Connection elements in the form of perforated disks 30 are fastened on the stems 21 by means of weld seams 33 at a distance 28 corresponding to the basic framework grid. Such perforated disks 30 can be equipped with the illustrated, but also with differently shaped holes and additional auxiliary devices. In this preferred embodiment, holes 31 of different sizes are formed.

Scaffolding elements or connecting elements 35 , such as. B. the horizontal bars 22 and the horizontal support bars 24 are to be connected to the smaller holes 31.1 . Connecting elements 35 to be connected diagonally, such as, for. B. the diagonal bars 23 are to be connected to the larger holes 31.2 . The connecting elements 35 are primarily horizontal bars 22 , horizontal support bars 24 and diagonal bars 23 . Depending on their intended use, these can have different lengths. Horizontal bars 22 can also be used as railings 37 , as shown in FIG. 1.

As the other drawings show, the connecting elements 35 are formed with cylindrical tubes 38 , also referred to as elongated rod parts or scaffold tubes, which are welded to the connection heads 40 . Instead of the circular cylindrical tubes 38 , however, differently designed support elements can also be used. For example, horizontal support bars 24 with open U-shaped profiles or with or without joint parts with the connection heads connected diagonal bars 23 can be provided. The connection heads 40 are placed over the horizontally arranged perforated disks 30 and are fastened there by means of the wedges 41 which are guided through corresponding wedge openings 137 , 152 and the holes 31 of the perforated disks 30 .

The wedges 41 have a protruding pin or rivet 42 in the lower end area to prevent loss. A lateral recess 43 is designed so that the wedge 41 can be placed parallel to the tube 38 in the raised position.

Each connection head 40 has a contact part 80 with an upper head part 44 and a lower head part 45 and has an annularly shaped connection part 50 . The connection head 40 is formed symmetrically to the vertical symmetry plane 55 ( FIG. 7) containing the stem axis 53 and the tube axis 54 . The upper head part 44 has the height 56 and - as figured most clearly in FIGS. 4 and 5 - has the upper side wall parts 46.1 , 46.2 , the upper wall part 48 and the upper contact wall part 51 . The lower head part 45 is formed with the lower side wall parts 47.1 , 47.2 , the lower wall part 49 and the lower contact wall part 52 and has a height 57 , which corresponds to the height 56 here. Each connector head 40 has a height 58 ( FIG. 4) and a depth 59 ( FIG. 9). The distances 65 and 75 between the normal to the vertical symmetry plane 55 and the horizontal plane 90 lying in the middle of the slot and the upper end 67 of the upper contact surface 84 and the lower end 88 of the lower contact surface 85 is due to the symmetry of the connection head 40 each half the height 58 of the connection head 40 .

Between the upper side wall parts 46.1 , 46.2 and the lower side wall parts 47.1 , 47.2 , the slot 60 is arranged, which serves to receive the perforated disk 30 , via which the connection head 40 is inserted for fastening the connecting elements 35 connected to it.

The slot 60, which is rectangular in a section plane parallel to the vertical symmetry plane 55 , is delimited by the upper slot surfaces 61.1 , 61.2 and the lower slot surfaces 62.1 , 62.2 . These run parallel to each other and are parallel to the tube axis 54 and normal to the vertical symmetry plane 55 . The slot 60 is delimited towards the connection part 50 by the vertical slot surfaces 63.1 , 63.2 , which likewise run parallel to one another in a common plane and are each formed perpendicular to the upper and lower slot surfaces 61 , 62 . The transitions between the horizontal, upper slot surfaces 61 , 62 and the vertical slot surfaces 63 are each rounded off with the radius 64 , which here is approximately 36% of the wall thickness 82 of the upper and lower side wall parts 46 and 47 in the region of the slot Is 60 .

The slot width 68 is slightly larger than the thickness 69 of the perforated disk 30 . This dimension applies in particular to the bottom of the slot 60 facing the tube 38 . However, it can also be provided that the slot width 68 widens towards the insertion end in order to improve the insertion and alignment.

The upper and the lower side wall parts 46 , 47 are essentially wedge-shaped to the stem and disc center 71 . They each have the upper vertical outer surfaces 72.1 , 72.2 and the lower vertical outer surfaces 73.1 , 73 . 2 and the upper transition surfaces 74.1 , 74.2 and lower transition surfaces 76.1 , 76.2, each of which has a triangular shape in the outer contour. The upper and lower vertical outer surfaces 72 and 73 assigned to the side wall parts 46 and 47 each lie in a common plane 77.1 , 77.2 containing the stem axis 53 and are at a wedge angle 79 about the stem and disk center 71 staggered ( Fig. 7). The wedge angle 79 is exactly 45 °, so that up to eight connection heads 40 can be mounted on a perforated disk 30 . For this purpose, the wedge angle 79 can also be smaller than 45 °.

The upper vertical outer surfaces 72.1 , 72.2 and the lower vertical outer surfaces 73.1 , 73.2 of the upper side wall parts 46.1 , 46.2 and the lower side wall parts 47.1 , 47.2 each have the slightly recessed wall surface areas 230.1 , 230.2 and 231.1 , 231.2 . Their transition contours to the vertical outer surfaces 72.1 , 72.2 ; 73.1 , 73.2 point to the outer contours or the outer boundary surfaces of the vertical outer surfaces 72.1 , 72.2 ; 73.1 , 73.2 each have a distance 232 which corresponds approximately to the wall thickness 83 of the side wall parts 46 and 47 in the region of the slot 60 . The wall surface areas 230.1 , 230.2 ; 231.1 , 231.2 are parallel to the associated vertical outer surfaces 72.1 , 72.2 ; 73.1 , 73.2 are formed and sunk inwards by a depth which corresponds to approximately 14% of the wall thickness 83 of the side wall parts 46 and 47 in the region of the slot 60 . The recessed wall surface areas 230.1 , 230.2 ; 231.1 , 231.2 form handle recesses which are easy to handle and make it easier to fix the position and grip the connection heads 40 during manufacture.

The upper side wall parts 46.1 , 46.2 and the lower side wall parts 47.1 , 47.2 are in the area of their upper vertical outer surfaces 72.1 , 72.2 and lower vertical outer surfaces 73.1 , 73.2 with substantially parallel to these inwards staggered upper inner wall surfaces 81.1 , 81.2 and lower inner wall surfaces 82.1 , 82.2 and have the wall thickness 83 , which here is about 20 to 30% of the handle outer radius 87 and / or 1.5 to 3 times the wall thickness 32 the stem is 21 .

The upper or lower side wall part 46 or 47 merges on the contact side into the upper or lower contact wall part 51 or 52 . The contact wall parts 51 , 52 have the upper or lower, concavely curved and aligned upper and lower contact surfaces 84 , 85 . The outer radius 86 of the contact surfaces 84 , 85 corresponds to the stem outer radius 87 . As a result, in the assembled state, the connection head 40 lies in a form-fitting manner on the stem 21 having the stem outer radius 87 and the wall thickness 32 . The upper and lower contact surface 84 , 85 are each rectangular in shape in the outer contour, advantageously both contact surfaces 84 , 85 of the same size or approximately the same size and with the same size symmetrical to the parallel to the slot surfaces 61 , 62 in the amount of half the slot width 68 horizontal plane 90 are designed. Accordingly, the contact surfaces 84 , 85 both have the same width 91 and the same height 92.1 and 92.2 . These measures allow a low surface pressure with optimal power transmission from the connection head 40 to the stem 21 , both with regard to downward and upward static and / or dynamic bending forces or tilting moment forces, and also with regard to statically and / or dynamically occurring Torsional forces.

