CN118984651A - 控制玉米上害虫的方法和组合物 - Google Patents
控制玉米上害虫的方法和组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN118984651A CN118984651A CN202380032522.7A CN202380032522A CN118984651A CN 118984651 A CN118984651 A CN 118984651A CN 202380032522 A CN202380032522 A CN 202380032522A CN 118984651 A CN118984651 A CN 118984651A
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Abstract
本发明涉及利用壬酸控制玉米和高粱上的节肢动物,特别是昆虫和/或螨虫害虫的方法,该壬酸表现出高效的杀虫和杀螨活性并且具有低植物毒性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及壬酸,特别是具有杀节肢动物、特别是杀昆虫和/或杀螨活性的壬酸组合物,并且涉及用壬酸控制玉米(Zea mays L.,maize)或高粱(Sorghum bicolor)上的节肢动物害虫的方法,其表现出高效的杀节肢动物活性和低植物毒性。
背景技术
节肢动物害虫在农业领域造成重大经济损失。为此,人们已经开发出遏制或消除节肢动物的解决方案,包括使用杀虫剂、表达抗性特征的植物以及使用天敌。
壬酸长期以来被认为是一种非选择性的接触性除草剂。现在惊奇地发现,以选定的比例使用壬酸对于控制玉米和高粱中的害虫非常有效。由于壬酸对环境有利的特征,并且与目前广泛用于玉米和高粱的许多杀虫剂和杀螨剂相比,其提供了一种替代作用模式,本发明为农民提供了一种重要的新解决方案,用以控制或防止由昆虫和螨虫引起的玉米和高粱植物的损害。
WO2017042554涉及一种杀昆虫剂或杀螨剂组合物,其即使在相对高的浓度下也表现出低植物毒性,并具有高效的杀昆虫和杀螨活性。该组合物包含:脂肪酸/氨基酸盐,该脂肪酸组分包含一种或多种具有14至22个碳原子的不饱和脂肪酸;和一种或多种具有8至18个碳原子的饱和脂肪酸。
EP0617888描述了杀虫剂组合物,其包含脂肪酸盐和用于增加脂肪酸盐的铺展性的助剂的混合物,该助剂是具有4至18个碳原子的脂肪醇,或者是具有4至18个碳原子的脂肪酸甲酯或脂肪酸乙酯。
美国专利5,030,658描述了杀节肢动物组合物,其包含具有8至20个碳原子的单α羧酸或其金属盐,以及金属离子多价螯合剂、螯合剂或表面活性剂。
这些公开文件教导了低级脂肪酸,例如碳链长度低于约12的脂肪酸是已知显示出植物毒性特性的。
因此,一种杀虫剂组合物,特别是杀昆虫剂和/或杀螨剂,其既能保持对害虫的有效性,又能显示出较低的植物毒性如叶片焦枯,将是有益的。
发明内容
本发明的壬酸组合物在控制植物害虫所需的浓度下植物对其耐受性好的事实使得其能够处理植物、繁殖种群的地上部分和植物的所在地,例如土壤。
根据本发明,可以处理所有植物和植物部分。植物是指所有植物和植物种群,例如理想和不理想的野生植物、栽培品种和植物变种。
植物部分是指植物的所有地上和地下部分以及器官,例如芽、叶、花和根,例如可以举出叶、针叶、茎、枝、花、子实体、果实和种子以及根、球茎和根茎。农作物以及无性和有性繁殖材料,例如插条、球茎、根茎、匍匐茎和种子也属于植物部分。
壬酸当根据本发明使用时,环境对其具有良好的耐受性,并且当植物对其良好耐受时,其适合于保护植物和植物器官、用于提高收获产量和用于改善收获材料的质量。壬酸组合物对通常敏感和具有抗性的害虫物种以及对所有或某些发育阶段具有活性。
如本领域技术人员将理解的,术语“节肢动物”适合于本发明的描述,其不仅涉及昆虫而且还涉及落入节肢动物门内的与农业相关的其他生物,例如螨虫,特别是植物病原螨。然而,“杀昆虫”并且特别是“杀昆虫剂”是农业领域中常用的术语,因此可能会出现这些术语互换使用的情况。尽管如此,本发明的范围应理解为总体上包含与农业相关的节肢动物。
本发明的组合物是害虫控制领域中有价值的活性成分,即使在低施用率下,其也具有非常有利的害虫控制谱。本发明的组合物作用于通常敏感但也具有抗性的动物害虫的所有或个别发育阶段,例如节肢动物,特别是昆虫或蜱螨目的代表。根据本发明的组合物的杀节肢动物活性可以直接体现在消灭害虫上,其例如在蜕皮过程中立即发生或仅在经过一段时间后发生;也可以间接体现在,例如降低的产卵和/或孵化率上,良好的活性相当于至少40%或更高的破坏率(死亡率)。
如本文所用的壬酸的“低植物毒性”是指在给定的测试条件下,例如在给定的壬酸浓度下,对植物不存在毒性作用或处于不会不利地影响植物的生长和/或产量的水平。植物毒性作用可以通过多种不同的方式来测量,例如,根据OEPP/EPPO公告(2014)44(3),265-273“PP 1/135(4)植物毒性评估”中规定的原则进行测量。对植物的植物毒性作用可以根据叶子变色和/或外观坏死的百分比来视觉评估。当根据本文的教导将壬酸组合物施用于玉米或高粱的叶子时,通常会导致与未经处理的植物相比低于20%,优选低于15%,更优选低于10%的叶子坏死的植物毒性水平。本发明的优选用途通常会导致7%或更低的植物毒性,而最优选的用途通常会导致5%或更低的植物毒性。上述值是近似值,因为任何纯视觉评估都可能包含一定程度的主观性。
根据本发明,壬酸可用于控制,即遏制或消灭,特别是发生在玉米或高粱植物上的昆虫和/或螨虫害虫。
优选根据本发明处理的植物和植物栽培品种包括对除草剂或一种或多种生物胁迫具有抗性的植物和植物栽培品种,即,所述植物表现出对动物和微生物害虫,例如线虫、昆虫、螨虫、植物病原性真菌、细菌、病毒和/或类病毒更好的防御能力。这包括通过育种,包括诱变、通过基因编辑(例如CRISPR)进行遗传修饰,或通过使用重组DNA 技术(即转基因植物)转化而使植物对上述生物胁迫具有抗性,从而其能够合成一种或多种选择性作用的毒素,例如已知的,例如来自产毒素细菌,尤其是那些芽孢杆菌属的毒素。
根据本发明的组合物可有利地用于处理接受遗传物质的转基因植物、植物栽培品种或植物部分,遗传物质赋予这些植物、植物栽培品种或植物部分有利和/或有用的特性(性状)。因此,可以考虑将本发明与一种或多种重组性状或转基因事件或它们的组合结合起来。出于本申请的目的,转基因事件是通过将特定的重组DNA分子插入植物基因组染色体的特定位置(位点)而产生的。插入产生了被称为“事件”的新DNA序列,其特征在于插入的重组DNA分子和紧邻/位于插入DNA两端的一定量的基因组DNA。此类性状或转基因事件包括但不限于害虫抗性、水利用效率、产量性能、耐旱性、种子品质、改善的营养品质、杂交种子生产和除草剂耐受性,其中性状是相对于缺乏此类性状或转基因事件的植物来测量的。此类有利和/或有用的特性(性状)的具体实例是更好的植物生长、活力、压力耐受性、可站立性、抗倒伏性、养分吸收、植物营养和/或产量,特别是改善生长、提高对高温或低温的耐受性,提高对干旱或水或土壤盐度水平的耐受性,增强开花性能,更容易收获,加速成熟,收获的产品的更高产量,更高质量和/或更高营养价值,收获的产品的更好的储存寿命和/或可加工性,以及提高对动物和微生物害虫的抵抗力,例如昆虫、蛛形纲动物、线虫、螨虫、蛞蝓和蜗牛。
在编码赋予此类动物和微生物害虫、特别是昆虫耐受性的蛋白质的DNA序列中,将特别提及来自苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)的遗传物质,其编码文献中广泛描述的且为本领域技术人员所熟知的Bt蛋白质。还将提及从例如发光杆菌属(Photorhabdus)(WO97/17432和WO98/08932)的细菌中提取的蛋白质。具体地,将提及BtCry或VIP蛋白,其包括CryIA、CryIAb、CrylAc、CryllA、CrylllA、CryIIIB2、Cry9cCry2Ab、Cry3Bb和CrylF蛋白或其毒性片段以及其杂合体或其组合,特别是CrylF蛋白或源自CrylF蛋白的杂合体(例如杂合CryIA-CryIF蛋白或其毒性片段)、CryIA型蛋白或其有毒片段,优选CryIAc蛋白或源自CryIAc蛋白的杂合体(例如杂合CryIAb-CryIAc蛋白)或CryIAb或Bt2蛋白或其毒性片段,Cry2Ae、Cry2Af或Cry2Ag蛋白或其毒性片段、CryIA.105蛋白或其毒性片段、VIP3Aal9蛋白、VIP3Aa20蛋白、COT202或COT203棉花事件中产生的VIP3A蛋白、如Estruch等人,(1996),Proc Natl Acad Sci US A.28;93(11):5389-94所述的VIP3Aa蛋白或其毒性片段,如WO2001/47952中所述的Cry蛋白,来自致病杆菌(Xenorhabdus)的杀昆虫蛋白(如WO98/50427中所述)、沙雷菌属(Serratia)(特别是来自虫食性链球菌(S.entomophila))或发光杆菌属(Photorhabdus)物种菌株,例如如WO98/08932中所述的来自发光杆菌属(Photorhabdus)的Tc-蛋白。此外,本文还包括这些蛋白的任何一种的变体或突变体,它们在某些氨基酸(1-10,优选1-5)上与上述任何序列,特别是其毒性片段的序列不同,或与转运肽,如质粒转运肽或另一种蛋白或肽融合。
此类特性的另一个且特别强调的实例是通过诱变,例如Clearfield TM咪唑啉酮耐受品种或转基因技术赋予对一种或多种除草剂,例如咪唑啉酮、磺酰脲、草甘膦或草丁膦)的耐受性。在编码赋予转化的植物细胞和植物对某些除草剂的耐受性的蛋白的DNA序列中,将特别提及WO2009/152359中描述的bar或PAT基因或天蓝色链霉菌基因(Streptomycescoelicolor gene),其赋予对草铵膦除草剂的耐受性,编码合适的EPSPS(5-烯醇丙酮酰希基马特-3-磷酸合酶)的基因,其赋予对以EPSPS为靶标的除草剂,尤其是除草剂如草甘膦及其盐的耐受性,编码草甘膦-n-乙酰基转移酶的基因,或编码草甘膦氧化还原酶的基因。其他合适的除草剂耐受性状包括至少一种ALS(乙酰乳酸合酶)抑制剂(例如,WO2007/024782)、突变的拟南芥ALS/AHAS基因(例如,美国专利6,855,533)、编码赋予对2,4-D(2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸)耐受性的2,4-D-单加氧酶的基因和编码赋予对麦草畏(3,6-二氯-2-甲氧基苯甲酸)耐受性的麦草畏单加氧酶的基因。
此类特性的进一步且特别强调的实例是由于例如系统获得性抗性(SAR)、系统素、植物抗毒素、激发子以及抗性基因和相应表达的蛋白和毒素而增加的对细菌和/或病毒的抗性。
还可以对农作物进行改良以增强对真菌(例如镰刀菌、炭疽病或疫霉菌)、细菌(例如假单胞菌)或病毒(例如马铃薯卷叶病毒、番茄斑萎病毒、黄瓜花叶病毒)病原体的抗性。
可以根据本发明优选处理的转基因植物或植物栽培种中特别有用的转基因事件包括事件3272(玉米,品质性状,保藏为PTA-9972,描述于W02006/098952或US-A 2006-230473),事件40416(玉米,昆虫控制-除草剂耐受性,保藏为ATCC PTA-11508,描述于WO11/075593);事件43A47(玉米,昆虫控制-除草剂耐受性,保藏为ATCC PTA-11509,描述于WO2011/075595);事件5307(玉米,昆虫控制,保藏为ATCC PTA-9561,描述于WO2010/077816);事件B16(玉米,除草剂耐受性,未保藏,描述于US-A 2003-126634),事件DAS40278(玉米,除草剂耐受性,保藏为ATCC PTA-10244,描述于WO2011/022469);事件DAS-44406-6/pDAB8264.44.06.1(大豆,除草剂耐受性,保藏为PTA-11336,描述于WO2012/075426),事件DAS-14536-7/pDAB8291.45.36.2(大豆,除草剂耐受性,保藏为PTA-11335,描述于WO2012/075429),事件DAS-59122-7(玉米,昆虫控制-除草剂耐受性,保藏为ATCC PTA 11384,描述于US-A 2006-070139);事件DAS-59132(玉米,昆虫控制-除草剂耐受性,未保藏,描述于W02009/100188);事件DP-098140-6(玉米,除草剂耐受性,保藏为ATCC PTA-8296,描述于US-A2009-137395或WO 08/112019);事件DP-32138-1(玉米,杂交系统,保藏为ATCC PTA-9158,描述于US-A2009-0210970或WO2009/103049);事件Fil 17(玉米,除草剂耐受性,保藏为ATCC 209031,描述于US-A2006-059581或WO 98/044140);事件GA21(玉米,除草剂耐受性,保藏为ATCC 209033,描述于US-A 2005-086719或WO 98/044140);事件GG25(玉米,除草剂耐受性,保藏为ATCC 209032,描述于US-A 2005-188434或WO98/044140);事件GJ11(玉米,除草剂耐受性,保藏为ATCC 209030,描述于US-A2005-188434或WO98/044140);事件LY038(玉米,品质性状,保藏为ATCC PTA-5623,描述于US-A 2007-028322或WO2005/061720);事件MIR 162(玉米,昆虫控制,保藏为PTA-8166,描述于US-A 2009-300784或WO2007/142840);事件MIR 604(玉米,昆虫控制,未保藏,描述于US-A 2008-167456或WO2005/103301);事件MON810(玉米,昆虫控制,未保藏,描述于US-A2002-102582);事件MON863(玉米,昆虫控制,保藏为ATCC PTA-2605,描述于WO2004/011601或US-A2006-095986);事件MON87427(玉米,授粉控制,保藏为ATCC PTA-7899,描述于WO2011/062904);事件MON87460(玉米,胁迫耐受性,保藏为ATCC PTA-8910,描述于WO2009/111263或US-A2011-0138504);事件MON88017(玉米,昆虫控制-除草剂耐受性,保藏为ATCC PTA-5582,描述于US-A 2008-028482或WO2005/059103);事件MON89034(玉米,昆虫控制,保藏为ATCCPTA-7455,描述于WO 07/140256或US-A 2008-260932);事件NK603(玉米,除草剂耐受性,保藏为ATCC PTA-2478,描述于US-A2007-292854);事件T25(玉米,除草剂耐受性,未保藏,描述于US-A 2001-029014或WO2001/051654);事件TC1507(玉米,昆虫控制-除草剂耐受性,未保藏,描述于US-A2005-039226或WO2004/099447);事件VIP1034(玉米,昆虫控制-除草剂耐受性,保藏为ATCC PTA-3925,描述于WO2003/052073),事件32316(玉米,昆虫控制-除草剂耐受性,保藏为PTA-11507,描述于WO2011/084632),事件4114(玉米,昆虫控制-除草剂耐受性,保藏为PTA-11506,描述于WO2011/084621),事件DP-040416-8(玉米,昆虫控制,ATCC记录号PTA-11508,WO2011/075593A1),事件DP-043A47-3(玉米,昆虫控制,ATCC记录号PTA-11509,WO2011/075595A1),事件DP-004114-3(玉米,昆虫控制,ATCC记录号PTA-11506,WO2011/084621A1),事件DP-032316-8(玉米,昆虫控制,ATCC记录号PTA-11507,WO2011/084632A1),和事件MZDT09Y(玉米,ATCC记录号PTA-13025,WO2013/012775A1)。
可根据本发明处理的特别有用的转基因植物是含有转化事件或转化事件组合的植物,例如列于来自各个国家或地区管理机构的数据库中的转化事件或转化事件组合。
也可以根据本发明处理的植物和植物栽培品种是对一种或多种非生物胁迫具有抗性的那些植物,即其已经在胁迫耐受性方面表现出提高的植物健康水平。非生物胁迫条件可包括例如干旱、低温暴露、热暴露、渗透胁迫、洪水、土壤盐度增加、矿物质暴露增加、臭氧暴露、强光暴露、氮养分供应受限、磷养分供应受限、避免遮荫。优选地,用本发明的组合物处理这些植物和栽培品种还提高了植物的整体健康水平。
也可以根据本发明处理的植物和植物栽培品种是具有提升的产量的特性的那些植物,即其已经在这一特性方面表现出提高的植物健康水平。所述植物中增加的产量可以是例如改善的植物生理、生长和发育,例如水利用效率、保水效率、提高的氮利用、增强的碳同化、提高的光合作用、增加的发芽效率和加速的成熟,的结果。此外,产量还可能受到(在胁迫和非胁迫条件下)改善的植物结构的影响,包括但不限于提早开花、杂交种子生产的花期控制、幼苗活力、植物大小、节间数量和距离、根生长、种子大小、果实大小、荚果大小、荚果或穗数、每个荚果或穗的种子数、种子质量、增强种子饱满度、减少种子散落、减少荚果开裂和抗倒伏性。其他产量性状包括种子组成,例如碳水化合物含量、蛋白质含量、油含量和组成、营养价值、抗营养化合物的减少、改进的加工性和更好的储存稳定性。优选地,用本发明的组合物处理这些植物和栽培品种还提高了植物的整体健康水平。
上述昆虫和螨虫害虫的例子包括:以下的害虫:来自节肢动物门(Arthropoda)、特别是蛛形纲(Arachnida),例如粉螨属(Acarus spp.),例如粗脚粉螨(Acarus siro)、枸杞瘤瘿螨(Aceria kuko)、柑橘瘤瘿螨(Aceria sheldoni),刺皮瘿螨属(Aculops spp.),针刺瘿螨属(Aculus spp.),例如福氏刺皮瘿螨(Aculus fockeui)、苹果刺锈螨(Aculusschlechtendali,),花蜱属(Amblyomma spp.),山楂叶螨(Amphitetranychusviennensis),锐缘蜱属(Argas spp.),牛蜱属(Boophilus spp.),短须螨属(Brevipalpusspp.),例如紫红短须螨(Brevipalpus phoenicis)、禾本科苔藓虫(Bryobia graminum)、苜宿苔螨(Bryobia praetiosa),刺尾蝎属(Centruroides spp.),皮螨属(Chorioptesspp.),鸡皮刺螨(Dermanyssus gallinae),屋尘螨(Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus),粉尘螨(Dermatophagoides farinae),革蜱属(Dermacentor spp.),始叶螨属(Eotetranychus spp.),例如红叶螨(Eotetranychus hicoriae)、梨上瘿螨(Epitrimeruspyri),真叶螨属(Eutetranychus spp.),例如班氏真叶螨(Eutetranychus banksi),瘿螨属(Eriophyes spp.),例如梨瘿螨(Eriophyes pyri)、家食甜螨(Glycyphagusdomesticus)、红腿地螨(Halotydeus destructor),半跗线螨属(Hemitarsonemus spp.),例如茶半跗线螨(Hemitarsonemus latus)(=侧多食跗线螨(Polyphagotarsonemuslatus)),璃眼蜱属(Hyalomma spp.),硬蜱属(Ixodes spp.),寇蛛属(Latrodectus spp.),斜蛛属(Loxosceles spp.),秋收恙螨(Neutrombicula autumnalis),裸蛛属(Nuphersaspp.),小爪螨属(Oligonychus spp.),例如咖啡小爪螨(Oligonychus coffeae)、分生小爪螨(Oligonychus coniferarum)、冬青小爪螨(Oligonychus ilicis)、甘蔗小爪螨(Oligonychus indicus)、芒果小爪螨(Oligonychus mangiferus)、草地小爪螨(Oligonychus pratensis)、石榴小爪螨(Oligonychus punicae)、樟小爪螨(Oligonychusyothersi),钝缘蜱属(Omithodorus spp.),禽刺螨属(Omithonyssus spp.),全爪螨属(Panonychus spp.),例如桔全爪螨(Panonychus citri)(=柑橘红叶螨(Metatetranychuscitri))、苹果全爪螨(Panonychus ulmi)(=榆后叶螨(Metatetranychus ulmi))、桔芸锈螨(Phyllocoptruta oleivora)、多趾宽叶螨(Platytetranychus multidigituli)、侧多食跗线螨(Polyphagotarsonemus latus),痒螨属(Psoroptes spp.),扇头蜱属(Rhipicephalus spp.),根螨属(Rhizoglyphus spp.),疥螨属(Sarcoptes spp.),中东金蝎(Scorpio maurus),狭趺线螨属(Steneotarsonemus spp.),稻细螨(Steneotarsonemusspinki),跗线螨属(Tarsonemus spp.),例如乱跗线螨(Tarsonemus confusus)、白跗线螨(Tarsonemus pallidus),叶螨属(Tetranychus spp.),例如加拿大叶螨(Tetranychuscanadensis)、朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)、土耳其斯坦叶螨(Tetranychusturkestani)、二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae)、阿氏真恙螨(Trombiculaalfreddugesi),愈神蝎属(Vaejovis spp.),番茄斜背瘤瘿螨(Vasates lycopersici);
