DE102023001479A1 - fusion reactor - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention is a fusion reactor. It consists of a fusion chamber with two short tubes that cross each other. Four electrodes are installed in the tubes, which are alternately energized in pairs. Small amounts of fusion-capable elements (e.g. deuterium and tritium) are emitted in the tubes in the form of fluid jets. At the exact moment when the tubes are filled with the fluid, two UV laser beams are emitted in very short pulses, alternately energizing one or the other pair of electrodes. Because the ends of the tubes are mirrored (one end as a full mirror and the other as a half mirror), the UV laser beams travel back and forth in the tube several times, constantly generating new ions in the fluid. The tubes are designed almost like an optical resonator of a laser source. The alternating voltage on the electrode pairs accelerates the ions greatly and causes them to collide at the meeting point. This is where the fusion takes place. An electromagnetic coil bundles the ions closer together at the meeting point, thereby increasing the number of atoms that fuse together.

Description

The invention relates to a fusion reactor for generating energy through controlled fusion.

Energy is the biggest problem facing humanity today. Energy is produced in large quantities from coal in coal-fired power plants and from radioactive fuel elements in nuclear power plants. Crude oil and its products (diesel, petrol, kerosene, etc.) are also a very important source of energy, particularly in the mobile sector (transportation).

Coal and oil reserves are becoming increasingly scarce. Generating energy from coal and oil has many disadvantages. This releases poisonous gases and ^CO2 into the atmosphere. Generating energy from radioactive fuel elements has a number of dangerous side effects. Nuclear reactors are not 100% safe. The Chernobyl disaster shows the devastating effect of a reactor breakdown. Disposing of radioactive waste is also very problematic.

Nowadays there are many attempts to generate energy cheaply, cleanly and in as much quantity as possible. Fusion is one solution. Unfortunately, it has not yet been possible to generate controlled fusion that would also be economically viable. In numerous experimental reactors, a fusion reaction is started with great effort and high energy investments and the fusion-capable elements are ignited, which unfortunately only takes a few seconds. Unfortunately, the energy invested cannot be recovered. There is no economic benefit here.

Nuclear fusion is an energy-producing process that has been taking place in the sun and stars for billions of years. The fusion process takes place at extremely high temperatures, at which matter is in its fourth state of matter, the so-called plasma. A plasma consists of atomic nuclei (ions) and electrons that are no longer bound to each other.

Fusion reactions take place inside the sun at around 15 million degrees. Under the boundary conditions on Earth, the plasma is enclosed by strong magnetic fields at temperatures of over 100 million degrees and at extremely low density (around 250,000 times thinner than the Earth's atmosphere). What the magnetic fields try to achieve on Earth is not necessary on stars. There, the plasma is compressed very strongly by the unimaginably large mass of the star or the gravitational forces acting on this mass. The highly heated plasma that causes the fusion is mainly located near the core of the star. The fusion does not take place in the core of the star as previously assumed, but in a shell that is located between the core and the surface. In the core of the star, the pressure is so high that the matter is very strongly compressed, and the atomic structural integrity is no longer guaranteed. The neutrons that are supposed to keep the fusion going are slowed down far too quickly and prematurely bound into heavy atomic structures. The situation is different in a star's mantle layer that is more or less distant from the core. The distance from the star's core is determined by the size and mass of the star. In any case, the fusion mantle of a star is very hot and relatively thin, which also ensures a very long "burning".

The situation is different on Earth and in man-made machines. Here attempts are made to melt the light nuclei (preferably hydrogen isotopes) by heating them up strongly and confining them in a magnetic field. A number of fusion reactions between light nuclei are conceivable. In the first generation of future fusion power reactors, the deuterium-tritium reaction will be used, which offers a comparatively high fusion power density: the nucleus of the heavy hydrogen deuterium (one proton, one neutron) fuses with the nucleus of the super-heavy hydrogen tritium (one proton, two neutrons) to form the helium-4 nucleus, the so-called particle (two protons, two neutrons) and emits a neutron. This releases around four times as much energy per nucleon as when a uranium nucleus splits. 80% of this energy is bound to the neutron, which, as a neutral particle, can leave the magnetic cage unhindered. By slowing down the neutrons in the structural material and in the casing of the plasma chamber, the so-called blanket, heat is generated, which is converted into electricity via a conventional steam cycle. The particle transfers kinetic energy through interaction with plasma particles and thus contributes to heating the plasma. Under certain physical conditions, this heating alone is sufficient to keep the plasma at operating temperature. This operating state is called "ignition".

The world's largest facility based on the tokamak principle is the Joint European Torus (JET) in Culham, Great Britain. The general aim is to experimentally confirm the theory of nuclear fusion and the feasibility of generating energy from the fusion reaction. JET has been in operation since 1983 and is now capable of producing a power of of 17 MW, which corresponds to about 70 % of the power required to heat the plasma.

In parallel to the tokamak, which releases energy in long pulses, the "stellarator" line is being further developed, which enables continuous plasma operation. The Wendelstein 7X stellarator facility is currently being built in Greifswald under the direction of the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics.

Nuclear fusion is based on a reaction between two hydrogen isotopes, e.g. deuterium and tritium: 2H + 3H + 4He2 + n. According to Albert Einstein's law of mass defect, energy is released in this reaction. In order to start the fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium nuclei, the hydrogen gas must be heated to a temperature of over 100 million degrees Celsius (200 million degrees has already been reached). For comparison: the sun has a temperature of 5500 C on its surface and 15,000,000 C in its interior. This creates a so-called plasma, a mixture of free hydrogen ions and free electrons.

The reactors work with plasmas consisting of just 1g of hydrogen ions. The thermal energy of the hot hydrogen plasma is enough to vaporize 100kg of steel. In order to be able to work with these high temperatures, the plasmas and their thermal radiation are trapped in a vacuum using magnetic fields whose strength is 100,000 times stronger than the Earth's magnetic field. Most techniques involve high-energy neutrons. Since they cannot be forced into a defined path by magnets, they hit the material surrounding the plasma and are responsible for its radiation. However, they are used to produce the most commonly needed tritium from lithium.

In principle, one can distinguish between four techniques of nuclear fusion: induced inertial fusion, fusion with magnetic confinement, cold nuclear fusion and fusion from particle accelerator technology.

The experimental method using magnetic confinement is used quite often. Fusion using magnetic confinement takes place in closed vacuum chambers. The gas, consisting of hydrogen, deuterium or tritium or combinations of these substances, is heated in this chamber to 50 to 400 million degrees and then exists as plasma, i.e. the gas is completely ionized. Magnetic fields force the plasma onto a path that prevents the plasma from touching the wall. Under high pressure and temperature, thermonuclear burning finally occurs.

• Durch die Schwierigkeiten beim Plasma-Einschluss und durch Verunreinigungen kommt es zu Energieverlusten. Durch Neutronenbeschuss wird das Reaktormaterial radioaktiv. Die extremen Bedingungen führen zu hohe Materialermüdung und damit zu hohen Kosten. Große gespeicherte Energiemengen in den Magnetfeldern und radioaktives Inventar stellen ein Gefahrenpotential dar. Der hohe Energiebedarf beim Betrieb durch die benötigte Heizung und Magnete (ca. 300 MW, was der Verbrauch einer mittleren Großstadt entspricht) rechtfertigt nicht mal Wiederholungen von solchen Versuchen.

In general, the following problems arise with magnetic confinement:

• Energy losses occur due to difficulties in plasma confinement and contamination. Neutron bombardment makes the reactor material radioactive. The extreme conditions lead to high material fatigue and thus to high costs. Large amounts of energy stored in the magnetic fields and radioactive inventory represent a potential hazard. The high energy requirements during operation due to the required heating and magnets (approx. 300 MW, which corresponds to the consumption of a medium-sized city) do not even justify repeating such experiments.

