DE102011114676A1 - Fiber-reinforced plastic composite component for motor car, has fiber layer extended over two component regions, and matrix material composition including stabilizer that is different from stabilizer of other matrix material composition - Google Patents

Abstract

The component has a fiber layer (10') i.e. fiber depositor, and two matrix material compositions (7, 8) connected with the fiber layer. The fiber layer is continuously extended over two component regions that are provided with different mechanical properties. The component region with less flexibility is compared with the component region with increased flexibility for providing flexible component regions by the matrix layer. One of the matrix material compositions includes a flexibility stabilizer that is different from the flexibility stabilizer of other matrix material composition. Independent claims are also included for the following: (1) a method for manufacturing a fiber reinforced plastic composite component (2) a fiber matrix semi-finished material (3) a method for manufacturing a fiber matrix semi-finished material.

Description

The invention relates to a fiber-reinforced plastic composite component and method for producing the same and a fiber-matrix semifinished product and its production.

In the course of lightweight construction, especially in the automotive sector, composite components of reinforcing fibers in polymeric matrix, even in sandwich construction with a core material of low density, are increasingly being used.

From the prior art, the production of composite structural components, for example in the RTM process (Resin Transfer Molding) is known in which fibers, fiber layers or semi-finished fiber products (so-called Prewovens or preforms) are inserted into a mold cavity of the RTM tool, in a curable polymeric matrix material is injected, which is often thermosetting or elastomeric reaction resins, but which may also be a thermoplastic resin melt. This matrix material is injected by means of pistons from a mostly heated prechamber via distribution channels into the mold cavity, infiltrates the fiber material and hardens depending on the matrix material under heat supply or removal and pressure. To avoid air pockets, the cavity can be evacuated prior to injection.

As an alternative to the RTM process, the SMC (sheet-molding-compound) process is used for the production of composite structural components. In this case, the manufacturing components reinforcing fibers and matrix material, such as glass fibers and a reaction resin, are pasted and brought into shape, such as plate or foil form, so as to create a fiber-matrix semi-finished, which can then be further processed, for example, after cutting by extrusion to finished component , Accordingly, the properties of the finished component of matrix material and reinforcing fiber, wherein common matrix materials thermosetting reaction resins such as polyester or vinyl ester resins, which are usually mixed with fillers and additives. For extrusion, the fiber-matrix semi-finished product is placed in a heatable pressing tool to make the matrix material of the semi-finished fiber flowable, so that it can penetrate the fiber material ideal; Furthermore, the shaping of the fiber material impregnated with the matrix material takes place in the pressing tool and the shaped component can be removed from the pressing tool when the matrix material has hardened. As an additive, the fiber-matrix semifinished product may have, for example, a release agent which is intended to reach the surface of the semifinished product during the said pressing process in the hot pressing tool in order to prevent the matrix material from adhering to the tool surfaces of the press.

From the WO 2010/040359 A1 For example, a method of making a polymer composite by resin infiltration is known in which the resin properties are modified for different device areas. The component is in particular a wind turbine blade whose foot end is optimized with respect to its mechanical properties such as fracture toughness, crack propagation speed and rigidity. The method comprises placing a reinforcing material, such as fiber layers, in a mold cavity having resin inlets for two different resins having different mechanical properties after curing. The method further comprises simultaneously feeding both resins into different regions of the mold cavity via the respective inlets and transferring the resins to the reinforcing material such that the resins at least partially mix in a third region of the mold cavity.

Based on this prior art, it is an object of the present invention to provide a fiber-reinforced plastic composite component, in particular a fiber-reinforced plastic composite component for a motor vehicle, having regions with different vibration properties to improve the NVH behavior of the component.

This object is achieved by a fiber-reinforced plastic composite component with the features of claim 1.

Another object is to enable the production of such a plastic composite component.

This object is achieved by a method having the features of claim 7.

Furthermore, a fiber-matrix semifinished product for producing the fiber-reinforced plastic composite component having the features of claim 8, a method for producing the fiber-matrix semifinished product having the features of claim 9 and a method for producing the fiber-reinforced plastic composite component having the features of claim 10 disclosed.

Further developments of the objects and the method for their preparation are set forth in the subclaims.