来自唇足纲(Chilopoda),例如地蜈蚣属(Geophilus spp.)、蚰蜒属(Scutigeraspp.);
来自弹尾纲或目(Collembola),例如武装棘跳虫(Onychiurus armatus);绿圆跳虫(Sminthurus viridis);
来自倍足纲(Diplopoda),例如千足虫(Blaniulus guttulatus);
来自昆虫纲(Insecta),例如蜚蠊目(Blattodea),例如东方蜚蠊(Blattaorientalis)、亚洲蜚蠊(Blattella asahinai)、德国蜚蠊(Blattella germanica)、马德拉蜚蠊(Leucophaea maderae)、罗伯翅蟑螂(Loboptera decipiens)、家屋蟑螂(Neostylopyga rhombifolia),古巴蠊属(Panchlora spp.),木蠊属(Parcoblatta spp.),大蠊属(Periplaneta spp.),例如美洲大蠊(Periplaneta americana)、澳洲大蠊(Periplaneta australasiae)、苏里南潜蠊(Pycnoscelus surinamensis)、棕带蜚蠊(Supella longipalpa);
来自鞘翅目(Coleoptera),例如条纹黄瓜甲虫(Acalymma vittatum),菜豆象(Acanthoscelides obtectus),喙丽金龟属(Adoretus spp.),小蜂窝甲虫(Aethinatumida),杨毛臀萤叶甲(Agelastica alni),窄吉丁属(Agrilus spp.),例如白蜡窄吉丁(Agrilus planipennis)、云斑天牛(Agrilus coxalis)、栗双线窄吉丁(Agrilusbilineatus)、青铜桦树蛀虫(Agrilus anxius),叩甲属(Agriotes spp.),例如直条叩头虫(Agriotes linneatus)、小麦金针虫(Agriotes mancus)、黑菌虫(Alphitobiusdiaperinus)、葡萄跳甲虫(Altica chalybea)、马铃薯鳃角金龟(Amphimallonsolstitialis)、家具窃蠹(Anobium punctatum),星天牛属(Anoplophora spp.),例如光肩星天牛(Anoplophora glabripennis),花象属(Anthonomus spp.),例如棉铃象甲(Anthonomus grandis)或草莓花象鼻虫(Anthonomus rubi),圆皮蠹属(Anthrenus spp.),长喙小象属(Apion spp.),阿鳃金龟属(Apogonia spp.),隐食甲属(Atomaria spp.),例如甜菜隐食甲(Atomaria linearis),毛皮蠹属(Attagenus spp.),灰暗船象(Bariscaerulescens),恶条豆象(Bruchidius obtectus),豆象属(Bruchus spp.),例如豌豆象(Bruchus pisorum)、蚕豆象(Bruchus rufimanus),龟金花虫属(Cassida spp.),菜豆莹叶甲(Cerotoma trifurcata),龟象属(Ceutorrhynchus spp.),例如白菜籽龟象(Ceutorhynchus assimilis)、油菜茎象鼻虫(Ceutorhynchus napi Gyll.)、甘蓝角果象甲(Ceutorhynchus obstrictus)、卷心菜象鼻虫(Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus)、甘蓝荚象甲(Ceutorhynchus picitarsis)、油菜茎象甲(Ceutorhynchus quadridens)、芜菁象甲(Ceutorhynchus rapae),凹胫跳甲属(Chaetocnema spp.),例如甘薯叶甲(Chaetocnemaconfmis)、美国齿跳甲(Chaetocnema denticulata)、沙漠玉米跳甲(Chaetocnemaectypa)、玉米跳甲(Chaetocnema pulicaria)、萤火虫(Cleonus mendicus),宽胸叩头虫属(Conoderus spp.),根颈象属(Cosmopolites spp.),例如香蕉象甲(Cosmopolitessordidus)、褐新西兰肋翅鳃角金龟(Costelytra zealandica),假丝酵母属(Crioerisspp.),例如石刁柏负泥虫(Crioceris asparagi)、十二点金花虫(Criocerisduodecimpunctata),金针虫属(Ctenicera spp.),象虫属(Curculio spp.),例如核桃象甲(Curculio caryae)、大栗象(Curculio caryatrypes)、美洲榛子象(Curculio obtusus)、小板栗象甲(Curculio sayi)、锈赤扁谷盗(Cryptolestes ferrugineus)、长角扁谷盗(Cryptolestes pusillus)、杨干隐喙象(Cryptorhynchus lapathi)、芒果种子象鼻虫(Cryptorhynchus mangiferae),细枝象属(Cylindrocopturus spp.),密点细枝象(Cylindrocopturus adspersus),花旗松枝象鼻虫(Cylindrocopturus fumissi),大小蠹属(Dendroctonus spp.),例如中欧山松大小蠹(Dendroctonus ponderosae),皮蠹属(Dermestes spp.),叶甲属(Diabrotica spp.),例如黄瓜条叶甲(Diabrotica balteata)、北方玉米根虫(Diabrotica barberi)、葫芦甲虫(Diabrotica speciosa)、十一星叶甲食根亚种(Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi)、斑点黄瓜甲虫(Diabroticaundecimpunctata undecimpunctata)、西部玉米根萤叶甲(Diabrotica virgiferavirgifera)、墨西哥玉米根萤叶甲(Diabrotica virgifera zeae),蛀野螟属(Dichocrocisspp.),水稻铁甲(Dicladispa armigera),阿根廷小兜属(Diloboderus spp.),菠菜跳蚤甲虫(Disonycha xanthomelas),叩头虫科(family Elateridae),芽象甲属(Epicaerusspp.),条芜菁属(Epicauta spp.),食植瓢虫属(Epilachna spp.),例如南瓜瓢虫(Epilachna borealis)、墨西哥豆瓢虫(Epilachna varivestis),毛跳甲属(Epitrixspp.),例如黄瓜跳甲(Epitrix cucumeris)、茄子叶甲(Epitrix fuscula)、烟草跳甲(Epitrix hirtipennis)、美国马铃薯跳甲(Epitrix subcrinita)、块茎跳甲(Epitrixtuberis),鼻子象鼻虫属(Faustinus spp.),裸蛛甲(Gibbium psylloides),阔角谷盗(Gnathocerus comutus),菜心螟(Hellula undalis),黑异爪蔗金龟(Heteronychusarator),寡节鳃金龟属(Heteronyx spp.),秀丽隐杆线虫(Hylamorpha elegans),北美家天牛(Hylotrupes bajulus),紫苜蓿叶象(Hypera postica),蓝绿象(Hypomecessquamosus),咪小蠹属(Hypothenemus spp.),例如咖啡果小蠹(Hypothenemus hampei)、苹枝小囊(Hypothenemus obscurus)、东方树皮甲虫(Hypothenemus pubescens)、甘蔗大褐齿爪鳃金龟(Lachnostema consanguinea)、烟草甲(Lasioderma serricome)、长头谷盗(Latheticus oryzae),拉特里迪乌斯属(Lathridius spp.),合瓜负泥虫属(Lema spp.),科罗拉多马铃薯甲虫(Leptinotarsa decemlineata),银潜蛾属(Leucoptera spp.),例如咖啡潜叶蛾(Leucoptera coffeella)、西部田野叩头虫(Limonius ectypus)、稻根象(Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus),卜象属(Listronotus(=Hyperodes)spp.),胡萝卜象鼻虫(Listronotus oregonensis),筒喙象属(Lixus spp.),萤页甲属(Luperodes spp.),黄胸寡毛跳甲(Luperomorpha xanthodera),粉蠹属(Lyctus spp.),天牛属(Megacyllenespp.),例如刺槐黄带蜂天牛(Megacyllene robiniae),美洲叶甲属(Megascelis spp.),梳爪叩头虫属(Melanotus spp.),例如普通线虫(Melanotus communis)、隆鲁斯喔瑞萘斯叩甲(Melanotus longulus oregonensis)油菜露尾甲(Meligethes aeneus),鳃金龟属(Melolontha spp.),例如大栗鳃角金龟(Melolontha melolontha)、真群蜂(Metrionabicolor),米格多拉斯属(Migdolus spp.),墨天牛属(Monochamus spp.),象甲(Naupactusxanthographus),隐跗郭公虫属(Necrobia spp.),新绒萤金花虫属(Neogalerucellaspp.),黄蛛甲(Niptus hololeucus),椰蛀犀金龟(Oryctes rhinoceros),锯谷盗(Oryzaephilus surinamensis),水稻象鼻虫(Oryzaphagus oryzae),耳象属(Otiorhynchus spp.),例如苹果耳喙象(Otiorhynchus cribricollis)、大苜蓿耳象(Otiorhynchus ligustici)、大苜蓿耳喙象(Otiorhynchus ovatus)、粗糙草莓耳喙象(Otiorhynchus rugosostriarus)、黑葡萄耳象(Otiorhynchus sulcatus),负泥虫属(Oulema spp.),例如黑角负泥虫(Oulema melanopus)、水稻负泥虫(Oulema oryzae)、小青花金龟(Oxycetonia jucunda)、辣根猿叶甲(Phaedon cochleariae),食叶鳃金龟属(Phyllophaga spp.),鳃金龟(Phyllophaga helleri),菜跳甲属(Phyllotreta spp.),例如辣根条跳甲(Phyllotreta armoraciae)、蔬菜黄条跳甲(Phyllotreta cruciferae)、西方黑跳甲(Phyllotreta pusilla)、美条纹跳甲(Phyllotreta ramosa)、黄曲条跳甲(Phyllotreta striolata)、日本弧丽金龟(Popillia japonica),安第斯马铃薯象属(Premnotrypes spp.),大谷蠹(Prostephanus truncatus),蚤跳甲属(Psylliodes spp.),例如马铃薯跳甲(Psylliodes affinis)、油菜金头跳甲(Psylliodes chrysocephala)、忽布跳甲(sylliodes punctulata),蛛甲属(Ptinus spp.),暗色瓢虫(Rhizobiusventralis),谷蠹(Rhizopertha dominica),隐颏象属(Rhynchophorus spp.),红棕象甲(Rhynchophorus ferrugineus),棕榈象甲(hynchophorus palmarum),金龟子科(familyScarabaeidae),小蠹属(Scolytus spp.),例如欧洲榆小蠹(Scolytus multistriatus)、侧突双棘长蠹(Sinoxylon perforans)、谷象属(Sitophilus spp.),例如麦子象鼻虫(Sitophilus granarius)、罗望子果象(Sitophilus linearis)、米象(Sitophilusoryzae)、玉米象(Sitophilus zeamais),尖隐喙象属(Sphenophorus spp.),例如玉米长嘴虫(Sphenophorous maidis)、药材甲(Stegobium paniceum),茎干象属(Stemechus spp.),例如豆茎象(Stemechus paludatus),象甲属(Symphyletes spp.),跳蚤甲虫属(Systenaspp.),淡条纹跳蚤甲虫(Systena blanda),纤毛象属(Tanymecus spp.),例如玉米象鼻虫(Tanymecus dilaticollis)、印度纤毛象(Tanymecus indicus)、红豆草灰象甲(Tanymecuspalliatus),黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor)、大谷盗(Tenebrioides mauretanicus),拟谷盗属(Tribolium spp.),例如美国黑面甲虫(Tribolium audax)、赤拟谷盗(Triboliumcastaneum)、杂拟谷盗(Triboliumconfusum),斑皮蠹属(Trogoderma spp.),籽象属(Tychius spp.),脊虎天牛属(Xylotrechus spp.),距步甲属(Zabrus spp.),例如玉米距步甲(Zabrus tenebrioides);
来自革翅目(Dermaptera),例如海岸肥螋(Anisolabis maritime)、欧洲球螋(Forficula auricularia)、红蠼螋(Labidura riparia);
来自双翅目(Diptera),例如伊蚊属(Aedes spp.),例如埃及伊蚊(Aedesaegypti)、白纹伊蚊(Aedes albopictus)、叮刺伊蚊(Aedes sticticus)、刺扰伊蚊(Aedesvexans),潜蝇属(Agromyza spp.),例如苜蓿斑潜蝇(Agromyza frontella)、稻潜蝇(Agromyza oryzae)、美洲黍潜蝇(Agromyza parvicomis),按实蝇属(Anastrepha spp.),例如,南美按实蝇(Anastrepha fraterculus)、墨西哥按实蝇(Anastrepha ludens)、西印度按实蝇(Anastrepha obliqua),按蚊属(Anopheles spp.),例如四斑按蚊(Anophelesquadrimaculatus)、冈比亚按蚊(Anopheles gambiae),瘿蚊属(Asphondylia spp.),果实蝇属(Bactrocera spp.),例如番石榴实蝇(Bactrocera correcta)、瓜实蝇(Bactroceracucurbitae)、桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis)、油橄榄果实蝇(Bactrocera oleae)、昆士兰果蝇(Bactrocera tyroni)、桃实蝇(Bactrocera zonata)、花园毛蚊(Bibiohortulanus)、天青刚绳(Calliphora erythrocephala)、红头丽蝇(Calliphora vicina)、地中海实蝇(Ceratitis capitata),摇蚊属(Chironomus spp.),稻秆潜蝇(Chloropsoryzae),金蝇属(Chrysomya spp.),斑虻属(Chrysops spp.),高额麻虻(Chrysozonapluvialis),锥蝇属(Cochliomya spp.),康瘿蚊属(Contarinia spp.),例如葡萄瘿蚊(Contariniajohnsoni)、甘蓝瘿蚊(Contarinia nasturtii)、梨叶瘿蚊(Contariniapyrivora)、向日葵瘿蚊(Contarinia schulzi)、高粱瘿蚊(Contarinia sorghicola)、麦黄吸浆虫(Contarinia tritici)、人皮蝇(Cordylobia anthropophaga)、环足摇蚊(Cricotopus sylvestris),库蚊属(Culex spp.),例如尖音库蚊(Culex pipiens)、致倦库蚊(Culex quinquefasciatus),库蠓属(Culicoides spp.),脉毛蚊属(Culiseta spp.),黄蝇属(Cuterebra spp.),橄榄实蝇(Dacus oleae),叶瘿蚊属(Dasineura spp.),例如油菜荚叶瘿蚊(Dasineura brassicae),地种蝇属(Delia spp.),例如葱地种蝇(Deliaantiqua)、麦地种蝇(Delia coarctata)、毛跗地种蝇(Delia florilega)、灰地种蝇(Deliaplatura)、甘蓝地种蝇(Delia radicum)、人肤蝇(Dermatobia hominis),果蝇属(Drosophila spp.),例如黄猩猩果蝇(Drosphila melanogaster)、樱桃果蝇(Drosophilasuzukii),稻象属(Echinocnemus spp.),芹菜蝇(Euleia heraclei),厕蝇属(Fanniaspp.),胃蝇属(Gasterophilus spp.),舌蝇属(Glossina spp.),麻虻属(Haematopotaspp.),毛眼水蝇属(Hydrellia spp.),大麦水蝇(Hydrellia griseola),种蝇属(Hylemyaspp.),虱蝇属(Hippobosca spp.),皮蝇属(Hypoderma spp.),斑潜蝇属(Liriomyzaspp.),例如菜斑潜蝇(Liriomyza brassicae)、南美斑潜蝇(Liriomyza huidobrensis)、美洲斑潜蝇(Liriomyza sativae),绿蝇属(Lucilia spp.),例如铜绿蝇(Lucilia cuprina),罗蛉属(Lutzomyia spp.),曼蚊属(Mansonia spp.),家蝇属(Musca spp.),例如家蝇(Musca domestica)、舍蝇(Musca domestica vicina),狂蝇属(Oestrus spp.),芦笋潜蝇(Ophiomyia simplex),瑞典麦杆蝇(Oscinella frit),帕拉坦塔斯属(Paratanytarsusspp.),搖蚊(Paralauterbomiella subcincta),泉蝇属(Pegomya或Pegomyia spp.),例如甜菜蝇(Pegomya betae)、甜菜潜叶蝇(Pegomya hyoscyami)、悬钩子泉蝇(Pegomyarubivora),白蛉属(Phlebotomus spp.),草种蝇属(Phorbia spp.),伏蝇属(Phormiaspp.),葱属潜叶虫(Phytomyza gymnostoma),酪蝇(Piophila casei),芦笋实蝇(Platyparea poeciloptera),原虫属(Prodiplosis spp.),胡萝卜茎蝇(Psila rosae),绕实蝇属(Rhagoletis spp.),例如樱桃实蝇(Rhagoletis cingulata)、核桃绕实蝇(Rhagoletis completa)、黑樱桃实蝇(Rhagoletis fausta)、欧洲甜樱桃绕实蝇(Rhagoletis indifferens)、越橘绕实蝇(Rhagoletis mendax)、苹果实蝇(Rhagoletispomonella),麻蝇属(Sarcophaga spp.),蚋属(Simulium spp.),例如南方蚋(Simuliummeridionale),螫蝇属(Stomoxys spp.),虻属(Tabanus spp.),根斑蝇属(Tetanops spp.),大蚊属(Tipula spp.),例如欧洲大蚊(Tipula paludosa)、牧场大蚊(Tipula simplex)、木瓜驮实蝇(Toxotrypana curvicauda)、洋葱斑蝇(Tritoxa flexa)和胡椒带实蝇(Zonosemata electa.);