The arc length 93 of the contact surfaces 84 , 85 is chosen just so large in each of the connection heads 40 , 40.1 , 40.2 that, taking into account the radii 181, it corresponds to the product of the stem outer radius 87 and the wedge angle 79 in radians. As a result, a maximum width 91 of the contact surfaces 84 , 85 is provided, so that the surface pressure between the connecting head 40 and the stem 21 is further minimized and lateral or torsional forces occurring at the connecting head 40 are also reliably transferred into the latter by positive support of the connecting head 40 on the stem 21 will. In addition, side-by-side arranged on the perforated disk 30 , connection heads 40 optimally support each other on their mutually facing vertical outer surfaces 72 , 73 , so that the lateral or torsional forces occurring at the connection head 40 are additionally absorbed over a large area by the structural structure which forms or on the Stem 21 can be transferred.

The upper and lower contact wall parts 51 , 52 each have a rectangular opening 94 , 95 , which is delimited by the upper and lower contact surfaces 84 , 85 and which have a width 107 and a height 108 . The system wall parts 51 , 52 have the inner vertical wedge stop surfaces 96.1 , 96.2 , 96.3 , 96.4 , which are arranged in a common plane 97 running parallel to the contact surfaces 84 , 85 . Located on these wedge-abutment faces 96.1, 96.2, 96.3, 96.4 when inserting the wedge 41 whose front stop edge 98 evenly and fed, while the rear contact edge 109 at the inner abutment surface 34 abuts the outer edge of the perforated disk 30 so that the holding - And supporting forces are evenly and safely transmitted to the handle 21 via the upper and lower contact wall part 51 , 52 and its contact surfaces 84 , 85 . In the area of the contact surfaces 84 , 85 , the contact wall parts 51 , 52 have the wall thickness 99 ( FIG. 9), which here is advantageously approximately 115% of the wall thickness 83 .

The system wall parts 51 , 52 are each formed with the insertion wall parts 100 , 101 which have the outer flat inclined surfaces 104 , 105 inclined by the angles 102 , 103 towards the slot 60 , the angles 102 , 103 in the present exemplary embodiment are the same size and are each slightly larger than the eighth part of a full circle. The recess 106 formed thereby enables the connection head 40 to be easily plugged onto the perforated disk 30 and the contact surfaces 84 , 85 to rest securely on the stem 21 .

The upper and the lower side wall part 46 , 47 merge in the area of the vertical slot surface 63 into the connection part 50 and are cut there to form the circular segment surface 111 running parallel to the vertical symmetry plane 55 ( FIG. 5). The arc 112 delimiting the circular segment surface 111 and the vertically extending chord 113 containing the vertical slot surface 63 intersect at the upper intersection 114 and the lower intersection 115 . The hypotenuse 117 of the triangular upper transition surface 74 of the upper side wall part 46 , starting from the upper intersection 114 , extends obliquely upwards to the upper corner 118 of the connection head 40 on the plant side . The shorter catheter 119 of the upper transition surface 74 is formed by the transition edge 121 at the transition to the upper horizontal wall part 122 of the upper wall part 48 , which runs parallel to the horizontal slot surfaces 61 , 62 , the length 123 of the transition edge 121 being approximately the height of the corresponds to the upper contact surface 84 . The longer catheter 124 of the upper transition surface 74 is formed by the transition edge 126 to the part-spherical upper transition wall part 127 of the upper wall part 48 .

The lower triangular transition surface 76 ( FIG. 4) is delimited towards the lower contact surface 85 by its hypotenuse 131 . Starting from the lower intersection 115, this runs obliquely downwards to the lower wall part 49 and cuts it at the intersection 132 . It is at a distance 133 from the lower contact surface 85 , which corresponds to the distance 136 ( FIG. 10) of the vertical wedge stop surface 96.4 of the lower wedge opening 137 from the lower contact surface 85 . The shorter cathetus 138 of the lower transition surface 76 extends obliquely downwards from the upper intersection 115 to the intersection 139 or the intersection of the lower wall part 49 with the part-spherical lower transition wall part 141 . The longer catheter 142 of the lower transition surface 76 is formed with the lower transition edge 143 at the transition to the horizontal, parallel to the slot surfaces 61 , 62 extending under-wall part 49 .

The upper wall part 48 is formed on the system side with the upper horizontal wall part 122 ( FIG. 5 above) and towards the connection part 50 with the part-spherical upper transition wall part 127 . The upper horizontal wall part 122 and the transition wall part 127 have the outer surfaces 146 and 147 and the inner surfaces 148 and 149 ( FIG. 10) which run parallel to these. The upper horizontal wall part 122 and the transition wall part 127 have a thickness 150 substantially, which is approximately half as large as the wall thickness 83 of the side wall parts 46 , 47 in the region of the slot 60 . In the area of the upper contact wall part 51 , the wall thickness 151 is slightly larger and is approximately 65% of the wall thickness 83 of the side wall parts 46 , 47 .

In the upper wall part 48 , the upper rectangular wedge opening 152 is provided, which is designed symmetrically to the vertical symmetry plane 55 ( FIG. 7). It is formed with the vertical wedge stop surface 96.1 and has a width 156 corresponding to the distance 153 between the parallel wedge support surfaces 154 , 155 ( FIG. 9). This is slightly larger than the wedge thickness 157 , so that the wedge 41 can be guided without hindrance but supported. The vertical wedge stop surface 96.1 of the upper wedge opening 152 is normal to the vertical symmetry plane 55 and normal to the horizontal plane 90 ( FIG. 9) and is at a distance 158 from the upper contact surface 84 ( FIG. 10) is the same as the distance 136 of the lower wedge stop surface 96.4 from the lower contact surface 85 .

The upper transition wall part 127 and the lower transition wall part 141 ( FIGS. 4 and 6) are also with respect to good accessibility of the weld region 159 of the annular bead 160 ( FIG. 8) of the connecting part 50 to the rear to the pipe axis 54 bevelled and partially spherical. The partially spherical design of the upper transition wall part 127 means at the same time the advantage that granular substances, for example sand, do not remain on the surface 161 of the assembled connection head 40 . This avoids the risk of jamming or damage to the surface of the contact surfaces 84 , 85 and the handle outer surface 162 ( FIG. 3). This also prevents contamination of freshly painted or directed walls.

The lower wall part 49 (FIG. 4 ) is formed with the lower horizontal wall part 171 ( FIG. 10), which runs parallel to the slot surfaces 61 , 62 , and the lower transition wall part 141 . In the lower wall part 49 , the lower wedge opening 137 (FIGS . 9 and 10) is provided, which has a substantially rectangular shape. It has a length of 173 and a width of 174 . Their perforated edges are designed on both sides towards the lower wedge stop surface 96.4 , in the direction of the vertical plane of symmetry 55 with the inclined surfaces 186.1 , 186.2 , in order to support centering of the wedge 41 . The lower wedge opening 137 of the connection head 40 has a hole edge design which enables the lower end 36 of the wedge 41 , which has the rivet 42 , to be pushed through and the upper edge 70 of the wedge 41, which is arranged underneath and does not show the connection head, to be inserted. This enables easy handling and safe stacking of the connection heads of connecting elements even during transport. The advantageous design, in particular of the upper outer surfaces including the upper horizontal wall part 122 and the lower horizontal wall part 171, also contributes to this.

The lower horizontal wall part 171 and the transition wall part 141 of the lower wall part 49 have the outer surfaces 176 , 177 and the inner surfaces 178 , 179 parallel thereto. As a result, the lower wall part 49 essentially has the wall thickness 180 . This corresponds to the wall thickness 150 of the upper wall part 48 and is here also approximately half as large as the wall thickness 83 of the side wall parts 46 , 47 . In the area of the lower contact wall part 52 , the wall thickness 184 ( FIG. 10) is slightly larger and is approximately 65% of the wall thickness 83 of the side wall parts 46 , 47 .