When it comes to magnetic confinement, it is important to distinguish between three types of reactors:

- Stellerators

Here, the reactor vessel is a ring-shaped tube, i.e. a torus, similar to the tokamak. The plasma flows in a circle, being twisted by suitable magnetic fields to minimize radiation losses. These additional magnetic fields complicate the reactor technology. The desired degree of confinement, which corresponds to the product of pressure and time, is also not currently achieved. However, the stellerator is very interesting for the construction of an energy-supplying reactor because it is suitable for continuous operation.

- Tokamak reactors

Tokamak is an abbreviation for the Russian term for toroid chamber in a magnetic field. The tokamak is a torus in which the plasma flows in a circle. A current is induced in the plasma via external coils, similar to a transformer. This current minimizes radiation losses, so that no magnetic field is needed to twist the plasma. The current in the plasma also represents a heating method. Tokamaks have come closest to the conditions for self-sustaining thermonuclear burning, but this may also be because the most intensive research is being carried out here. The main disadvantage of the tokamak is that it is not suitable for continuous operation, but must be regularly recharged with plasma, which also places an extreme load on the system.

- mirror machines

The reactor vessel forms a straight tube. At the ends, the plasma is reflected in its flow direction by corresponding magnetic fields. Reflection at the end results in increased energy losses.

Other possibilities for achieving nuclear fusion also arise through other methods:

- MIGMA concept

In the MIGMA process, particles (e.g. deuterons and trions) from a particle accelerator are repeatedly brought into collision and merge. This concept also makes it possible to fuse protons with the boron-11 isotope. Four high-energy alpha particles (4He2+) are created. The special thing about this approach is that no radioactive and toxic tritium is required and no neutrons are created, which are responsible for the unwanted radioactivity. According to the KfK, the main problem with this technology is the energy loss of the particles due to the resulting synchrotron radiation. Unfortunately, this technology, which some physicists consider to be ingenious, is ignored worldwide. Despite considerable initial successes in the 70 years, not enough funding has been made available for further development. The reason for this could be that this reaction does not produce high-energy neutrons, which lead to the very interesting by-product, the fissile material.

- Induced inertial fusion

A mixture of deuterium and tritium is surrounded by a small spherical shell. These 1mm sized pellets are bombarded in a vacuum with a high-energy laser or a light or heavy ion beam. The resulting implosion compresses the hydrogen mixture to one fiftieth of its volume. The extreme heating creates the fusing plasma. Simulations have shown that the thermonuclear energy output is typically a hundred times the laser energy.

The main problem is the construction of the required short-wave high-energy lasers or accelerators. Furthermore, high-energy neutrons are also produced here. The construction of an energy-generating reactor that would ignite, for example, ten pellets per second would be conceivable.

- Cold nuclear fusion

The reaction was predicted from theoretical considerations in the 1940s by F. Frank and Andrej D. Sakharov and experimentally demonstrated 10 years later by chance by Luis W. Alvarez. With cold nuclear fusion or muon-catalyzed cold nuclear fusion, the high temperatures and huge experimental setups can be avoided. Cold nuclear fusion takes place at temperatures from 13 to over 1000 Kelvin in solid, liquid or gaseous media. The reaction can be carried out in a simple chamber filled with tritium and deuterium. For this, negative muons are allowed to enter the chamber. The muons create close bonds between the hydrogen molecules through special collision processes. The muonically bound nuclei fuse and energy is released in the form of heat. The muons are released again and can, under certain conditions, catalyze further fusions. Muons can be created artificially with the help of particle accelerators. In order for a muon to catalyze several nuclear fusions, high energies are required to generate it. Unfortunately, more energy is needed to run the reaction than is later released. Cold fusion is currently only of interest for basic research. To date, there is no reproducible experimental setup with a positive energy balance. Research into cold fusion is nowadays viewed with skepticism. In the past, skeptics have turned to the electrolytic method originally used by Fleischmann and Pons. This method was unsuccessful because the properties of the palladium in which the effect occurs are not uniform and easy to produce. Only very few palladium samples that do not break when loaded with high concentrations of deuterium would be suitable.

The absence of certain impurities, such as carbon and oxygen, and the presence of others, such as silver and boron, proved to be important for the success of these experiments. Most important is the condition of the palladium surface, where the nuclear reactions are actually supposed to take place. All this information was only slowly collected, but unfortunately it was often not used by those who tried to repeat the experiments. For example, the NHE laboratory in Japan did not take many of these important variables into account. As a result, it later turned out that much of the palladium examined could not even accommodate the necessary high concentration of deuterium. To make matters worse, many researchers who replicated these experiments failed to meet the necessary conditions precisely and preferred to instead, they decided to go their own way. However, even when the work was done correctly, as in France, where the instructions of Fleischmann and Pons were strictly followed, the experiments did not lead to the desired success. Many scientists who support the Fleischmann-Pons method attribute the failures in attempts to repeat the original Fleischmann-Pons experiments to the poor quality of the palladium used and to the fact that inappropriate procedures were used.

When the existence of nuclear reactions is claimed, physicists immediately feel called upon to propose suitable methods for interpreting these reactions. Unfortunately, however, this influential field of physics is also characterized by a very limited view of nature. When physicists study nuclear processes, they are usually independent of the materials surrounding them. For example, nuclear fission: it takes place completely independently of the uranium or plutonium to be split is in. Thermonuclear fusion takes place in hot plasmas, a gaseous, very hot state of matter. This reaction can be easily detected using various radiation detectors. However, this detection is often not sufficient.

Hundreds of other examples of excess energy production have been published. Dozens of anomalous nuclear products have been discovered. A number of independent measurements of heat and helium production demonstrate a clear and quantitative relationship between these two products. Relationships between certain properties of palladium and heat production have been demonstrated.

Despite all this support, skepticism dominates in this field. Nevertheless, there are numerous scientists and commercial institutions that are also working on the topic.

One of the largest experimental reactors (ITER) is currently being built in France. The ITER reactor is based on the tokamak principle and has been under construction at the Cadarache nuclear research center in southern France since 2007. The research focuses on various methods and designs for plasma heating, control and testing of various blanket designs for generating tritium. The plasma is to burn for up to an hour, and the fusion power released is to exceed the energy added from outside in the form of heating power by several times. ITER will be significantly larger than its predecessor JET and will be equipped with superconducting magnetic coils. Around EUR 23 billion is expected to be invested in the construction of ITER and the project is expected to be completed in 2045. ITER works according to the tokamak principle. The magnetic field coils that wrap around the donut-shaped vacuum vessel generate a strong magnetic field (toroidal field) in the circumferential direction. Around 1 gram of deuterium-tritium gas is to be introduced into the vessel, heated to over 100 million °C using one or more different heating techniques and thus brought into the plasma state. An electric ring current, together with the coils, generates the helically twisted magnetic field that holds the plasma together. The electrons and ions move under the Lorentz force on tight helical paths around the field lines. However, collisions with one another allow drift across the field. Particle paths on the surface of the plasma end beyond a field constriction on divertor plates near pump openings. The magnetic fields largely prevent the plasma from coming into contact with the reactor walls. The tungsten divertor surfaces are the parts of the reactor that are most exposed to heat. The fast neutrons released during the fusion reaction carry around 80% of the fusion power from the plasma. The remaining 20% of the fusion power is provided by the resulting helium-4 atomic nuclei, which release this energy into the plasma and help to heat it. However, an additional heating power of around 50 megawatts is required to keep the plasma burning.

There are numerous patent applications describing fusion reactors.