A first embodiment of a fiber-reinforced plastic composite component according to the invention comprises one or more fiber layers, which in a composite with at least two Matrix materials present. These matrix materials have different compositions and form at least two component regions with different mechanical properties, wherein the fiber layer extends continuously over all component regions. Different NVH properties (properties that affect "noise", "vibration", "harshness") within the component are created by virtue of one of the matrix materials present in conjunction with the fiber layer providing component regions with increased flexibility compared with the other component regions, in that the matrix material providing the more flexible component regions has a composition with a flexibilizer which, at least with regard to the flexibilizer, differs from the composition of the matrix material which forms the component regions. The flexibilizer loosens up the rigid structures of the cured matrix at the molecular level so that the NVH properties within the component can be controlled in a targeted manner. The NVH behavior refers both to the noise audible as well as the vibrations perceivable as vibrations in the motor vehicle. Vibrations in the motor vehicle are caused by the local application of force to a vibration source in vibration-transmitting structures and components. The NVH component structures according to the invention serve in the motor vehicle for vibration damping, for example for reducing the vibrations transmitted to the passenger compartment.

The different matrix materials used for the component thus make it possible to deliberately change the NVH properties in certain component areas. In general, it is conceivable that both matrix materials are based on a common composition, and that the flexibilizer has additionally been added to the matrix material for the more flexible component regions. On the other hand, both matrix materials may contain a flexibilizer, but in different proportions, or the matrix materials comprise different flexibilizers. Thus, the compositions of the matrix materials may differ with regard to the type and / or the amount of the flexibilizer.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the flexibilizer is a reactive flexibilizer which is especially a long chain, linear epoxy resin from a group comprising polypropylene oxide diglycidyl ether or polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether. A matrix material commonly used for production hardens brittle. The reactive flexibilizer acts as a plasticizer at the molecular level and relaxes the otherwise rigid matrix structures through its longer chains. The proportion of the flexibilizer in the composition of the matrix material can be very high, for example up to 50%.

Of course, the compositions of the matrix materials can also differ in other components, for example with respect to the type and / or the amount of fillers. Also by the nature and amount of the matrix materials added fillers flexibility and thus the NVH properties of the various components can be influenced. The matrix materials should at least partially be miscible with each other so that a boundary zone of a mixture of the at least two matrix materials is formed in the transition between the component regions so that overall there is a continuous matrix in the component without sharp boundaries between the different matrix materials.

The more flexible regions formed by the flexibilizer matrix material may be vibration-prone component regions, which constitute a resonator, and / or attachment sites of the plastic composite component, which are exposed to increased force and / or vibration introduction. In particular, such attachment sites may also include openings, inserts, and / or fibrous structures that allow attachment of the component to another. This further improves the fatigue properties of the component.

In order to produce the fiber-reinforced plastic composite component according to the invention in a process variant in an RTM process, a molding tool is used which has a mold cavity corresponding to the shape of the plastic composite component into which the fiber layer (s) is / are inserted. The mold cavity is injected with at least one point, but preferably at several points, which open into a region of the mold cavity intended to form a flexible component region, an uncured matrix material containing the flexibilizer, and the fiber layer (s) become / are impregnated in the corresponding component area. At at least one further point, which opens into a region of the mold cavity which is provided for forming a less flexible component region, the uncured matrix material, the composition of which differs from the composition of the first matrix material at least with respect to the flexibilizer, becomes infected and the fiber layer in turn the corresponding component area impregnated. With the curing of the matrix materials, the plastic composite component, which has more flexible component regions, is obtained and can be removed from the mold, with the flexibility of the flexible component region resulting from the matrix material containing the flexibilizer.

The matrix materials injected at the various locations to form the various device regions saturate the fiber layers and blend into each other in the interface zone between the device regions, thus permitting a continuous transition between the more flexible and the less flexible device regions.

A fiber-matrix semifinished product according to the invention, which can be used for producing a fiber-reinforced plastic composite component according to the invention, consists of at least one fiber layer and at least one curable matrix material. In order to form at least two component regions with different mechanical properties, the fiber-matrix semifinished product has at least two fiber-matrix semifinished product sections, of which the sections which are provided for forming the more flexible regions comprise a matrix material, a composition having a Flexibilizer, which differs at least in terms of the flexibilizer from the composition of the matrix material, which forms the other matrix semifinished sections with a lower flexibility.