All transitions between the side wall parts 46 , 47 and the upper and lower contact wall parts 51 , 52 and between these and the upper and lower wall parts 48 , 49 and between the side wall parts 46 , 47 and the part-spherical transition wall parts 127 , 141 are each rounded with the radius 181 , which here is approximately 30% of the wall thickness 83 of the side wall parts 46 , 47 . The upper and lower transition wall parts 127 and 141 go in the areas of the rear pipe-side opening edges 182 , 183 of the upper and lower wedge openings 152 and 137, respectively, and the side wall parts 46 , 47 go in the areas of the vertical slot surfaces 63.1 , 63.2 in the annular bead 160 of the connecting part 50 via.

This has an opening 245 in communication with the wedge receiving space 200 , the opening edges 246 , 251 of which span an opening diameter 247 , 252 , which here is 70 or 80% of the inside diameter 89 of the tube 38 . Here, the straight opening edges 246.1 , 246.2 , 246.3 , 246.4 are assigned to the inward-facing surfaces of the centering tabs 197.1 , 197.2 , 197.3 , 197.4 , while the part-circular opening edges 252.1 , 252.2 , 252.3 , 252.4 each correspond to the circumferential direction between the centering tabs 197.1 , 197.2 , 197.3 , 197.4 are assigned to lying areas of the annular bead 160 .

The connecting part 50 has at its pipe-side end 194 the beveled ring surface 195 which is bevelled towards the pipe axis 54 . The oblique ring surface 195 is delimited by the annular vertical stop surface 196 , which extends normal to the horizontal plane 90 and normal to the vertical symmetry plane 55 . The annular bead 160 is in the area between the circular segment surface 111 , the upper and lower outer surfaces 147 and 144 of the transition wall parts 127 and 141 and the inclined ring surface 195 with the part-circular segment-shaped outer surfaces 134 and 140 of the rear transition wall parts 128 and 129 designed ( Fig. 4 and 6). The oblique ring surface 195 has the width 211 , the outer diameter 198 and the inner diameter 199 ( FIG. 4), which is slightly smaller than the tube outer diameter 39 of the tube 38 and serves in the manner of a V-seam design to accommodate the Weld metal.

To center the tube 38 , the annular bead 160 has the four centering tabs 197.1 , 197.2 , 197.3 , 197.4, each offset by an angle of 90 ° to one another. The substantially cylindrically curved outer surfaces 222.1, 222.2, 222.3, 222.4 lie on a circle with the diameter of the 223rd This corresponds to the inner diameter 224 of the tube 38 , so that the connecting head 40 with its centering tab 197 can be inserted into the tube 38 in the center and subsequently welded to it.

The connection head 40 has in the interior the wedge receiving space 200 ( FIG. 6), which is also referred to as the useful space and which is designed in the form of an isosceles trapezoid in a sectional plane running parallel to the horizontal plane 90 ( FIG. 8). The trapezoidal base 201 is formed on the tube side by the inner surfaces 202 of the connecting part 50 that run normal to the vertical symmetry plane 55 and normal to the horizontal plane 90 . The two inner wall surfaces 81 , 82 of the side wall parts 46 , 47 which run symmetrically to the vertical symmetry plane 55 form the trapezoidal sides 203.1 , 203.2 and the vertical wedge stop surfaces 96 of the contact wall parts 51 , 52 form the upper trapezoidal base line 204 . The trapezoidal corners 206 , 207 , 208 , 209 are rounded in order to enable a low-tension power transmission.

As can be seen in particular from FIGS. S and 10, in the region of the tube-side end 213 of the upper wedge opening 152 the inwardly projecting support web 214 , which extends through the wedge receiving space 200 parallel to the slot surfaces 61 , 62 , is formed. Its cross section 216 can also be seen in FIG. 10. The supporting web part 217 projecting into the wedge receiving space 200 is designed in the shape of an airfoil with an upper inclination angle 218 . This corresponds to the wedge angle 110 between the front stop edge 98 and the lower contact edge 109 of the wedge 41 , which delimits the recess 43 towards the end 70 of the wedge. As a result, the wedge 41 can be stored in the pulled-out state on the interior boundary surface 226 of the support web 214 in a space-saving and convenient manner. The tip 219 lying in the wedge receiving space 200 is at a distance 221 from the upper vertical wedge stop surface 96.1 . The support web 214 serves on the one hand as a support for the wedge 41 when the connection head 40 is disassembled, and on the other hand for integral structural stiffening with a structurally favorable design of the connection head 40 .

The connection heads 40 , 340 , 440 are designed in such a way that they have an increased specific volume compared to the previously known connection heads. This characteristic value is used in particular in lightweight construction technology and is determined by the ratio of the volume and the mass of a molded body. The larger the specific volume, the lower the mass with the same volume or the larger the volume with the same mass. In the connection heads 40 , 340 , 440 described above, an increase in the specific volume is achieved in that the mass of the connection heads 40 , 340 , 440 is essentially concentrated in the edge regions of the connection heads, so that a and torsional forces structurally favorably designed connection head is made possible with simple manufacture and low weight.

The volume of the connection heads 40 , 340 , 440 is essentially determined by the outer wall surfaces, in particular the contact surfaces 84 , 85 of the contact wall parts 51 , 52 , the slot surfaces 61 , 62 , 63 delimiting the slot 60 , 360 , 460 and the Vertical outer surfaces 72 , 73 of the system part 80 , 380 , 480 including wedge angles 79 .

If one initially assumes an increase in the specific volume of the system part 80 , 380 , 480 of the connection head 40 , 340 , 440 , the volume of the system part 80 , 380 , 480 is further limited by an imaginary transition area or an inner one imaginary area between the system part 80 , 380 , 480 and the connection part 50 of the connection head 40 . This transition region is expediently an imaginary vertical plane 240 ( FIG. 10) touching the vertical slot surfaces 63.1 , 63.2 .

In the case of the connection heads 40 , 340 , in addition to the specific volume of the contact part 80 , 30 , the specific volume of the connection part 50 , 350 can also be increased, so that the specific volume of the entire connection head 40 , 340 is determined by the ratio of the one to the outside Wall surfaces including the stop surface of limited volume and the mass of the connection head is formed and is at least 1.2 times the specific volume of the connection head made of solid material.

Fig. 12 shows the terminal head 340 which is connectable to the in cross section U-profile-shaped horizontal support bolt 24. It is formed with the connection part 350 and the contact part 380 , which has the upper head part 344 and the lower head part 345 and the horizontal slot 360 . With the exception of transition areas at the transition to the connection part 350 which is advantageously designed with regard to the U-shaped support bar, the system part 380 is of the same design as the connection head 40 for connecting the pipe 38 .

The connection part 350 is formed with the upwardly open U-profile 353 with the legs 354.1 , 354.2 , 354.3 extending in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the horizontal support bolt 24 , also referred to as a U-profile-shaped connecting element. The upwardly open U-profile 353 of the connection part 350 enables good access to the weld seam with a low weight of the connection head 40 . The circumferential centering collar 390 is arranged at the ends of the legs 354.1 , 354.2 , 354.3 pointing away from the connecting part 350 . Whose outer surfaces are designed such that the horizontal support bar 24 with its wall parts can come into contact with the outer surfaces at a short distance.