The registration WO 1996036969 A1 (Toward a shock-wave fusion reactor) describes a shock-wave fusion reactor. There is shown an apparatus for generating nuclear energy comprising a solid or liquid medium in which a converging shock wave propagates to a focal point, shock wave generating means for emitting a converging shock wave into the medium so that the shock wave converges to the focus, and fusion fuel either distributed within the converging medium or confined to a focal cavity in the medium. The converging medium is such that it is capable of completely reducing the volume of a shock wave by converging the shock wave to a focal point so that the energy per particle in the converged shock wave exceeds the threshold for causing fusion in the fuel.

The registration US 10403405 B2 (Inductive plasma source and plasma containment) describes an inductive plasma source and plasma container. A plasma confinement system here comprises a chamber, a magnetic field generator and an annular plasma layer containing a circulating ion beam. The chamber contains axial insulating breaks in the chamber wall that run almost the entire length of the chamber. An inductive plasma source is mountable within the chamber and includes a shock coil assembly and a Laval nozzle to introduce gas into the inductive plasma source. An RF drive comprises a quadrupolar cyclotron located within the chamber and having four azimuthally symmetric electrodes with gaps between them.

US11049620B2 describes a method and apparatus for generating, heating and/or compressing plasmoids and/or recovering energy therefrom. Provided herein are a method and apparatus for heating and/or compressing plasmas to thermonuclear temperatures and densities. In one aspect, at least one of at least two plasmoids separated by a distance is accelerated toward the other. The plasmoids interact, e.g., to form a resulting plasmoid to convert kinetic energy to thermal energy. The resulting plasmoid is confined in a high energy density state using a magnetic field. One or more plasmoids may be compressed. Energy may be recovered, e.g., via a blanket and/or directly via one or more coils generating a magnetic field and/or circuits controlling the coils.

US20200075178A1 describes a high-density rotating fusion reactor for aneutronic and neutronic fusion. A fusion device here produces the fusion of neutral atoms and ions in an "aneutronic fusion" without neutrons, since the products utilize strong ion-neutral coupling at high neutral densities. Ions and neutrals rotate together in a cylindrical chamber due to frequent collisions. High magnetic forces allow high rotational energies to be achieved; the magnetic field in a medium can be set to very high values due to the absence of magnetic charges. Repeated acceleration by strong magnetic forces in the azimuthal direction enables very high ion velocities. Fusion occurs mainly between neutral particles. This approach can also be applied to fusion with neutrons. Conventional fusion schemes and neutron sources can be realized using the principles described above in the production of neutral particles of high energies and densities.

DE 112018004647 A5 also shows a possibility of releasing nuclear energy through fusion. In a method for eliminating neutrons from fission, fusion or aneutronic nuclear reactions in a reactor, in particular in a laser-driven nuclear fusion reactor that works with hydrogen and the boron isotope, at least partially moderated neutrons are brought to nuclear reactions with tin. Through the nuclear reactions with tin, the neutrons convert the tin nuclei into stable nuclei with a higher atomic weight by neutron capture. A reactor is also described that is configured for energy conversion by means of fission, fusion or aneutronic nuclear reactions and for generating electrical energy, wherein the reactor contains a neutron elimination device that contains tin and is arranged such that moderated neutrons are at least partially brought to nuclear reactions with the tin.

The invention specified in patent claims 1 to 69 is based on the problem of creating a reactor that is capable of generating clean and cheap energy from almost unlimited supplies.

This problem is solved with the features listed in patent claims 1 to 69.

• - er trägt bei, eine Lösung für die Energie-Probleme zu bieten, da er nahezu in unbegrenzten Mengen Energie geben kann,
• - er soll die Umwelt-Verschmutzungs-Probleme lösen,
• - er gibt sehr billige Energie, die Wirtschaftswachstum ankurbeln kann,
• - er ist sehr sicher,
• - er kann relativ klein gebaut werden, was auch für mobile Zwecke (z.B. Schiffsantriebs-Energie-Quelle) geeignet werden kann.

The advantages of this reactor are very diverse:

• - it helps to provide a solution to the energy problems, as it can provide energy in almost unlimited quantities,
• - it should solve the environmental pollution problems,
• - it provides very cheap energy that can stimulate economic growth,
• - he is very safe,
• - it can be built relatively small, which can also be suitable for mobile purposes (e.g. ship propulsion energy source).

As a byproduct, depending on what was used for the fusion, helium or tritium, among others, is produced in the reactor, which can also be put to good use later.

• Der Reaktor 1 hier ist ein linearer Kreuz-Beschleuniger, der gleichzeitig zwei Ionenstrahlen / Plasmastrahlen 2 generiert, die miteinander an einer Kreuz-Stelle (Treffpunkt, Kreuzung) 3 gekreuzt werden und dabei die dort schnell bewegenden Ionen 4, mit einander kollidieren. Die Stelle, an der die beiden Ionenstrahlen (oder Plasmastrahlen) 2 einander kreuzen, ist so angelegt, dass die Ionen in den beiden Strahlen fast wie im direkten Gegenverkehr aufeinanderprallen. Der Aufprallwinkel ist dabei geringfügig kleiner als 180° (fast 180°), was wie eine Frontal-Kollision auswirkt.

Embodiments of the inventions are described with reference to 1 to - explained. They show:

• The reactor 1 here is a linear cross accelerator that simultaneously generates two ion beams / plasma beams 2, which are crossed at a cross point (meeting point, intersection) 3 and the rapidly moving ions 4 collide with each other. The point at which the two ion beams (or plasma beams) 2 cross each other, is designed in such a way that the ions in the two beams collide almost as if they were driving head-on. The angle of impact is slightly less than 180° (almost 180°), which has the effect of a head-on collision.

Nuclear fusion does not only occur in the stars and the sun, but also outside in the cosmos and on Earth, and much more often than you would think. Almost every frontal or angular collision between fast asteroids or meteorites leads to a small amount of nuclear fusion of the elements on the surface and slightly deeper at the point of impact. The frontal collisions of meteorites or compact rocks in space that collide at dozens of km/s not only produce a very bright flash of light, but also UV and gamma emissions. Gamma emissions in particular are an indication that nuclear fusion has taken place. In addition, with fine detectors, the production and release of helium nuclei can be detected after a collision between two rocks in space. Meteorites that enter our atmosphere at 35 km/s (or faster) collide with, among other things, water microdroplets (known to consist of oxygen and hydrogen) and free hydrogen atoms in the atmosphere. The enormously high kinetic energy causes some of the atoms to undergo nuclear fusion. Micro-explosions are generated from nuclear fusion processes that have a destructive effect on the incoming rock. These shatter the surface in a flash and destroy the structure of the meteorites ever faster, which ultimately leads to their explosion in the atmosphere (if they are not too large) due to the rapid penetration of the air flow and heating through friction and air compression in the inner structure. Those that are large and compact enough to reach the planet's surface bring the fusion processes with them to the surface and, when they collide with the planet's crust, nuclear fusion processes are initiated again and intensified, but depending on the material of the rock, they also set nuclear fusion in motion. The release of nuclear energy or fusion energy can also explain the size of craters on alien planets, which would otherwise be somewhat smaller if fusion energy were missing and only the effect of kinetic energy were at play.

On the other hand, it is also known that lightning discharges in a gas (also in nature or the atmosphere) lead to ion movement. The ions are greatly accelerated by the high-voltage electrodes 5. The speed that a lightning discharge can reach is less than the speed of light, but can reach up to 70% of the speed of light (C). If you consider that matter or ions are set in motion very quickly in this ion channel 6, you can imagine that very high amounts of energy can be released there in a fusion process. Almost every time a natural lightning discharge occurs, there is a small amount of nuclear fusion of the light elements. However, in a lightning discharge, as it occurs in nature, only very few atoms or ions will collide with each other to the extent and in an optimal way that this leads to fusion. In addition, the elements capable of fusion are only present in very low concentrations in the atmosphere. Often the nuclear fusion processes there are not even detectable with our technical capabilities. But nevertheless, nuclear fusion also takes place there. If you are well equipped with equipment, invest enough time in thunderstorms and carry out measurements, you can occasionally measure and detect gamma emissions from lightning strikes. Helium nuclei can also be detected. These are indications that fusion processes are taking place there.