Such a semifinished product can be produced by first producing at least two doughs of reinforcing fibers and in each case one matrix material, the two doughs differing with respect to the flexibilizer. The doughs are placed adjacent to the formation of the at least two fiber-matrix semi-finished sections and press-formed into the fiber-matrix semi-finished product. The term dough should also be understood to mean the usual masses for bulk molding compounds (BMC) or sheet molding compounds (SMC).

The production of a fiber-reinforced plastic composite component from the fiber-matrix semifinished product then comprises cutting the fiber-matrix semifinished product and inserting it into a flow-molding tool so that the fiber-matrix semifinished product sections are arranged in the sections of the extrusion tool which are used to form the corresponding component areas are provided. Then, the fiber-matrix semifinished product can be formed in the extrusion tool to the plastic composite component by curing the matrix materials are left, wherein the component areas forms with the hardened flexibilizer-containing matrix material, the more flexible portions of the plastic composite component.

These and other advantages are set forth by the following description with reference to the accompanying figures. The reference to the figures in the description is to aid in the description and understanding of the subject matter. The figures are merely a schematic representation of an embodiment of the invention.

Showing:

1 FIG. 2 a schematic side sectional view of an RTM tool for producing the fiber-reinforced plastic composite component according to the invention, FIG.

2 a schematic plan view of an inventive fiber-reinforced plastic composite component,

3 a schematic plan view of another inventive fiber-reinforced plastic composite component,

4 FIG. 2 a schematic side sectional view of a further fiber-reinforced plastic composite component according to the invention, FIG.

5 a schematic plan view of a fiber-matrix semifinished product with different sections.

In the case of the fiber-reinforced plastic composite component according to the invention, the component properties in various component regions within the plastic composite component are specifically modified, so that the component is designed as required and load-oriented. For example, in order to selectively obtain different properties within the component, a multi-gate injection method can be used, into which different matrix materials are injected, which are designed to mix and fuse in confluence over a certain range.

An inventive plastic composite component 10 , as in 2 to 4 shown, characterized by at least two component areas 11 . 12 having different mechanical properties, wherein one or more fiber layers 10 ' (as a fiber investor 10 ' in 1 to see) over all component areas 11 . 12 extend. The fiber layer 10 ' lies in the finished plastic composite component in combination with the matrix materials 7 . 8th in front. The plastic composite component 10 has several component areas 11 (in 2 are two component areas 11 to see in 3 there are four component areas 11 ), the fact that there is a flexibilizer-containing matrix material 7 present, one compared to other component areas 12 more flexible component area 11 form, whereby the NVH behavior of the plastic composite component 10 can be selectively controlled and improved, and thus the durability of the component 10 ,

The more flexible areas 11 be inside the component 10 generated especially where there are force or vibration discharges, as at the connection or attachment points 14 to other components. Alternatively or additionally, component regions that are susceptible to vibration and, for example, represent a resonant body can be produced by using the flexibilizer-containing matrix material 7 be made more flexible.

In the plastic composite component according to the invention 10 The fiber reinforcement extends over the entire component 10 , both in the more flexible areas 11 as well as in the other component areas 12 , The illustrated more flexible component areas 11 are about the connection points 14 of the component 10 localized, for example, serve the connection of the component with a vehicle body.

As fiber layer (s) 10 ' For example, fiber arrangements such as fiber mats, woven fabrics, braids, knits or nonwovens consisting of individual fibers, rovings or fiber ribbons are suitable. These may also be hybrid fibers or hybrid fiber arrangements of different fiber materials. The fiber materials may be the usual reinforcing fibers of glass, carbon and polymer, for example thermoplastics such as polyamide, in particular aramid, but also basalt, ceramic, metal or natural fibers are suitable. The fibers may for example be arranged unidirectionally or mutually angled.

To form the matrix in the component 10 can for the component areas 11 . 12 Matrix materials are used, which differ only in the nature and / or amount of the flexibilizer or in addition to other components and the areas formed 11 . 12 give the different mechanical properties. Above all, if the matrix materials differ not only with respect to the flexibilizer, a certain miscibility of the different matrix materials has to be taken care of, so that the different matrix materials are in the boundary zones 13 between the component areas 11 . 12 mix with each other and a steady transition of the matrix and thus the properties between the component areas 11 . 12 to allow.