The two lateral legs 354.1 and 354.2 then each have on the centering collar 390 the centering tabs 397.1 and 397.2 which also extend in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the horizontal support bar 24 or its longitudinal wall parts. Their outer surfaces 398.1 and 398.2 are at a distance which corresponds to the distance between the side wall parts or the side legs of the horizontal support bar 24 , so that easy assembly is possible during manufacture.

In Fig. 13 with a hinge part designed connection head 440 is shown for pivotally connecting a diagonal bar 23. The connection head 440 has the connection part 450 and the contact part 480 , which is formed with the upper head part 444 , the lower head parts 445 and the horizontal slot 460 . With the exception of transition areas at the transition to the connection part 450 which is advantageously designed with regard to the joint part, the system part 480 is of the same design as the connection head 40 for connecting the pipe 38 .

The connection part 450 is formed with the vertical wall part 485 and the hinge bracket 490 . The articulated bracket 490 forms the angle 475 with the center line 455 of the connection head 440 pointing to the stem axis 453 , which is here 135 °. The joint plate 490 has in its disc-shaped vertical end partial areas the parallel outer surfaces 491 and 492 . At its end 496 pointing away from the connecting part 450 , the articulated bracket 490 is designed with the radius 497 . The bore 495 is provided concentrically with the radius 497 . Its longitudinal axis is formed normal to the outer surfaces 491, 492 and serves to receive a diagonal brace 27 connected with the cylindrical bearing and articulated element. The distance of the bore 495 from the vertical wall part 485 and its outer contour are designed so that the diagonal bar 23 is pivotable from exactly 90 ° to the plane of the slot starting from a central position on both sides.

The advantageous design of the outer surfaces of the connection heads 40 , 340 , 440 with the part-spherical, bevelled and rounded wall parts avoids undesired tilting of the connection heads 40 , 340 , 440 stacked in a transport box. This enables increased position and transport security by separating the connection heads 40 , 340 , 440 and an easy removal of the stacked connection heads 40 , 340 , 440 .

According to a further or alternative representation of the invention the patent application (the patent) deals with a group of Inventions that are interconnected in such a way that they realize a single general inventive idea which consists of the connection heads of connecting elements under several conditions with regard to material expenditure, Weight, manufacturing times, manufacturing expenses and Operating expenses even with different loads and with regard to those occurring in space structures Stress ratios, power and torque transmission  relationships and supporting functions of connecting elements for to make most of the purposes cheaper than previous ones Terminal heads of connecting elements.

The first part of the invention group is essentially based on the object to find an improved wall or part-wall Ge design of the usable connection head. According to a first alternative, the following features are proposed to solve this problem:
Support structure element arrangement of a spatial structure, in particular a grandstand, a podium or scaffold, which is designed with the help of stems 21 and at least one connecting head 40 having rod-shaped connecting elements 35, torsionally rigid, the connecting head 40 having a connecting part 50 and a contact Part 80 with bearing surfaces 84 , 85 having plant wall parts 51 , 52 is designed for bearing against the stems 21 , and in which the connecting head 40 made of malleable cast iron material in the circumferential direction with side wall parts 46 , 47 and up and down with wall parts 122 , 127 , 128 , 171 , 141 , 129 is limited, the force-transmitting material areas are designed to leave usable spaces and the side wall parts 46 , 47 are formed with vertical outer surfaces 72.1 , 72.2 , 73.1 , 73.2 , which one Include eighth part of a full circle wedge angle 79 , and the connection head 40 an upper head part 44 and has a lower head part 45, between which a up to the connection part 52 reaching, for bearing side and the vertical outer surfaces 72.1, 72.2, 73.2 open slot 60 is formed for clipping onto a mounted on the stem 21 perforated disc 30 73.1, and upper head portion 44, an upper Keilöffung 152 and a lower wedge opening are formed 137 in the lower head part 45, plug for a through the wedge openings 152, 137, the perforated disc and 30, the clamping of the serving for connecting scaffolding elements wedge 41, and wherein the system-part 80 of the connection head 40 has a limited volume with the contact surfaces 84 , 85 of the contact wall parts 51 , 52 , with the slot 60 delimiting slot surfaces 61 , 62 , 63 and with the vertical outer surfaces 72 , 73 including the wedge angle 79 , thus limited volume characterized in that the connection head 40 of the vertical outer surfaces 72.1 , 72.2 ; 73.1 , 73.2 , the horizontal and / or the inclined outer surfaces 146 , 147 ; 176 , 177 starting under all surface areas with the exception of transition areas in corners extending inward essentially the same wall thicknesses. As a result, the connection head is formed with a supporting surface structure. Furthermore, a scaffold element with a connection head that is structurally favorable in terms of production technology and load is possible.

It can be provided that the stems 21 are an outer radius 87 and a wall thickness 32 having round tubes made of steel. By means of connecting elements designed in this way, the advantageous construction of an entire scaffold is possible.

It can advantageously be provided that the vertical outer surfaces 72 , 73 and the associated inner wall surfaces 81 , 82 of the upper and preferably also the lower side wall parts 46 , 47 in the vicinity of the slots 60 run essentially parallel with a wall thickness 83 are designed in the range of approximately 20 to 30% of the handle outer radius 87 and / or in the range of 1.5 to 3 times the wall thickness 32 of the handle 21 .

In addition, it can be provided that the distances 65 and 75, respectively, of the upper end 67 of the upper contact surface 84 and of the lower end 88 of the lower contact surface 85 from the horizontal plane 90 intersecting the slot 60 at half the slot width 68 are the same, whereby preferably the upper contact surface 84 and the lower contact surface 85 are of the same size. The symmetrical arrangement of the contact surfaces relative to the perforated disk clamped in the horizontal slot by means of the wedge enables a uniform distribution of the static and dynamic forces and moments with favorable material utilization. Furthermore, an assembly of the connection head rotated by 180 ° is possible in exceptional cases.

In addition, the contact surfaces 84 , 85 can each have an arc length 93 which corresponds to the product of the stem outer radius 87 and the wedge angle 79 in radians. This results in a minimal surface pressure between the contact surfaces of the connection head and the scaffold arm.

Furthermore, it is provided that the contact surfaces 84 , 85 are designed to be adapted in relation to the outer diameter of the stem 87 and the wall thickness 32 of the stem 21 . As a result, the bending load-bearing capacity of the stem tube can be optimally utilized, so that an undesired denting of the tube or damage to the connection head is prevented.

Furthermore, it is provided that between the upper side wall parts 46.1 , 46.2 at least one support web 214 lying above the slot 60 is preferably formed over the entire width of the wedge receiving space 200 between the upper side wall parts 46.1 and 46.2 . Through these measures, a connection head of a scaffold element is possible, which with optimum use of material and minimal weight withstands the loads that occur and safely transfers the effective forces and moments to the scaffold arm. It is further provided that the support web 214 has an essentially flat interior boundary surface 226 inclined at an angle 218 , the angle 218 preferably corresponding to the wedge angle 110 between the front stop edge 98 and the rear contact edge 109 of the wedge 41 . This enables the wedge to be stored in a space-saving manner on the wedge head for convenient storage and transport of the connecting elements.

It is also provided that the inclined upper and lower wall parts next to the wedge openings with approximately the same wall thickness in the upper and lower head part 44 , 45 taking into account the fact that the width of the upper wedge opening 152 only the wedge thickness 157 plus movement and the width of the lower wedge opening 137 corresponds at least to the thickness of an anti-loss device attached in the area of the lower end 36 of the wedge 41 , are of different designs.