Although the collision of the atomic particles/ions takes place at high speed in a conventional fusion reactor, the number of them that collide with each other is quite small. The invention is about keeping the plasma density high enough that the number of ion collisions is significantly higher than in conventional reactors.

The advantage of the methods described here is the fact that the number of particles that collide with each other is very high. The probability that the particles (ions) can also fuse with each other is quite good.

The reactor consists of a reactor chamber 7, which is equipped with a jacket 8, which has a blanket structure. The jacket can slow down the fast neutrons 9 and convert their kinetic energy into heat, which is then passed on through a heat exchange system 10 to a conventional energy conversion device. The conversion device can be, for example, a steam turbine 11, which converts the energy of the heated water vapor into kinetic energy and thereby drives a generator. Behind the jacket in the reactor chamber there is a smaller chamber, which serves as a fusion chamber 12. This fusion chamber is X-shaped and tubular. It consists practically of two intersecting pipes (tubes) 13. Each of the two pipes (or the tube) can have an enlarged area (chamber) 14, which in the intersection 3 of the two tubes. The intersection can also be open and connected directly to the fusion chamber. At each end (15a,b,c,d) of the tubes an electrode (5a,b,c,d) is installed. A high voltage generator (high voltage source) 16 supplies the electrodes with high voltage. The electrodes (5a,b,c,d) are arranged so that they are alternately polarized, as shown on the 1 are shown. The electrode 5a is positively charged, while the electrode 5b is negatively charged. Also, the electrode 5c is (positively charged) and the electrode 5d is (negatively charged). Despite the high voltage, no electrical discharge takes place between these two neighboring electrodes (e.g. 5a and 5d or 5c and 5b) because they are not supplied with current or voltage from the same power source. The electrode 5b installed opposite is connected to the same high voltage source 16 as the electrode 5a, but is negatively charged. A fusion-capable medium is located in the fusion chamber 12. Preferably, hydrogen isotopes such as deuterium 17 and/or tritium 18 are pumped in. Two high-power laser emitters (19a and b) are installed near the electrodes, but preferably outside the respective tube. The electrodes can be built in a ring shape so that they do not get in the way of the two laser beams (20a and b), with the laser beam traveling through the ring openings 21 of the electrodes. Each tube (the pipe) can be sealed with a heat-resistant glass pane or with a mirror (22a and b) at the end, through which the laser beam can be reflected back. The laser beam is sharply focused and will irradiate a line between the two pairs of electrodes. Attaching a half-mirror element (23a and b) at the laser beam penetration point also has advantages. In this case, the tubes are built like optical resonators in a laser source and can significantly accumulate the laser beams by reflecting them back and forth multiple times and intensify the ionization effect. The irradiation begins shortly after the electrodes are charged. The laser beam ionizes the fluid (medium - made of fusible elements) 24 and enables a continuous discharge of the electrodes through the fluid. Due to the arrangement of the electrodes, the positive ions in two ion channels (6a and b) are moved/accelerated through the electrodes at a very high speed. The ion channels meet in the middle at the meeting point 3. The "direction of flight" of the positive ions in the two ion channels leads to a collision of the ions at a very high speed. The angle 25 at which the ion channels meet is very wide (between 170 - 178°). The paths of the two ion beams do cross, but at an angle 25 that is very close to 180° (170 - 178°). The ions will meet almost head-on ( 2 ). In a variant that does not use pipes, electrical shielding plates 26 are installed, which are also arranged in a crossing manner. The electrical shielding 26a,b (partition walls) of the paths almost up to the collision point 3, whereby the shielding walls or pipes consist of insulators (ceramics, tungsten alloys, etc.), prevents the ion beams from colliding with each other en route. The collision of the ions should mainly take place at the ion beam meeting point 3, because this is where the effectiveness is highest. Due to the electrode arrangement and the separate energy supply, the ions will collide with each other at the meeting point. The impact speed is so high that a fusion of the nuclei is caused and thus a controlled fusion of the medium can be achieved. In order to increase the speed of the ions, the pressure in the reactor chamber 7 can be reduced to a large extent.

The electrical acceleration of the ions in the respective ion channel (6a and b) does not have to be permanent for both ion beams. 3 Another embodiment is shown, in which the ions are electrically driven repeatedly in extremely short periods of time, but always alternately in both plasma beams / ion beams (2a and b). The two ion beams are alternately energized in pulses and at high frequency and are accelerated by a current flow in the form of thousands or millions of current pulses per second in each ion beam, alternating but always in the same direction. The ions are thus driven forward with thousands to millions of short pulses per second until they collide with the ions of the oncoming plasma beam. The alternating discharges through the two ion channels (fluid beams / ion beams) are the key to successful fusion at the collision point of the ions in the ion channels. The ions in the ion channels are alternately electrically accelerated, with no electrical interaction taking place between the two ion channels. The chain of ions that forms in the ion channel and is moved electrically always meets the other chain of ions at one point, which at the time is only affected by the inertia of the mass and the impulse received shortly before by the electrical discharge that occurred immediately before. It would also be possible to set up a common short distance at the meeting point in which the ions are actually accelerated linearly against each other, but this is not absolutely necessary because here too, at a collision angle of 175-178°, the ions collide almost head-on. This is achieved by an electronic circuit and control 27, which always and alternately for fractions of a second (thousandths of a second). or even millionth of a second), alternately energising one ion beam (plasma beam) and then the other, but never both at the same time. In this way, the two ion beams can be powered by a single high-voltage source 16 even without galvanic separation. The alternating pulses cause a very clean electrical separation of the two currents in the two ion beams, because both ion beams will never be energised at the same time. The ions move almost linearly along the tube in the form of an ion beam, alternately powered electrically and temporarily in very short periods of time due to their inertia, up to the collision point 3. The pairs of electrodes are alternately energised by the electronic control 27. Extremely complicated and expensive circuits do not have to be built for such purposes. Simple, fast electronic flip-flops (bistable flip-flops or multivibrators) coupled with amplifier modules and high-voltage control systems are also ideally suited for this. The fluid-ionizing laser sources (UV laser emitters, IR laser emitters, etc.) 19a and b ensure that the ion channels 6a and b remain open even when there is no voltage. When an ion in the ion beam is accelerated by the voltage applied to the ring-shaped electrodes, it travels at high speed towards the opposite electrode. Because in one variant the pressure in the fusion chamber is lower than atmospheric pressure, high ion speeds can also be achieved with moderately high voltage values. The ions must fly through the intersection where the two ion channels meet. Slightly diagonally, almost head-on, the ions of one plasma beam meet the ions of the other plasma beam, which come from the other ion channel that crosses the first at the meeting point. The ions are alternately under voltage from electrodes almost every few millimeters. In this way, every ion is electrically accelerated every few millimeters on its path and then it has to overcome alternating few millimeters through its own inertia. Due to the alternating voltage state of the two electrode pairs, there is no electrical interaction or disruption of the driving forces on the ions of the two ion channels (6a, b) in the two plasma beams (2a, b), so that they can move in their respective ion channels without electrostatically interacting with each other. However, when they reach the meeting point of the two ion channels, not all, but some of the ions of one ion channel collide with the oncoming ions of the other ion channel. The stronger the ion channel, or the larger its diameter and ion density in the channel, the higher the probability of a collision. The ion speed depends on the voltage at the electrode pairs (5a, b, c, d) and can be quite high. Theoretically, with enough voltage, ion speeds of up to 30% C (0.3C, where C = speed of light) are possible. If the gas density in the fusion chamber is very low, 0.7C is also achievable, but then the probability of collision between the ions drops rapidly. Much lower ion speeds are aimed for in the reactor. Values between 0.00075C and 0.0085C (0.075% - 0.85% C) are sufficient. That is between 225 - 2560km/s. Because the ion channel is a few millimeters wide and around 120mm long in small reactors, the ions that are located directly in the longitudinal axes 28 a and b of the respective ion channel or directly in the center of the ion channel will have the best opportunity to fuse when colliding with the ions of the oncoming ion beam. In an ion channel that is only about 0.8 mm wide, the ions in the center 29 of the ion channel cross-section 30, which is a few micrometers in diameter, are in the optimal position for successful fusion. They are surrounded by the other ions, which act like a plasma beam sheath 31 with a diameter of 0.2 - 0.8 mm, and cannot avoid the oncoming ions quickly enough. In this way, productive collisions take place at the meeting point 3 and fusion sometimes occurs. Many of the ions that have not yet fused are accelerated even more by group collisions by gaining the kinetic momentum energy from the group, which is transferred to a single ion due to a favorable position and collision angle, and when they hit an equally strongly accelerated ion from the oncoming plasma beam, fusion also occurs. This is like a group of billiard balls hitting another group moving in the opposite direction. It can also sometimes be observed that, in favorable cases, individual balls after the collision or multiple collisions move faster than they were originally traveling, while others are significantly slower or completely braked.