来自半翅目(Hemiptera),例如金合欢属(Acizia spp),例如库塔蒙德拉金合欢木虱(Acizzia acaciaebaileyanae)、啤酒花灌木虱(Acizzia dodonaeae)、合金欢木虱(Acizzia uncatoides)、头尖蝗(Acrida turrita),无网长管蚜属(Acyrthosipon spp.),例如豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphon pisum),叶蟬属(Acrogonia spp.),羊茅属(Aeneolamiaspp.),隆脉木虱属(Agonoscena spp.),粉虱属(Aleurocanthus spp.),欧洲甘蓝粉虱(Aleyrodes proletella),甘蔗穴粉虱(Aleurolobus barodensis),软毛粉虱(Aleurothrixus floccosus),植莲木虱(Allocaridara malayensis),芒果叶蝉属(Amrasca spp.),例如棉叶蝉(Amrasca bigutulla)、叶蝉(Amrasca devastans)、飞廉短尾蚜(Anuraphis cardui),肾圆盾介壳虫属(Aonidiella spp.),例如红肾圆盾蚧(Aonidiella aurantii)、黄圆蹄盾蚧(Aonidiella citrina)、赤圆介壳虫(Aonidiellainomata)、梨瘤蚜(Aphanostigma piri),蚜属(Aphis spp.),例如苹果黄蚜(Aphiscitricola)、花生蚜(Aphis craccivora)、黑豆蚜(Aphis fabae)、草莓根蚜(Aphisforbesi)、大豆蚜(Aphis glycines)、棉蚜(Aphis gossypii)、常春藤蚜(Aphis hederae)、伊利诺伊州蚜(Aphis illinoisensis)、米德罗蚜(Aphis middletoni)、鼠李马铃薯蚜(Aphis nasturtii)、夹竹绿蚜虫(Aphis nerii)、苹果蚜(Aphis pomi)、绣线菊蚜(Aphisspiraecola)、弧菌蚜(Aphis vibumiphila)、葡萄叶蜂(Arboridia apicalis),杓鹬属(Arytainilla spp.),小圆盾蚧属(Aspidiella spp.),圆盾介壳虫属(Aspidiotus spp.),例如常春藤圆盾蚧(Aspidiotus nerii),阿塔努斯属(Atanus spp.),茄沟无网蚜(Aulacorthum solani),粉虱属(Bemisia spp.),例如银叶粉虱(Bemisia argentifolii)、烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci),澳大利亚木虱(Blastopsylla occidentalis),美乐家虱(Boreioglycaspis melaleucae),李短尾蚜(Brachycaudus helichrysi),微管蚜属(Brachycolus spp.),甘蓝蚜(Brevicoryne brassicae),喀木虱属(Cacopsylla spp.),例如梨木虱(Cacopsylla pyri)、梨黄木虱(Cacopsylla pyricola),小褐稻虱(Calligyponamarginata),卡普丽尼属(Capulinia spp.),黄头大叶蝉(Cameocephala fulgida),甘蔗绵蚜(Ceratovacuna lanigera),沫蝉科(Cercopidae),蜡蚧属(Ceroplastes spp.),草莓钉蚜(Chaetosiphon fragaefolii),蔗黄雪盾阶(Chionaspis tegalensis),荼绿叶蜂(Chlorita onukii),台湾大蝗(Chondracris rosea),核桃黑斑蚜(Chromaphisjuglandicola),褐圆蚧(Chrysomphalus aonidum),黑褐圆盾蚧(Chrysomphalus ficus),玉米叶蝉(Cicadulina mbila),尼罗哈(Coccomytilus halli),软蚧属(Coccus spp.),例如褐软蜡蚧(Coccus hesperidum)、长椭圆软蚧(Coccus longulus)、橘软蜡蚧(Coccuspseudomagnoliarum)、咖啡绿软蚧(Coccus viridis),隐瘤蚜(Cryptomyzus ribis),隐隐虫属(Cryptoneossa spp.),梳木风属(Ctenarytaina spp.),葡萄根瘤蚜(Daktulosphairavitifoliae),黄翅叶蝶属(Dalbulus spp.),杜鹃粉虱(Dialeurodes chittendeni),柑橘粉虱(Dialeurodes citri),柑橘木虱(Diaphorina citri),白背盾蚧属(Diaspis spp.),双尾蚜属(Diuraphis spp.),多拉利斯属(Doralis spp.),德雷斯普属(Draeculacephalaspp.),草履介壳虫属(Drosicha spp.),西圆尾蚜属(Dysaphis spp.),例如锈条蚜(Dysaphis apiifolia)、车前圆尾蚜(Dysaphis plantaginea)、百合西圆尾蚜(Dysaphistulipae),灰粉蚧属(Dysmicoccus spp.),小绿叶蝉属(Empoasca spp.),例如西部马铃薯叶蝉(Empoasca abrupta)、马铃薯小绿叶蝉(Empoascafabae)、苹果小绿叶蝉(Empoascamaligna)、索拉纳小绿叶蝶(Empoasca solana)、史蒂文斯叶蝉(Empoasca stevensi),绵蚜属(Eriosoma spp.),例如美洲绵蚜(Eriosoma americanum)、苹果绵蚜(Eriosomalanigerum)、梨小食心虫(Eriosoma pyricola)、麻皮蝽(Erthesina fullo)、斑叶蝉属(Erythroneura spp.),例如葡萄藤叶蝉(Erythroneura vitis),桉树木虱属(Eucalyptolyma spp.),褐木虱属(Euphyllura spp.),例如橄榄木虱(Euphylluraolivina),双叶真桉木虱(Euscelis bilobatus),弗氏粉蚧属(Ferrisia spp.),围盾介壳虫属(Fiorinia spp.),红色椰子鳞片(Furcaspis oceanica),咖啡地粉阶(Geococcuscoffeae),蟠蟠属(Glycaspis spp.)、银纹夜蛾(Graphocephala versuta)、银合欢木虱(Heteropsylla cubana),棘异木虱(Heteropsylla spinulosa),褐透翅尖叶蝉(Homalodisca vitripennis),桃大尾蚜(Hyalopterus arundinis),桃粉蚜(Hyalopteruspruni),吹绵蚧属(Icerya spp.),例如吹绵蚧(Icerya purchasi),片角叶蝉属(Idiocerusspp.),扁喙叶蝉属(Idioscopus spp.),灰飞虱(Laodelphax striatellus),蜡蚧属(Lecanium spp.),例如扁平球坚蚧(Lecaniumcomi(=Parthenolecanium comi)),牡蛎蚧属(Lepidosaphes spp.),例如榆蛎盾蚧(Lepidosaphes ulmi),萝卜蚜(Lipaphiserysimi),日本长白盾蚧(Lopholeucaspis japonica),斑衣蜡蝉(Lycorma delicatula),长管蚜属(Macrosiphum spp.),例如马铃薯长管蚜(Macrosiphum euphorbiae)、百合长管蚜(Macrosiphum lilii)、蔷薇长管蚜(Macrosiphum rosae),紫菀点叶蝉(Macrostelesfacifrons),沫蝉属(Mahanarva spp.),高粱蚜(Melanaphis sacchari),梅特卡菲耶拉属(Metcalfiella spp.),柑桔扁飞虱(Metcalfa pruinosa),麦无网长管蚜(Metopolophiumdirhodum),黑缘平翅斑蚜(Monellia costalis),黄山核桃蚜虫(Monelliopsis pecanis),瘤蚜属(Myzus spp.),例如冬葱瘤额蚜(Myzus ascalonicus)、李瘤蚜(Myzus cerasi)、女贞瘤蚜(Myzus ligustri)、堇菜瘤蚜(Myzus omatus)、绿蚜虫(Myzus persicae)、烟蚜(Myzus nicotianae),莴苣蚜(Nasonovia ribisnigri),新马粉虱属(Neomaskelliaspp.),黑尾叶蝉属(Nephotettix spp.),例如黑尾叶蝉(Nephotettix cincticeps)、二条斑黑尾叶蝉(Nephotettix nigropictus),假眼小绿叶蝉(Nephotettix virescens),辉斑唐加拉雀(Nettigoniclla spectra),褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens),叶蝉属(Oncometopiaspp.),例如奥博纳叶蝉(Oncometopia orbona),旌蚧(Orthezia praelonga),中华稻蝗(Oxya chinensis),厚木虱属(Pachypsylla spp.),杨梅粉虱(Parabemisia myricae),木虱属(Paratrioza spp.),例如马铃薯木虱(Paratrioza cockerelli),片盾蚧属(Parlatoria spp.),例如橄榄片盾蚧(Parlatoria oleae),瘿绵蚜属(Pemphigus spp.),例如囊柄瘿绵蚜(Pemphigus bursarius)、瘿瘤(Pemphigus populivenae),玉米蜡蝉(Peregrinus maidis),扁角飞虱属(Perkinsiella spp.),绵粉蚧属(Phenacoccus spp.),例如苏铁褐点并盾蚧(Phenacoccus madeirensis),草地跳蚤(Philaenus spumarius),杨平翅绵蚜(Phloeomyzus passerinii),忽布疣蚜(Phorodon humuli),根瘤蚜属(Phylloxera spp.),例如葡萄根瘤蚜(Phylloxera devastatrix)、警根瘤蚜(Phylloxeranotabilis),苏铁褐点并盾蚧(Pinnaspis aspidistrae),臀纹粉蚧属(Planococcusspp.),例如桔粉介壳虫(Planococcus citri),黄曲霉蚧(Prosopidopsylla flava),梨形原绵腊蚧(Protopulvinaria pyriformis),桑白蚧(Pseudaulacaspis pentagona),粉蚧属(Pseudococcus spp.),例如嗜桔粉蚧(Pseudococcus calceolariae)、康氏粉蚧(Pseudococcus comstocki)、长尾粉蚧(Pseudococcus longispinus)、葡萄粉蚧(Pseudococcus maritimus)、暗色粉蚧(Pseudococcus vibumi),疱疹性天疱疮(Psyllopsis spp.),木虱属(Psylla spp.),例如黄杨木虱(Psylla buxi)、苹木虱(Psyllamali)、梨木虱(Psylla pyri),金小蜂属(Pteromalus spp.),绵蚧属(Pulvinaria spp.),甘蔗飞虱(Pyrilla spp.),笠圆盾蚧属(Quadraspidiotus spp.),例如胡桃圆盾蚧(Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae)、杨笠圆盾蚧(Quadraspidiotus ostreaeformis)、梨圆盾蚧(Quadraspidiotus pemiciosus),克撒达克斯巨蝉(Quesada gigas),平刺粉蚧属(Rastrococcus spp.),缢管蚜属(Rhopalosiphum spp.),例如玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphummaidis)、苹草缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae)、耳蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)、红腹缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale),黑盔蚧属(Saissetia spp.),例如咖啡黑盔蚧(Saissetia coffeae)、米兰达蝽(Saissetia miranda)、加勒比黑鳞(Saissetianeglecta)、橄榄黑盔蚧(Saissetia oleae),葡萄带叶蝉(Scaphoideus titanus),麦二叉蚜(Schizaphis graminum),刺盾蚧(Selenaspidus articulatus),黄色甘蔗蚜虫(Siphaflava),麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae),长唇基飞虱属(Sogata spp.),白背飞虱(Sogatellafurcifera),稻飞风属(Sogatodes spp.),三角苜蓿跳虫(Stictocephala festina),树粉虱(Siphoninus phillyreae),马来特内尔帕哈(Tenalaphara malayensis),束长毛盘菌属(Tetragonocephela spp.),美洲山核桃长斑蚜(Tinocallis caryaefoliae),广胸沫蝉属(Tomaspis spp.),桔蚜属(Toxoptera spp.),例如桔二叉蚜(Toxoptera aurantii)、桔蚜(Toxoptera citricidus),白粉虱属(Trialeurodes spp.),例如甘蓝粉虱(Trialeurodesabutiloneus)、温室粉虱(Trialeurodes vaporariorum),尖翅木虱属(Trioza spp.),例如柿木虱(Trioza diospyri),小叶蝉属(Typhlocyba spp.),矢盾介壳虫属(Unaspis spp.),葡萄根瘤蚜(Viteus vitifolii),么叶蝉属(Zygina spp.);
来自异翅亚目(Heteroptera),例如麦蝽属(Aelia spp.),南瓜缘蝽(Anasatristis),拟丽蝽属(Antestiopsis spp.),博伊西属(Boisea spp.),土长蝽属(Blissusspp.),俊盲蝽属(Calocoris spp.),异须微刺盲蝽(Campylomma livida),异背长蝽属(Cavelerius spp.),绿色臭虫(Chinavia hilaris),臭虫属(Cimex spp.),例如东部蝙蝠虫(Cimex adjunctus)、热带臭虫(Cimex hemipterus)、温带臭虫(Cimex lectularius)、蝠臭虫(Cimex pilosellus),莖姬蜂属(Collaria spp.),绿盲蝽(Creontiades dilutus),胡椒缘蝽(Dasynus piperis),蝽属(Dichelops spp.),例如绿腹蝽(Dichelops furcatus),帝麦畴(Dichelops melacantus),厚氏长棒网蝽(Diconocoris hewetti),棉红蝽属(Dysdercus spp.),美洲蝽属(Euschistus spp.),例如褐蝽(Euschistus heros)、褐臭蝽(Euschistus servus)、三点美洲蝽(Euschistus tristigmus)、斑彩鳐(Euschistusvariolarius),菜蝽属(Eurydema spp.),扁盾蝽属(Eurygaster spp.),茶翅蝽(Halyomorpha halys),刺盲蝽属(Heliopeltis spp.),赫卡丝诺比卡丝(Horciasnobilellus),稻缘蝽属(Leptocorisa spp.),异稻缘蝽(Leptocorisa varicomis),西部喙缘蝽(Leptoglossus occidentalis)、叶喙缘蝽(Leptoglossus phyllopus),丽盲蝽属(Lygocoris spp.),例如原丽盲蝽(Lygocoris pabulinus),草盲蝽属(Lygus spp.),例如埃利苏斯草盲蝽(Lygus elisus)、豆荚盲蝽(Lygus hesperus)、美洲牧草盲蝽(Lyguslineolaris),蔗黑长蝽(Macropes excavatus),筛豆龟蝽(Megacopta cribraria),盲蝽科(Miridae),黑摩盲蝽(Monalonion atratum),绿蝽属(Nezara spp.),例如稻绿蝽(Nezaraviridula),小长蝽属(Nysius spp.),轮虫属(Oebalus spp.)、例如稻蝽象(Oebaluspugnax),蝽科(family Pentomidae),方背皮蝽(Piesma quadrata),壁蝽属(Piezodorusspp.),例如点蜂缘蝽(Piezodorus guildinii),杂盲蝽属(Psallus spp.),鳄梨假囊藻(Pseudacysta persea),红猎蝽属(Rhodnius spp.),可可褐盲蝽(Sahlbergellasingularis),栗蝽(Scaptocoris castanea),黑蝽属(Scotinophora spp.),梨冠网蝽(Stephanitis nashi),虎耳草属(Tibraca spp.),锥猎蝽属(Triatoma spp.);
来自同翅目(Homoptera),例如,隆脉木虱属(Agonoscena spp.)、粉风属(Aleurodes spp.)、蔗粉虱属(Aleurolobus barodensis)、粉虱属(Aleurothrixus spp.)、粉虱科(family Aleyrodidae)、杧果叶蝉属(Amrasca spp.)、飞廉短尾蚜(Anuraphiscardui)、肾圆盾蚧属(Aonidiella spp.)、苏联黄粉蚜(Aphanostigma piri)、蚜属(Aphisspp.)、葡萄叶蝉(Arboridia apicalis)、小圆盾蚧属(Aspidiella spp.)、阿塔努斯属(Atanus spp.)、茄沟无网蚜(Aulacorthum solani)、李短尾蚜(Brachycaudushelichrysii)、微管蚜属(Brachycolus spp.)、天门冬小管蚜(Brachycorynellaasparagi)、甘蓝蚜(Brevicoryne brassicae)、小褐稻虱(Calligypona marginata)、丽黄头大叶蝉(Carneocephalafulgida)、甘蔗粉角蚜(Ceratovacuna lanigera)、沫蝉科(Cercopidae)、蜡蚧属(Ceroplastes spp.)、草莓钉蚜(Chaetosiphon fragaefolii)、蔗黄雪盾蚧(Chionaspis tegalensis)、茶绿叶蝉(Chlorita onukii)、核桃黑斑蚜(Chromaphisjuglandicola)、黑褐圆盾蚧(Chrysomphalusficus)、玉米叶蝉(Cicadulina mbila)、贻贝(Coccomytilus halli)、软蚧属(Coccus spp.)、茶藨隐瘤蚜(Cryptomyzus ribis)、翅寡脉粉风属(Dialeurodes spp.)、桔木风属(Diaphorina spp.)、白背盾蚧属(Diaspis spp.)、多拉丽斯属(Doralis spp.)、履绵蚧属(Drosicha spp.)、西圆尾蚜属(Dysaphis spp.)、灰粉蚧属(Dysmicoccus spp.)、小绿叶蝉属(Empoasca spp.)、绵蚜属(Eriosoma spp.)、双叶真桉(Euscelis bilobatus)、咖啡地粉蚧(Geococcus coffeae)、梅大尾蚜(Hyalopterusarundinis)、吹绵蚧属(leery a spp.)、片角叶蝉属(Idiocerus spp.)、扁喙叶蝉属(Idioscopus spp.)、灰飞虱(Laodelphax striatellus)、蜡蚧属种(Lecanium spp.)、蛎盾蚧属(Lepidosaphes spp.)、萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi)、长管蚜属(Macrosiphum spp.)、紫菀叶蝉(Macrosteles quadrilineatus)、甘蔗沫蝉(Mahanarvafimbriolata)、高粱蚜(Melanaphis sacchari)、梅特卡利拉属(Metcalfiella spp.)、麦无网长管蚜(Metopolophium dirhodum)、黑缘平翅斑蚜(Monellia costalis)、黄山核桃虫(Monelliopsis pecanis)、瘤蚜属(Myzus spp.)、莴苣衲长管蚜(Nasonovia ribisnigri)、spp.、介壳虫(Orthezia praelonga)、杨梅缘粉虱(Parabemisia myricae)、拟三唑属(Paratrioza spp.)、瘿绵蚜属(Pemphigus spp.)、玉米蜡蝉(Peregrinus maidis)、绵粉蚧属(Phenacoccus spp.)、例如,桔粉介壳虫(Planococcus citri),杨平翅棉蚜(Phloeomyzus passerinii)、忽步疣蚜(Phorodon humuli)、葡萄根瘤蚜属(Phylloxeraspp.)、苏铁褐点并盾蚧(Pinnaspis aspidistrae)、臂纹粉蚧属(Planococcus spp.)、梨形原棉蜡蚧(Protopulvinaria pyriformis)、桑白盾蚧(Pseudaulacaspis pentagona)、粉蚧属(Pseudococcus spp.)、木虱属(Psylla spp.)、金小蜂属(Pteromalus spp.)、甘蔗飞虱(Pyrilla spp.)、笠圆盾蚧属(Quadraspidiotus spp.)、克撒达克斯巨蝉(Quesadagigas)、平刺粉蚧属(Rastrococcus spp.)、缢管蚜属(Rhopalosiphum spp.)、麦二叉蚜(Schizaphis graminum)、苏铁刺圆盾蚧(Selenaspidus articulatus)、长唇基飞虱属(Sogata spp.)、飞虱属(Sogatodes spp.)、苜蓿膜翅角蝉(Spissistilus festinus)、三角蜂(Stictocephala festina)、马来特内尔帕哈拉(Tenalaphara malayensis)、美洲山核桃长斑蚜(Tinocallis caryaefoliae)、广胸沫蝉属(Tomaspis spp.)、声蚜属(Toxopteraspp.)、个木虱属(Trioza spp.)、小叶蝉属(Typhlocyba spp.)、尖盾蚧属(Unaspis spp.)、葡萄根瘤虱(Viteus vitifolii);