The flexibilizer used is preferably a reactive flexibilizer, which is in particular a long-chain, linear epoxy resin such as a polypropylene oxide diglycidyl ether or polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether. Further, the flexibility may be varied by the type and / or amount of filler added.

Finally, in principle, more than two matrix materials can be used to form at least three component regions with different NVH properties. If three or more different matrix materials are used, then a border zone is also conceivable which does not lie between two areas but can also arise at the meeting of three areas. Here then the boundary zone has a mixture of all three matrix materials.

The production of such a component 10 settles with an RTM tool 20 realize with multiple sprues, as in 1 outlined. In the between the closing and angus side mold half 21 . 22 present mold cavity 24 therefore lead the injection devices 23 for the different matrix materials 7 . 8th in the places 23a . 23b , The injection sites 23a . 23b each lie within a portion of the mold cavity 24 , respectively, for the formation of the corresponding component areas 11 . 12 is provided. After the fiber feeder 10 ' into the mold cavity 24 of the RTM tool 20 was inserted, then the flexibilizer containing matrix material 7 which is responsible for the formation of the component areas 11 is selected from the injection devices 23 in the specific places 23a into the mold cavity 24 injected and at the same time this is at least in terms of the flexibilizer of the matrix material 7 distinctive matrix material 8th that is responsible for the formation of the component area 12 with less flexibility selected by the injection device 23 at the specific place 23b injected. The fiber depositor 10 ' becomes in the component areas 11 . 12 with the respective matrix material 7 . 8th impregnated, wherein the matrix materials 7 . 8th in the border zones 13 between the component areas 11 . 12 flow together, mix and connect.

After curing of the matrix materials 7 . 8th is the one-piece composite component 10 with the more flexible component areas 11 and the less flexible part area 12 finished. Of course, one-piece components with even more component areas can be created in the aforementioned manner.

If resin systems are used as matrix materials, then the temperature in the mold cavity becomes for hardening 24 increased, what the tool 20 a heating device 26 and pressure on the impregnated fiber assembly 10 ' exerts by corresponding, pressing pressure generating means of the closing side mold half 21 to be activated.

In general, to reduce unwanted air pockets, also depending on the selected injection, the mold cavity 24 after inserting the fiber assembly 10 ' and closing the tool halves 21 . 22 before the injection of the matrix materials 7 . 8th be evacuated. For this purpose points the tool 20 a venting channel 25 from the mold cavity 24 on that to a vacuum pump 25a runs.

The matrix materials may comprise, in addition to the flexibilizer and a crosslinkable resin, further plasticizers, fillers, in particular mineral fillers, and reactants, crosslinking agents, anti-fading additives, inhibitors, inert release agents, dyes, flame retardants, conductive additives, and stabilizers.

In general, in RTM processes, resins or resin systems are used as matrix materials to be injected, which have a low viscosity in order to keep the flow resistance during flow through the mold and the fiber arrangement low, so that smaller pressure differences are required for filling. Typically, reaction resins for RTM processes, which are offered as special injection resins, consist of a resin and hardener component. Low reactivity resin systems can be mixed prior to injection.

Although RTM processes are usually carried out with resins as matrix materials, in the context of the invention thermoplastic materials are also conceivable as matrix materials, which are then injected in molten form by means of an extrusion device into the cavity with the fiber insert. The thermoplastic melt containing the matrix 7 in training for more flexible areas 11 provided sections, then includes a suitably suitable flexibilizer. The tool can also have cooling devices for a defined solidification process in addition to heaters. In general, however, tools for resin injection can also be equipped with cooling devices.

The 5 shows a fiber-matrix semi-finished product 5 made of a layer of reinforcing fibers 10 ' in curable matrix materials 7 . 8th consists. In such as Sheet Molding Compounds (SMC) called fiber-matrix semi-finished products 5 they are plate-shaped dough-like molding compounds in film form, in which the reinforcing fibers mixed with the uncured matrix material are ready for processing, for example by means of hot pressing. The reinforcing fibers are usually present in mat, more rarely in fabric form with typical fiber lengths between 25 and 50 mm. When pressing the SMC to the finished component and fasteners can be inserted into the mold, making SMCs are particularly economical. Fillers in the matrix materials are used for cost and further weight reduction.