When the ions are accelerated within the tube to approx. 400km/s (40,000,000cm/s) and a 300MHz alternating pulse frequency is applied to the electrodes, the ions are alternately driven every 1.33mm, sometimes by an electric field, sometimes by their inertia. So whenever, for example, the ions of an ion channel (plasma beam) 2a are electrically driven along the 1.33mm path, the ions of the ion channel 2b are "currentless" along their 1.33mm path and are only moving through their inertia. After that, the situation changes and the ions in the ion channel 2b are electrically driven for the next 1.33mm, while the ions from the ion channel (plasma beam) 2a move without current due to their inertia. The higher the pulse frequency or pulse repetition rate, the more precisely the ions collide with each other. If the frequency of the pulses is reduced to 30MHz, then the ions are alternately driven by current and sometimes by their inertia every 13.3mm, which makes their accuracy slightly more diffuse. Regardless of this, ions repeatedly collide with each other in this way, with one of them still actively driven electrically while the other only moves due to its inertia. This prevents interaction of the current charges in the two ion channels / plasma beams.

Unfortunately, not all ion collisions will be favorable enough to result in fusion. Only a small proportion of the ions will fuse, primarily the ions that are in the center or near the center of the ion channel cross-section, which is, however, perfectly sufficient for our reactor with a high repetition rate of the pulses on ion beams. Because the temperatures in the ion channels in the reactor rise to a maximum of around 30,000°C due to electrical discharge, which is mainly reached in the center 29 of the cross-section of the respective ion channels (with a diameter of up to around 0.2mm), with the casing 31 (diameter from 0.2mm to 0.8mm) made of ions being somewhat cooler, the plasma density of the ionized fluid is significantly higher compared to the plasma density in a conventional tokamak or stellarator reactor. In the case of ITER, for example, only about 1g of hydrogen atoms (deuterium + tritium gas mixture) are distributed in a space of about 837m ³ , which is almost as close to a gas density as in an absolute vacuum, which means that the collision rate is significantly worse.

The plasma beams are instantly expanded into the fusion chamber by electric discharge, although this is limited by the pipe walls. Although it is not absolutely necessary, magnetic coils can also be used to reduce the contact of the plasma particles with the pipe walls. In smaller reactors, for example, the pipes are only about 5 - 35cm long and with an inner diameter of about 5-20mm they are quite small. Nevertheless, there is a strong acceleration of ions inside due to the electrical voltage that is applied to the electrode pairs and a strong increase in temperature due to fusion at the meeting point of the two pipes.

The variant that is on the 5 As shown, four shorter tubes (32a,b,c,d) are installed, all of which are directed towards a common point (meeting point) 3. The point in the middle is the meeting point of the two ion beams, which flow through two tubes each, arranged in pairs on a line (longitudinal axes of the tubes) 28a and b. Here, too, the angle of the tubes is chosen so that they are at a narrow and a wide angle to each other in pairs. Here, too, they form an X-shaped construction, with two wings very close to each other. In contrast to the previous variants, there is no fusion chamber here, so the meeting point is open and the energy of the ions fusing there is captured directly by the reactor chamber 7.

Due to the alternating voltage at the electrode pairs (which does not mean alternating current / alternating voltage, but only an alternating build-up and reduction of the voltage at electrode pairs), there is no interaction of the fields on the two ion beams / plasma beams at the meeting point of the two.

As soon as collisions occur that actually result in fusion, energy is released, some of which can be used to generate electricity externally via heat transport devices 10 and power generation devices (e.g. turbines) 11. A small part of the energy is captured by special solar cells 33 built into the reactor and converted directly into electricity. Fast neutrons 9 also leave the fusion center 3 and are intercepted by the casing/blanket 8. This energy is converted into heat and then further transformed into electricity, for example by displacement machines or magnetic turbines.

The laser beams 20a and b play an important role in maintaining the ion channels/plasma beams, particularly in larger and more powerful fusion reactors. They ionize the fluid/medium 24 and determine the boundaries of the ion channels in which the flow of ions takes place. In addition, the laser beams keep the ion channel/plasma beam stable and relatively sharply defined, even during times when the current pulses are absent. The built-in constrictions 34 on the tubes shortly before the meeting point of the ion beams can help to prevent the ions in the collision area from "getting out of each other's way". This helps to solve the repulsive force problem, where these forces occur with equally ionized particles. However, the narrowed pipe sections erode quite quickly, so depending on the size of the reactor, it even makes sense to install an extended space / chamber in the form of a larger hollow sphere 35 (collision / fusion chamber) at the meeting point of the two pipes and to take advantage of the effect of ion sheathing through a slightly larger ion channel cross-section. Magnetic field coils can be used here / Electromagnetic coils 36 or possibly strong neodymium magnet rings 37 can help to focus the ions at a collision point, but these require additional power, which must be provided.

When the ion beams (plasma beams) hit the reactor, a high-frequency crackling sound can be heard, accompanied by extremely bright flashes at the point where the ion beams meet, which are slightly transmitted to the outside via the tube walls 38 and reactor components. In experimental reactors, almost all parameters should be adjustable so that an optimal setting can be found for each reactor chamber size. By optimizing the high-voltage pulses (their repetition rate and voltage) and the power of the laser beams, the bright flashes are greatly reduced. From a certain setting value, they are almost no longer visible. A portion of the light energy reaches the invisible part of the spectrum, namely the UV, X-ray and gamma range, which must be intercepted by reactor shielding. From the point where visible flashes are no longer recorded and gamma radiation increases instead, the optimal setting of the reactor and an adjustment of the parameters to its size and design would be closer to the goal and the energy yield would be higher.

