CN116562384B - Fredkin quantum logic gate - Google Patents
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Abstract
The application discloses a Fredkin quantum logic gate, which comprises a control transmission waveguide, four controlled NOT gates, two path conversion modules, four polarization mode converters, four polarization beam splitters, four half wave plates, two polarization mode reverse converters and two single photon detectors, wherein the control transmission waveguide is connected with the four controlled NOT gates; the Fredkin quantum logic gate based on transverse waveguide mode coding is realized by adopting 4 controlled NOT gates, a path conversion module, a polarization mode converter, a polarization beam splitter, a half wave plate, a polarization mode reverse converter and a single photon detector, and the Fredkin quantum logic gate is simple and compact in structure and high in light path stability, and can be manufactured on a substrate integrally through a monolithic integration process.
Description
Technical Field
The application belongs to the technical field of quantum information, and particularly relates to a Fredkin quantum logic gate.
Background
Quantum calculation is a novel calculation model and is a novel interdisciplinary generated by combining quantum physics with computer science and information science. By utilizing properties such as entanglement, superposition states, etc. in quantum physics to achieve quantum computing, there are great advantages over classical computing efficiency in some specific issues. One Qubit (Qubit) may be in a linear superposition of any complex coefficients of quantum state |0> and quantum state |1> = α|0> +β|1 >. Quantum computing operates on qubits through logic gates, and the corresponding logic gates used to operate on the qubits may be referred to as quantum logic gates or quantum gates.
The Fredkin quantum logic gate is an important three-bit quantum logic gate in quantum computation, is a control switching gate of three-quantum bits, and when the control bit is in a state |0>, two target quantum bits are unchanged; when the control bit is in state |1>, the two target qubits exchange their states. In recent years, a large number of quantum reversible logic circuits have been proposed. FredKin quantum logic gates (also known as controlled switching gates) are widely used as a type of commonly used reversible logic gate.
The on-chip quantum transverse waveguide mode code can be transmitted in a multimode waveguide and a multimode optical fiber, and light can be transmitted in the waveguide in a plurality of waveguide modes, so that the waveguide modes can be used in a high-dimensional coding process, the information capacity of single-bit communication and calculation is greatly expanded, and the application provides the Fredkin quantum logic gate adopting the transverse waveguide mode code.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the above, the application provides a Fredkin quantum logic gate, which is formed by adopting 4 controlled NOT gates, a path conversion module, a polarization mode converter, a polarization beam splitter, a half-wave plate, a polarization mode reverse converter and a single photon detector, and concretely comprises the following steps:
The application discloses a Fredkin quantum logic gate, which comprises a control transmission waveguide, a first controlled NOT gate, a second controlled NOT gate, a third controlled NOT gate, a fourth controlled NOT gate, a first path conversion module, a second path conversion module, a first polarization mode converter, a second polarization mode converter, a third polarization mode converter, a fourth polarization mode converter, a first polarization beam splitter, a second polarization beam splitter, a third polarization beam splitter, a fourth polarization beam splitter, a first half wave plate, a second half wave plate, a third half wave plate, a fourth half wave plate, a first polarization mode reverse converter, a second polarization mode reverse converter, a first single photon detector and a second single photon detector;
the control transmission waveguide is used for receiving, transmitting and outputting TE 0 Mode photon or TE 1 A mode photon;
the first path conversion module and the second path conversion module each comprise an incident end, an output upper end and an output lower end, and the first path conversion module is used for receiving TE 0 TE from which the mode photons are output or to be received 1 The mode photon is output from the output lower end, and the second path conversion module is used for receiving TE 0 From which the mode photons are output Outputting or receiving TE 1 The optical mode photon is output from the output upper end of the optical mode photon output device, the output upper end of the first path conversion module is connected with the input end of the first polarization mode converter, the output lower end of the first path conversion module is connected with the input end of the second polarization mode converter, the output upper end of the second path conversion module is connected with the input end of the third polarization mode converter, and the output lower end of the second path conversion module is connected with the input end of the fourth polarization mode converter;
the control bits of the first controlled NOT gate, the second controlled NOT gate, the third controlled NOT gate and the fourth controlled NOT gate are connected in series and are sequentially arranged on the control transmission waveguide, the target bit of the first controlled NOT gate is arranged on the output upper end of the first path conversion module and the transmission path of the first polarization mode converter, the target bit of the second controlled NOT gate is arranged on the output lower end of the first path conversion module and the transmission path of the second polarization mode converter, the target bit of the third controlled NOT gate is arranged on the output upper end of the second path conversion module and the transmission path of the third polarization mode converter, and the target bit of the fourth controlled NOT gate is arranged on the output lower end of the second path conversion module and the transmission path of the fourth polarization mode converter;