In addition, it is provided that the vertical side wall parts 46 , 47 have slightly recessed wall surface areas 230 , 231 with respect to the vertical outer surfaces 72 , 73 , which preferably have transition contours to the vertical outer surfaces 72 , 73 that lead to the outer contours of the vertical outer surfaces 72 , 73 have a distance 232 which corresponds approximately to the wall thickness 83 of the vertical side wall parts 46 , 47 . This enables an improved fixation of the connection head during production, better manual handling and further weight savings.

It is further provided that the connection head 40 is formed symmetrically to a stem and disc center 71 and the bisector of the wedge angle 79 containing vertical symmetry plane 55 . As a result, a connection head of a connecting element, which also transfers tilting or rotating or torsion stresses safely and evenly, is created with favorable material utilization.

It is further provided that the major part of the upper outer surfaces 74.1 , 74.2 , 147.1 , 147.2 , 134.1 , 134.2 are beveled in the direction of the outer edges of the connection head 40 . This avoids the formation of annoying deposits on the surface of the connection head.

It is further provided that at least one of the contact wall parts 51 , 52 is designed with an insertion wall part 100 , 101 having an inclined surface 104 , 105 , the inclined surface 104 , 105 to the horizontal slot surfaces 61 , 62 and to the slot 106 around one Angle 102 , 103 is designed to be inclined. Advantageously, each of the contact wall parts 51 , 52 is designed with insertion wall parts 100 , 101 having inclined sloping surfaces 104 , 105 , at least one of the angles 102 , 103 being larger than the eighth part of a full circle. The two angles 102 , 103 are expediently of the same size. These measures make it easier to push the connection head onto the perforated disks and consequently simple assembly when assembling the connecting elements having the connection head on the stems provided with the perforated disks.

The second part of the invention group is essentially the Based on the task of defining the material Volume of the connection head in the outer edge areas to arrange that the formed with the connection head Connection element manufacturing technology, load and is designed more advantageous in terms of weight.

To achieve this object, the following features are provided according to a further preferred embodiment of the invention:
Support structure element arrangement of a space structure, in particular a grandstand, a podium or scaffold, which is designed with the help of stems 21 and at least one connecting head 40 , 340 , 440 having rod-shaped connecting elements 35 torsionally rigid, the connecting head 40 , 340 , 440 with a Connection part 50 , 350 , 450 and a system part 80 , 380 , 480 with system surfaces 84 , 85 having system wall parts 51 , 52 designed for contact with the stems 21 , and in which the connection head 40 made of malleable cast iron material , 340 , 440 is limited in the circumferential direction with side wall parts 46 , 47 and up and down with wall parts 122 , 127 , 128 , 171 , 141 , 129 , the force-transmitting material areas of which are designed to leave usable spaces and the side wall parts 46 , 47 are formed with vertical outer surfaces 72.1 , 72.2 , 73.1 , 73.2, which include a wedge angle 79 which takes up the eighth part of a full circle eat, and the connection head 40 , 340 , 440 has an upper head part 44 , 344 , 444 and a lower head part 45 , 345 , 445 , between which a reaching to the connecting part 50 , 350 , 450 , to the plant side and the vertical outer Surfaces 72.1 , 72.2 , 73.1 , 73.2 open slot 60 , 360 , 460 is designed to be plugged onto a perforated disk 30 attached to the rod-shaped framework element, in particular a stem 21 , and an upper wedge opening 152 in the upper head part 44 , 344 , 444 and in the lower head part 45 a lower wedge opening 137 is formed, for a wedge 41 which can be inserted through the wedge openings 152 , 137 and the perforated disk 30 and serves to brace the scaffolding elements to be connected, and wherein the contact part 80 , 380 , 480 of the connection head 40 , 340 , 440 a with the contact surfaces 84 , 85 of the contact wall parts 51 , 52 , with the slot 60 , 360 , 460 delimiting slot surfaces 61 , 62 , 63 and with the vertical enclosing the wedge angle 79 -External surfaces 72 , 73 formed outer wall surfaces has limited volume, characterized in that limited by the ratio of with the outer wall surfaces and with an inner imaginary area between the connection part 50 , 350 , 450 and system part 80 , 380 , 480 Volume and the mass of the system part 80 , 380 , 480 of the connection head 40 , 340 , 440 formed specific volume of the connection head 40 , 340 , 440 at least 1.2 times, preferably 1.3 to 2.0 times of the specific volume of the system part of the connection head consisting of solid material. The imaginary surface between the connection part 50 , 350 , 450 and the contact part 80 , 280 , 480 is advantageously formed with a vertical plane 240 touching the slot surfaces 63.1 , 63.2 . This creates a connection head of a connecting element which is easier, less expensive to manufacture and which also safely transmits loads which occur in the case of scaffolding and also at high heights.

It can be provided that the connection part 50 , 350 has a stop surface 196 , 396 for contacting the rod-shaped connecting element 35 which can be fixedly connected to it, and preferably the volume limited by the ratio of the volume to the outer wall surfaces including the stop surface 196 , 396 and the Mass of the connection head 40 , 340 formed specific volume of the connection head 40 , 340 is at least 1.2 times, preferably 1.3 to 2.0 times the specific volume of the connection head consisting of solid material. This enables the creation of connecting elements of space structures with a connection head which is designed more favorably with regard to the stress ratios occurring in space structures, force and moment ratios and supporting functions of connection elements.

It can also be provided that the connection head 40 , 340 , 440 of the vertical outer surfaces 72.1 , 72.2 ; 73.1 , 73.2 , the horizontal and / or the inclined outer surfaces 146 , 147 ; 176 , 177 starting under all surface areas with the exception of transition areas in corners extending inward essentially the same wall thicknesses. This enables the creation of connecting elements with a connection head with a further improved structural design with regard to the safe transmission of high forces and moments.

The task lies with another part of the invention group for connecting heads with tubular rod or Profile elements designed a connecting elements improved wall or partial wall design of the utility rooms to have connecting head.

According to an alternative embodiment of the invention, the following features are provided to achieve this object:
Support structure element arrangement of a space structure, in particular a grandstand, a podium or scaffold, which is designed with the aid of stems 21 and at least one connecting head 40 having rod-shaped connecting elements 35 with torsion-resistant, with the following features:

• - The connection head 40 made of malleable cast iron material is designed with a connection part 50 and a system part 80 ,
• the system part 80 has system surfaces 84 , 85 having system wall parts 51 , 52 for contacting the stems 21 ,
• the connecting part 50 is firmly connected to a rod element, in particular a tube 38 ,
• - the terminal portion 50 has a to the joining and loading conditions as well as the rod member adapted shaped stop surface 196 for abutment on the rod member,
• the connection head 40 has an upper head part 44 and a lower head part 45 ,
• a slot 60 extending to the connecting part 50 , to the contact side and to the vertical outer surfaces 72.1 , 72.2 , 73.1 , 73.2 is formed between them for plugging onto a perforated disk 30 attached to the handle 21 ,
• an upper wedge opening 152 is formed in the upper head part 44 and a lower wedge opening 137 is formed in the lower head part 45 , for a wedge 41 which can be inserted through the wedge openings 152 , 137 and the perforated disk 30 and serves to tension the scaffolding elements to be connected,
• - The connection head 40 is in the circumferential direction with side-wall parts 46 , 47 and up and down with wall parts 122 , 127 , 128 , 171 , 141 , 129 limited, the force-transmitting material areas are designed to leave usable spaces,
• the side wall parts 46 , 47 are formed with vertical outer surfaces 72.1 , 72.2 , 73.1 , 73.2 which enclose a wedge angle 79 which takes up the eighth part of a full circle,
• - The contact part 80 of the connection head 40 has a with the contact surfaces 84 , 85 of the contact wall parts 51 , 52 , with the slot 60 delimiting slot surfaces 61 , 62 , 63 and formed with the wedge angle 79 including the vertical outer surfaces 72 , 73 limited volume on outer wall surfaces,
• - The connection head 40 points from the vertical outer surfaces 72.1 , 72.2 ; 73.1 , 73.2 , the horizontal and / or the inclined outer surfaces 146 , 147 ; 176 , 177 starting from all surface areas with the exception of transition areas in corners extending inwards to essentially the same wall thicknesses.