It should be noted that a small number of the ions in the plasma beams can reach higher speeds during the spark discharge, which are significantly higher than the average than the rest of the ions in the beam. With appropriate voltages on the electrodes and the path length of the discharges, individual ions can even reach extremely high speeds, which are almost comparable to 0.7x the speed of light. In an ion channel during a spark discharge, the ions do not flow completely evenly, but many areas arise where the ion concentration is somewhat higher than in the neighboring microenvironment. The extremely small micro-areas 39 with high ion concentration expand at lightning speed while the ions move forward and collide with the further ion layer within the plasma beam, which represents the ion sheath 31, which dampens the expansion effect somewhat due to their mass inertia. This is caused by an alternating effect that occurs due to the influence of the electric fields of thermal energy during voltage discharge and the ion mass inertia. The movement of the ions should be viewed as a longitudinal pulse-like oscillation. A small number of the ions briefly reach extremely high speeds that may be very close to 0.7C (70% of the speed of light). Of course, such dense ion regions are also created in the fusion region. Every time such a dense region reaches the ion collision point (fusion point), the probability of colliding with the ions of the other plasma beam is very high. Every few microseconds, at least two such regions with high ion density meet, with more collisions between ions taking place and causing a slight jump in fusion processes. This leads to a high proportion of nuclear fusion and thus also to a higher efficiency of the fusion process. The ions of the two ion channels are forced to share/cross the path at the meeting point, which can lead to a collision. In the first variant, where partitions are built into the reactor chamber, the angle at which the ion channels meet is very wide. Ideally, the angle would be 180°, so that the ion channels would run towards each other on a common line. However, this is not practically feasible because there must be at least a thin partition between the two channels. Otherwise, the electric spark would jump to the neighboring electrode and short-circuit an electric circuit via the energy source of the neighboring electrode. This can only be achieved by a partition or by tubes that provide electrical insulation.

In the variant with tubes, these have electrically insulating walls. The path that the electrical discharge would have to travel to connect the two pairs of electrodes is longer than the path between two neighboring electrodes and although the neighboring electrodes are brought much closer together, there is no discharge because they are insulated from each other and the electrical voltage comes from separate voltage sources. For example, there is no discharge between electrodes 5a and 5c, or 5b and 5d, because in the first variant they are not supplied by the same voltage source, and in the second variant they are supplied by voltage pulses that run alternately. Their voltage sources are either separate sources, or they are galvanically isolated, or current discharges only occur alternately, so that electrically speaking nothing connects them. Only the insulation that has been applied along the ion channel extends the electrically free path. One could also create a variant in which paths are arranged at 90° crossings, but this is not ideal for our case. If the ion channels were to meet at right angles, the hit rate would be relatively low and the collision speeds would not be high enough because the ions would meet at right angles, i.e. in the flight path, always facing each other from the side. The circuits are separated so that the ions make their way to the corresponding electrode and collide with each other in the middle of the path.

In the second variant, the electrode pairs are supplied with electrical voltage and current from a single source, but not simultaneously, but always and very quickly alternately. This is the key to this technology: accelerating two ions against each other using electrical fields by accelerating them against each other in two ion channels using rapidly generated, high-frequency pulses that take place alternately in one ion channel and then the other.

Because the ion channels meet at a very wide angle in the stack, the impact area is relatively short and can be about two to eight millimeters over a distance of 10 centimeters. The fusion process takes place exactly in this halfway point (at 5cm), exactly at the impact point. It is not actually a real impact point because the plasma jets are about 1mm wide (about 1mm Ø), and therefore form an impact area 40 at the collision point that is several millimeters long. In this area, the ions fly against each other in opposite directions because they are attracted to the electrode pairs (by alternating pulse currents or by separate voltage sources and electrodes). In this case, the ion channel generator or laser emitter is also very important because it can determine the boundaries of the ion channel.

Depending on the design, the reactor can be under pressure or overpressure. The smaller the reactor, the higher the pressure of the medium/fluid can be.

An optimal pressure value in the reactor chamber can be determined through practical experience. The pressure in the reactor also determines the fusion intensity and thus the energy release. However, the other parameters must be adjusted to enable fusion. The high voltage had to be increased significantly at high pressure in the reactor chamber in order to bridge the distance and create an ion channel. The technicians do not have to be inventive to find the optimal settings. The laser beams help to form the plasma beams even at moderate high voltages and, above all, to maintain them, even when the reactor is operated with short pulse currents.

The paths of the ion channels cross at one point, or rather a very small area. This is the fusion point (or fusion area) of the reactor. This is where the ions from both ion channels meet. As they fly against each other, they collide at high speed. The impact speed is so high for some ions that it leads to a fusion of the nuclei. In this way, helium nuclei are generated and a large amount of energy is released. The released energy is absorbed by the wall of the reactor shell 41 and passed on in an energy exchange device. Optimized solar cells can also be installed that can at least capture the optical and UV light energy and convert it directly into electrical energy. Because the released energy is not completely in the visible light range, but rather in the X-ray and gamma spectrum range, differently designed and high-quality solar cells (radiation cells) would have to be used to capture this energy. The gas generated is helium and is collected on the ground. A pump 42 takes out the helium 43 and compresses it in a container which can later be used as a helium supply for experimental purposes. The reactor can be built quite small and is relatively uncomplicated compared to conventional methods. The risk of uncontrolled fusion is completely ruled out because as soon as the fusion point is moved or enlarged, the fusion process is automatically and completely interrupted. In order to maintain the fusion process, many parameters must be precisely coordinated and the fusion processes must be secured. As soon as deviations occur, the fusion process is automatically aborted. A cross channel or fluid line 44 can enable the gas to flow through the fusion point. The fluid line/cross channel can also feed fresh gas into the chamber.

The lifespan of the materials used here depends heavily on the stress they are subjected to. Magnetic fields can also be helpful here to prevent plasma from touching the pipe walls. Ring-shaped electromagnetic coils, through whose openings the pipes run, can tame the plasma inside the pipes. A ring electromagnetic coil at the meeting point 3 of the pipes can also concentrate the ions of the two plasma beams into a "focus point" exactly at the meeting point, so that fusion occurs more frequently there ( 5 ).

Instead of laser beams (e.g. visible, UV or IR laser beams), X-rays or microwaves (e.g. through built-in Gunn diodes 45) can also be used to heat the ion channel, but all other methods are relatively complex to install. This leaves the laser source method is the first choice. The hollow sphere (fusion chamber) 35 in which the fusion process takes place can be equipped with electromagnetic coils 36, which can orient the ions using electromagnetic fields or focus them on the meeting point 3. The fusion process can be facilitated by a certain angular inclination of the spin axis of the particles. The intensity of the energy released by the fusion process is determined by the concentration of the ions and their collisions in the fusion point. The ion concentration and their acceleration can be achieved by controlling the high voltage on the electrodes. In large reactors, the ionizing laser beam plays an important role, sharply delimiting the ion channel and maintaining it.

The shell that can capture the neutrons heats up very quickly. When a certain temperature has been reached and cannot be optimally dissipated by heat exchangers, the fusion process can be briefly interrupted until the energy has been dissipated to some extent. Experience has shown that the reactor in the fusion area does not generate small plasma balls 46 very often, but they do generate them. These leave the fusion area when the fusion chamber is open and move into the reactor chamber 7. These plasma balls exhibit energy-stable properties for a short time and can be captured by magnetic fields. For this reason, additional electromagnetic coils 47 are to be installed in the reactor shell that can capture these small plasma balls and limit their movement by magnetic fields. Ball lightning in nature is probably also made of such balls, which are generated by at least two ion channels colliding with each other during a lightning strike. It is known that a lightning discharge in the atmosphere does not generate just one ion channel, but a large number of such channels arranged in a root shape. This can lead to abrupt changes in the flow direction of the ions. If at least two such opposing plasma streams meet at certain angles, their magnetic fields can tame them both and form a plasma ball. This hot plasma is surrounded by a slightly cooler ion mantle. This creates the typical ball (ball lightning) that contains burning plasma that remains stable for several seconds or even minutes by generating its own fields (electrical and magnetic) and field interactions with each other. Inside, plasma streams are held together by a self-generated magnetic cage with the support of the electric fields. This is the ball lightning that is often reported. Incidentally, ions occasionally collide, hitting each other at an angle or completely linearly / head-on due to their inertia. This can lead to an increase in energy generation and its release, which leads to explosive plasma generation.