The first polarization mode converter, the second polarization mode converter, the third polarization mode converter and the fourth polarization mode converter are all used for inputting TE 0 TE of mode photon output or to be input 1 Conversion of mode photons to TM 0 The photon is output;
the first, second, third and fourth polarizing beam splitters each comprise an input upper end, an input lower end, an output upper end and an output lower end for receiving TE from the input upper/lower ends 0 TM whose mode photons are output from the output end on its opposite side or are received by the input upper/lower end 0 The mode photon is output from the output end on the same side; the input upper end of the first polarization beam splitter and the second polarization modeThe output end of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the output end of the third polarization mode converter, the output upper end of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the first half-wave plate, and the output lower end of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the third half-wave plate; the input upper end of the second polarization beam splitter is connected with the output end of the first polarization mode converter, the input lower end of the second polarization beam splitter is connected with the output end of the fourth polarization mode converter, the output upper end of the second polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the fourth half-wave plate, and the output lower end of the second polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the second half-wave plate;
The first half-wave plate, the second half-wave plate, the third half-wave plate and the fourth half-wave plate are used for changing the polarization characteristic of input photons, the optical axis angles of the first half-wave plate and the third half-wave plate are 67.5 degrees, and the optical axis angles of the second half-wave plate and the fourth half-wave plate are 22.5 degrees; the output end of the first half-wave plate is connected with the input upper end of the third polarization beam splitter, the output end of the second half-wave plate is connected with the input lower end of the third polarization beam splitter, the output end of the third half-wave plate is connected with the input lower end of the fourth polarization beam splitter, and the output end of the fourth half-wave plate is connected with the input upper end of the fourth polarization beam splitter; the output upper end of the third polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the first polarization mode reverse converter, the output lower end of the third polarization beam splitter is connected with the first single photon detector, the output upper end of the fourth polarization beam splitter is connected with the second single photon detector, and the output lower end of the fourth polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the second polarization mode reverse converter;
the first single photon detector is used for detecting photons output by the lower output end of the third polarization beam splitter, and the second single photon detector is used for detecting photons output by the upper output end of the fourth polarization beam splitter;
The first polarization mode reverse converter and the second polarization modeThe inverter is used for receiving TE 0 TM that the mode photon directly outputs or is to be received 0 Conversion of mode photons to TE 1 And (5) mode photon output.
Further, the control transmission waveguide, the first controlled not gate, the second controlled not gate, the third controlled not gate, the fourth controlled not gate, the first path conversion module, the second path conversion module, the first polarization mode converter, the second polarization mode converter, the third polarization mode converter, the fourth polarization mode converter, the first polarization beam splitter, the second polarization beam splitter, the third polarization beam splitter, the fourth polarization beam splitter, the first half-wave plate, the second half-wave plate, the third half-wave plate, the fourth half-wave plate, the first polarization mode reverse converter, the second polarization mode reverse converter, the first single photon detector and the second single photon detector are integrally manufactured on a substrate through a monolithic integration process.
Further, the first path conversion module and the second path conversion module are each composed of a first transverse waveguide mode converter for converting received TE and a second transverse waveguide mode converter 0 Mode photon output or TE to be received 1 Conversion of mode photons to TE 0 A mode photon; the second transverse waveguide mode converter is used for converting the TE obtained by the first transverse waveguide mode converter 0 Conversion of mode photons to TE 1 And mode photons and output.
Further, the first polarization mode converter, the second polarization mode converter, the third polarization mode converter and the fourth polarization mode converter are each composed of a first rectangular wide waveguide, a first tapered waveguide and a first rectangular narrow waveguide which are sequentially connected.
Further, the first polarization mode reverse converter and the second polarization mode reverse converter are each composed of a second rectangular narrow waveguide, a second tapered waveguide and a second rectangular wide waveguide which are sequentially connected.
