DE102013017091A1 - Energy storage device for a motor vehicle - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to an energy storage device (1) for a motor vehicle, comprising a battery (2), to which one pole a first charging circuit is electrically coupled and whose other pole a second charging circuit (4 ') is electrically coupled, wherein the first charging circuit a Semiconductor switch (S3) to increase the reliability of the energy storage device (1) while reducing costs.

Description

The invention relates to an energy storage device for a motor vehicle according to the preamble of patent claim 1.

In general, the electrification of motor vehicles is increasing. This relates to a new drive technologies that require large amounts of electrical energy, but also more and more other electrical consumers, which can be found in a modern motor vehicle. Storage and access to the required electrical energy is a key issue here.

So is out of the DE 10 2010 014 104 A1 an electrical system for a motor vehicle is known, which has two sub-electrical systems with different mains voltages. In one of the networks, an energy storage device is formed with at least two capacitor groups, which can be selectively switched by means of a controllable switching device between a series and a parallel circuit.

The DE 10 2012 007 225 A1 describes a power supply system for a motor vehicle with two battery units, with a first voltage tap for outputting a first electrical output voltage and a second voltage tap for outputting a second electrical output voltage. The second voltage tap is connected here by means of a diode element with the battery units, so that it can be switched on under certain circumstances.

It is an object of the present invention to increase the reliability of energy storage devices in motor vehicles, while reducing the cost, the installation space, and the weight.

This object is achieved by an energy storage device with the features of the independent claim. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are the subject of the dependent claims, the description and the figures.

In the following description, the term semiconductor switch is mainly used. However, this is to be seen as a synonym for the generic term of the analog switch.

In order to increase the reliability of an energy storage device for a motor vehicle with decreasing costs, in an energy storage device according to the invention with a battery having a pole a first charging circuit is electrically coupled, as with the other pole a second charging circuit is electrically coupled, provided that the first charging circuit comprises a semiconductor switch. In particular, the first charging circuit may also consist of a semiconductor switch. The electrical coupling of the semiconductor switch with the poles of the battery can take place here within the charging circuit both in a parallel connection and in a serial circuit. The battery can also be an energy storage device such as a supercap, a fuel cell or the like.

This has the advantage that fewer mechanical components which can wear out are needed. Furthermore, the use of the semiconductor switch enables a shorter supply and / or precharge time, shorter repetition intervals, and a very fast switching of currents. In addition, in particular, a precharge current in its time course can be controlled and, in particular, freely limited, ie arbitrarily controllable within technical limits. Furthermore, a short-circuit current can be limited. Furthermore, the shorter pre-charging time also leads to a lower heating of the semiconductor switch. Due to the lower heating more consecutive pre-charging operations are possible, whereby a possibly necessary cooling process is postponed to the rear.

Even a short-circuit protection can be integrated so cost-effective. Since only one semiconductor switch is used, only one significant turn-down losses occur, even a drive voltage must be generated only once. In addition, the waste heat generated by the switching losses is so easily dissipated. If the semiconductor switch comprises an inverse diode, a charging operation of the battery, in particular a recuperation charging operation, can also be realized in a favorable manner via this.

It can also be provided to form the semiconductor switches as tube transistors or as another non-electromechanical switch.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the first charging circuit comprises a precharging circuit and preferably also a main charging circuit, wherein the precharging circuit or the main charging circuit in turn comprises the semiconductor switch. This has the advantage that the electrical interruption can be done by two different technologies, which increases the reliability. In particular, in the case where the precharge circuit comprises the semiconductor switch, a relay in the main charging circuit can switch load-free, which makes it less expensive to design. Even the known bouncing when opening or closing the relay can be avoided.

A charging circuit, in particular a pre-charge or main charge circuit, is to be understood here in particular as electronic components which can take on the functions of a pre-charge or main charge circuit without representing a circuit network of several components and connecting wires in the conventional sense. It may therefore also be a single component as a pre-charge and / or main charging circuit, as will become apparent in an embodiment described below. However, it can also be more complex interconnections whose main function is to switch through current unidirectional or bidirectional. In particular, the conventional precharge circuit, which generally consists of a switch and a current limiting component, is replaced by a single, controlled half or analog switch.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the precharge circuit and the main charging circuit comprises a semiconductor switch. This has the advantage that a short-circuit current can be limited. Furthermore, a very fast switching of currents is possible.

In particular, it can be provided here that a semiconductor switch of the precharge circuit and the semiconductor switch of the main charging circuit are arranged in a common housing. This has the advantage that space and weight are reduced.