It is provided that the vertical outer surfaces 72 , 73 and the associated inner wall surfaces 81 , 82 of the upper and preferably also the lower side wall parts 46 , 47 in the vicinity of the slots 60 are essentially parallel with a wall thickness 83 in the range of about 10 to 16% of the outer diameter 39 of the tube 38 and / or in the range of 2.5 to 4 times the wall thickness 29 of the tube 38 are designed. As a result, the connecting element is formed with scaffolding element parts which are advantageously designed to be coordinated with one another with regard to the static and dynamic stresses which occur in particular with scaffolding.

It is further provided that the connection part 50 has a thickness 193 in the area of the stop surface 196 , which corresponds approximately to the wall thickness 29 of the pipe 38 , the thickness 193 preferably corresponding approximately to the average wall thickness of the connection head 40 . Furthermore, it is provided that the ratio of the average wall thickness of the connection head 40 and the wall thickness 29 of the tube 38 or of the rod elements firmly connected to the connection part 50 of the connection head 40 is adapted in terms of a good and secure welding of the two scaffolding elements.

Further, it can be provided the connecting part is designed 50, over the stop surface 196 outwardly extending centering tabs 197.1, 197.2, 197.3, 197.4, whose outer surfaces 222.1, 222.2, 222.3, 222.4 a diameter 223 span, is slightly smaller than the Inner diameter 89 of the tube 38 , preferably four centering tabs 19.1 , 197.2 , 197.3 , 197.4 arranged offset from one another at a circumferential angle of 90 ° are provided. This enables easy and precise fitting of the rod element to be firmly connected to the connection head.

It is further provided that the connection part 50 has an opening 245 which is connected to the wedge receiving space 200 and whose opening edges 246 , 251 span an opening diameter 247 , 252 which is at least 60%, preferably 65 to 85%, of the inside diameter 89 of the tube 38 is. This enables an even lighter connection head with a structurally favorable design with regard to the production and the transmission of forces and moments as well as the connection conditions of tubular connecting elements.

The task lies with another part of the invention group based on, for connection heads with with hanging or support pro filen designed fasteners, such as horizontal support bars, an improved wall or part-wall design of the To find usable connection head.

According to an alternative embodiment of the invention, the following features are provided to achieve this object:
Support structure element arrangement of a space structure, in particular a grandstand, a podium or scaffold, which is formed with the aid of stems 21 and at least one connecting head 340 having rod-shaped connecting elements 35 with torsion-resistant, with the following features:

• - The connection head 340 made of malleable cast iron material is designed with a connection part 350 and a system part 380 ,
• the plant part 380 has plant wall parts with plant surfaces for bearing on the stems 21 ,
• the connecting part 350 is firmly connected to a rod element which has an open profile at the top,
• the connecting part 350 has a stop surface 396 designed to accommodate the joining and loading conditions and the rod element, for the bearing of the rod element,
• the connection head 340 has an upper head part 344 and a lower head part 345 ,
• a slot 360 extending to the connection part 350 and open to the contact side and the vertical outer surfaces is formed between these for plugging onto a perforated disk 30 attached to the stem 21 ,
• an upper wedge opening is formed in the upper head part 344 and a lower wedge opening is formed in the lower head part 345 , for a wedge which can be inserted through the wedge openings and the perforated disk 30 and serves to brace the scaffolding elements to be connected,
• the connection head 340 is delimited in the circumferential direction with side wall parts and upwards and downwards with wall parts, the force-transmitting material areas of which are designed to leave usable spaces,
• - the side wall parts are formed with vertical outer surfaces, the one occupying the eighth part of a full circle Include wedge angle,
• the contact part 380 of the connection head 340 has a limited volume with the contact surfaces of the contact wall parts, with the slot surfaces delimiting the slot 360, and with the outer wall surfaces formed with the vertical outer surfaces including the wedge angle,
• - Starting from the vertical outer surfaces, the horizontal and / or the inclined outer surfaces, the connection head 340 has essentially the same wall thicknesses extending under all surface regions with the exception of transition regions in corners.

It can be provided that the vertical outer surfaces and the associated inner wall surfaces of the upper and preferably also the lower side wall parts in the vicinity of the slots 360 are substantially parallel with a wall thickness in the range of about 2.5 to 4 times that Wall thickness of the rod element fixedly connected to the connection head 340 are designed. As a result, the connecting element is formed with scaffolding element parts which are advantageously designed to be coordinated with one another with regard to the static and dynamic stresses which occur in particular with scaffolding.

It can also be provided that the rod element has a U-shaped profile is trained. This makes it suitable for connection heads provided connecting element in particular as a horizontal support latch for supporting scaffold floors provided with claws.

It can further be provided that the connection part 350 of the connection head 340 is formed with an upwardly open U-profile 353 . This facilitates assembly and enables better accessibility when welding the connection head to the profile rod element.

Further, it can be provided that the connecting part is designed 350 over the abutment surface 396 outwardly extending centering tabs 397.1, 397.2, preferably two horizontally spaced centering tabs 397.1 are provided 397.2, whose outer surfaces 398.1, 398.2 are spaced from each other which is slightly smaller than the distance between the mutually opposite inner surfaces of the side legs of the U-shaped rod element. As an alternative to this or together with the above measures, it can be provided that the connection part 350 is designed with a circumferential centering collar 390 which rises slightly above the stop surface 396 . These measures enable easy and precise fitting of the profile bar element to be firmly connected to the connection head.

The task lies with another part of the invention group the basis for connection heads of articulated Connecting elements, such as diagonal bars, an improved wall or partial wall design of the utility rooms To find the connection head.

According to an alternative embodiment of the invention, the following features are provided to achieve this object:
Support structure element arrangement of a spatial structure, in particular a grandstand, a podium or scaffold, which is designed with the aid of stems 21 and at least one connecting head 440 having rod-shaped connecting elements 35 with torsion-resistant, with the following features:

• the connecting head 440 made of malleable cast iron material is designed with a connecting part 450 and a system part 480 ,
• - The system part 480 has system-wall system parts for contact with the stems 21 ,
• the connecting part 450 has an articulated part,
• the joint part is pivotally connected to a rod element, in particular a diagonal rod 23 ,
• the connection head 440 has an upper head part 444 and a lower head part 445 ,
• a slot 460 extending to the connection part 450 and open to the contact side and the vertical outer surfaces is formed between these for plugging onto a perforated disk 30 attached to the stem 21 ,
• an upper wedge opening is formed in the upper head part 444 and a lower wedge opening is formed in the lower head part 445 , for a wedge which can be inserted through the wedge openings and the perforated disk 30 and serves to tension the scaffolding elements to be connected,
• the connecting head 440 is divided in the circumferential direction with the side wall and is delimited at the top and bottom with wall parts, the force-transmitting material areas of which are designed to leave usable spaces,
• - the side wall parts are formed with vertical outer surfaces, the one occupying the eighth part of a full circle Include wedge angle,
• the contact part 480 of the connection head 440 has a limited volume with the contact surfaces of the contact wall parts, with the slot surfaces delimiting the slot 460, and with the outer wall surfaces formed with the vertical outer surfaces enclosing the wedge angle,
• - Starting from the vertical outer surfaces, the horizontal and / or the inclined outer surfaces, the connection head 440 has essentially the same wall thicknesses extending under all surface regions with the exception of transition regions in corners.