Further, the first transverse waveguide mode converter comprises a first main line straight waveguide, and a first coupling area optical waveguide, a first bending optical waveguide and a first transmission straight waveguide which are sequentially connected, wherein the first coupling area optical waveguide and the first main line straight waveguide form an evanescent coupling area; the second transverse waveguide mode converter comprises a second main line straight waveguide, and a second coupling area optical waveguide, a second bending optical waveguide and a second transmission straight waveguide which are sequentially connected, wherein the second coupling area optical waveguide and the second main line straight waveguide form an evanescent coupling area; the first transmission straight waveguide of the first transverse waveguide mode converter is connected with the second transmission straight waveguide of the second transverse waveguide mode converter.
In general, the above technical solutions conceived by the present application, compared with the prior art, enable the following beneficial effects to be obtained:
the Fredkin quantum logic gate based on transverse waveguide mode coding is realized by adopting 4 controlled NOT gates, a path conversion module, a polarization mode converter, a polarization beam splitter, a half wave plate, a polarization mode reverse converter and a single photon detector, and the Fredkin quantum logic gate is simple and compact in structure and high in light path stability, and can be integrally manufactured on a substrate through a monolithic integration process.
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In order to more clearly illustrate this embodiment or the technical solutions of the prior art, the drawings that are required for the description of the embodiment or the prior art will be briefly described, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, and that other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a Fredkin quantum logic gate according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a first path conversion module according to the present application;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a second path conversion module according to the present application;
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a Fredkin quantum logic gate according to another embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of four polarization mode converters according to the present application;
fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the structure of two polarization mode reverse converters according to the present application.
Detailed Description
In order that the above-recited objects, features and advantages of the present application will become more readily apparent, a more particular description of embodiments of the application will be rendered by reference to the appended drawings and appended drawings. It will be apparent that the described embodiments are only some, but not all, embodiments of the application. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the application without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the application.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present application, but the present application may be practiced in other ways other than those described herein, and persons skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the present application is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.
In order to facilitate understanding and explanation of the technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present application, the following description will first explain the background art of the present application.
The quantum controlled NOT gate is an essential core component element for constructing a general quantum computer, is a two-bit quantum logic gate, consists of a control bit and a target bit, and has the functions of changing the response of the target bit according to the state of the control bit, and the working mode is as follows: if the control qubit is 0, the target qubit remains unchanged; if the control qubit is 1, the target qubit toggles.
The Fredkin quantum logic gate is an important three-bit quantum logic gate in quantum computation, is a control switching gate of three-quantum bits, and when the control bit is in a state |0>, two target quantum bits are unchanged; when the control bit is in state |1>, the two target qubits exchange their states. In recent years, a large number of quantum reversible logic circuits have been proposed. FredKin quantum logic gates (also known as controlled switching gates) are widely used as a type of commonly used reversible logic gate.
The on-chip quantum transverse waveguide mode code can be transmitted in a multimode waveguide and a multimode optical fiber, and light can be transmitted in the waveguide in a plurality of waveguide modes, so that the waveguide modes can be used in a high-dimensional coding process, and the information capacity of single-bit communication and calculation is greatly expanded.
Based on this, the present application provides a Fredkin quantum logic gate, as shown in fig. 1, comprising a control transmission waveguide, a first controlled not gate, a second controlled not gate, a third controlled not gate, a fourth controlled not gate, a first path conversion module, a second path conversion module, a first polarization mode converter, a second polarization mode converter, a third polarization mode converter, a fourth polarization mode converter, a first polarization beam splitter, a second polarization beam splitter, a third polarization beam splitter, a fourth polarization beam splitter, a first half-wave plate, a second half-wave plate, a third half-wave plate, a fourth half-wave plate, a first polarization mode reverse converter, a second polarization mode reverse converter, a first single photon detector, a second single photon detector.
In the application, a transmission waveguide, a first controlled NOT gate, a second controlled NOT gate, a third controlled NOT gate, a fourth controlled NOT gate, a first path conversion module, a second path conversion module, a first polarization mode converter, a second polarization mode converter, a third polarization mode converter, a fourth polarization mode converter, a first polarization beam splitter, a second polarization beam splitter, a third polarization beam splitter, a fourth polarization beam splitter, a first half-wave plate, a second half-wave plate, a third half-wave plate, a fourth half-wave plate, a first polarization mode reverse converter, a second polarization mode reverse converter, a first single photon detector and a second single photon detector are integrally manufactured on a substrate through a monolithic integration process, namely, the Fredkin quantum logic gate is an on-chip structure, and the layout among components is compact and the light path stability is high.