The different uncured matrix materials 7 . 8th in the case shown form the fiber-matrix semifinished product sections 1 . 2 out. At the boundaries between the sections 1 . 2 is through the mixtures 4 of miscible matrix materials 7 . 8th each the border or transition zone 13 educated. The sections 1 of the fiber-matrix semifinished product 5 that the more flexible areas 11 from the semifinished product 5 to be manufactured component 10 form the matrix material 7 with the flexibilizer-containing composition. As already mentioned, the matrix material can 8th the less flexible sections 2 except for the flexibilizer the matrix material 7 match, allowing good miscibility in the transition zone 13 is guaranteed.

One from the fiber matrix semifinished product 5 For example, produced in an extrusion tool component 10 so can with the or the more flexible areas 11 and the firmer areas 12 be customized. Also in the finished component 10 then lie in the transition zones 13 mixtures 4 from the matrix materials 7 . 8th in adjoining component areas in front of the sections 1 . 2 of the fiber-matrix semifinished product 5 correspond.

Here too, components are conceivable that are created from the semifinished product in which there are three or more component regions with different mechanical properties. For this purpose, three different matrix resins can be used accordingly. Here, too, a boundary zone can arise when three areas come together, so that a mixture of all three matrix resins is present in this boundary zone.

To the fiber-matrix semi-finished product according to the invention 5 that in the sections 1 . 2 matrix materials 7 . 8th provides, which differ at least in terms of the flexibilizer, are two (or possibly more) doughs made of reinforcing fibers 10 ' and each one of the matrix materials 7 . 8th made, so that the two doughs, at least in view of the type and / or amount of the flexibilizer, the matrix material 7 contains, differentiate. To the fiber matrix semifinished product 5 obtained as a plate-shaped molding compound in film form, the doughs are arranged adjacent to each other. The corresponding to the desired fiber-matrix semi-finished sections 1 . 2 arranged doughs are then used to form the fiber-matrix semifinished product 5 usually pressed in foil form. It is also conceivable here but the molding in another component near, for example, profiled shape.

For the production of the fiber-reinforced plastic composite component 10 from the fiber-matrix semifinished product 5 This is first tailored accordingly and placed in an extrusion tool, so that the sections 1 of the semifinished product with the flexibilizer-containing matrix material 7 come to lie in the sections of the extrusion die, the for the formation of the more flexible component areas 11 are provided. There, under the application of temperature, in order to make the matrix material flowable, shaping to the component and curing to the finished fiber-reinforced plastic composite component takes place 10 instead of. The section or sections 1 of the semi-finished product 5 that the matrix material 7 having the flexibilizer become the more flexible member areas 11 of the component 10 educated.

This is the case in both production variants after the curing of the matrix material (s) 7 . 8th obtained plastic composite component 10 , in addition to the more flexible component areas 11 one or more component areas 12 with less flexibility, has a targeted NVH behavior. Connection points and vibration-prone areas of a component can thus be optimized both in terms of operational stability and in terms of audible and / or tactile vibration transmission.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

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Cited patent literature

• WO 2010/040359 A1 [0005]

Claims (10)