来自膜翅目(Hymenoptera),例如顶切叶蚁属(Acromyrmex spp.),菜叶蜂属(Athalia spp.),例如黄翅菜叶蜂(Athalia rosae),切叶蚁属(Atta spp.),弓背蚁属(Camponotus spp.),长黄胡蜂属(Dolichovespula spp.),松叶蜂属(Diprion spp.),例如类欧松叶蜂(Diprion similis),实叶蜂属(Hoplocampa spp.),例如樱实叶蜂(Hoplocampacookei)、李叶蜂(Hoplocampa testudinea),毛蚁属(Lasius spp.),阿根廷蚁(Linepithema(Iridiomyrmex)humile),小家蚁(Monomorium pharaonis),立毛蚁属(Paratrechina spp.),胡蜂属(Paravespula spp.),斜结蚁属(Plagiolepis spp.),树蜂属(Sirex spp.),例如云杉蓝树蜂(Sirex noctilio),红火蚁(Solenopsis invicta),酸臭虫义属(Tapinoma spp.),白足狡臭蚁(Technomyrmex albipes),树蜂属(Urocerus spp.),胡蜂属(Vespa spp.),例如黄边胡蜂(Vespa crabro),小火蚁(Wasmannia auropunctata),黑树蜂属(Xeris spp.);来自等足目(Isopoda)的害虫,例如鼠妇(Armadillidiumvulgare)、栉水虱(Oniscus asellus)、球鼠妇(Porcellio scaber);来自等翅目(Isoptera)的害虫,例如,家白蚁属种(Coptotermes spp.),例如台湾乳白蚁(Coptotermesformosanus)),堆角白蚁(Cornitermes cumulans),堆砂白蚁属种(Cryptotermes spp.),楹白蚁属种(Incisitermes spp.),木白蚁属种(Kalotermes spp.),稻麦小白蚁(Microtermes obesi),象白蚁属种(Nasutitermes spp.),土白蚁属种(Odontotermesspp.),洞白蚁属种(Porotermes spp.)、散白蚁属种(Reticulitermes spp.),例如北美散白蚁(Reticulitermes flavipes)、西方散白蚁(Reticulitermes hesperus);
来自鳞翅目(Lepidoptera),例如小蜡螟(Achroia grisella),桑剑纹夜蛾(Acronicta major),褐带卷蛾属(Adoxophyes spp.),例如棉褐带卷蛾(Adoxophyesorana),烦夜蛾(Aedia leucomelas),地老虎属(Agrotis spp.),例如八字地老虎(Agrotisc-nigrum)、小地老虎(Agrotis ipsilon),黄地老虎(Agrotis segetum)、波纹夜蛾属(Alabama spp.),例如棉叶波纹夜蛾(Alabama argillacea),脐橙螟(Amyeloistransitella),条麦蛾属(Anarsia spp.),干煞夜蛾属(Anticarsia spp.),例如大豆夜蛾(Anticarsia gemmatalis),条小卷蛾属(Argyroploce spp.),丫纹夜蛾属(Autographaspp.),甘蓝夜蛾(Barathra brassicae),苹髓尖蛾(Blastodacna atra),禾弄蝶(Borbocinnara),棉潜蛾(Bucculatrix thurberiella),松尺蠖(Bupalus piniarius),蛀褐夜蛾属(Busseola spp.),卷叶蛾属(Cacoecia spp.),茶细蛾(Caloptilia theivora),烟卷蛾(Capua reticulana),苹果蠹蛾(Carpocapsa pomonella),桃蛀果蛾(Carposinaniponensis),冬尺蛾(Cheimatobia brumata),禾草螟属(Chilo spp.),例如二化螟(Chiloplejadellus)、二化螟(Chilo suppressalis),苹果舞蛾(Choreutis pariana),色卷蛾属(Choristoneura spp.),锞纹夜蛾(Chrysodeixis chalcites),葡萄果蠹蛾(Clysiaambiguella),卷螟属(Cnaphalocerus spp.),稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis),云卷蛾属(Cnephasia spp.),纹黄豆粉蝶(Colias eurytheme),茶枝尖细蛾属(Conopomorpha spp.),球颈象属(Conotrachelus spp.),豕属所有种(Copitarsia spp.),小卷蛾属(Cydia spp.),例如豌豆小卷蛾(Cydia nigricana)、苹果蠹蛾(Cydiapomonella),夜蛾科(Dalaca noctuides)、绢野螟属(Diaphania spp.),棉铃虫属物种(Diparopsis spp.),小蔗螟(Diatraea saccharalis),梢斑螟属(Dioryctria spp.),例如美洲松梢斑螟(Dioryctria zimmermani),钻夜蛾属(Earias spp.),橙皮蜕皮虫(Ecdytolopha aurantium),南美玉米苗斑螟(Elasmopalpus lignosellus),非洲蔗螟(Eldana saccharina),粉斑螟属(Ephestia spp.),例如烟草粉斑螟(Ephestiaelutella)、地中海粉螟(Ephestia kuehniella),叶小卷蛾属(Epinotia spp.),苹淡褐卷蛾(Epiphyas postvittana),松尺蛾属(Erannis spp.),小鼠尾草(Erschoviellamusculana),荚斑螟属(Etiella spp.),艳叶夜蛾属(Eudocima spp.),棕卷蛾属(Euliaspp.),女贞细卷蛾(Eupoecilia ambiguella),黄毒蛾属(Euproctis spp.),例如黄毒蛾(Euproctis chrysorrhoea),切夜蛾属(Euxoa spp.),美国李暗斑螟(Euzopherasemifuneralis),冠叶长青虫(Evergestos rimosalis),脏切叶蛾属(Feltia spp.),大蜡螟(Galleria mellonella),细蛾属(Gracillaria spp.),小食心虫属(Grapholithaspp.),例如梨小食心虫(Grapholita molesta)、杏小食心虫(Grapholita prunivora),蚀叶野螟属(Hedylepta spp.),铃夜蛾属(Helicoverpa spp.),例如棉铃虫(Helicoverpaarmigera)、美洲棉铃虫(Helicoverpa zea),实夜蛾属(Heliothis spp.),例如烟芽夜蛾(Heliothis virescens),褐织蛾(Hoffnannophila pseudospretella),同斑螟属(Homoeosoma spp.),长卷蛾属(Homona spp.),苹果巢蛾(Hyponomeuta padella),柿蒂虫(Kakivoria flavofasciata),亮灰蝶属(Lampides spp.),贪夜蛾属(Laphygma spp.),蠹食心虫(Laspeyresia molesta),茄黄斑螟(Leucinodes orbonalis),潜叶蛾属(Leucoptera spp.),例如咖啡潜叶蛾(Leucoptera coffeella),潜叶细蛾属(Lithocolletis spp.),例如苹细蛾(Lithocolletis blancardella),绿果冬夜蛾(Lithophane antennata),花翅小卷蛾属(Lobesia spp.),例如葡萄花翅小卷蛾(Lobesiabotrana),豆白隆切根虫(Loxagrotis albicosta),毒蛾属(Lymantria spp.),例如舞毒蛾(Lymantria dispar),潜蛾属(Lyonetia spp.),例如桃潜蛾(Lyonetia clerkella),黄褐天幕毛虫(Malacosoma neustria),甘蓝夜蛾(Mamestra brassicae),天蛾属(Manducaspp.),例如烟草天蛾(Manduca sexta)、番茄天蛾(Manduca quinquemaculata)、豆荚野螟(Maruca testulalis),暮眼蝶(Melanitis leda),蜜蜂花南瓜(Melittia cucurbitae),毛胫夜蛾属(Mocis spp.),斜纹夜蛾(Monopis obviella),粘虫(Mythimna separata),橡长角蛾(Nemapogon cloacellus),夜蛾科(family Noctuidae),水螟属(Nymphula spp.),欧克提库斯属(Oiketicus spp.),楸属(Omphisa spp.),秋尺蛾属(Operophtera spp.),奥里亚属(Oria spp.),瘤丛螟属(Orthaga spp.),秆野螟属(Ostrinia spp.),例如欧洲玉米螟(Ostrinia nubilalis),小眼夜蛾(Panolis flammea),稻弄蝶属(Parnara spp.),葡萄小卷叶蛾(Paralobesia viteana),红铃麦蛾属(Pectinophora spp.),例如棉红铃虫(Pectinophora gossypiella),疆夜蛾(Peridroma saucia),银潜蛾属种(Perileucopteraspp.),块茎蛾属(Phthorimaea spp.),例如马铃薯块茎蛾(Phthorimaea operculella),柑桔潜叶蛾(Phyllocnistis citrella),小潜细蛾属(Phyllonorycter spp.),例如斑幕潜叶蛾(Phyllonorycter blancardella)、山楂潜叶蛾(Phyllonorycter crataegella),菜粉蝶属(Pieris spp.),例如菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae),苜蓿绿夜蛾(Plathypena scabra),荷兰石竹小卷蛾(Platynota stultana),印度谷螟(Plodia interpunctella),金翅夜蛾属(Plusia spp.),小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)(=小菜蛾(Plutella maculipennis)),波德西亚属(Podesia spp.),例如丁香花(Podesia syringae),小白巢蛾属(Prays spp.),斜纹夜蛾属(Prodenia spp.),烟草天蛾属(Protoparce spp.),黏虫属(Pseudaletia spp.),例如一星黏虫(Pseudaletia unipuncta),大豆尺夜蛾(Pseudoplusia includens),鳞茎蚜(Ptorimaea operculella)、玉米螟(Pyrausta nubilalis),薄荷灰夜蛾(Rachiplusianu),禾螟属(Schoenobius spp.),例如双点小蠹虫(Schoenobius bipunctifer),白禾螟属(Scirpophaga spp.),例如三化螟(Scirpophaga incertulas)、稻白螟(Scirpophagainnotata)、黄地老虎(Scotia segetum),蛀茎夜蛾属(Sesamia spp.),例如大螟(Sesamiainferens),长须卷蛾属(Sparganothis spp.),灰翅夜蛾属(Spodoptera spp.),例如斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera eradiana),甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua),草地贪夜蛾(Spodopterafrugiperda)以及西部黄条粘虫夜蛾(Spodoptera praefica),展足蛾属(Stathmopodaspp.),斯泰诺马属(Stenoma spp.),花生卷叶麦蛾(Stomopteryx subsecivella),白肋条纹瓢虫(Striacosta albicosta),透翅蛾属(Synanthedon spp.),安第斯马铃薯块茎蛾(Tecia solanivora),异舟蛾属(Thaumetopoea spp.),大豆夜蛾(Thermesiagemmatalis),木塞谷蛾(Tinea cloacella),袋谷蛾(Tinea pellionella),幕谷蛾(Tineola bisselliella),卷蛾属(Tortrix spp.),例如绒毛卷叶蚁(Tortrixvelutinana),毛毡衣蛾(Trichophaga tapetzella),粉夜蛾属(Trichoplusia spp.),例如粉纹夜蛾(Trichoplusia ni),三化螟(Tryporyza incertulas),番茄斑潜蝇(Tutaabsoluta),灰蝶属(Virachola spp.);
来自直翅目(Orthoptera)或跳跃目(Saltatoria),例如家蟋蟀(Achetadomesticus),二毛地黄属(Dichroplus spp.),蝼蛄属(Gryllotalpa spp.),例如欧洲蝼蛄(Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa),蔗蝗属(Hieroglyphus spp.),飞蝗属(Locusta spp.),例如东亚飞蝗(Locusta migratoria),黑蝗属(Melanoplus spp.),例如迁飞黑蝗(Melanoplusdevastator),殊种蝗(Melanoplus differentialis),红股黑蝗(Melanoplusfemurrubrum),乌苏里副大西洋鱼(Paratlanticus ussuriensis),沙漠蝗(Schistocercagregaria);
来自虱目(Phthiraptera),例如畜虱属(Damalinia spp.),血虱属(Haematopinusspp.),毛虱属(Linognathus spp.),虱属(Pediculus spp.),葡萄根瘤蚜(Phylloxeravastatrix),阴虱(Phthirus pubis),嚼虱属(Trichodectes spp.);
来自啮虫目(Psocoptera),例如鳞属(Lepinotus spp.),书虱属(Liposcelisspp.);
来自蚤目(Siphonaptera),例如角叶蚤属(Ceratophyllus spp.),栉首蚤属(Ctenocephalides spp.),例如犬栉首蚤(Ctenocephalides canis)、猫栉头蚤(Ctenocephalides felis),致痒蚤(Pulex irritans),穿皮潜蚤(Tunga penetrans),印鼠客蚤(Xenopsylla cheopis);
来自缨翅目(Thysanoptera),例如玉米黄呆蓟马(Anaphothrips obscurus),稻蓟马(Baliothrips biformis),毛蓟马(Chaetanaphothrips leeuweni),鲜食葡萄镰蓟马(Drepanothrips reuteri),恩尼特浦丝富莱文(Enneothrips flavens),花蓟马属(Frankliniella spp.),例如烟褐花蓟马(Frankliniella fusca)、西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)、苏花蓟马(Frankliniella schultzei)、东方花蓟马(Frankliniella tritici)、越桔花蓟马(Frankliniella vaccinii)、威廉期花蓟马(Frankliniella williamsi),简管蓟马属(Haplothrips spp.),阳蓟马属(Heliothripsspp.),温室条蓟马(Hercinothrips femoralis),卡蓟马属(Kakothrips spp.),葡萄蓟马(Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus),硬蓟马属(Scirtothrips spp.),豆蔻带蓟马(Taeniothrips cardamomi),蓟马属(Thrips spp.),例如棕榈蓟马(Thrips palmi)、葱蓟马(Thrips tabaci);
来自衣鱼目(Zygentoma)(=缨尾目(Thysanura)),例如栉衣鱼属(Ctenolepismaspp.),衣鱼(Lepisma saccharina),盗火虫(Lepismodes inquilinus),小灶衣鱼(Thermobia domestica);
来自综合纲(Symphyla),例如么蚰属(Scutigerella spp.),例如白松虫(Scutigerella immaculata);
来自软体动物门(Mollusca),例如双壳纲(Bivalvia),例如饰贝属(Dreissenaspp.);以及来自腹足纲(Gastropoda)的害虫,例如阿勇蛞蝓属(Arion spp.),例如黑蛞蝓(Arion ater rufs),双脐螺属(Biomphalaria spp.),泡螺属(Bulinus spp.),野蛞蝓属(Deroceras spp.),例如光滑野蛞蝓(Deroceras laeve),土蜗属(Galba spp.),椎实螺属(Lymnaea spp.),钉螺属(Oncomelania spp.),福寿螺属(Pomacea spp.),琥珀螺属(Succinea spp.);