Controlling a transmission waveguide for receiving, transmitting and outputting TE 0 Mode photon or TE 1 And (5) mode photons.
First path rotationThe conversion module and the second path conversion module receive TE 0 Mode photon or TE 1 The mode photons are output from different output ends respectively so as to enable TE 0 Mode photon or TE 1 The mode photons are input to a specific path.
Specifically, the first path conversion module and the second path conversion module each include an incident end, an output upper end, and an output lower end, and the first path conversion module is configured to receive TE 0 TE from which the mode photons are output or to be received 1 The mode photon is output from the output lower end, and the second path conversion module is used for receiving TE 0 TE from which the mode photons are output or to be received from its output lower end 1 The light photons are output from the upper output end of the light photons, the upper output end of the first path conversion module is connected with the input end of the first polarization mode converter, the lower output end of the first path conversion module is connected with the input end of the second polarization mode converter, the output upper end of the second path conversion module is connected with the input end of the third polarization mode converter, and the output lower end of the second path conversion module is connected with the input end of the fourth polarization mode converter.
Referring to fig. 1, a transmission path between an output upper end of a first path conversion module and an input end of a first polarization mode converter is a path 1, and the first path conversion module receives TE 0 The mode photon is transmitted onto path 1; the transmission path between the output lower end of the first path conversion module and the input end of the second polarization mode converter is path 2, and the first path conversion module receives TE 1 The mode photon is transmitted onto path 2; the transmission path between the output upper end of the second path conversion module and the input end of the third polarization mode converter is path 3, and the second path conversion module receives TE 1 The mode photon is transmitted onto path 3; the transmission path between the output lower end of the second path conversion module and the input end of the fourth polarization mode converter is path 4, and the second path conversion module receives TE 0 The mode photons are transmitted onto path 4.
TE received by the transmission waveguide, the first path conversion module and the second path conversion module is controlled 0 Mode photon or TE 1 The mode photon is generated by an external light source, and in the applicationThe middle and external light sources can be on-chip single photon sources or off-chip single photon sources, the on-chip single photon sources are usually composed of devices such as spiral wave wires or micro-ring resonant cavities, and the like, which can generate an on-chip four-wave mixing process, and the on-chip single photon sources can improve the integration level and stability of a chip and reduce the volume of the whole system, but have the defect of low single photon emission efficiency. When an off-chip single photon source is adopted, photons generated by the off-chip single photon source can be input into the control transmission waveguide, the first path conversion module and the second path conversion module through an edge coupler or a grating coupler.
In the present application, TE 0 Modulo is encoded as qubit 0, TE 1 The modulus is encoded as qubit 1.
The controlled NOT gate is a two-bit quantum logic gate, which is composed of a control bit and a target bit, and the function of the controlled NOT gate is to change the response of the target bit according to the state of the control bit.
In the application, the control bits of a first controlled NOT gate, a second controlled NOT gate, a third controlled NOT gate and a fourth controlled NOT gate are connected in series and are sequentially arranged on a control transmission waveguide, the target bit of the first controlled NOT gate is arranged on the output upper end of a first path conversion module and the transmission path of a first polarization mode converter (path 1), the target bit of the second controlled NOT gate is arranged on the output lower end of the first path conversion module and the transmission path of a second polarization mode converter (path 2), the target bit of the third controlled NOT gate is arranged on the output upper end of the second path conversion module and the transmission path of the third polarization mode converter (path 3), and the target bit of the fourth controlled NOT gate is arranged on the output lower end of the second path conversion module and the transmission path of the fourth polarization mode converter (path 4).
Based on the above description, the first controlled not gate is used to change the response of the optical quantum state (target bit) on path 1 according to the optical quantum state (control bit) input by the control transmission waveguide. The second controlled not gate is used to change the response of the optical quantum state (target bit) on path 2 in accordance with the optical quantum state (control bit) input by the control transmission waveguide. The third controlled not gate is used to change the response of the optical quantum state (target bit) on path 3 in accordance with the optical quantum state (control bit) input by the control transmission waveguide. The fourth controlled not gate is used to change the response of the optical quantum state (target bit) on path 4 in accordance with the optical quantum state (control bit) input by the control transmission waveguide.