In addition, it may then be provided that the semiconductor switch of the precharge circuit and the semiconductor switch of the main charging circuit are identical. Thus, pre- and main charging circuit are then combined in a single semiconductor switch and a pre-charge circuit module can be omitted. Since only one semiconductor switch is then used, only one-time turn-on losses occur, even a drive voltage only needs to be generated once. This semiconductor switch can then take over the function of the precharge circuit in the state of a partial or pulsed permeability and in the state of complete permeability, the function of the main charging circuit.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the second charging circuit also comprises a semiconductor switch. This has the advantage that occurring currents can be switched so fast.

It is further provided to electrically couple an additional semiconductor switch with the second charging circuit. This has the advantage that in particular no change of a fuse is required because a fast shutdown by the additional semiconductor, which limits a current or this wegschaltet before the destruction of the fuse, is possible. The fuse is used in this case only as a hedge in the event that the additional semiconductor switch fails, and can be arranged so advantageously in hard to reach areas of the motor vehicle and / or the battery.

In one embodiment of the energy storage device according to the invention with an electrical energy storage, with a pole a first switch is electrically coupled, as with the other pole, a second switch is electrically coupled, the first and / or the second switch by an analog or Semiconductor switch realized.

In a further embodiment of the energy storage device according to the invention with an electrical energy storage, with a pole of a first switch is electrically coupled, as with the other pole, a second switch is electrically coupled, the first switch comprises a precharge circuit, wherein the precharge circuit in turn by an analog - or semiconductor switch is realized.

Preferably, the analog or semiconductor switch of the precharge circuit and the analog or semiconductor switch of the switch is arranged in a common housing.

In a further embodiment of the energy storage device according to the invention with an electrical energy store, with one pole of which a first switch is electrically coupled, such as with the other pole of a second switch is electrically coupled to the second and / or the first switch, an additional analogue or semiconductor switch electrically coupled.

It is preferably provided that at least one semiconductor switch comprises an insulated-gate bipolar transistor and / or a bipolar transistor without an insulated gate electrode and / or a thyristor and / or a gate turn-off thyristor and / or a gate commutated thyristor and / or a field effect transistor and / or a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor. Thus, the shape of the semiconductor switch is preferred as a power semiconductor. This has the advantage that the semiconductor switches can be realized so inexpensively and reliably.

In a further embodiment, it is provided here that at least one semiconductor switch comprises two oppositely-connected bipolar transistors with insulated gate electrode, each with a parallel-connected protective diode, and / or two bipolar transistors connected in opposite directions without insulated gate electrode, each with parallel-connected protection diode, and / or two thyristors and / or two oppositely connected field effect transistors, each with parallel-connected protection diode, and / or two oppositely connected metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors, each with parallel-connected protection diode, and / or a bidirectional thyristor diode or a symistor. It is therefore advantageous here for the power semiconductors to be connected in such a way that they have an opposite preferred forward direction, in particular via a reverse direction diode. This has the advantage that the semiconductor switch can then be used very flexibly.

In particular, it is also provided that in addition a fuse is part of the energy storage device. This is then electrically coupled to one of the poles or one of the precharge and main charge circuits. This has the advantage that such a hedge in the event that a semiconductor switch fails, is present.

In another embodiment, at least one semiconductor switch is designed to limit a short-circuit current adjustable. This has the advantage that in the through-connected state of the semiconductor switch, a maximum short-circuit current can be specified as a limitation, in particular by a set control voltage, but also by the block parameters.

Finally, it can be provided that at least one semiconductor switch is coupled via a series circuit to one of the poles of the battery. This has the advantage that further components of the energy storage device such as in particular a charging or main charging circuit can be designed particularly low, since they can be designed for lower currents.

The analog switches can be installed in such a way that the stable potentials between the electrical energy store and the switch are used as reference potentials. In particular, if other reference potentials must also be used, the internal reference potentials are the first to be used.

Another embodiment provides different types of analog switch in an interconnection. So z. B. for the circuit in the positive pole two in series opposite in series IGBT's use and be installed in the negative pole for the circuit a triac. Another derived solution would be a FET - IGBT - Triac combination.

In the following, the term overcurrent is used here as a generic term for all currents above a common operating range. So also for short-circuit currents.

It may be provided that a first limitation of the overcurrent takes place, followed by a blocking or stronger limitation of the current, provided that it does not fall below a current threshold again within a calculated or predetermined time.