来自线虫动物门(Nematoda),即植物寄生性线虫类(phytoparasiticnematodes),特别是野外垫刃属(Aglenchus spp.),例如居农野外垫刃线虫(Aglenchusagricola),粒线虫属(Anguina spp.),例如小麦粒线虫(Anguina tritici),滑刃线虫属(Aphelenchoides spp.),例如花生滑刃线虫(Aphelenchoides arachidis)、草莓滑刃线虫(Aphelenchoides fragariae),刺线虫属(Belonolaimus spp.),例如细小刺线虫(Belonolaimus gracilis)、长尾刺线虫(Belonolaimus longicaudatus)、诺顿刺线虫(Belonolaimus nortoni),伞滑刃线虫属(Bursaphelenchus spp.),例如椰子红环腐线虫(Bursaphelenchus cocophilus)、荒漠伞滑刃线虫(Bursaphelenchus eremus、松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus),坏死线虫属(Cacopaurus spp.),例如瘟疫坏死线虫(Cacopaurus pestis),小环线虫属(Criconemella spp.),例如弯曲小环线虫(Criconemella curvata)、刻线小环线虫(Criconemella onoensis)、装饰小环线虫(Criconemella omata)、钫环线虫(Criconemella rusium)、薄叶小环线虫(Criconemellaxenoplax)(=异盘中环线虫(Mesocriconema xenoplax)),轮线虫属(Criconemoidesspp.),例如雌环蠹(Criconemoides femiae)、奥诺环蠹(Criconemoides onoense)、环蠹(Criconemoides omatum),茎线虫属(Ditylenchus spp.),例如鳞球茎茎线虫(Ditylenchus dipsaci),锥线虫属(Dolichodorus spp.),球异皮线虫属(Globoderaspp.),例如马铃薯白线虫(Globodera pallida)、马铃薯金线虫(Globoderarostochiensis),螺旋线虫属(Helicotylenchus spp.),例如双宫螺旋线虫(Helicotylenchus dihystera),半轮线虫属(Hemicriconemoides spp.),鞘线虫属(Hemicycliophora spp.),异皮线虫属(Heterodera spp.),例如燕麦胞囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)、大豆胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycines)、甜菜胞囊线虫(Heteroderaschachtii),潜根线虫属(Hirschmaniella spp.),纽带线虫属(Hoplolaimus spp.),长针线虫属(Longidorus spp.),例如非洲长针线虫(Longidorus africanus),根结线虫属(Meloidogyne spp.),例如哥伦比亚根结线虫(Meloidogyne chitwoodi)、伪根结线虫(Meloidogyne fallax)、北方根结线虫(Meloidogyne hapla)、南方根结线虫(Meloidogyneincognita),瓢线虫属(Meloinema spp.),珍珠线虫属(Nacobbus spp.),拟茎线虫属(Neotylenchus spp.),拟长针线虫属(Paralongidorus spp.),拟滑刃线虫属(Paraphelenchus spp.),拟毛刺线虫属(Paratrichodorus spp.),例如较小拟毛刺线虫(Paratrichodorus minor),针线虫(Paratylenchus spp.),短体线虫属(Pratylenchusspp.),例如穿刺短体线虫(Pratylenchus penetrans),拟血矛线虫属(Pseudohalenchusspp.),平滑垫刃属(Psilenchus spp.),斑皮胞囊线虫属(Punctodera spp.),五沟线虫属(Quinisulcius spp.),穿孔线虫属(Radopholus spp.),例如柑橘穿孔线虫(Radopholuscitrophilus)、香蕉穿孔线虫(Radopholus similis),肾状线虫属(Rotylenchulus spp.),盘旋线虫属(Rotylenchus spp.),盾线虫属(Scutellonema spp.),亚蛇形线虫属(Subanguina spp.),毛刺线虫属(Trichodorus spp.),例如短粗根毛刺线虫(Trichodorusobtusus)、原始毛刺线虫(Trichodorus primitivus),矮化线虫属(Tylenchorhynchusspp.),例如饰环矮化线虫(Tylenchorhynchus annulatus),半穿刺线虫属(Tylenchulusspp.),例如柑橘半穿刺线虫(Tylenchulus semipenetrans),剑线虫属(Xiphinema spp.),例如标准剑线虫(Xiphinema index)。
优选地,本发明的组合物对至少一种选自以下组别的成员有效:草地小爪螨(Oligonychus pratensis);二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae);直条叩头虫(Agrioteslinneatus);玉米跳甲(Chaetocnema pulicaria);叶甲属(Diabrotica spp.),优选北方玉米根虫(Diabrotica barberi)、葫芦甲虫(Diabrotica speciosa)或西部玉米根萤叶甲(Diabrotica virgifera virgifera);普通线虫(Melanotus communis);玉米长嘴虫(Sphenophorous maidis);灰地种蝇(Delia platura);麻皮蝽(Erthesina fullo);缢管蚜属(Rhopalosiphum spp.),优选玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphum maidis)或耳蚜(Rhopalosiphumpadi);黑棘蜥(Dichelops melacantus);小地老虎(Agrotis ipsilon);南美玉米苗斑螟(Elasmopalpus lignosellus);铃夜蛾属(Helicoverpa spp.),优选棉铃虫(Helicoverpaarmigera)或美洲棉铃虫(Helicoverpa zea);欧洲玉米螟(Ostrinia nubilalis);草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda);白纹伊蚊(Striacosta albicosta)以及花蓟马属(Frankliniella spp.),优选西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)和威廉期花蓟马(Frankliniella williamsi)。
本发明的组合物包含壬酸,液体或固体载体和任选地一种或多种常规制剂助剂,其可以是液体或固体,例如表面活性剂、消泡剂,例如硅油、防腐剂、粘土、无机化合物、粘度调节剂、粘合剂和/或增粘剂。该组合物还可以进一步包含肥料、微量营养素供体或影响植物生长的其他制剂。
优选地,将壬酸组合物施用至玉米或高粱植物的叶面上。预混组合物的叶面制剂类型的例子是GR:颗粒;WP:可湿性粉末;WG:水分散颗粒(粉末);SG:水溶性颗粒;SL:可溶性浓缩物;EC:可乳化浓缩剂;EW:水包油乳剂;ME:微乳剂;SC:水性悬浮浓缩剂;CS:水性胶囊悬浮液;OD:油基悬浮浓缩剂,SE:水性悬浮乳液。应选择适合预期目的和普遍情况的壬酸组合物的类型。
适合于制备本发明组合物的制剂组分本身是已知的。
作为液体载体,可以使用:水、甲苯、二甲苯、石油醚、植物油、丙酮、甲基乙基酮、环己酮、酸酐、乙腈、苯乙酮、乙酸戊酯、2-丁酮、碳酸丁烯酯、氯苯、环己烷、环己醇、乙酸烷基酯、二丙酮醇、1,2-二氯丙烷、二乙醇胺、对二乙苯、二甘醇、松香酸二甘醇酯、二乙二醇丁基醚、二甘醇乙醚、二甘醇甲醚、α,α-二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜、1,4-二氧六环、二丙二醇、二丙二醇甲醚、二苯甲酸二聚丙二醇酯、二丙醇、烷基吡咯烷酮、乙酸乙酯、2-乙基己醇、碳酸亚乙酯、1,1,1-三氯乙烷、2-庚酮、α-蒎烯、d-柠檬烯、乳酸乙酯、乙二醇、乙二醇丁醚、乙二醇甲醚、γ-丁内酯、甘油、甘油乙酸酯、甘油二乙酸酯、甘油三乙酸酯、十六烷、己二醇,乙酸异戊酯、乙酸异冰片酯、异辛烷、异佛尔酮、异丙苯、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、乳酸、月桂胺、异丙叉丙酮、甲氧基丙醇、甲基异戊酮、甲基异丁基酮、月桂酸甲酯、辛酸甲酯、油酸甲酯、二氯甲烷、间二甲苯、正己烷、正辛胺、十八烷酸、乙酸辛胺、油酸、油胺、邻二甲苯、苯酚、聚乙二醇、丙酸、乳酸丙酯、碳酸丙烯酯、丙二醇、丙二醇甲醚、对二甲苯、甲苯、磷酸三乙酯、三乙二醇、二甲苯磺酸、石蜡、矿物油、三氯乙烯、全氯乙烯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸戊酯、乙酸丁酯、丙二醇甲醚、二甘醇甲醚、甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇和高分子量的醇,如戊醇、四氢糠醇、己醇、辛醇、乙二醇、丙二醇、甘油、n-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮等。
合适的固体载体为例如滑石、二氧化钛、叶腊石粘土、二氧化硅、凹凸棒黏土、硅藻土、石灰石、碳酸钙、膨润土、蒙脱石钙、棉籽壳、小麦粉、大豆粉、浮石、木粉、磨碎的核桃壳、木质素和类似物质。
在液体和固体制剂,尤其是在使用前可以用载体稀释的制剂中,使用大量的表面活性剂是有利的。表面活性剂可以是阴离子、阳离子、非离子或聚合的,并且它们可以用作乳化剂、润湿剂或悬浮剂或其他用途。典型的表面活性剂包括,例如烷基硫酸盐,例如十二烷基硫酸二乙醇铵;烷基芳基磺酸盐,例如十二烷基苯磺酸钙;烷基酚/环氧烷加成产物,例如壬基酚乙氧基化物;醇/环氧烷加成产物,例如十三烷基醇乙氧基化物;硅氧烷、硅酮、硅烷、硅酸盐和硅醇盐;肥皂,例如硬脂酸钠;烷基萘磺酸盐,例如二丁基萘磺酸钠;磺基琥珀酸盐的二烷基酯,例如二(2-乙基己基)磺基琥珀酸钠;山梨醇酯,例如山梨醇油酸酯;季胺,例如十二烷基三甲基氯化铵,脂肪酸的聚乙二醇酯,例如聚乙二醇硬脂酸酯;环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的嵌段共聚物;以及单烷基磷酸酯和二烷基磷酸酯的盐;硬脂酸酯以及例如“McCutcheon的洗涤剂和乳化剂年鉴,MC出版公司,新泽西州里奇伍德(1981年)”中所描述的其他物质。
根据本发明的组合物可包含添加剂,所述添加剂包含植物或动物来源的油、矿物油、此类油的烷基酯或此类油和油衍生物的混合物。当油添加剂存在于本发明的组合物中时,其用量基于待施用的混合物一般为0.01至10%。例如,在制备好喷雾混合物后,可以将油添加剂以所需浓度添加到喷雾罐中。优选的油添加剂包括矿物油或植物来源的油,例如菜籽油、橄榄油或葵花籽油、乳化植物油,植物来源的油的烷基酯,例如甲基衍生物,或动物来源的油,例如鱼油或牛油。优选的油添加剂包含C8-C22脂肪酸的烷基酯,尤其是C12-C18脂肪酸的甲基衍生物,例如月桂酸、棕榈酸和油酸的甲酯(分别为月桂酸甲酯、棕榈酸甲酯和油酸甲酯)。许多油衍生物可从“《除草剂佐剂纲要》(Compendium of HerbicideAdjuvants),第10版,南伊利诺伊大学,2010年”中获知。
与制剂的性质一样,施用方法,例如叶面喷洒、淋洗、喷雾、雾化、撒粉、散布、涂覆或浇注,根据预期目的和普遍情况进行选择。
商业产品优选配制为浓缩物(例如预混/准备混合组合物),而最终用户通常会使用稀释制剂(例如喷雾混合物、喷雾罐或罐混物(当与其他杀虫剂或制剂助剂组合时)组合物)。
一般而言,预混组合物包含0.1至99%,特别是15至90%的壬酸,和0至99.9%的至少一种液体或固体载体,和0至35%,特别是0.1至20%的配制助剂组合物,例如表面活性剂(每种情况下的%是指预混组合物中的重量百分比)。
一般而言,用于叶面或土壤施用的喷雾混合物或喷雾罐制剂包含0.05%至20%,特别是0.1%至15%的壬酸,和99.95%至80%,特别是99.9%至85%的液体载体,和0至20%,特别是0.1至15%的配制助剂,例如表面活性剂(每种情况下的%是指罐混物组合物中的重量百分比)。
施用量(克壬酸/公顷或g/ha)变化并取决于施用方法、农作物、要控制的害虫、主要气候条件以及由施用方法控制的其他因素,施用时间和目标作物。对于叶面施用,以一定浓度制备壬酸组合物的可喷雾混合物,当以给定喷雾速率施用时,将壬酸以300至6,500g/ha,优选450至4,500g/ha的量递送至植物。
例如,优选地,壬酸组合物以含有小于约6,500g/ha,优选小于约4,500g/ha,最优选约1,300g/ha的壬酸的稀释液施用。在优选的方面,本发明的组合物以含有约300g/ha至约6,500g/ha,优选约400g/ha至约4,500g/ha,最优选约500g/ha至约1,300g/ha的壬酸的稀释液提供。在较高浓度下,例如高于约10,000g/ha的壬酸,植物毒性例如叶片焦枯变得更加普遍。在较低浓度下,例如低于约300g/ha的壬酸,当单独使用时,杀节肢动物,例如杀昆虫和杀螨有效性降低。
本发明的组合物已被证明具有低植物毒性,例如,根据作物及其生长阶段,在1,300g/ha或甚至高达4,500g/ha的壬酸的量下具有低植物毒性,例如表现出零或可接受的叶片焦枯。
使用本发明组合物控制玉米或高粱上的节肢动物、优选昆虫和/或螨虫、害虫的方法也是本发明的一部分。例如,组合物优选以稀释液使用,例如上述优选的稀释度,以提供有效的杀虫/杀螨特性以及低植物毒性。
在优选的方面,这些方法涉及杀死特定害虫,例如昆虫和螨虫包括至少一种选自由草地小爪螨(Oligonychus pratensis);二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae);直条叩头虫(Agriotes linneatus);玉米跳甲(Chaetocnema pulicaria);叶甲属(Diabrotica spp.),优选北方玉米根虫(Diabrotica barberi)、葫芦甲虫(Diabrotica speciosa)或西部玉米根萤叶甲(Diabrotica virgifera virgifera);普通线虫(Melanotus communis);玉米长嘴虫(Sphenophorous maidis);灰地种蝇(Delia platura);麻皮蝽(Erthesinafullo);缢管蚜属(Rhopalosiphum spp.),优选玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphum maidis)或耳蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi);黑棘蜥(Dichelops melacantus);小地老虎(Agrotis ipsilon);南美玉米苗斑螟(Elasmopalpus lignosellus);铃夜蛾属(Helicoverpa spp.),优选棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)或美洲棉铃虫(Helicoverpa zea);欧洲玉米螟(Ostrinianubilalis);草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda);白纹伊蚊(Striacosta albicosta)以及花蓟马属(Frankliniella spp.),优选西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)和威廉期花蓟马(Frankliniella williamsi)组成的组的成员。
实施方案A涉及控制玉米或高粱植物,优选玉米,上的节肢动物害虫、优选昆虫和/或螨虫害虫的方法,其包括向害虫、向害虫所在地、或向易受害虫侵袭的植物施用杀虫有效量的壬酸。
实施方案B涉及控制和/或预防节肢动物害虫、优选昆虫和/或螨虫害虫对玉米或高粱植物侵扰造成的损害的方法,其包括向植物施用杀虫有效量的壬酸。
实施方案C涉及壬酸在玉米上或高粱植物上用于控制和/或预防节肢动物害虫、优选昆虫和/或螨虫害虫侵扰造成的损害的用途。
实施方案D涉及壬酸在制备用于控制和/或预防节肢动物害虫、优选昆虫和/或螨虫害虫侵扰玉米植物造成的损害的杀节肢动物剂中的用途。
实施方案E涉及一种用于在玉米植物上控制节肢动物害虫的杀节肢动物组合物,其包含壬酸。
在一些优选的实施方案A至E,节肢动物害虫包括至少一种选自由草地小爪螨(Oligonychus pratensis);二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae);直条叩头虫(Agrioteslinneatus);玉米跳甲(Chaetocnema pulicaria);叶甲属(Diabrotica spp.),优选北方玉米根虫(Diabrotica barberi)、葫芦甲虫(Diabrotica speciosa)或西部玉米根萤叶甲(Diabrotica virgifera virgifera);普通线虫(Melanotus communis);玉米长嘴虫(Sphenophorous maidis);灰地种蝇(Delia platura);麻皮蝽(Erthesina fullo);缢管蚜属(Rhopalosiphum spp.),优选玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphum maidis)或耳蚜(Rhopalosiphumpadi);黑棘蜥(Dichelops melacantus);小地老虎(Agrotis ipsilon);南美玉米苗斑螟(Elasmopalpus lignosellus);铃夜蛾属(Helicoverpa spp.),优选棉铃虫(Helicoverpaarmigera)或美洲棉铃虫(Helicoverpa zea);欧洲玉米螟(Ostrinia nubilalis);草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda);白纹伊蚊(Striacosta albicosta)以及花蓟马属(Frankliniella spp.),优选西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)和威廉期花蓟马(Frankliniella williamsi)组成的组的成员。
本发明的一个实施方案涉及一种种植玉米或高粱植物的方法,包括用壬酸组合物施用或处理其玉米或高粱植物。
通过向壬酸组合物中添加另外的杀虫活性剂,可以显著扩大根据本发明的组合物的活性,并使其适应普遍情况。包含(A)壬酸和(B)至少一种另外的杀虫活性剂(即,除了壬酸之外)的组合的组合物还可以具有进一步令人惊奇的优点,这些优点也可以在更广泛的意义上描述为超级叠加(“协同”)效应。因此,例如,通过在本文所述的处理中使用或采用组合物,减少施用率和/或拓宽活性谱和/或增加活性,从而改善植物生长,增加对高温或低温的耐受性,提高对干旱或水或土壤盐含量的耐受性,提高开花性能,更容易收获,加速成熟,更高的收获产量,更大的果实,更大的株高,更绿的叶色,更早的开花,收获的产品的质量和/或营养价值更高的,果实内的糖浓度更高,储存稳定性和/或加工性更好都是可能的,这超出了实际预期的效果。
一个实施方案涉及包含(A)壬酸和(B)至少一种另外的杀虫活性剂的组合物,以及(A)和(B)的组合物在本文所述方法和用途中的使用。
一个实施方案涉及包含(A)壬酸和(B)至少一种另外的杀虫活性剂的组合,以及(A)和(B)的组合在本文所述方法和用途中的使用。
一个实施方案涉及一种用于减少由节肢动物害虫、优选昆虫和/或蜱螨害虫引起的对玉米或高粱植物和玉米或高粱植物部分的总体损害的方法,该方法包括向植物如本文所定义单独施用(A)壬酸或与(B)至少一种额外的杀虫活性剂组合施用的步骤。
一个实施方案涉及一种用于提高作物产量和/或玉米或高粱植物的食品质量的方法,该方法包括向植物如本文所定义单独施用(A)壬酸或与(B)至少一种额外的杀虫活性剂组合施用的步骤。
如本文所用,“组合”代表(A)壬酸和(B)至少一种杀虫活性剂的各种组合,例如以单一的"预混"或"预混合"形式,在由单一活性化合物的独立配方组成的组合喷雾混合物中,如"罐混物",以及在以连续方式施用单一活性成分时的组合使用中,即在合理的短时间内,如数小时或数天内,相继施用、在合理的短时间内,如数小时或数天内,如2小时至7天内相继施用。优选地,施用壬酸和至少一种杀虫活性剂的顺序对于实施本发明来说不是必需的。因此,术语“组合”还包括在已处理的植物上存在壬酸组合物和至少一种杀虫活性剂。
(A)壬酸和(B)任何另外的杀虫活性剂的比例是经过精心选择的,这样将其施用于玉米或高粱植物时,壬酸和杀虫活性剂以其各自所需的比例递送,例如,如产品标签所教导的或由该领域有经验的人确定的虫害控制所需的比例。因为附加杀虫活性剂的施用率可以相差很大,所以壬酸与附加活性剂的一般比例也可以相差很大。包含壬酸与上述附加杀虫活性剂的混合物的组合物包含壬酸和上述活性剂,优选其混合比为1000:1至1:1,优选其重量比为700:1至10:1,更优选其重量比为500:1至30:1,最优选其重量比为100:1至1:100。