In particular, if the photons input by the control transmission waveguide are TE 0 The mode photons, the waveguide modes of the photons transmitted onto path 1, path 2, path 3 and path 4 remain unchanged. If the photons input by the control transmission waveguide are TE 1 The waveguide mode of the photons input to path 1, path 2, path 3 and path 4 is inverted, i.e. TE 0 Inversion of mode photons to TE 1 Mode photon or TE 1 Inversion of mode photons to TE 0 And (5) mode photons.
The first polarization mode converter, the second polarization mode converter, the third polarization mode converter and the fourth polarization mode converter are all used for inputting TE 0 TE of mode photon output or to be input 1 Conversion of mode photons to TM 0 And mode photons and output.
The four polarization mode converters of the present application will input TE 1 Conversion of mode photons to TM 0 Mode photons, but for incoming TE 0 The mode photons only play a role in transmission.
The first, second, third and fourth polarizing beam splitters each comprise an input upper end, an input lower end, an output upper end and an output lower end for receiving TE from the input upper/lower ends 0 TM whose mode photons are output from the output end on its opposite side or are received by the input upper/lower end 0 The mode photon is output from the output end on the same side; the input upper end of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the output end of the second polarization mode converter, the input lower end of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the output end of the third polarization mode converter, the output upper end of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the first half-wave plate, and the output lower end of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the third half-wave plate; the input upper end of the second polarization beam splitter is connected with the output end of the first polarization mode converter, and the input lower end of the second polarization beam splitter is connected with the output end of the fourth polarization mode converter The output end is connected, the output upper end of the second polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the fourth half wave plate, and the output lower end of the second polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the second half wave plate.
Polarizing beam splitters are used to input TE thereon 0 Mode photon and TM 0 The mode photon separation includes two inputs and two outputs. Specifically, the TE received by the upper end is input 0 The mode photon is output from the output lower end and received from the input upper end 0 TE with mode photons output from the output upper end and received from the input lower end 0 TM that mode photon is output from output upper end and received from input lower end 0 The mode photons are output from the lower output end.
Further, for the first polarizing beam splitter, TE received at the upper end is input 0 The mode photons are output from the lower end of the output and transmitted to the third half-wave plate; input of TM received at upper end 0 The mode photons are output from the upper output end and transmitted to the first half-wave plate; inputting TE received by lower end 0 The mode photons are output from the upper output end and transmitted to the first half-wave plate; input lower end received TM 0 The mode photons are output from the lower output end and transmitted to the third half-wave plate.
For the second polarizing beam splitter, TE received at the upper end is input 0 The mode photons are output from the lower output end and transmitted to the second half-wave plate; input of TM received at upper end 0 The mode photons are output from the upper output end and transmitted to the fourth half-wave plate; inputting TE received by lower end 0 The mode photons are output from the upper output end and transmitted to the fourth half-wave plate; input lower end received TM 0 The mode photons are output from the lower output end and transmitted to the second half-wave plate.
The first half-wave plate, the second half-wave plate, the third half-wave plate and the fourth half-wave plate are used for changing the polarization characteristic of input photons, the optical axis angle of the first half-wave plate and the third half-wave plate is 67.5 degrees, and the optical axis angle of the second half-wave plate and the fourth half-wave plate is 22.5 degrees; the output end of the first half-wave plate is connected with the input upper end of the third polarization beam splitter, the output end of the second half-wave plate is connected with the input lower end of the third polarization beam splitter, the output end of the third half-wave plate is connected with the input lower end of the fourth polarization beam splitter, and the output end of the fourth half-wave plate is connected with the input upper end of the fourth polarization beam splitter; the output upper end of the third polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the first polarization mode reverse converter, the output lower end of the third polarization beam splitter is connected with the first single photon detector, the output upper end of the fourth polarization beam splitter is connected with the second single photon detector, and the output lower end of the fourth polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the second polarization mode reverse converter.
The half-wave plate is used for changing the polarization characteristic of an input photon, and quantum state evolution caused by different angles of an optical axis of the half-wave plate is also different. In the present application, the optical axis angle of the first half-wave plate and the third half-wave plate is 67.5 degrees, and the optical axis angle of the second half-wave plate and the fourth half-wave plate is 22.5 degrees.