It can be provided that the joint part is arranged at an angle 475 of 135 ° to a center line 455 of the connection head 440 pointing to the stem axis 353 . This enables the connection of diagonal braces which additionally stiffen the space structure, in particular when four perforations of the perforated disks with horizontal bar elements, such as horizontal support bars, longitudinal bars, cross bars or lattice girders, are arranged at right angles to one another.

Furthermore, it can be provided that the joint part is formed with a joint bracket 490 , which preferably has partial outer surfaces 491 , 492 and preferably a bore 495 for receiving a cylindrical bearing and articulation element that can be connected to the rod element. This enables simple, safe and space-saving attachment of the diagonal bar to the connection head and allows the two components to be pivoted freely.

It can further be provided that the hinge bracket 490 is rounded at its end 496 pointing away from the connecting part 450 with a radius 497 . This avoids annoying corner areas and enables further weight reduction.

An important part of the description is given below:
The support structure element arrangement is formed with the connecting element ( 35 ), which has the wedge-shaped connection head ( 40.1 , 40.2 ) with a horizontal slot for attachment to a, on the stem ( 21 ) attached perforated disc ( 30 ). The connection head ( 40.1 , 40.2 ) has wedge openings ( 152 ) for the wedge ( 41 ) which can be inserted through this and the perforated disc ( 30 ). The connection head ( 40.1 , 40.2 ) made of malleable cast iron material has the system part ( 80 ) and the connection part ( 50 ). The plant part ( 80 ) has the plant surfaces ( 84 ) having plant wall parts ( 51 ) for bearing on the stem ( 21 ). The connection head ( 40.1 , 40.2 ) is bounded in the circumferential direction by the side wall parts ( 46.1 , 46.2 ) having the vertical outer surfaces ( 72.1 , 72.2 ) and upwards and downwards by further wall parts having outer wall surfaces, the forces of which transferring material areas are formed with the release of useful rooms. The connection part ( 50 ) is firmly connected to a rod element. This is, in particular, a tube ( 38 ), but a U-profile bolt or a diagonal rod articulated to the connection head ( 40.1 , 40.2 ) can also be provided. The connection head ( 40 ) has essentially the same wall thicknesses extending from the vertical outer surfaces ( 72.1 , 72.2 ), the horizontal and / or the inclined outer surfaces under all surface areas with the exception of transition areas in corners.

Reference list

20th

framework

21

stalk

22

Horizontal bar

23

Diagonal bar

24th

Horizontal support bar

25th

Scaffolding floor

26

Hanging claw

27

foot

28

distance

29

Wall thickness of

38

30th

Perforated disc

31

hole

31.1

hole

31.2

hole

32

Wall thickness of

21

33

Weld

34

Of

30th

35

Fastener

36

lower end of

41

37

railing

38

pipe

39

Outside diameter of

38

40

Connection head

40.1

Connection head

40.2

Connection head

41

wedge

42

rivet

43

Recess

44

upper headboard

45

lower headboard

46

upper side wall part

46.1

upper side wall part

46.2

upper side wall part

47

lower side wall part

47.1

lower side wall part

47.2

lower side wall part

48

Upper wall part

49

Under-wall part

50

Connection part of

40

51

upper part of the wall

52

lower part of the wall

53

Stick axis

54

Pipe axis

55

Vertical symmetry plane

56

Height of

44

57

Height of

45

58

Height of

40

59

Depth of

40

60

slot

61

upper slot surface

61.1

upper slot surface

61.2

upper slot surface

62

lower slot surface

62.1

lower slot surface

62.2

lower slot surface

63

vertical slot surface

63.1

vertical slot surface

63.2

vertical slot surface

64

radius

65

distance

66

Investment side

67

upper end of

84

68

Slot width

69

Thickness of

30th

70

top impact end from

41

71

Stick and disc center

72

upper vertical outer surface

72.1

upper vertical outer surface

72.2

upper vertical outer surface

73

lower vertical outer surface

73.1

lower vertical outer surface

73.2

lower vertical outer surface

74

upper transition surface

74.1

upper transition surface

74.2

upper transition surface

75

distance

76

lower transition surface

76.1

lower transition surface

76.2

lower transition surface

77.1

level

77.2

level

78

Connecting end of

52

79

Wedge angle

80

Plant part of

40

81

upper inner wall surface

81.1

upper inner wall surface

81.2

upper inner wall surface

82

lower inner wall surface

82.1

lower inner wall surface

82.2

lower inner wall surface

83

Wall thickness

84

upper contact surface

85

lower contact surface

86

Outside radius of

84

respectively.

85

87

Handle outer radius

88

lower end of

85

89

Inside diameter of

38

90

Horizontal level

91

Width of

84

,

85

92

Height of

84

,

85

93

Arc length of

84

,

85

94

Breakthrough

95

Breakthrough

96

vertical wedge stop surface

96.1

vertical wedge stop surface

96.2

vertical wedge stop surface

96.3

vertical wedge stop surface

96.4

vertical wedge stop surface

97

level

98

front stop edge from

41

99

Wall thickness of

50

,

51

100

Insertion wall part

101

Insertion wall part

102

angle

103

angle

104

Bevel of

100

105

Bevel of

101

106

Recess

107

Width of

94

,

95

108

Height of

94

,

95

109

rear contact edge from

41

110

Wedge angle

111

Circle segment area

112

Bow of

111

113

Tendon of

111

114

upper intersection

115

lower intersection

117

Hypotenuse from

74

118

corner

119

Cathete

121

Transition edge

122

upper horizontal Wall part v.

48

123

length of

121

124

Cathete

126

Transition edge

127

upper transition wall part

127.1

upper transition wall part

127.2

upper transition wall part

128

rear upper transition wall part

128.1

rear upper transition wall part

128.2

rear upper transition wall part

129

rear lower transition wall part

131

Hypotenuse from

74

132

Intersection

133

distance

134.1

Outer surface of

128

134.2

Outer surface of

128

136

distance

137

lower wedge opening

138

Cathete

139

Intersection

140

Outer surface of

129

141

lower transition wall part

142

Cathete

143

lower transition edge

144

Outer surface of

141

144.1

Outer surface of

141

144.2

Outer surface of

141

146

Outer surface of

122

147

Outer surface of

127

147.1

Outer surface of

127

147.2

Outer surface of

127

148

Inner surface of

122

149

Inner surface of

127

150

Wall thickness of

48

151

Wall thickness

152

upper wedge opening

153

distance

154

Wedge support surface

155

Wedge support surface <04763 00070 552 001000280000000200012000285910465200040 0002019806094 00004 04644 / DL <