The fusion process in this invention is relatively safe and, compared to a tokamak reactor, much easier and cheaper to produce. The energy invested is less than the energy gain that can be achieved through this method. An interesting aspect of this reactor is its arbitrarily scalable dimensions. It can be built from very small, with a dozen KW output, to very large in the GW to TW range. Depending on how large the fusion chamber and the reactor components (e.g. pipes, electrodes, laser sources, etc.) in the reactor are, the output will also be accordingly. For small power requirements, tubes with a length of 30-100mm and a diameter of 2-10mm can be used. No great electromagnets or UV laser sources are required here either; a few air coils or neodymium magnet rings and two UV laser sources/laser diodes with an output of around 100W are completely sufficient.

To ensure that the reactor is refilled with fuel (e.g. deuterium + tritium), small amounts of fuel are fed into the fusion chamber at regular intervals using pump systems and a valve control system. The helium produced there is also transported away by fluid exchange.

Because the reactor can be built very small, it is of interest to many mobile consumers. One application of this reactor can be realized in vehicle technology. Small amounts of hydrogen are sufficient to operate a vehicle for years and to travel very long distances.

The reactor can be equipped with a jacket that is constructed with double walls, with at least one chamber formed between the walls. This chamber can preferably be filled with water so that the reactor is surrounded by water (or heavy water).

REFERENCE SYMBOL LIST

1

reactor

2

a,b ion beams / plasma beams

3

cross point; meeting point; intersection; collision point; fusion center

4

ions

5

a,b,c,d high-voltage electrodes; electrodes; ring-shaped electrodes

6

a,b ion channel

7

reactor chamber

8

Coat

9

fast neutrons

10

heat exchange system, heat transport devices

11

steam turbine

12

fusion chamber / fusion chamber

13

a,b, pipes (tube)

14

Enlarged area (chamber)

15

a,b,c,d ends of the pipes

16

high-voltage generator; high-voltage source

17

deuterium

18

tritium

19

a,b laser emitters

20

a,b laser beams

21

a,b Ring openings on the electrodes

22

a,b glass pane with a mirror

23

a,b half-mirror element

24

Fluid (medium - made of fusion-capable elements)

25

angle / impact angle

26

a,b Shielding plates, electrical shielding / partition walls

27

circuit, electronic control

28

Longitudinal axis of the ion channel, longitudinal axis of the tubes

29

center

30

ion channel cross-section

31

plasma beam sheathing; ion beam sheathing

32

a,b,c,d, the four shorter pipes

33

Special solar cells

34

Narrowing of the pipes shortly before the meeting point

35

hollow sphere (collision / fusion chamber)

36

magnetic field coils / electromagnetic coils

37

neodymium magnet rings

38

pipe walls

39

micro-areas with high ion concentration

40

meeting area

41

reactor shell

42

pump

43

helium

44

cross-channel or fluid line

45

Gunn diodes

46

plasma balls

47

Additional electromagnetic coils

QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of documents listed by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA accepts no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• WO 1996036969 A1 [0030]
• US 10403405 B2 [0031]
• US 11049620 B2 [0032]
• US 20200075178 A1 [0033]
• DE 112018004647 A5 [0034]

Claims (69)