For the third polarizing beam splitter, TE received at the upper end is input 0 The mode photon is output from the lower end of the output and transmitted to the first single photon detector; input of TM received at upper end 0 The mode photons are output from the output upper end and transmitted to the first polarization mode reverse converter; inputting TE received by lower end 0 The mode photons are output from the output upper end and transmitted to the first polarization mode reverse converter; input lower end received TM 0 The mode photons are output from the output lower end and transmitted to the first single photon detector.
For the fourth polarizing beam splitter, TE received at the upper end is input 0 The mode photons are output from the lower output end and transmitted to the second polarization mode reverse converter; input of TM received at upper end 0 The mode photon is output from the output upper end and transmitted to the second single photon detector; inputting TE received by lower end 0 The mode photon is output from the output upper end and transmitted to the second single photon detector; input lower end received TM 0 The mode photons are output from the output lower end and transmitted to the second polarization mode inverse converter.
The first single photon detector is used for detecting photons output by the lower output end of the third polarization beam splitter, and the second single photon detector is used for detecting photons output by the upper output end of the fourth polarization beam splitter.
The first polarization mode reverse converter and the second polarization mode reverse converter are used for receiving TE 0 Direct output or to be connected of mode photonsTM of collection 0 Conversion of mode photons to TE 1 And (5) mode photon output.
Further, the first path conversion module and the second path conversion module are both composed of a first transverse waveguide mode converter and a second transverse waveguide mode converter, the structure of the first path conversion module is shown in fig. 2, and the structure of the second path conversion module is shown in fig. 3. A first transverse waveguide mode converter for converting received TE 0 Mode photon output or TE to be received 1 Conversion of mode photons to TE 0 A mode photon; a second transverse waveguide mode converter for converting the TE obtained by the first transverse waveguide mode converter 0 Conversion of mode photons to TE 1 And mode photons and output.
Referring to fig. 2 and 3, the first transverse waveguide mode converter includes a first main line straight waveguide, and a first coupling region optical waveguide, a first curved optical waveguide, and a first transmission straight waveguide that are sequentially connected, where the first coupling region optical waveguide and the first main line straight waveguide form an evanescent coupling region. The second transverse waveguide mode converter comprises a second main line straight waveguide, a second coupling area optical waveguide, a second bending optical waveguide and a second transmission straight waveguide which are sequentially connected, wherein the second coupling area optical waveguide and the second main line straight waveguide form an evanescent coupling area. The first transmission straight waveguide of the first transversal waveguide mode converter is connected with the second transmission straight waveguide of the second transversal waveguide mode converter. The structure of the Fredkin quantum logic gate formed based on FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 is shown in FIG. 4.
For the first transverse waveguide mode converter, TE to be received is achieved by setting the length and the distance of the evanescent coupling region, the width of the optical waveguide of the first coupling region and the width of the straight waveguide of the first main line 1 Conversion of mode photons to TE 0 The purpose of the mode photon.
For the second transverse waveguide mode converter, the TE obtained by converting the first transverse waveguide mode converter is achieved by setting the length and the interval of the evanescent coupling region, the width of the optical waveguide of the second coupling region and the width of the straight waveguide of the second main line 0 Conversion of mode photons to TE 1 The purpose of the mode photon.
Specifically, for a first transverse waveguide mode converter and a second transverse waveguide mode converter in the first path conversion module, a first main line straight waveguide in the first transverse waveguide mode converter is connected with an input end of the first polarization mode converter, and a transmission path between an output end of the first main line straight waveguide and the input end of the first polarization mode converter is a path 1; the second main line straight waveguide in the second transverse waveguide mode converter is connected with the input end of the second polarization mode converter, and the transmission path of the second main line straight waveguide and the output end of the second polarization mode converter is a path 2.
For a first transverse waveguide mode converter and a second transverse waveguide mode converter in the second path conversion module, a first main line straight waveguide in the first transverse waveguide mode converter is connected with the input end of a fourth polarization mode converter, and a transmission path between the output end of the first main line straight waveguide and the input end of the fourth polarization mode converter is a path 4; the second main line straight waveguide in the second transverse waveguide mode converter is connected with the input end of the third polarization mode converter, and the transmission path of the second main line straight waveguide and the output end of the third polarization mode converter is a path 3.