It can also be provided that the measuring range of the current sensor only extends to the upper limit of the operating range including an optional safety buffer. Another advantage of analog switches is the fact that the measuring range for the current sensor must be made smaller. This makes it possible to choose cheaper current sensors.

In the following, the background of the potential for savings in a current sensor is briefly presented. In today's relay-fuse combinations is up to a certain overcurrent limit, the separation by means of relays and from a certain limit only a separation on the fuse. This limit is about three times the maximum operating current. If, for example, the electrical energy system is designed for a current range of -300 A to +300 A, the isolation takes place exclusively via the fuse from currents greater than 900 A. This limit of 900 A must therefore still be recognized by the current sensor, which is a design by analog switch is no longer necessary. Based on the example presented here, an overcurrent limitation by means of an analogue switch of 350 A would be sufficient. Thus, the current sensor would have only for a range to slightly above the operating range z. B. 350 A can be designed (respectively including a small security buffer to 375 A).

The partial or complete replacement of the relay by analog switch in the energy storage devices has in addition to the advantages already shown and the advantage that the analog switch a much longer life than electromechanical relays also have the advantage that the energy required for driving is much lower. For example, typical coils of relays used in HV (high-voltage) battery applications have a static drive power of approx. 4 W and a higher drive power during dynamic operation (ie during a starting phase of an armature). This drive energy is at an analog switch z. B. an IGBT near zero or significantly lower. In dynamic operation during precharge, the analog switches usually have a much lower power requirement on. As a result, less power must be applied by the control electronics to form the function of the switch.

Furthermore, it should be pointed out that in the applications shown here, the analog switches are designed so that even during operation (ie not just during the pre-charging process) the load current flow can take place via these analog switches.

Finally, it should be pointed out that the invention can also be applied to other types of energy storage. Explicit reference should be made here to the fuel cell and supercaps, which are also to fall under the generic term of electrical energy storage. Furthermore, the use of analog or semiconductor switch also has the advantage that these are reduced in comparison to the relays both in your construction as well as in your weight.

Since it comes via analog or semiconductor switch in comparison to relay in the switched state to a much greater voltage drop, resulting in these semiconductor switches and far greater conduction losses than a relay. So if you only one pole of the battery provides an analog or semiconductor switch, preferably even without oppositely connected module, these losses fall only once per battery, in contrast to solutions that provide an analog switch for both poles of the battery, which also is still designed with two opposing blocking blocks.

It can be provided that a diode and / or a thyristor and / or a gate turn-off thyristor and / or a gate commutated thyristor and / or a field effect transistor and / or a metal oxide parallel to the analog switch in the opposite direction of current flow Semiconductor field effect transistor and / or an electron tube is installed. In such an embodiment z. B. by means of an IGBT in a pole and a relay in the other one needs for feedback or charging currents in the opposite direction parallel to the IGBT diode connected. This diode can z. B. also be replaced by a thyristor. An advantage of this configuration is that it comes through the recovery currents through the thyristor to lower losses and thus to a lower heating of the device than a diode. On a frequently high extinguishing current for the thyristor could also be dispensed with, since by automatically terminating a charging process or recuperation the regenerative current comes to a standstill again. This leads to a blocking of the thyristor. For emergencies, a lock can be provided by the remaining relay.

The invention also includes a motor vehicle with at least one energy storage device according to the invention or an advantageous embodiment thereof.

Likewise, the invention includes a method for operating one of the described energy storage devices.

In particular, a method for connecting and / or disconnecting an electrical energy store in an energy storage device, wherein at least one analog or semiconductor switch is designed and / or controlled so as to limit an overcurrent adjustable and / or lock.

In particular, it can be provided that, due to the fast switching time of an analog or semiconductor switch, it assumes the function of the fuse in the event of an overcurrent, and thus the fuse can be dispensed with.

In a further embodiment, it is provided that the fuse for the case of failure and / or malfunction of the overcurrent shutdown is maintained by the analog or semiconductor switch, this can also be installed in a difficult or difficult to access place. In particular, this can also account for an opening to replace the backup by service forces.

It can further be provided that the precharging of the HV intermediate circuit is taken over by a time-controlled resistance change of an analog or semiconductor switch.

Furthermore, it can be provided that the electrical load supply and / or shutdown takes place via the analog or semiconductor switch.

Moreover, it is possible that the analog or semiconductor switch when switching on and off a load is controlled offset in time to the relay, which allows a load and spark-free switching of the / the relay.