这里合适的另外的杀虫活性剂是例如以下类型的活性成分的代表:
(1)乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)抑制剂,
(2)GABA门控氯化物通道阻断剂,
(3)钠通道调节剂,
(4)烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR)竞争调节剂,(5)烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR)变构调节剂,
(6)谷氨酸酯门控氯化物通道(GluCl)变构调节剂,
(7)保幼激素模拟物,
(8)其他非特异性(多位点)抑制剂,
(9)弦音器官(Chordotonal organ)的T R P V通道调节剂,
(10)螨虫生长抑制剂,
(11)昆虫中肠膜的微生物干扰剂,
(12)线粒体ATP合酶抑制剂,
(13)通过间断质子梯度的氧化磷酸化的解偶联剂,
(14)烟碱乙酰胆碱受体通道阻断剂
(15)0型几丁质生物合成抑制剂
(16)1型几丁质生物合成抑制剂
(17)蜕皮干扰剂
(18)蜕皮激素受体激动剂
(19)章鱼胺受体激动剂
(20)线粒体复合物III电子传递抑制剂
(21)线粒体复合物I电子传递抑制剂
(22)电压依赖型钠通道阻滞剂
(23)乙酰基辅酶A(CoA)羧化酶抑制剂
(24)线粒体复合物IV电子传递抑制剂
(25)线粒体复合物II电子传递抑制剂
(26)兰尼碱(Ryanodine)受体调节剂
(27)弦音器官(Chordotonal organ)调节剂
(28)进一步的杀虫活性化合物。
在一个优选的实施方案中,所述杀虫活性剂选自由以下杀虫活性剂组成的组:
(1)乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)抑制剂,其为氨基甲酸酯类,并且优选选自棉铃威(alanycarb)、涕灭威(aldicarb)、噁虫威(bendiocarb)、丙硫克百威(benfuracarb)、丁酮威(butocarboxim)、丁酮砜威(butoxycarboxim)、胺甲萘(carbaryl)、虫螨威(carbofuran)、丁硫克百威(carbosulfan)、乙硫苯威(ethiofencarb)、仲丁威(fenobucarb)、伐虫脒(formetanate)、呋线威(furathiocarb)、异丙威(isoprocarb)、灭虫威(methiocarb)、灭多虫(methomyl)、速灭威(metolcarb)、杀线威(oxamyl)、抗蚜威(pirimicarb)、残杀威(propoxur)、硫双威(thiodicarb)、久效威(thiofanox)、唑蚜威(triazamate)、混杀威(trimethacarb)、灭除威(XMC)和灭杀威(xylylcarb);或有机磷酸酯类(organophosphates),优选选自乙酰甲胺磷(acephate)、甲基吡噁磷(azamethiphos)、乙基谷硫磷(azinphos-ethyl)、甲基谷硫磷(azinphos-methyl)、硫线磷(cadusafos)、氯氧磷(chlorethoxyfos)、毒虫畏(chlorfenvinphos)、氯甲硫磷(chlormephos)、毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos)、甲基毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos-methyl)、蝇毒磷(coumaphos)、杀螟腈(cyanophos)、甲基内吸磷(demeton-S-methyl)、二嗪农(diazinon)、敌敌畏(dichlorvos/DDVP)、百治磷(dicrotophos)、乐果(dimethoate)、甲基毒虫畏(dimethylvinphos)、乙拌磷(disulfoton)、苯硫磷(EPN)、乙硫磷(ethion)、灭线磷(ethoprophos)、伐灭磷(famphur)、苯线磷(fenamiphos)、杀螟松(fenitrothion)、倍硫磷(fenthion)、噻唑磷(fosthiazate)、庚烯磷(heptenophos)、氰咪唑硫磷(imicyafos)、异柳磷(isofenphos)、O-(甲氧基氨基硫代磷酰基)水杨酸异丙酯(isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothiophosphoryl)salicylate)、异噁唑磷(isoxathion)、马拉硫磷(malathion)、灭蚜磷(mecarbam)、甲胺磷(methamidophos)、杀扑磷(methidathion)、速灭磷(mevinphos)、久效磷(monocrotophos)、二溴磷(naled)、氧乐果(omethoate)、亚砜磷(oxydemeton-methyl)、对硫磷甲酯(parathion-methyl)、稻丰散(phenthoate)、甲拌磷(phorate)、伏杀磷(phosalone)、亚胺硫磷(phosmet)、磷胺(phosphamidon)、肟硫磷(phoxim)、甲基吡啶磷(pirimiphos-methyl)、丙溴磷(profenofos)、胺丙畏(propetamphos)、丙硫磷(prothiofos)、吡唑硫磷(pyraclofos)、哒嗪硫磷(pyridaphenthion)、喹硫磷(quinalphos)、治螟磷(sulfotep)、丁基吡啶磷(tebupirimfos)、双硫磷(temephos)、特丁硫磷(terbufos)、杀虫畏(tetrachlorvinphos)、甲基乙拌磷(thiometon)、三唑磷(triazophos)、敌百虫(triclorfon)和蚜灭磷(vamidothion);
(2)GABA门控氯化物通道阻断剂,为环戊二烯有机氯类,优选选自氯丹(chlordane)和硫丹(endosulfan);或苯基吡唑类(fiproles),优选选自乙虫腈(ethiprole)和氟虫腈(fipronil);
(3)钠通道调节剂,为拟除虫菊酯类(pyrethroids),优选选自氟丙菊酯(acrinathrin)、丙烯除虫菊酯(allethrin)、d-顺式-反式丙烯除虫菊酯(d-cis-transallethrin)、d-反式丙烯除虫菊酯(d-trans-allethrin)、联苯菊酯(bifenthrin)、生物烯丙菊酯(bioallethrin)、生物烯丙菊酯S-环戊烯基异构体(bioallethrin s-cyclopentenyl isomer)、生物苄呋菊酯(bioresmethrin)、乙氰菊酯(cycloprothrin)、氟氯氰菊酯(cyfluthrin)、β-氟氯氰菊酯(beta-cyfluthrin)、氯氟氰菊酯(cyhalothrin)、λ-氯氟氰菊酯(lambda-cyhalothrin)、γ-氯氟氰菊酯(gamma-cyhalothrin)、氯氰菊酯(cypermethrin)、α-氯氰菊酯(alpha-cypermethrin)、β-氯氰菊酯(beta-cypermethrin)、θ-氯氰菊酯(theta-cypermethrin)、ζ-氯氰菊酯(zeta-cypermethrin)、苯醚氰菊酯[(1R)-反式异构体](cyphenothrin[(1R)-trans isomers])、溴氰菊酯(deltamethrin)、右旋烯炔菊酯[(EZ)-(1R)异构体](empenthrin[(EZ)-(lR)-isomer])、高氰戊菊酯(esfenvalerate)、醚菊酯(etofenprox)、甲氰菊酯(fenpropathrin)、氰戊菊酯(fenvalerate)、氟氰戊菊酯(flucythrinate)、氟氯苯菊酯(flumethrin)、τ-氟胺氰菊酯(tau-fluvalinate)、苄螨醚(halfenprox)、炔咪菊酯(imiprothrin)、噻嗯菊酯(kadethrin)、甲氧苄氟菊酯(momfluorothrin)、苄氯菊酯(permethrin)、苯醚菊酯[(1R)-反式异构体](phenothrin[(1R)-trans isomer])、炔丙菊酯(prallethrin)、除虫菊酯(pyrethrine(pyrethrum))、苄呋菊酯(resmethrin)、氟硅菊酯(silafluofen)、七氟菊酯(tefluthrin)、胺菊酯(tetramethrin)、胺菊酯[(1R)异构体)](tetramethrin[(1R)isomers])、四溴菊酯(tralomethrin)和四氟苯菊酯(transfluthrin)、DDT和甲氧氯;
(4)烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR)竞争调节剂,为新烟碱类(neonicotinoids),优选选自啶虫脒(acetamiprid)、噻虫胺(clothianidin)、呋虫胺(dinotefuran)、吡虫啉(imidacloprid)、烯啶虫胺(nitenpyram)、噻虫啉(thiacloprid)和噻虫嗪(thiamethoxam),或尼古丁(nicotine),或亚砜亚氨类(sulfoximines),优选选自氟啶虫胺腈(sulfoxaflor);或丁烯内酯类(butenolides),优选选自氟吡呋喃酮(flupyradifurone);或中离子类(mesoionics),优选选自三氟苯嘧啶(triflumezopyrim);
(5)烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR)变构调节剂,为多杀菌素类(spinosyns),优选选自乙基多杀菌素(spinetoram)和多杀菌素(spinosad);
(6)谷氨酸门控氯化物通道(GluCl)变构调节剂,为阿凡曼维菌素类/米尔倍霉素类(avermectins/milbemycins),优选选自阿巴克丁(abamectin)、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(emamectin benzoate)、雷皮菌素(lepimectin)和灭螨菌素(milbemectin);
(7)保幼激素模拟物,为保幼激素类似物,优选选自烯虫乙酯(hydroprene)、烯虫炔酯(kinoprene)、烯虫酯(methoprene)、苯氧威(fenoxycarb)和蚊蝇醚(pyriproxyfen);
(8)其他非特异性(多位点)抑制剂,为烷基卤化物,优选选自甲基溴化物和其他烷基卤化物;或氯化苦(chloropicrin)或硫酰氟或硼砂或吐酒石(tartar emetic);或选自棉隆(diazomet)或威百亩(metam)的异氰酸甲酯生成剂;
(9)弦音器官(Chordotonal organ)的TRPV通道调节剂,选自吡蚜酮(pymetrozine)和吡氟喹虫唑(pyrifluquinazon);
(10)螨虫生长抑制剂,其选自四螨嗪(clofentezine)、噻螨酮(hexythiazox)、氟螨嗪(diflovidazin)和乙螨唑(etoxazole);
(11)昆虫中肠膜的微生物干扰剂,其选自苏云金芽孢杆菌以色列亚种(Bacillusthuringiensis subspecies israelensis)、球形芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sphaericus)、苏云金芽胞杆菌鲇泽亚种(Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai)、苏云金芽孢杆菌库尔斯塔克亚种(Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki)、苏云金芽孢杆菌拟步行甲亚种(Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies tenebrionis)和杀虫活性蛋白,例如源自苏云金芽孢杆菌;
(12)线粒体ATP合成酶抑制剂,为ATP干扰剂,优选选自丁醚脲(diafenthiuron),或有机锡化合物,选自三唑锡(azocyclotin)、三环锡(cyhexatin)和苯丁锡(fenbutatinoxide)的,或快螨特(propargite)或四氯杀螨砜(tetradifon);
(13)通过间断质子梯度的氧化磷酸化的解偶联剂,其选自虫螨腈(chlorfenapyr)、二硝甲酚(DNOC)和氟虫胺(sulphluramid);
(14)烟碱乙酰胆碱受体通道阻断剂,其选自杀虫磺(bensultap)、杀螟丹盐酸盐(cartap hydrochloride)、杀虫环(thiocyclam)和杀虫双(thiosultap-sodium);
(15)0型几丁质生物合成抑制剂,选自双三氟虫脲(bistrifluron)、定虫隆(chlorfluazuron)、二氟苯隆(diflubenzuron)、氟环脲(flucycloxuron)、氟虫脲(flufenoxuron)、氟铃脲(hexaflumuron)、氯芬奴隆(lufenuron)、双苯氟脲(novaluron)、多氟脲(noviflumuron)、氟苯脲(teflubenzuron)和杀铃脲(triflumuron);
(16)1型几丁质生物合成抑制剂,其选自噻嗪酮(buprofezin);
(17)蜕皮干扰剂(特别是对于双翅目(Diptera),即双翅目昆虫),其选自灭蝇胺(cyromazine);
(18)蜕皮激素受体激动剂,其选自环虫酰胺(chromafenozide)、氯虫酰肼(halofenozide)、甲氧虫酰肼(methoxyfenozide)和虫酰肼(tebufenozide);
(19)章鱼胺受体激动剂,其选自双甲脒(amitraz)。
(20)线粒体复合物III电子传递抑制剂,其选自氟蚁腙(hydramethylnone)、灭螨醌(acequinocyl)和嘧螨酯(fluacrypyrim);
(21)线粒体复合物I电子传递抑制剂,优为METI杀螨剂和杀虫剂,其选自喹螨醚(fenazaquin)、唑螨酯(fenpyroximate)、嘧螨醚(pyrimidifen)、哒螨灵(pyridaben)、吡螨胺(tebufenpyrad)和唑虫酰胺(tolfenpyrad);或鱼藤酮(rotenone)(鱼藤属(Derris));
(22)电压依赖型钠通道阻滞剂,其选自茚虫威(indoxacarb)或氰氟虫腙(metaflumizone);
(23)乙酰基辅酶A(CoA)羧化酶抑制剂,为特窗酸(tetronic acid)和特特拉姆酸(tetramic acid)衍生物,优选选自螺螨酯(spirodiclofen)、螺甲螨酯(spiromesifen)和螺虫乙酯(spirotetramat);
(24)线粒体复合物IV电子传递抑制剂,为磷化物类,优选选自磷化铝、磷化钙、膦和磷化锌;或氰化物,选自氰化钙、氰化钾和氰化钠;
(25)线粒体复合物II电子传递抑制剂,为β-酮腈衍生物,优选选自腈吡螨酯(cyenopyrafen)和丁氟螨酯(cyflumetofen)和选自吡氟布胺(pyflubumide)的羧酰苯胺(carboxanilides);
(26)兰尼碱(Ryanodine)受体调节剂,为二酰胺类,优选选自氯虫苯甲酰胺(chlorantraniliprole)、溴氰虫酰胺(cyantraniliprole)和氟虫双酰胺(flubendiamide);
(27)弦音器官(Chordotonal organ,靶点未定)选自氟啶酰菌胺;
(28)进一步的活性化合物,选自氟螨啶(acynonapyr)、双丙环虫酯、阿福拉纳(afoxolaner)、印楝素(azadirachtin)、苯并噻嗪(benclothiaz)、苯螨特、苯嘧虫噁烷(benzpyrimoxan)、联苯肼酯、溴虫氟苯双酰胺、溴螨酯、灭螨猛(chinomethionat)、右旋反式氯炔丙菊酯、冰晶石(cryolite)、环环溴虫酰胺(cyclaniliprole)、三氟吡啶胺(cyclobutrifluram)、环氧虫啶(cycloxaprid)、氯氟氰虫酰胺(cyhalodiamide)、环丙氟虫二酰胺(cyproflanilide)、二氯噻吡嘧啶(dicloromezotiaz)、三氯杀螨醇、嗪虫唑酰胺(dimpropyridaz)、ε-甲氟氯氰菊酯(epsilon-metofluthrin)、ε-吗啉氰菊酯(epsilon-momfluthrin)、氟美托喹、氟氮中氮茚、氟噻虫砜、嘧虫胺、氟菌螨酯、丁烯氟虫腈、氟己虫腈、氟戊螨硫醚、氟吡菌酰胺、氟嘧啶、氟雷拉纳(fluralaner)、氟甲酰胺(fluxametamide)、呋喃虫酰肼(fufenozide)、戊吡虫胍(guadipyr)、七氟甲醚菊酯、氯噻啉、异菌脲、异环唑仑(isocycloseram)、κ-联苯菊酯(kappa-bifenthrin)、κ-联苯菊酯(kappa-bifenthrin)、洛蒂兰(lotilaner)、氯氟醚菊酯(meperfluthrin)、噁唑磺酰虫啶(oxazosulfyl)、哌虫啶、三氟甲吡醚(pyridalyl)、吡氟喹虫唑(pyrifluquinazon)、嘧螨胺(pyriminostrobin)、螺螨双酯(spirobudiclofen)、螺吡啶(spiropidion)、sulfur、四氟醚菊酯(tetramethylfluthrin)、四唑虫酰胺(tetraniliprole)、四氯虫酰胺(tetrachlorantraniliprole)、tigolaner、线噻吩(tioxazafen)、硫氟肟醚(thiofluoximate)、碘甲烷(iodomethane);1-{2-氟-4-甲基-5-[(2,2,2-三氟乙基)亚磺酰基]苯基}-3-(三氟甲基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑-5-胺,{1’-[(2E)-3-(4-氯苯基)丙-2-烯-1-基]-5-氟螺[吲哚-3,4'-哌啶]-1(2H)-基}(2-氯吡啶-4-基)甲酮,2-氯-N-[2-{1-[(2E)-3-(4-氯苯基)丙-2-烯-1-基]哌啶-4-基}-4-(三氟甲基)苯基]异烟酰胺,3-(4-氯-2,6-二甲基苯基)-4-羟基-8-甲氧基-1,8-二氮杂螺[4.5]癸-3-烯-2-酮,3-(4-氯-2,6-二甲基苯基)-8-甲氧基-2-氧代-1,8-二氮杂螺[4.5]癸-3-烯-4-基乙基碳酸酯,4-(丁-2-炔-1-基氧基)-6-(3,5-二甲基哌啶-1-基)-5-氟嘧啶,PF1364(从JP2010/018586中已知),(3E)-3-[1-[(6-氯-3-吡啶基)甲基]-2-吡啶基]-1,1,1-三氟-丙-2-酮、N-[3-(苄基氨基甲酰基)-4-氯苯基]-1-甲基-3-(五氟乙基)-4-(三氟甲基)-1H-吡唑-5-甲酰胺、5-溴-4-氯-N-[4-氯-2-甲基-6-(甲基氨基甲酰基)苯基]-2-(3-氯-2-吡啶基)吡唑-3-甲酰胺、4-[5-(3,5-二氯苯基)-4,5-二氢-5-(三氟甲基)-3-异恶唑基]-2-甲基-N-(顺式-1-氧化-3-硫杂环丁烷基)-苯甲酰胺、4-[5-(3,5-二氯苯基)-4,5-二氢-5-(三氟甲基)-3-异恶唑基]-2-甲基-N-(反式-1-氧化-3-硫杂环丁烷基)-苯甲酰胺和4-[(5S)-5-(3,5-二氯苯基)-4,5-二氢-5-(三氟甲基)-3-异恶唑基]-2-甲基-N-(顺式-1-氧化-3-硫杂环丁烷基)苯甲酰胺、N-[3-氯-1-(3-吡啶基)-1H-吡唑-4-基]-N-乙基-3-[(3,3,3-三氟丙基)磺酰基]-丙酰胺、(+)-N-[3-氯-1-(3-吡啶基)-1H-吡唑-4-基]-N-乙基-3-[(3,3,3-三氟丙基)亚磺酰基]-丙酰胺和(-)-N-[3-氯-1-(3-吡啶基)-1H-吡唑-4-基]-N-乙基-3-[(3,3,3-三氟丙基)亚磺酰基]-丙酰胺、5-[[(2E)-3-氯-2-丙烯-1-基]氨基]-1-[2,6-二氯-4-(三氟甲基)苯基]-4-[(三氟甲基)亚磺酰基]-1H-吡唑-3-腈、3-溴-N-[4-氯-2-甲基-6-[(甲基氨基)硫代甲基]苯基]-1-(3-氯-2-吡啶基)-1H-吡唑-5-甲酰胺;N-[4-氯-2-[[(1,1-二甲基乙基)氨基]羰基]-6-甲基苯基]-1-(3-氯-2-吡啶基)-3-(氟甲氧基)-1H-吡唑-5-甲酰胺,N-[2-(5-氨基-1,3,4-噻二唑-2-基)-4-氯-6-甲基苯基]-3-溴-1-(3-氯-2-吡啶基)-1H-吡唑-5-甲酰胺,4-[3-[2,6-二氯-4-[(3,3-二氯-2-丙烯-1-基)氧基]苯氧基]丙氧基]-2-甲氧基-6-(三氟甲基)-嘧啶;(2E)-和2(Z)-2-[2-(4-氰基苯基)-1-[3-(三氟甲基)苯基]亚乙基]-N-[4-(二氟甲氧基)苯基]-肼甲酰胺;3-(2,2-二氯乙烯基)-2,2-二甲基-4-(1H-苯并咪唑-2-基)苯基-环丙烷羧酸酯;(4aS)-7-氯-2,5-二氢-2-[[(甲氧羰基)[4-[(三氟甲基)硫代]苯基]氨基]羰基]-茚并[1,2-e][1,3,4]恶二嗪-4a(3H)-羧酸甲酯;6-脱氧-3-O-乙基-2,4-二-O-甲基-1-[N-[4-[1-[4-(1,1,2,2,2-五氟乙氧基)苯基]-1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基]苯基]氨基甲酸酯]-α-L-甘露吡喃糖;8-(2-环丙基甲氧基-4-三氟甲基-苯氧基)-3-(6-三氟甲基-哒嗪-3-基)-3-氮杂-双环[3,2,1]辛烷、(8-反)-8-(2-环丙基甲氧基-4-三氟甲基苯氧基)-3-(6-三氟甲基哒嗪-3-基)-3-氮杂双环[3.2.1]辛烷、(8-顺)-8-(2-环丙基甲氧基-4-三氟甲基苯氧基)-3-(6-三氟甲基哒嗪-3-基)-3-氮杂双环[3,2,1]辛烷、N-[3-氯-1-(3-吡啶基)-1H-吡唑-4-基]-N-乙基-3-[(3,3,3-三氟丙基)硫代]-丙酰胺和N-[4-(氨基硫代甲基)-2-甲基-6-[(甲基氨基)羰基]苯基]-3-溴-1-(3-氯-2-吡啶基)-1H-吡唑-5-甲酰胺、5-(1,3-二氧杂环己烷-2-基)-4-[[4-(三氟甲基)苯基]甲氧基]-嘧啶、3-(4-氯-2,6-二甲基苯基)-8-甲氧基-1-甲基-1,8-二氮杂螺[4.5]癸烷-2,4-二酮、3-(4-氯-2,6-二甲基苯基)-8-甲氧基-1-甲基-2-氧代-1,8-二氮杂螺[4.5]癸-3-烯-4-基-碳酸乙酯、以及4-[(5S)-5-(3,5-二氯-4-氟苯基)-4,5-二氢-5-(三氟甲基)-3-异恶唑基]-N-[(4R)-2-乙基-3-氧代-4-异恶唑烷基]-2-甲基-苯甲酰胺,2-({2-氟-4-甲基-5-[(R)-(2,2,2-三氟乙基)亚磺酰基]苯基}亚氨基)-3-(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-1,3-噻唑烷-4-酮、1,4-二甲基-2-[2-(吡啶-3-基)-2H-吲唑-5-基]-1,2,4-三唑烷-3,5-二酮和萜烯混合物,所述萜烯混合物包含作为活性成分的基本上纯的α-萜品烯、基本上纯的对甲基蒎烯和基本上纯的柠檬烯,相对比例约为35-45:12-20:10-15。