Specifically, for the first transversal waveguide mode converter and the second transversal waveguide mode converter in the first path-converting module, when the first transversal waveguide mode converter receives TE 0 TE when molding photons 0 The mode photons are output through the first main line straight waveguide of the first transverse waveguide mode converter, if the control transmission waveguide receives TE 0 Mode photons, TE being output from the first main line straight waveguide 0 Mode photon waveguide mode is kept unchanged, TE 0 The mode photons are transmitted to the first polarization mode converter if the TE is received by the control transmission waveguide 1 Mode photons, TE being output from the first main line straight waveguide 0 Inversion of mode photons to TE 1 Mode photon, TE obtained by inversion 1 The mode photons are transmitted to a first polarization mode converter.
When the first transverse waveguide mode converter in the first path conversion module receives TE 1 TE when molding photons 1 The mode photons pass through the first transverse waveguide modeEvanescent coupling region of a transducer couples TE 1 Conversion of mode photons to TE 0 Mode photon, TE 0 Mode photons are transmitted to the evanescent coupling region of the second transverse waveguide mode converter, TE 0 Mode photon conversion to TE 1 Mode photon, TE 1 The mode photons are output through a second main line straight waveguide of a second transverse waveguide mode converter. If the control transmission waveguide receives TE 0 Mode photons, TE output from the second main line straight waveguide 1 Mode photon waveguide mode is kept unchanged, TE 1 The mode photons are transmitted to a second polarization mode converter; if the control transmission waveguide receives TE 1 Mode photons, TE output from the second main line straight waveguide 1 Inversion of mode photons to TE 0 Mode photon, TE obtained by inversion 0 The mode photons are transmitted to a second polarization mode converter.
The first transverse waveguide mode converter and the second transverse waveguide mode converter in the second path conversion module have the same structure and working principle as those of the first transverse waveguide mode converter and the second transverse waveguide mode converter in the first path conversion module, and the description thereof is omitted.
In the present application, the first polarization mode converter, the second polarization mode converter, the third polarization mode converter and the fourth polarization mode converter are each composed of a first rectangular wide waveguide, a first tapered waveguide and a first rectangular narrow waveguide, which are sequentially connected, and the structure is shown in fig. 5.
And the first polarization mode reverse converter and the second polarization mode reverse converter are respectively composed of a second rectangular narrow waveguide, a second conical waveguide and a second rectangular wide waveguide which are sequentially connected, and the structure is shown in fig. 6. The polarization mode inverse converter is symmetrical to the structure of the polarization mode converter.
For ease of understanding and description, the evolution and transmission of photons will be illustrated below in connection with the illustration. Assume that the transmission waveguide is controlled to receive TE generated by an external light source 0 The first path conversion module receives TE generated by an external light source 1 The second path conversion module receives TE generated by external light source 0 Mode photons, see fig. 4. For the convenience ofIn the process of displaying the evolution process and the transmission path of photons, photons received by the transmission waveguide are controlled to be represented by hollow circles, photons received by the first path conversion module and photons received by the second path conversion module are respectively represented by circles of different filling elements, the solid circles represent photons received by the first path conversion module and the photon evolution thereof, and circles of the filling patterns represent photons received by the second path conversion module and the photon evolution thereof.
The first path conversion module receives TE generated by an external light source 1 Mode photon, TE 1 Under the action of a first transverse waveguide mode converter and a second transverse waveguide mode converter in the first path conversion module, the mode photons are output from a second main line straight waveguide in the second transverse waveguide mode converter, and based on the control of the transmission waveguide, TE is received 0 Mode photons, TE output from the second main line straight waveguide in the second transverse waveguide mode converter 1 The mode photon waveguide mode remains unchanged for transmission to the second polarization mode converter. The second polarization mode converter receives TE 1 Conversion of mode photons to TM 0 Mode photon, TM 0 The mode photon is input from the upper input end of the first polarization beam splitter, then is output from the upper output end of the first polarization beam splitter and is transmitted to the first half wave plate, under the action of the first half wave plate, TM 0 The quantum state of the mode photon changes.