It can also be provided that can be designed by the load-free switching of the relay this simpler and therefore more cost-effective.

It can be provided that a very fast pre-charging and / or switching with the lowest possible EMC interference is achieved by a pre-charge or Zuschaltstrom which follows an advantageous temporal course of current.

It can also be provided here that the same analog switch is used for the current connection and for the precharge.

Finally, it can be provided that, due to the faster precharging process or the controlled precharging process, the precharging circuit heats up less, which in turn can be utilized to a greater successive repetition rate and / or shorter sequences of precharging operations.

It goes without saying that the features mentioned above and those yet to be explained below can be used not only in the respectively specified combination but also in other combinations or alone, without departing from the scope of the present invention.

Further features of the invention will become apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments of the invention and from the drawings.

Showing:

1 an energy storage device according to the prior art;

2 An embodiment of an energy storage device according to the invention with a semiconductor switch and a second charging circuit designed as a relay;

3 a further embodiment of an energy storage device according to the invention with two semiconductor switches; and

4 a final embodiment of an energy storage device according to the invention with two semiconductor switches and each executed as a mechanical relay charging or main charging circuit.

In the figures, identical or functionally identical elements are provided with the same reference numerals.

In 1 is an energy storage device 1 , as known from the prior art shown. A battery 2 is at a pole with a main charging circuit 4 , which is designed as a mechanical relay, and with a precharge circuit 3 , which is also designed as a mechanical relay connected. The main charging circuit 4 and the precharge circuit 3 are connected in parallel here and form a first charging circuit. At the other pole of the battery 2 is a second charging circuit 4 ' , which is also designed here as a mechanical relay, electrically connected. To the second charging circuit 4 ' is a fuse 5 connected in series. Should the battery 2 now be electrically connected to a vehicle electrical system, so the Vorladeschaltung 3 and the second charging circuit 4 ' switched on, ie brought the respective relay in a conductive state. As a result, initially an undesirably high current will flow or an undesirably high voltage will arise. In response to an adjustment of current or voltage level to a setpoint then the main charging circuit 4 closed and the precharge circuit 3 interrupted again. The battery 2 is then connected to the electrical system ready for operation.

In 2 is an energy storage device 1 shown in which a battery 2 at one of her poles as in the 1 shown energy storage device 1 with a second charging circuit 4 ' and a fuse connected in series with this 5 connected is. The other pole of the battery 2 However, in the present case is electrically connected to a semiconductor switch S ³ . This semiconductor switch S ³ here forms the first charging circuit and thus replaces the two mechanical relays, the main charging circuit 4 ( 1 ) and the precharge circuit 3 ( 1 ). The semiconductor switch S ³ may for example comprise two IGBT transistors, wherein z. B. one of the two transistors in the forward or discharge direction and the other is switched in the blocking or charging direction. Another possibility is to carry out the semiconductor scaler S ³ as a triax or GTO transistor. So can the functionality of a main or Vorladeschaltung 4 . 3 ( 1 ) are taken over by a component. This may require complex control. Another possibility is, for example, to form the semiconductor switch S ³ as a tube transistor.

Based on 2 is now z. B. the battery 2 separated from a vehicle electrical system (high-voltage intermediate circuit), the semiconductor switch S ^3, for example, in a high-impedance state. At the same time z. B. the second switch 4 ' interrupted, which has the consequence that the battery 2 is also galvanically isolated from the electrical system. Shall now the battery 2 be electrically connected to the electrical system, so on the one hand, the second switch 4 ' closed and subsequently delayed in time, the semiconductor switch S ³ reduced in its resistance. By, for example, continuously lowering the resistance of the semiconductor switch S ³ , artefacts such as an overshoot in the voltage can be avoided, as is the case with a conventional precharge circuit 3 ( 1 ) to the goal. Furthermore, different pre-charging currents can be impressed so that the lowest possible EMC interference occurs. It is also possible to form such Vorladeströme which specific functions are simulated z. As a sine, an exponential function, etc.