Fusion reactor, characterized in that it consists of at least - one X-shaped fusion chamber consisting of two tubes that cross each other in an X-shape, each of which forms two very narrow and two very wide angles with each other, which can be filled with at least one fusion-capable light element, or with hydrogen and / or hydrogen isotopes, - four electrodes that are installed at each end of the tubes of the X-shaped chamber, each of which forms two pairs of electrodes that are arranged in such a way that they each generate a spark discharge through the fusion-capable element and thereby a straight ion channel in each of the two tubes that cross each other in an X-shape at a meeting point / intersection in which the positive ions move towards each other and collide with each other, - a high-voltage source that supplies the electrodes with electricity, - a control that is coupled to the high-voltage source and the electrode pairs, which supplies each electrode pair at short time intervals, alternately with current / pulse current which is connected in such a way that the adjacent electrodes are alternately or differently electrically polarized, so that the ions moved by the electric field form a counter traffic of ion movements at the meeting point of the two ion channels and collide with each other at a wide angle, almost linearly, - an inlet and outlet through which the fluid can flow in and out of the X-shaped fusion chamber, - two electrovalves, each installed at the inlet and outlet of the X-shaped fusion chamber, - a fluid transport device or an injector, which injects the fluid into the X-shaped fusion chamber. fusion reactor after patent claim 1 , characterized in that at the meeting point, the ions of one ion channel, which are still actively accelerated by the electric field at the time of passing through the meeting point, collide almost head-on with ions of the other ion channel which were actively electrically accelerated shortly before and which, at the time of impact, are still in motion only due to their inertia. fusion reactor after patent claim 1 or 2 , characterized in that at the meeting point of the two ion channels only ions which are electrically actively accelerated at the time by the built-up voltage between electrode pairs of the ion channel concerned collide with ions which are moving at the same time by inertia. Fusion reactor based on one of the patent claims 1 until 3 , characterized in that the pipes each have a narrowed point which is installed near the meeting point / intersection. Fusion reactor based on one of the patent claims 1 until 3 , characterized in that at least one magnetic coil is installed, which causes a narrowing of the ion beam diameter at their meeting point. Fusion reactor, characterized in that it consists of at least - a fusion chamber that can be filled with one or more fusion-capable light elements or with hydrogen and/or hydrogen isotopes, - two pairs of electrodes that are installed in the fusion chamber at a distance from one another, each of which generates a spark discharge through the element and thereby two ion channels that cross each other at a meeting point at a wide angle, in which the positive ions move towards each other and collide with each other, - a high-voltage source that is coupled to the electrodes, - a controller that controls the high-voltage source or the current for the electrodes, - an inlet and an outlet through which the fluid can flow into and out of the chamber, - two electrovalves that are installed at the inlet and outlet of the chamber, - a fluid transport device or an injector that injects the fluid into the chamber. fusion reactor after patent claim 6 , characterized in that the fusion chamber is equipped with partition walls which electrically separate the adjacent electrodes from each other over a section whose dimensions are intended to prevent electrical sparking between the adjacent electrodes. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electrodes are arranged in such a way that the ions accelerated thereby collide with each other approximately head-on at the meeting point of the two crossing ion beams. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the high-voltage source is a high-voltage generator which supplies direct current or pulsed current at high voltage. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the walls of the fusion chamber or the tubes consist of electrically insulating material. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fusion chamber has, in the meeting point of the ion channels, a spherical reaction chamber with an inner diameter which is larger than the inner diameter of the tubes in which the fusion takes place. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the reaction chamber has numerous openings or a grid structure through which the neutrons or helium can leave the fusion site largely unhindered. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the walls of the reaction chamber in which the meeting of the ion channels takes place consist of light-permeable material. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the inner walls of the reaction chamber, in which the meeting point of the ion channels takes place, consist of photocells / solar cells or are equipped with such cells. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the reaction chamber, or at least in the vicinity of the meeting point where the ions collide with each other, heat-conducting elements or a heat transport system are installed. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least the reaction chamber in which the ion channel meeting point takes place is equipped with a transverse channel through which hydrogen and/or hydrogen isotopes flow. fusion reactor after patent claim 16 , characterized in that a high-pressure nozzle opens into the transverse channel, which is connected to a hydrogen / hydrogen isotope high-pressure container / pump via an electrovalve which is coupled to a control system. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the polarity of the electrodes is designed such that no two adjacent electrodes have the same polarity. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electrodes are designed and the ion channels are aligned so that the positive ions of the two ion channels collide almost head-on with each other at the meeting point. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is equipped with at least two ring-shaped electrodes, into each of which a laser beam from one or more laser beam sources penetrates, which travels to the opposite electrode and generates two ion channels in the fluid in the fusion chamber by means of a bundled beam each, or supports the process for the formation of the two ion channels by the current discharges via the respective electrodes. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a partial mirror element or half-mirror element is installed at each end of the tube where the laser beams penetrate, and a flat full mirror element is installed at each of the other ends of the two tubes. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the two tubes in which the ion channels are generated each form an optical resonator in which penetrating laser beams with fluid-ionizing properties are partially accumulated by multiple reflections. fusion reactor after patent claim 22 , characterized in that the laser beam source is equipped with an optical deflection system so that it ionizes at least two fluid channels which cross at one point and form two ion channels between the two electrode pairs. fusion reactor after patent claim 22 or 23 , characterized in that the laser emitter is an optical laser or an IR laser or a UV laser. fusion reactor after patent claim 22 or 23 , characterized in that the laser emitter is an X-ray or gamma laser. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that it is equipped with at least one powerful microwave emitter which emits a focused beam along at least one of the ion channels therein, ionizing the fluid and assisting in the formation of the ion channel or starting the ionization process for the electrical discharge. fusion reactor after patent claim 26 , characterized in that the microwave emitter is designed to irradiate or heat at least two ion channels which cross each other at a point. fusion reactor after patent claim 25 or 26 , characterized in that the microwave emitters consist of Gunn diodes. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is equipped with at least one powerful X-ray emitter which emits a focused beam into the chamber along the fluid and in the form of lines between the two electrode pairs and supports ionization of the fluid. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the chamber filled with the fusion-capable fluid is under high pressure. Fusion reactor based on one of the patent claims 1 until 28 , characterized in that the chamber filled with the fusible medium is under negative pressure. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is equipped with a structural material wall and/or a casing of the fusion chamber, which generates heat by slowing down the neutrons, which is converted into electricity via a conventional steam cycle. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is equipped with a protective casing. Fusion reactor after a patent claim 32 or 33 , characterized in that the jacket has a double-wall construction and the space between them is filled with water or a liquid which is integrated in a circuit and a heat transport device. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the tubes with the ion beams in them are equipped with electromagnets which force the ions in a longitudinal axis of the tube and keep them away from the tube wall. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that an electromagnetic coil is installed in the region of the meeting point of the ion beams, which focuses the ions in the meeting point like an electromagnetic field lens. fusion reactor after patent claim 36 , characterized in that the electromagnetic coil is coupled to the control, which also energizes the electrodes and is supplied with pulse current, synchronously with the power supply of the electrodes. Fusion reactor, comprising - two storage containers, each filled with a fluid capable of fusion, - a high-pressure double pump coupled to both storage containers, - two nozzles, each capable of generating a fluid jet, each coupled to one of the pump outlets by fluid lines, - a pipe construction made of two pipes that meet at a large angle at one point or cross at a meeting point / junction, at the beginning of each of which one of the nozzles is installed and at the ends of which a fluid discharge line is coupled, - two pairs of electrodes, each installed at the beginning and at the end of the pipes, two pairs per straight pipe, - a high-voltage source that can put the two crossing fluid jets in the pipes under high voltage, - an electronic device that generates the high voltage in the two fluid jets in the form of pulse currents, which are always per fluid jet are emitted alternately and at high frequency in the fluid jets, - a controller that is coupled to the high voltage source and the electronic device and controls the processes. fusion reactor after patent claim 38 , characterized in that in the openings in the reservoir outlets, which direct the contents from the reservoirs into the pipes, electrovalves are installed, which control the inflow of the fluid in the pipes and electrically isolate the pipes with the fluid in them from the reservoir when closed. fusion reactor after patent claim 39 , characterized in that the reservoir outlets are each equipped with electrovalves which control the pipe content and reservoir electrically and physically separate the container contents from each other. Fusion reactor based on one of the patent claims 39 until 40 , characterized in that instead of two storage containers, only one storage container is installed, which is filled with a mixed content of at least two contents that can be fused with each other. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the shortest electrical path between the electrodes in a pair formation installed in the tubes leads through the contents in the tubes and not in the storage container. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electrical resistance and the medium voltage breakdown values are higher in the storage container than in the tube in which the electrode pairs are installed. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the reactor chamber, the storage container and the fusion chamber or the reaction chamber are made of current-insulating material. Fusion reactor based on one of the patent claims 38 until 44 , characterized in that the nozzles are installed in the pipe construction in such a way that the two fluid jets meet at the meeting point / node at an angle which is slightly smaller than 180°. Fusion reactor based on one of the patent claims 38 until 45 , characterized in that the electrodes are arranged so that their positive poles are positioned at the ends where the nozzles are located, while the electrodes with the negative poles are positioned opposite each other in the tubes. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fluid is a gas mixture of deuterium and tritium. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the high voltage is sufficiently high for spark generation and generation or maintenance of two ion channels between each two electrode pairs. Fusion reactor based on one of the patent claims 38 until 48 , characterized in that a wider chamber is installed at the meeting point / junction of the two pipes, through which the two fluid jets can pass. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the walls of the fusion chamber or reaction chamber are equipped with heat dissipation elements. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the walls of the chamber are equipped with solar cells that can convert intense light or high-energy radiation into electricity. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the current discharges along the respective ion channels consist of pulse currents in the form of pulsed direct currents which are alternately conducted to each electrode pair at high frequency by a built-in control. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the pulse currents are generated by a built-in electronic device with a repetition rate of at least several MHz or higher up to the GHz range. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the two electrode pairs are supplied with high-voltage pulses simultaneously or alternately via two galvanically isolated circuits. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is equipped with a control which generates the fluid jets in the form of short fluid pulse jets which are alternately generated by built-in electrovalves and their control which emits the two pairs of fluid jets alternately. Fusion reactor based on one of the patent claims 38 until 55 , characterized in that the fluid is discharged through the nozzles in liquid or gaseous state. Fusion reactor based on one of the patent claims 38 until 56 , characterized in that it is equipped with a heater which ionizes the fluid before or when it exits the nozzle. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that it has two laser sources each emitting laser beams, each of which flows into the fluid jets in a tube Fusion reactor based on one of the patent claims 56 until 58 , characterized in that a chemical element which gives the fluid electrically conductive properties or transforms it into an electrolyte is dissolved in the fluid. Fusion reactor based on one of the patent claims 56 until 59 , characterized in that the fluid is released in pulsed fluid jets with a high repetition rate, simultaneously in the two tubes. Fusion reactor based on one of the patent claims 38 until 60 , characterized in that it is equipped with a high-pressure pump consisting of a device which, by means of expansion energy from an oxyhydrogen ignition, generates the necessary high pressure on the fluid for a fluid jet through the fusion chamber or reaction chamber. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the ions of the two fluid beams arriving at the meeting point / node in the respective ion channel, which cross each other in opposite directions at a large angle, collide with each other at the meeting point / node without propulsion and solely by the previously electrically obtained kinetic energy and ion mass inertia. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the two ion channels have fluid jet pairs with different fusion-capable elements in fluid form. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that one of the tubes is filled with small amounts of boron and the other with hydrogen and is caused to ionize by electric fields and current discharges, and is electrically accelerated against each other until it reaches the meeting point / node for collision. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that an annular electromagnetic coil is installed in the meeting point / node point such that the node point / meeting point is located in the ring opening of the electromagnetic coil in the middle. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is equipped with an energy exchange device which dissipates the energy generated by fusion to the outside. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fusion energy and the fluid displacement generated thereby have a device with a magnet inside which is set in rotation or back and forth movement, which induces a current in one or more electromagnetic coils installed nearby. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that instead of two tubes, four tubes are installed, the longitudinal axes of which are each directed towards a common meeting point. Fusion reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it has strong permanent magnet rings instead of the electromagnet coils or in addition thereto.

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