在一个实施方案中,组合物包含(A)壬酸和(B)一种或多种以下杀虫活性剂:乙酰甲胺磷(acephate)、啶虫脒(acetamiprid)、联苯菊酯(bifenthrin)、溴虫氟苯双酰胺(broflanilide)、虫螨威(carbofuran)、氯虫苯甲酰胺(chlorantraniliprole)、虫螨腈(chlorfenapyr)、毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos)、甲基毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos-methyl)、噻虫胺(clothianidin)、氟氯氰菊酯(cyfluthrin)、β-氟氯氰菊酯(beta-cyfluthrin)、λ-氯氟氰菊酯(lambda-cyhalothrin)、氯氰菊酯(cypermethrin)、环丙氟虫胺(cyproflanilide)、溴氰菊酯(deltamethrin)、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(emamectin benzoate)、乙虫腈(ethiprole)、杀螟松(fenitrothion)、甲氰菊酯(fenpropathrin)、氟虫腈(fipronil)、氟啶虫酰胺(flonicamid)、氟虫双酰胺(flubendiamide)、吡虫啉(imidacloprid)、氯芬奴隆(lufenuron)、马拉硫磷(malathion)、灭多虫(methomyl)、对硫磷甲酯(parathion-methyl)、苄氯菊酯(permethrin)、多杀菌素(spinosad)、螺甲螨酯(spiromesifen)、氟啶虫胺腈(sulfoxaflor)、丁基吡啶磷(tebupirimfos)、七氟菊酯(tefluthrin)、特丁硫磷(terbufos)、四氯虫酰胺(tetrachlorantraniliprole)、四唑虫酰胺(tetraniliprole)、噻虫啉(thiacloprid)、噻虫嗪(thiamethoxam)、硫双威(thiodicarb)和线噻吩(tioxazafen)。
在一个实施方案中,杀虫活性剂(B)是生物控制剂。
如本文所用,“生物控制”定义为通过使用生物体例如微生物或由此类微生物产生的代谢物来控制昆虫和/或螨虫和/或线虫。在一些情况下,生物控制还通过使用天然存在的化合物或此类天然存在的化合物的衍生物来实现。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,生物控制剂不仅包含各真菌或细菌分离的纯培养物,特别是具有杀虫活性的真菌或细菌,还包括在整个肉汤培养物中的悬浮液或从真菌或细菌菌株的整个肉汤培养物中获得的含代谢物的上清液或纯化的代谢物。“全肉汤培养物”是指含有细胞和培养基的液体培养物。“上清液”是指当通过离心、过滤、沉降或本领域熟知的其他方法除去培养物中生长的细胞时剩余的液体培养物。根据另一个实施方案,生物控制剂还包含除了其发酵液之外合适制方配制的各真菌或细菌的分离的纯培养物,如下文进一步描述的。所述生物控制剂可以是选自由下组的杀昆虫活性生物控制剂:
(1)细菌,选自苏云金芽孢杆菌鲇泽亚种(Bacillus thuringiensissubsp.aizawai),特别是菌株ABTS-1857(SD-1372;例如源自ValentBioSciences);蕈状芽孢杆菌,分离体J.(Bacillus mycoides,isolate J.)(例如BmJ,源自Certis USA LLC,Mitsui&Co.的子公司);球形芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sphaericus),特别是Serotype H5a5b菌株2362(菌株ABTS-1743)(例如源自ValentBioSciences,US);苏云金芽孢杆菌库尔斯塔克亚种(Bacillus thuringiensissubsp.kurstaki)菌株BMP 123源自Becker Microbial Products,IL;苏云金芽孢杆菌鲇泽亚种(Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.aizawai),特别是serotype H-7(例如WG,源自Valent BioSciences,US);苏云金芽孢杆菌库尔斯塔克亚种菌株HD-1(Bacillusthuringiensis subsp.kurstaki strain HD-1)(例如ES,源自ValentBioSciences,US);苏云金芽孢杆菌库尔斯塔克亚种菌株BMP 123(Bacillusthuringiensis subsp.kurstaki strain BMP 123)源自Becker Microbial Products,IL;苏云金芽孢杆菌以色列变种(Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis)菌株BMP 144(例如源自Becker Microbial Products IL);伯克霍尔德菌属(Burkholderiaspp.),特别是伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia rinojensis)菌株A396(也称为伯克霍尔德氏菌菌株MBI 305(Burkholderia rinojensis strain MBI 305))(登记号NRRLB-50319;WO2011/106491和WO 2013/032693;例如MBI-206TGAI和源自Marrone BioInnovations);铁杉下色杆菌(Chromobacterium subtsugae),特别是菌株PRAA4-1T(MBI-203;例如源自Marrone Bio Innovations);Paenibacillus popilliae(旧称芽孢杆菌(Bacillus popilliae);例如MILKY SPORE POWDERTM和MILKY SPOREGRANULARTM,源自St.Gabriel Laboratories);苏云金芽孢杆菌以色列变种(Bacillusthuringiensis subsp.israelensis)(血清型H-14)菌株AM65-52(登记号ATCC 1276)(例如源自Valent BioSciences,US);苏云金芽孢杆菌库尔斯塔克变种(Bacillusthuringiensis var.kurstaki)菌株EVB-113-19(例如源自AEF Global);苏云金芽孢杆菌拟步行甲亚种(Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.tenebrionis)菌株NB176(SD-5428;例如FC,源自BioFa DE);苏云金芽孢杆菌日本变种(Bacillusthuringiensis var.japonensis)菌株Buibui;苏云金芽孢杆菌库尔斯塔克亚种(Bacillusthuringiensis subsp.kurstaki)菌株ABTS 351;苏云金芽孢杆菌库尔斯塔克亚种菌株PB54;苏云金芽孢杆菌库尔斯塔克亚种菌株SA 11;苏云金芽孢杆菌库尔斯塔克亚种菌株SA12;苏云金芽孢杆菌库尔斯塔克亚种菌株EG 2348;苏云金芽孢杆菌科尔默变种(Bacillusthuringiensis var.Colmeri)(例如TIANBAOBTC,源自Changzhou Jianghai ChemicalFactory);苏云金芽孢杆菌鲇泽亚种(Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.aizawai)菌株GC-91;嗜虫沙雷氏菌(Serratia entomophila)(例如源自Wrightson Seeds);粘质沙雷菌(Serratia marcescens),特别是菌株SRM(登记号MTCC 8708);和尖音库蚊沃尔巴克氏体(Wolbachia pipientis)ZAP菌株(例如ZAP源自MosquitoMate)组成的组;以及
(2)真菌,选自由白色粘霉(Muscodor albus),特别是菌株QST 20799(登记号NRRL30547);Muscodor roseus,特别是菌株A3-5(登记号NRRL 30548);白僵菌(Beauveriabassiana),特别是菌株ATCC 74040(例如源自Intrachem Bio Italia);菌株GHA(登记号ATCC74250;例如BotaniGuard Es和Mycotrol-0,源自Laverlam InternationalCorporation);菌株ATP02(登记号DSM 24665);菌株PPRI 5339(例如BroadBandTM,源自BASF);菌株PPRI 7315、菌株R444(例如Bb-Protec,源自Andermatt Biocontrol)、菌株IL197、IL12、IL236、IL10、IL 131、IL116(均参考laronski,2007.昆虫病原真菌在生物害虫管理中的应用,2007年:ISBN:978-81-308-0192-6),菌株Bv025(参见例如Garcia等人,2006.Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Agroecologia(Costa Rica)No.77);菌株BaGPK;菌株ICPE 279、菌株CG 716(例如源自Novozymes);柑橘被毛菌(Hirsutellacitriformis)、汤普森被毛菌(Hirsutella thompsonii)(例如Mycohit和ABTEC,源自印第安纳州农业生物技术研究中心);蜡蚧轮枝菌(Lecanici Ilium lecanii)(以前称为Verticillium lecanii),特别是菌株KV01(例如和源自Koppert/Arysta的)、菌株DAOM198499或菌株DAOM216596的分生孢子;蝇蚧疥霉(Lecanicilliummuscarium)(以前称为Verticillium lecanii),特别是菌株VE 6/CABI(=IMI)268317/CBS102071/ARSEF5128(例如Mycotal,源自Koppert);黄绿绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum),例如ARSEF324,来自美国Becker Underwood的GreenGuard或分离IMI 330189(ARSEF7486;例如Green Muscle,源自Biological ControlProducts);绿僵菌(Metarhizium brunneum),例如菌株Cb 15(例如源自BIOCARE的);金龟子绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae),例如菌株ESALQ 1037(例如源自SP Organic)、菌株E-9(例如来自SP Organic)、菌株M206077、菌株C4-B(NRRL 30905)、菌株ESC1、菌株15013-1(NRRL 67073)、菌株3213-1(NRRL 67074)、菌株C20091、菌株C20092、菌株F52(DSM3884/ATCC 90448;例如Bayer CropScience的BIO 1020以及例如Novozymes的Met52)或菌株ICIPE 78;罗伯茨绿僵菌(Metarhizium robertsii)23013-3(NRRL 67075);野村氏菌(Nomuraea rileyi);烟色拟青霉(Paecilomycesfumosoroseus)(新:玫烟色棒束孢(Isaria fumosorosea)),特别是菌株Apopka 97(可以作为PreFeRal,源自Certis,USA )、Fe9901(可以作为NoFly,源自Natural Industries,USA)、ARSEF 3581、ARSEF 3302、ARSEF 2679(ARS昆虫病原真菌培养物保藏中心,美国伊萨卡))、IfBOl(中国典型培养物保藏中心CCTCC M2012400)、ESALQ1296、ESALQ1364、ESALQ1409(ESALQ:圣保罗大学(巴西圣保罗州皮拉西卡巴))、CG1228(EMBRAPA遗传资源与生物技术中心(巴西利亚,DF,巴西))、KCH J2(Dymarska等人,2017;PLoS one12(10)):e0184885)、HIB-19、HIB-23、HIB-29、HIB-30(Gandarilla-Pacheco等人,2018;Rev Argent Microbiol 50:81-89),CHE-CNRCB 304,EH-511/3(Flores-Villegas等人,2016;Parasites&Vectors 20169:176doi:10.1186/sl3071-016-1453-l)、CHE-CNRCB 303、CHE-CNRCB 305、CHE-CNRCB 307(Gallou等人,2016;真菌生物学120(2016)414-423)、EH-506/3、EH-503/3、EH-520/3、PFCAM、MBP、PSMB1(墨西哥国家生物控制中心;Castellanos-Moguel等,2013;RevistaMexicana De Micologia 38:23-33,2013),RCEF3304(Meng et ak,2015;Genet MolBiol.2015年7月-9月;38(3):381-389)、PF01-N10(CCTCC号M207088)、CCM 8367(捷克微生物保藏中心,Bmo)、SFP-198(Kim等人,2010年;Wiley Online:DOI 10.1002/ps.2020),K3(Yanakawa等人,2015;J Chem Ecok 2015;41(12):118-1126)、CLO 55(Ansari Ali等人,2011;PLoS One.2011;6(1):el6108.DOI:10.1371/joumakpone.0016108)、IfTSO1、HTS02、HTS07(Dong et ak 2016/PLoS ONE 11(5):e0156087.doi:10.1371/joumakpone.0156087),PI(太阳农业生物技术研究中心,印度),If-02,If-2.3,If-03(Farooq和Freed,2016;DOI:10.1016/j.bjm.2016.06.002),Ifir AsC(Meyer等人,2008;J.Invertebr.Pathol.99:96-102.10.1016/j jip.2008.03.007)、PC-013(DSMZ 26931)、P43A、PCC(Carrillo-Perez等人,2012;DOI 10.1007/sl 1274-012-1184-1)、Pf04、Pf59、Pfl09(KimJun et ak,2013;Mycobiology 2013Dec;41(4):221-224),FG 340(Han等人,2014年;DOI:10.5941/MYCO.2014.42.4.385)、Pfirl、Pfr8、Pfr9、PfrlO、Pfirl 1、Pfrl2(Angel-Sahaghn等人,2005年;昆虫科学杂志)、Ifr531(Daniel和Wyss,2009年;DOI10.1111/j.1439)-0418.2009.01410.x),IF-1106(山西农业大学昆虫生态与生物防治实验室),19602,17284(Hussain等人2016,DOI:10.3390/ijmsl7091518)、103011(美国专利4618578)、CNRCB1(国家生物控制公投中心(CNRCB),科利马州,墨西哥)、SCAU-IFCF01(Nian等人,2015年;DOI:10.1002/ps.3977),PF01-N4(中国广州华南农业大学生物防治工程研究中心)Pfr-612(墨西哥生物技术研究所(IB-FCB-UANL)),Pf-Tim,Pf-Tiz、Pf-Hal、Pf-Tic(Chan-Cupul等人2013年,DOI:10.5897/AJMR12.493);阿氏阿氏菌(Aschersoniaaleyrodis);卵孢白僵菌(Beauveria brongniartii)(例如Beaupro,源自AndermattBiocontrol AG);暗孢耳霉(Conidiobolus obscurus);毒力虫霉(Entomophthoravirulenta)(例如Vektor,源自Ecomic);大链壶菌(Lagenidium giganteum);黄绿绿僵菌(Metarhizium flavoviride);Mucor haemelis(例如BioAvard,源自Indore BiotechInputs&Research);蝗虫微孢子虫(Nosema locustae);潘多拉飞蛾(Pandora delphacis);昆虫孢子丝菌(Sporothrix insectorum)(例如Sporothrix Es,源自Biocerto,BR);和根腐霉(Zoophtora radicans)组成的组,以及