Depending on the currents and voltages occurring then the semiconductor switch S ³ can be brought into a normal operating condition, which is responsible for charging and discharging the battery 2 is most suitable. As a rule, this is the state in which the semiconductor has the least resistance in the passage of current. Should now an emergency, such as a short circuit or the like, occur, so can be done via the semiconductor switch S ³ very quickly emergency isolation of the battery from the electrical system. Since the semiconductor components, from which the semiconductor switch S ³ preferably consists, switch very quickly, on the design side, for example, a saving of the fuse 5 be considered. Another advantage of this embodiment is that the currents are switched on switching on and off via the analog switch, which means that the relay always load-free and thus spark-free can be switched (sequence connection: first load-free switching on the relay, then summons and Connection via the analogue switch: Disconnecting process: Firstly load disconnection via the analogue switch, then load-free disconnection of the relay). For this purpose, the switching on and off of the analog switch to the relay is always slightly offset in time. Since only a mechanical load and no electrical load is applied to the relay here, this results in a much longer life of the relay. Of course, the information given here is also transferable to all other variants with analogue switches - even in part.

In the configuration of the interconnection, it is advantageous to lay this out so that when using analog switches they are installed so that their reference potential between the analog switch and electrical energy storage is because this potential has far lower fluctuations than the potential at the external terminals , So, for example, a construction is done 2 it is advantageous to obstruct an NPN bipolar transistor in the negative pole line, since so the base is directly related to the stable negative pole of the electrical energy storage.

Is now z. B. the battery 2 separated from an electrical system of the motor vehicle, the semiconductor switch S ^3, for example, in a high-impedance state. At the same time, the second charging circuit 4 ' interrupted, which has the consequence that the battery 2 is also galvanically isolated from the electrical system. Shall now the battery 2 be electrically connected to the electrical system, so on the one hand, the second charging circuit 4 ' closed and on the other hand, the semiconductor switch S ³ reduced in its resistance. By, for example, a gradual lowering of the resistance of the semiconductor switch S ³ artifacts, such as an overshoot in the voltage can be avoided here, as well as a conventional Vorladeschaltung 3 ( 1 ) to the goal. Depending on the currents and voltages occurring then the semiconductor switch S ³ can be brought into a normal operating condition, which is responsible for charging and discharging the battery 2 is most suitable. Should now an emergency, such as a short circuit or the like, occur, so can be done via the semiconductor switch S ³ very quickly emergency isolation of the battery from the electrical system. Since the semiconductor components, from which the semiconductor switch S ³ preferably consists, switch very quickly, on the design side, for example, a saving of the fuse 5 be considered.

In 3 is another energy storage device 1 shown. In the present example is very similar to in 2 shown example with one of the poles of the battery 2 a semiconductor switch S ³ contacted, which a charging circuit, in particular a precharge circuit 3 ( 1 ) and a main charging circuit 4 ( 1 ) replaced. In addition, now is the other pole of the battery 3 electrically connected to a further semiconductor switch S ^{3 '} , which in turn in series with a fuse 5 is switched. Is the battery 2 now separated from the electrical system, so are both semiconductor switches S ³ and S ^{3 '} in a high-impedance state. Should the battery 2 now be conductively connected to the electrical system, the resistance of the two semiconductor switches S ³ and S ^{3 'is} reduced. Here, one of the two semiconductor switches S ³ , S ^{3 '} again the function of the precharge circuit 3 ( 1 ) take over, for. B. by being gradually lowered in its resistance. The respective other semiconductor switch S ³ or S ^{3 '} can then z. B. be designed to be simpler, ie be designed to be able to switch only between a maximum and a minimum resistance. The semiconductor switch S ³ or S ^{3 '} , which the functionality of the Vorladeschaltung 3 ( 1 ) is then set level dependent of voltage and / or current to a minimum resistance. The battery 2 is then fully connected to the electrical system.

It can be here z. B. be provided, both semiconductor switches S ³ , S ^{3 '} as each a semiconductor device, which can switch in both directions, ie charging and discharging, auszuformen. For example, gate turn-off thyristors or so-called "triacs", ie bidirectional thyristor diodes, are suitable here. It can but z. B. also be provided to form the semiconductor switches S ³ , S ^{3 '} of semiconductor devices, which are switchable in one direction only. Such semiconductor devices are z. B. insulated gate bipolar transistors or metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors. In this case, either both semiconductor switches S ³ , S ^{3 '} in both charging and discharging be switchable or a semiconductor switch S ³ , S ^{3 '} is switchable in both directions and the other semiconductor switch S ^3' , S ³ only in one direction.