156

Width of

96.1

157

Wedge thickness

158

distance

159

Weld area

160

Ring bead

161

surface

162

Stem outer surface

171

lower horizontal wall part of

49

173

length of

137

174

Width of

137

176

Outer surface of

171

177

Outer surface of

141

178

Inner surface of

171

179

Inner surface of

141

180

Wall thickness of

49

181

radius

182

upper opening edge

183

lower opening edge

184

Wall thickness

186.1

Sloping surface

186.2

Sloping surface

193

thickness

194

End of

160

195

Sloping ring surface

196

Abutment surface

197

Centering rag

197.1

Centering rag

197.2

Centering rag

197.3

Centering rag

197.4

Centering rag

198

Outside diameter of

195

199

Inside diameter of

195

200

Wedge receiving room

201

Trapezoidal base

202

Inner surface

203.1

Trapezoidal side

203.2

Trapezoidal side

204

Trapezoid baseline

206

Trapezoid corner

207

Trapezoid corner

208

Trapezoid corner

209

Trapezoid corner

211

Width of

195

213

The End

214

Landing stage

216

Cross section of

214

217

Support bridge part

218

Angle of inclination

219

Top of

217

221

distance

222.1

Outer surface of

197.1

222.2

Outer surface of

197.2

222.3

Outer surface of

197.3

222.4

Outer surface of

197.4

223

diameter

224

Inside diameter of

38

226

Interior area

230

recessed wall area

230.1

deeper Wall area from

72.1

230.2

deeper Wall area from

72.2

231

recessed wall area

231.1

deeper Wall area from

73.1

231.2

deeper Wall area from

73.2

232

distance

240

Vertical plane

245

opening

246

Opening edge of

245

246.1

Opening edge of

245

246.2

Opening edge of

245

246.3

Opening edge of

245

246.3

Opening edge of

245

247

Opening diameter

251

Opening edge of

245

251.1

Opening edge of

245

251.2

Opening edge of

245

251.3

Opening edge of

245

251.4

Opening edge of

245

252

Opening diameter

340

Connection head

344

upper headboard

345

lower headboard

350

Connection part

353

U profile

354.1

Thigh of

353

354.2

Thigh of

353

354.3

Thigh of

353

360

slot

380

Plant part

390

Centering collar

396

Abutment surface

397

Centering rag

397.1

Centering rag

397.2

Centering rag

398.1

Outer surface of

397.1

398.2

Outer surface of

397.2

440

Connection head

444

upper headboard

445

lower headboard

450

Connection part

453

Stick axis

455

Center line

460

slot

475

angle

480

Plant part

485

Vertical wall part

490

Hinge strap

491

Outer surface of

490

492

Outer surface of

490

495

drilling

496

The End

497

radius

Claims (14)

1. Support structure element arrangement of a space structure, in particular a grandstand, a podium or scaffold, which is designed with the aid of stems ( 21 ) and at least one connecting head ( 40 , 340 , 440 ) having rod-shaped connecting elements ( 35 ) with the following rigid Features:

• - The connection head ( 40 , 340 , 440 ) made of malleable cast iron material is designed with a connection part ( 50 , 350 , 450 ) and a system part ( 80 , 380 , 480 ),
• - The connection part ( 50 , 350 , 450 ) is firmly connected to a rod element,
• - The contact part ( 80 , 380 , 480 ) has contact surfaces ( 84 , 85 ) with contact wall parts ( 51 , 52 ) for contact with the stems ( 21 )
• the connection head ( 40 , 340 , 440 ) has an upper head part ( 44 , 344 , 444 ) and a lower head part ( 45 , 345 , 445 ),
• - Between these is an up to the connection part ( 50 , 350 , 450 ), to the contact side and the vertical outer surfaces ( 72.1 , 72.2 , 73.1 , 73.2 ) open slot ( 60 , 360 , 460 ) for plugging onto one perforated disc ( 30 ) attached to the stem ( 21 ),
• - In the upper head part ( 44 , 344 , 444 ) is an upper wedge opening ( 152 ) and in the lower head part ( 45 , 345 , 445 ) a lower wedge opening ( 137 ) is formed, for one through the wedge openings ( 152 , 137 ) and Perforated disc ( 30 ), which can be used to clamp the scaffolding elements to be connected, ( 41 ),
• - The connection head ( 40 , 340 , 440 ) is limited in the circumferential direction with side wall parts ( 46 , 47 ) and up and down with wall parts ( 122 , 127 , 128 , 171 , 141 , 129 ), the material of which transmits the forces. Areas of utility rooms are designed to be free,
• the side wall parts ( 46 , 47 ) are formed with vertical outer surfaces ( 72.1 , 72.2 , 73.1 , 73.2 ) which enclose a wedge angle ( 79 ),
• - The connection head ( 40 , 340 , 440 ) points from the vertical outer surfaces ( 72.1 , 72.2 ; 73.1 , 73.2 ), the horizontal and / or the inclined outer surfaces ( 146 , 147 ; 176 , 177 ) starting from all Surface areas with the exception of transition areas in corners extending inward essentially the same wall thicknesses.

2. Support structure element arrangement of a space structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the vertical outer surfaces ( 72 , 73 ) and the associated inner wall surfaces ( 81 , 82 ) of the upper and preferably also the lower side wall parts ( 46 , 47 ) in the vicinity of the slots ( 60 , 360 , 460 ) are designed to run essentially parallel with a wall thickness ( 83 ). 3. support structure element arrangement of a space structure according to at least one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the stems ( 21 ) are round tubes made of steel, with a stem outer radius ( 87 ) and a wall thickness ( 32 ), and wherein the Wall thickness ( 83 ) of the side wall parts ( 46 , 47 ) in the range of approximately 20 to 30% of the handle outer radius ( 87 ) and / or in the range of 1.5 to 3 times the wall thickness ( 32 ) of the handle ( 21 ) is designed. 4. Support structure element arrangement of a space structure, according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the wall thickness ( 83 ) in the range of 2.5 to 4 times the wall thickness of the with the connection head ( 40 , 340 ) connected rod element is designed. 5. Support structure element arrangement of a space structure according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the rod element is tubular, in particular with an outer diameter ( 39 ), an inner diameter ( 89 ) and a wall thickness ( 29 ) having a tube ( 38 ) is trained. 6. support structure element arrangement of a space structure, according to claim 5, characterized in that the wall thickness ( 83 ) is designed in the range of about 10 to 16% of the outer diameter ( 39 ) of the tube ( 38 ). 7. support structure element arrangement of a space structure according to at least one of claims 5 or 6, characterized in that the connecting part ( 50 ) has a with the wedge-receiving space ( 200 ) communicating opening ( 245 ), the opening edges ( 246 , 251 ) span an opening diameter ( 247 , 252 ) which is at least 60%, preferably 65 to 85%, of the inside diameter ( 89 ) of the tube ( 38 ). 8. Support structure element arrangement of a spatial structure at least one of claims 1 to 7, characterized,  that the bar element has an upwardly open profile, in particular a U-profile is formed. 9. support structure element arrangement of a space structure according to at least one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the connecting part ( 50 , 350 ) adapted to the joining and stress conditions and the rod element designed stop surface ( 196 , 396 ) Has system of the rod element. 10. Support structure element arrangement of a space structure according to claim 9, characterized in that the connecting part ( 50 , 350 ) in the region of the stop surface ( 196 , 396 ) has a thickness ( 193 ) which is approximately the wall thickness ( 29 ) of the Rod element and preferably corresponds approximately to the average wall thickness of the connection head ( 40 ). 11. Support structure element arrangement of a space structure according to at least one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the connection part ( 450 ) has a joint part which is pivotally connected to the rod element, in particular a diagonal bar ( 23 ). 12. Support structure element arrangement of a space structure according to claim 11, characterized in that the hinge part with a hinge plate ( 490 ) at an angle ( 475 ) of 135 ° to a to the stem axis ( 353 ) facing center line ( 455 ) of the connection head ( 440 ) is formed. 13. Supporting structure element arrangement of a space structure according to at least one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the distances ( 65 and 75 ) of the upper end ( 67 ) of the upper contact surface ( 84 ) and the lower end ( 88 ) of lower contact surface ( 85 ) of the horizontal plane ( 90 ) intersecting the slot ( 60 ) at the height of half the slot width ( 68 ) are the same size. 14. Support structure element arrangement of a space structure according to at least one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the upper contact surface ( 84 ) and the lower contact surface ( 85 ) are the same size.