(3)病毒,选自由以下病毒组成的组的:本麦小球藻核型多角体病毒(Adoxophyeshonmai nucleopolyhedrovirus)(AdhoNPV),例如分离株ADN001;小地老虎(Agrotisipsilon)多核多氢病毒(AgipNPV),例如源自Illinois的分离株;Anticarsia gemmatalis(毛叶蛾)多重核多角体病毒(AgMNPV)(例如源自Nova Era Biotecnologia Agricola的产品Baculo-soja;源自Nitral Urbana的Baculovirus Nitral;来自COODETEC的CoopervirusSC),例如分离株2D;Autographa califomica(苜蓿环虫)多重核多角体病毒(AcMNPV)(例如源自Agricola El Sol的产品VPN-ULTRA、源自Andermatt Biocontrol的Loopex、源自AgBiTech的Lepigen),例如分离株C6;大蜡螟(Galleria mellonella)多重核多角体病毒(GmMNPV);小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)多重核多角体病毒,例如分离株CL3;豁免鳞翅目(Spodoptera exempta)多重核多角体病毒(SpexNPV);黑毛蝶(Trichoplusia ni)多重核多角体病毒(TnMNPV);家蚕(Bombyx mori)(蚕)核多角体病毒(BmNPV),例如分离株T3;(C3.10)野桑蚕(Bombyx mandarina)核多角体病毒(BomaNPV),例如分离株SI;油桐尺蠖(Buzura suppressaria)核多角体病毒(BuzuNPV),例如分离株S13;云杉芽卷蛾(Choristoneura fumiferana)DEF多重核多角体病毒(CfDefNPV);云杉卷叶蛾(Choristoneura fumiferana)多重核多角体病毒(CfMNPV),例如来自爱尔兰的分离株;蔷薇斜条卷叶蛾(Choristoneura rosaceana)核多角体病毒(ChroNPV);茶尺蠖(EcotropisObliqua)核多角体病毒(EcobNPV),例如分离株Al;苹果褐卷蛾(Epiphyas postvittana)核多角体病毒(EppoNPV);棉铃虫(Heliocoverpa armigera)(棉铃虫)核多角体病毒(Hear-NPV)(例如来自AgBiTech的MAX和Armigen、源自Andermatt Biocontrol的Helicovex、Keyun HaNPV),例如分离株Cl(HearNPV-Cl)、分离株NNG1(HearNPV-NNG1)、分离株G4(HearNPV-G4;棉铃虫(Helicoverpa zea)单核多角体病毒(HzSNPV)(例如源自CertisUSA的Gemstar、源自Koppert的Diplomata);舞毒蛾(Lymantria dispar)(舞毒蛾)多核多角体病毒(LdMNPV)(例如来自安德马特生物防治公司的舞毒蛾、美国林业局开发的Gypcheck);芸苔马梅斯特拉(Mamestra brassicae)多核多角体病毒(MbMNPV),例如来自Oxford的分离株;蓓带夜蛾(Mamestra configurata)核多角体病毒A(MacoNPV-A),例如分离株90/2或分离株90/4;蓓带夜蛾(Mamestra configurata)核多角体病毒B(MacoNPV-B),例如分离株96B;Orgyia pseudotsugata(花旗松毒蛾)多重核多角体病毒(OpMNPV)(例如Virtuss);甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)多重核多角体病毒(SeMNPV)(例如来自Andermatt Biocontrol的Spexit、来自Certis USA的Spod-X LC、Keyun SeNPV),例如来自美国的分离株;草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)(秋粘虫)多重核多角体病毒(SfMNPV)(例如来自AgBiTech的Fawligen),例如分离株3AP2或分离株6NR;非洲棉铃虫(Spodoptera littoralis)核多角体病毒(SpliNPV)(例如来自Andermatt Biocontrol的Littovir),例如分离株M2;斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)(东方叶虫蛾)核多角体病毒(SpltNPV)(例如Keyun SpltNPV),例如分离株G2;拟中金翅夜蛾(Thysanoplusiaorichalcea)核多角体病毒(ThorNPV),例如分离株A28;昆虫粉纹夜蛾(Trichoplusiani)单核多角体病毒(TnSNPV);(C3.30)蝙蝠蛾(Wiseana signata)核多角体病毒(WisiNPV);夏果卷叶蛾(Adoxophyes orana)(夏季果斑)颗粒体病毒(AdorGV)(例如来自AndermattBiocontrol的Capex);大地老虎(Agrotis segetum)核多角体病毒A(AgseNPV);镰刀菌(Anagrapha falcifera)多核多角体病毒(AnfaNPV);天蚕(Antheraea pemyi)核多角体病毒(AnpeNPV);黄纹夜蛾(Chrysodeixis chalcites)核多角体病毒(ChchNPV);豆象核(Clanis bilineata)多角体病毒(ClbiNPV);拟南芥(Euproctis pseudoconspersa)核多角体病毒(EupsNPV);美国白蛾(Hyphantria cunea)核多角体病毒(HycuNPV);白蛾(Leucaniaseparata)核多角体病毒(LeseNPV);绿夜蛾(Maruca vitrata)核多角体病毒(MaviNPV);白纹夜蛾(Orgyia leucostigma)核多角体病毒(OrleNPV);拟南芥(Orgyia pseudotsugata)单核多角体病毒(OpSNPV);小眼夜蛾(Panolis flammea)核多角体病毒(PaflNPV);Rachiplusia ou多重核多角体病毒(RoMNPV);Erinnyis ello(小食心虫)GV(ErelGV),例如分离株VG010;菜粉蝶(Artogeia rapae)颗粒病毒(ArGV);大菜粉蝶(Pieris brassicae)颗粒病毒(PbGV),例如分离株384;云杉卷叶蛾(Choristoneura fumiferana)颗粒病毒(ChfuGV),例如分离株Bonaventure;Cryptophlebia leucotreta(假苹果蠹蛾)颗粒病毒(CrleGV)(例如来自Andermatt Biocontrol的Cryptex),例如分离株CV3;苹果蠹蛾(Cydiapomonella)(鳕鱼蛾)颗粒病毒(CpGV)(例如来自Andermatt Biocontrol的产品、来自AgroRoca SA的Carpovirus Plus),例如分离株M1;葡萄叶斑蛾(Harrisina brillians)颗粒病毒(HabrGV),例如分离株M2;棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)(棉铃虫)颗粒病毒(HearGV);甘蓝夜蛾(Lacanobia oleracea)颗粒病毒(LaolGV),例如分离株SI;烟草潜叶虫(Phthorimaea operculella)颗粒病毒(PhopGV)(例如来自Andermatt Biocontrol的Tutavir、Matapol);印度谷螟(Plodia interpunctella)病病毒(PiGV),例如分离株B3;小菜蛾颗粒病毒(PlxyGV)(例如来自Keyun的),例如分离株K1;Pseudalatiaunipuncta颗粒病毒(PsunGV),例如夏威夷分离株;Trichoplusia ni颗粒病毒(TnGV),例如分离株M10-5:Xestia c-nigrum颗粒病毒(XecnGV),例如α4分离株;小地老虎颗粒病毒(AgseGV),例如新疆分离株;Choristoneura occidentalis颗粒病毒(ChocGV);斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)(东方叶虫)颗粒病毒(SpliGV),例如Kl分离株;Neodiprionlecontei(红头松锯蝇)核多角体病毒(NeleNPV)(例如来自SYLVAR的Lecontvirus);Neodiprion sertifer(松树锯蝇)核多角体病毒(NeseNPV)(例如美国林业局开发的Neocheck-S;Gilpinia hercyniae核多角体病毒(GiheNPV),例如分离株i7;Neodiprionabietis(香脂冷杉锯蝇)核多角体病毒(NeabNPV)(例如SYLVAR的ABIETIV);Culexnigripalpus(黑须库蚊)核多角体病毒(CuniNPV),例如从佛罗里达分离(1997年)的分离株;Aedes sollicitans(索氏伊蚊)核多角体病毒(AesoNPV);Uranotaenia sapphrinia(蓝带蚊属)核多角体病毒(UrsaNPV);Spodoptera albula(灰纹夜蛾)NPV(例如从Agricola ElSol分离的VPN-ULTRA);Biston suppressaria(茶尺蠖)NPV;Dendrolimus punctatus(马尾松蛾)CPV;Leucoma salicis(缎蛾)NPV;Spodoptera frugiperda(草地贪夜蛾)颗粒体病毒(SfGV),例如分离株ARG;Spodoptera sunia(桑夜蛾)核型多角体病毒(例如来自AgricolaEl Sol的VPN 82);Pieris rapae(菜青虫)(小白菜)GV(PiraGV);Spodoptera exigua(甜菜夜蛾)核多角体病毒(SeNPV)(例如克云SeNPV)和西葫芦黄花叶病毒。
所述生物控制剂可以是选自由下组的杀线虫活性生物控制剂:
(4)细菌,例如枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),特别是菌株QST713/AQ713(具有NRRL登记号B-21661;可作为OPTI或ASO从BayerCropScience LP,US获得);短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus),特别是菌株QST2808(具有登记号NRRL No.B-30087);坚硬芽孢杆菌(Bacillus firmus),特别是菌株CNMC 1-1582(例如来自BASF SE的);解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),特别是菌株FZB42(例如来自ABiTEP,DE的);解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillusamyloliquefaciens)菌株PTA-4838(来自Valent/Sumitomo的AVEO来自LidoChem的ST);蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),特别是蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacilluscereus)菌株CNCM 1-1562的孢子(参见US 6,406,690);侧孢芽孢杆菌(Bacilluslaterosporus)(也称为侧孢短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus laterosporus);例如来自Agro-Organics,ZA的);巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium),菌株YFM3.25(例如来自BioArc的);莫哈文芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mojavensis),菌株SR11(CECT-7666;由Probelte S.A提供);杀线虫芽孢杆菌(Bacillus nematocida)B16(CGMCC登录号1128);地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)FMCHOO1和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillussubtilis)FMCH002的混合物(可作为(WG)、(WP)从FMCCorporation获得);西泽巴斯德氏菌(Pasteuria nishizawae)(例如来自巴斯德氏生物科学公司的LF/ST;来自先正达/中国化工公司的PN);伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia rinojensis)菌株A396(也称为伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderiarinojensis)菌株MBI 305)(登录号NRRL B-50319;WO 2011/106491和WO 2013/032693;来自Marrone Bio Innovations的);穿刺巴斯德氏菌(Pasteuriapenetrans);乌斯盖巴斯德氏菌(Pasteuria usgae)(例如来自巴斯德氏生物科学公司的ECONEMTM);链霉菌属(Streptomycete sp.),例如利迪链霉菌(Streptomyces lydicus)菌株WYEC108(也称为利迪链霉菌(Streptomyces lydicus)菌株WY CD 108US)(来自诺维信的和);链霉菌(Streptomyces saraceticus)(例如来自A&AGroup(农化公司)的);苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)菌株CR-371(接入号ATCC 55273);洋葱芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cepacia)(例如来自Stine MicrobialProducts的);溶酶杆菌(Lysobacter enzymogenes),特别是菌株C3(参见JNematol.2006年6月,38(2):233-239和生物控制2018年2月,117:158-163);和
真菌,例如白色黏菌(Muscodor albus),特别是菌株QST 20799(登记号NRRL30547);粉红黏菌(Muscodor roseus),特别是菌株A3-5(登记号NRRL 30548);淡紫拟青霉(Purpureocillium lilacinum)(以前称为Paecilomyces lilacinus),特别是P.lilacinum菌株251(AGAL 89/030550;例如来自Bayer CropScience Biologies GmbH的BioAct)、菌株580(Laverlam的WP(ATCC No.38740))、产品(T.Stanes andCompany Ltd.)中的菌株、产品(Varsha Bioscience and Technology India PvtLtd.)中的菌株、产品(Nico Orgo Maures,印度)中的菌株、产品(Ballagro Agro Tecnologia Ltda,巴西)中的菌株和产品SPECTRUM PAE(PromotoraTecnica Industrial,S.A.DE C.V.,墨西哥)中的菌株;康宁木霉(Trichodermakoningii);鳗鱼哈波孢菌(Harposporium anguillullae);明尼苏达被毛孢(Hirsutellaminnesotensis);Monacrosporium cionopagum;嗜冷单孢霉(Monacrosporiumpsychrophilum);疣状漆斑菌(Myrothecium verrucaria),特别是菌株AARC-0255(例如Valent Biosciences的DiTeraTM);变异拟青霉(Paecilomyces variotii,),菌株Q-09(例如来自墨西哥奎米亚的);Stagonospora Phaseoli(例如来自Syngenta);木质木霉(Trichoderma lignorum),特别是菌株TL-0601(例如来自Futureco Bioscience,ES的Mycotric);茄病镰刀菌(Fusarium solani),菌株Fs5;罗西州被毛孢(Hirsutellarhossiliensis);德氏单孢霉(Monacrosporium drechsleri);地红单孢霉(Monacrosporium gephyropagum);地生线虫(Nematoctonus geogenius);利孢线虫(Nematoctonus leiosporus);新宇宙孢子菌(Neocosmospora vasinfecta);类球囊霉属(Paraglomus sp),特别是巴西类球囊霉(Paraglomus brasilianum);厚垣孢普可尼亚菌(Pochonia chlamydosporia)(也称为Vercillium chlamydosporium),特别是var.catenulata(IMI SD 187;例如KlamiC,来自国家动植物健康中心(CENSA),CU);异形鹿孢子虫(Stagonospora heteroderae);蓝眼菊属顶裂霉(Meristacrum asterospermum)和捕食性真菌(Duddingtonia flagrans)。
上述混合物可以用于控制害虫的方法中,该方法包括将包含上述混合物的组合物施用于害虫或其环境,但通过手术对人体或动物体进行治疗的方法或对人体或动物体进行治疗和诊断的方法除外。
包含壬酸和一种或多种如上所述的活性剂的混合物的组合可以例如以单一“预混”形式、以由单一活性剂组分的单独制剂组成的组合喷雾混合物的形式施用,例如作为“罐混物”,以及以顺序方式组合使用(A)壬酸和(B)包含附加活性剂的单独组合物,即在合理的短的时间内一个接一个施用,例如几个小时或几天。如上所述的壬酸和活性剂的施用顺序对于实施本发明来说不是必需的。
在作物保护领域中优选的施用方法是施用到植物的叶子上(叶面施用),可以根据害虫侵染的危险程度选择施用频率和施用量。
具体实施方式
以下实施例以非限制性方式说明本发明。
以下所有应用均使用含有650g/L壬酸(例如685g/L 95%纯度的壬酸)、阴离子乳化剂和支链脂肪酸酯溶剂的EC制剂。以下实施例中使用的壬酸组合物的处理名称表示基于施用率的总g/ha,例如以1L/ha施用的650EC制剂表示为PA 650g/ha;1.5L/ha的施用量表示为PA975g/ha。
实施例1
玉米——欧洲玉米螟(Ostrinia nubilalis)和棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)
该试验在玉米品种DKC7084上进行。每次施用的水量为600升/公顷(L/ha)。施用A是在昆虫出现时进行的。这些试验由%UNCK=未处理检查的百分比,即%功效进行评价。
Decis EC=溴氰菊酯
植物毒性-一般伤害(PHYGEN)
实施例2
玉米-欧洲玉米螟(Ostrinia nubilalis)-PYRUNU
该试验在玉米品种P0933Y上进行。每次施用的水量为500升/公顷(L/ha)。施用A在BBCH 18-31进行,施用时每个诱捕器7只昆虫。施用A后14天,施用B在BBCH 56-63进行,施用时每个诱捕器12只昆虫。
Audace=25g/L溴氰菊酯的EC配方
植物毒性–坏死/烧伤(PHYNEC)
Claims (13)
1.一种控制玉米或高粱植物上的节肢动物害虫、优选昆虫和/或螨虫害虫的方法,其包括向害虫、向害虫所在地、或向易受害虫侵袭的植物施用杀虫有效量的壬酸。
2.一种控制和/或预防节肢动物害虫、优选昆虫和/或螨虫害虫对玉米或高粱植物侵袭造成的损害的方法,其包括向植物施用杀虫有效量的壬酸。
3.壬酸在玉米或高粱植物上用于控制和/或预防节肢动物害虫、优选昆虫和/或螨虫害虫侵袭造成的损害的用途。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法或用途,其中所述害虫包括至少一种选自由草地小爪螨;二斑叶螨;直条叩头虫;玉米跳甲;叶甲属,优选北方玉米根虫、葫芦甲虫或西部玉米根萤叶甲;普通线虫;玉米长嘴虫;灰地种蝇;麻皮蝽;缢管蚜属,优选玉米蚜或耳蚜;黑棘蜥;小地老虎;南美玉米苗斑螟;铃夜蛾属,优选棉铃虫或美洲棉铃虫;欧洲玉米螟;草地贪夜蛾;白纹伊蚊以及花蓟马属,优选西花蓟马和威廉期花蓟马组成的组的成员。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法或用途,其中所述壬酸与合适的载体一起作为组合物施用。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法或用途,其中所述壬酸以叶面喷洒的方式施用。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法或用途,其中所述植物在施用所述壬酸后表现出低植物毒性。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法或用途,其中所述壬酸以足以向所述玉米植物递送壬酸的量施用,其用量为300g/ha至6,500g/ha,优选450g/ha至4,500g/ha。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法或用途,进一步包括施用(B)至少一种另外的杀虫活性剂。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述至少一种另外的杀虫活性剂(B)包括至少一个选自下列组别的组分:乙酰甲胺磷、啶虫脒、联苯菊酯、溴虫氟苯双酰胺、虫螨威、氯虫苯甲酰胺、虫螨腈、毒死蜱、甲基毒死蜱、噻虫胺、氟氯氰菊酯、β-氟氯氰菊酯、λ-氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、环丙氟虫胺、溴氰菊酯、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、乙虫腈、杀螟松、甲氰菊酯、氟虫腈、氟啶虫酰胺、氟虫双酰胺、吡虫啉、氯芬奴隆、马拉硫磷、灭多虫、对硫磷甲酯、苄氯菊酯、多杀菌素、螺甲螨酯、氟啶虫胺腈、丁基吡啶磷、七氟菊酯、特丁硫磷、四氯虫酰胺、四唑虫酰胺、噻虫啉、噻虫嗪、硫双威、线噻吩和生物控制剂。
11.根据权利要求9至10中任一项所述的方法或用途,包括同时或依次将(A)壬酸和(B)至少一种杀虫活性剂施用至植物的步骤。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法或用途,其中同时施用所述壬酸和所述杀虫活性剂。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法或用途,其中依次施用所述壬酸和所述杀虫活性剂。
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