In 4 is another energy storage device 1 shown. Here is the one pole of the battery 2 with a main charging circuit designed as a mechanical relay 4 electrically connected, which is connected in series with a semiconductor switch S ³ . The main charging circuit 4 and the semiconductor switch S ³ thus form the first charging circuit. The other pole of the battery 2 is with the second charging circuit 4 ' electrically connected, which is designed here as a mechanical relay, which in turn with an additional semiconductor switch S ^{3 '} and a fuse 5 connected in series. Is the battery 2 now separated from the electrical system of the motor vehicle, so are z. B. the main charging circuit 4 or the charging circuit 4 ' , So the two relays, and the two semiconductor switches S ³ and S ^{3 '} in an interrupted state. Should the battery 2 Now be coupled with the electrical system, so for example, first the two relays are brought into a closed, ie electrically conductive state and at the same time leave the semiconductor switches S ³ and S ^{3 '} in a high-impedance state. While one of the semiconductor switches S ³ and S ^{3 'is switched} to a state with minimum resistance, the other semiconductor switch S ³ or S ^3' assumes the function of a precharge circuit 3 ( 1 ), in that the resistance of this semiconductor switch S ³ or S ^{3 '} level-controlled, so current and / or voltage-dependent, is lowered. In principle, the sequence of switching on the two relays and the two semiconductor switches S ³ , S ^{3 '} can be varied here. The other semiconductor switch S ^{3 '} or S ³ assumes the function of an emergency shutdown in the present example. In the case of a short circuit or the like, so through this the battery 2 be quickly disconnected from the electrical system. Optionally, here the semiconductor switch S ³ or S ^{3 '} , which is the function of the precharge circuit 3 ( 1 ), also cheaper, so for example, only with an IGBT transistor, running, as a emergency separation can then be done by the associated relay.

The invention has been described above by way of example with reference to an energy storage device for a motor vehicle. Application finds the invention in the transport sector (land vehicles, aircraft, shipping), as well as stationary energy storage (buffer storage energy turnaround) and emergency power storage. In general, it can be used wherever an electrical energy store is connected to a consumer. The primary application, the invention is expected to find in electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles, where energy storage are installed in the form of batteries.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

Energy storage device

2

battery

3

precharge circuit

4

Main charging circuit

4 '

charging circuit

5

fuse

S ³

Semiconductor switches

S ^{3 '}

Semiconductor switches

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• DE 102010014104 A1 [0003]
• DE 102012007225 A1 [0004]

Claims (10)

Energy storage device ( 1 ) for a motor vehicle, with a battery ( 2 ), with one pole of which a first charging circuit is electrically coupled and with the other pole of which a second charging circuit ( 4 ' ) is electrically coupled, characterized in that the first charging circuit comprises a semiconductor switch (S ³ ). Energy storage device ( 1 ) according to claim 1, characterized in that the first charging circuit comprises a precharge circuit ( 3 ) and a main charging circuit ( 4 ), wherein the precharge circuit ( 3 ) or the main charging circuit ( 4 ) in turn comprises the semiconductor switch (S ³ ). Energy storage device ( 1 ) according to claim 2, characterized in that the precharge circuit ( 3 ) and the main charging circuit ( 4 ) each comprise a semiconductor switch (S ³ ). Energy storage device ( 1 ) according to claim 3, characterized in that the semiconductor switch (S ³ ) of the precharge circuit ( 3 ) and the semiconductor switch (S ³ ) of the main charging circuit ( 4 ) are arranged in a common housing. Energy storage device ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the second charging circuit ( 4 ' ) comprises a further semiconductor switch (S ^{3 '} ). Energy storage device ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that with the second charging circuit ( 4 ' ) an additional semiconductor switch (S ^{3 '} ) is electrically coupled. Energy storage device ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one semiconductor switch (S ³ , S ^{3 '} ) comprises an insulated-gate bipolar transistor and / or a bipolar transistor without an insulated gate electrode and / or a thyristor and / or a gate transistor. Turnoff thyristor and / or a gate commutated thyristor and / or a field effect transistor and / or a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor comprises. Energy storage device ( 1 ) according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that at least one semiconductor switch (S ³ , S ^{3 '} ) two oppositely connected bipolar transistors with insulated gate electrode and / or two oppositely connected bipolar transistors without insulated gate electrode and / or two thyristors and / or two oppositely connected field-effect transistors and / or two oppositely connected metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors and / or a bidirectional thyristor diode or a symistor. Energy storage device ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one semiconductor switch (S ³ , S ^{3 '} ) is designed to limit a short-circuit current adjustable. Energy storage device ( 1 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one semiconductor switch (S ³ , S ^{3 '} ) via a series circuit with one of the poles of the battery ( 2 ) is coupled.

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