Fiber-reinforced plastic composite component ( 10 ), the at least one fiber layer ( 10 ' ), which in a composite with at least two matrix materials ( 7 . 8th ), whose compositions differ and the at least two component regions ( 11 . 12 ) with different mechanical properties, wherein the at least one fiber layer ( 10 ' ) continuously over the component areas ( 11 . 12 ), characterized in that one of the composite with the fiber layer ( 10 ' ) present matrix materials ( 7 . 8th ) Component areas ( 11 ) compared to the other component areas ( 12 ) provides increased flexibility, and wherein the matrix material ( 7 ), the more flexible component areas ( 11 ), has a composition with a flexibilizer which, at least with regard to the flexibilizer, is independent of the composition of the matrix material ( 8th ) differentiates the other component areas ( 12 ) trains. Fiber-reinforced plastic composite component ( 10 ) according to claim 1, characterized in that the composition of the matrix material ( 7 ) with regard to the type and / or amount of the flexibilizer of the composition of the matrix material ( 8th ) is different. Fiber-reinforced plastic composite component ( 10 ) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the flexibilizer is a reactive flexibilizer, which is in particular a long-chain, linear epoxy resin from a group comprising polypropylene oxide diglycidyl ether or polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether. Fiber-reinforced plastic composite component ( 10 ) according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the composition of the matrix material ( 7 ) the nature and / or the amount of fillers of the composition of the matrix material ( 8th ) is different. Fiber-reinforced plastic composite component ( 10 ) according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the flexible regions ( 11 ) are vibration-endangered component areas and / or connection points ( 14 ) of the plastic composite component ( 10 ) with increased force and / or vibration initiation, the attachment points ( 14 ) Comprise openings, inserts and / or fibrous structures. Fiber-reinforced plastic composite component ( 10 ) according to at least one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the different matrix materials ( 7 . 8th ) at least partially mixed together in a boundary zone ( 13 ) between the component areas ( 11 . 12 ) are present. Method for producing a fiber-reinforced plastic composite component ( 10 ) according to at least one of claims 1 to 6, comprising the steps of: - providing a molding tool ( 20 ) with a mold cavity ( 24 ) according to a form of the plastic composite component ( 10 ) and inserting the at least one fiber layer ( 10 ' ) in the mold cavity ( 24 ), - injecting the flexibilizer-containing matrix material ( 7 ) in at least one place ( 23a ), which in an area of the mold cavity ( 24 ), which is used to form a flexible component area ( 11 ), and impregnating the fiber layer ( 10 ' ) in the component area ( 11 ) with the flexibilizer-containing matrix material ( 7 ), - injecting a second matrix material ( 8th ) whose composition is at least as regards the flexibilizer of the composition of the matrix material ( 7 ), at least in a second place ( 23b ), which in an area of the mold cavity ( 24 ), which is used to form a component region ( 12 ), and impregnating the fiber layer ( 10 ' ) in the component area ( 12 ) with the second matrix material ( 8th ), - allowing the matrix materials to cure ( 7 . 8th ) and obtaining the plastic composite component ( 10 ), wherein the flexibility of the flexible component area ( 11 ) matrix material containing the flexibilizer ( 8th ) provided. Fiber matrix semi-finished products ( 5 ) for producing a fiber-reinforced plastic composite component ( 10 ) according to at least one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the fiber matrix semifinished product ( 5 ) of at least one fiber layer ( 10 ' ) and at least two different curable matrix materials ( 7 . 8th ), characterized in that the fiber matrix semifinished product ( 5 ) for the formation of the component areas ( 11 . 12 ) having different mechanical properties, at least two fiber-matrix semifinished product sections ( 1 . 2 ), of which first sections ( 1 ), which contribute to the formation of more flexible areas ( 11 ), a matrix material ( 7 ) which has a composition with a flexibilizer which, at least with regard to the flexibilizer, differs from the composition of the matrix material (US Pat. 8th ) distinguishes the other matrix semifinished sections ( 2 ) trains. Method for producing a fiber-matrix semifinished product ( 5 ) according to claim 8, comprising the steps of: - producing at least two doughs of reinforcing fibers ( 10 ' ) and in each case a matrix material ( 7 . 8th ), wherein the two doughs differ with regard to the flexibilizer, - arranging the at least two doughs adjacent to one another to form the at least two fiber-matrix semifinished product sections ( 1 . 2 ) and press forms the adjoining doughs to the fiber matrix semifinished product ( 5 ). Method for producing a fiber-reinforced plastic composite component ( 10 ) using the fiber-matrix semifinished product ( 5 ) according to claim 8, comprising the steps of: - cutting the fiber matrix semifinished product ( 5 ) and inserting into a flow molding tool with the fiber-matrix semifinished sections ( 1 . 2 ) in corresponding to form the component regions ( 11 . 12 ) sections of the extrusion die, - forms the fiber matrix semifinished product ( 5 ) in the extrusion tool to the plastic composite component ( 10 ), thereby - allowing the matrix materials to harden ( 7 . 8th ), wherein the component area ( 11 . 12 ) with the hardened flexibilizer-containing matrix material ( 7 ) the more flexible areas ( 11 ) of the plastic composite component ( 10 ).

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