The second path conversion module receives TE generated by the external light source 0 Mode photon, TE 0 The mode photon is directly output from the first main line straight waveguide of the first transverse waveguide mode converter in the second path conversion module, and is received by TE based on the control transmission waveguide 0 Mode photons, TE is output from the first main line straight waveguide in the second path conversion module 0 The mode photon waveguide mode remains unchanged for transmission to the fourth polarization mode converter. TE (TE) 0 The mode photon is transmitted to the output lower end of the second polarization beam splitter through the fourth polarization mode converter, then is output from the output upper end of the second polarization beam splitter and is transmitted to the fourth half wave plate, and TE is realized under the action of the fourth half wave plate 0 The quantum state of the mode photon changes.
It should be noted that the above examples are only one embodiment of the present application, and the present application has 8 photon input states based on the structure of the present application, and are not exemplified here.
In order to make the present application more clear, the working principle of the Fredkin quantum logic gate will be described in detail with reference to fig. 1 and 4.
In the present application, TE 0 Modulo is encoded as qubit 0, TE 1 The modulus is encoded as qubit 1. And controlling photons received by the transmission waveguide to be control bits, wherein photons received by the first path conversion module and the second path conversion module are two target bits. Photons received by the control transmission waveguide are recorded as control qubitsPhotons received by the first path conversion module are recorded as target qubits +.>Photons received by the second path conversion module are recorded as target qubits +. >Referring to fig. 1 and 4, the quantum states (initial input quantum states) input to the control transmission waveguide, the first path conversion module, and the second path conversion module may be expressed as:
wherein,,~arbitrary complex number normalized and +.>。
Photons (control bits) received by the control transmission waveguide are sequentially transmitted from the path 1 or the path 2 through four controlled NOT gates, photons (target bits) received by the first path conversion module, and photons (target bits) received by the second path conversion module are transmitted from the path 3 or the path 4. Specifically, when the photon (target bit) received by the control transmission waveguide is qubit 0, the two target bits remain unchanged, and when the photon (target bit) received by the control transmission waveguide is qubit 1, the two target bits exchange states with each other. When the photon (target bit) received by the first path conversion module is qubit 0, then transmitting from path 1; when the photon (target bit) received by the first path conversion module is qubit 1, then it is transmitted from path 2. When the photon (target bit) received by the second path conversion module is qubit 0, then transmitting from path 4; when the photon (target bit) received by the second path conversion module is qubit 1, then it is transmitted from path 3. The quantum state before the photon reaches the corresponding polarization mode converter evolves as:
Wherein the subscript of the target bit indicates the corresponding transmission path.
The polarization mode converter will receive TE 1 Conversion of mode photons to TM 0 Mode photon or TE to be received 0 The mode photons are output directly, here TE 0 The mode photon is recorded as，TM 0 The mode photon is marked->That is, the quantum state corresponding to the target bit +.>Namely, is，Is evolved into->The photons output from the first polarization mode converter are +.>Or->The photons output from the second polarization mode converter are +.>Or->The photons output from the third polarization mode converter are +.>Or->The photons output from the fourth polarization mode converter are +.>Or->The quantum state of the photon after output from the polarization mode converter evolves as:
the optical axis angle based on the first half-wave plate and the third half-wave plate is 67.5 degrees, and then the quantum state evolution caused by the first half-wave plate and the third half-wave plate is as follows:
the optical axis angle of the second half-wave plate and the fourth half-wave plate is 22.5 degrees, and then the quantum state evolution caused by the second half-wave plate and the fourth half-wave plate is as follows:
based on the functions of the polarizing beam splitter and the half-wave plate, then:
wherein,,representing the quantum states modulated by the second half-wave plate and the fourth half-wave plate,the subscript 2 of (2) corresponds to the second half-wave plate, ">The subscript 4 of (2) corresponds to the fourth half-wave plate; the photons output from the output upper end of the third polarization beam splitter are marked + - >The photons output from the output lower end of the fourth polarizing beam splitter are denoted +.>，Representing the term excluding two photons output from the output upper end of the third polarizing beam splitter and from the output lower end of the fourth polarizing beam splitter, respectively. The notation in the following formulas is similar to the above-described expression method, and therefore is not explained one by one.
Photons evolve from the quantum states of the outputs of the third and fourth polarizing beamsplitters as:
wherein photons output from the control transmission waveguide are noted as，Representing at least one photon input to either the first single photon detector or the second single photon detector, i.e., an unconditioned quantum state.
The first polarization mode inverse converter and the second polarization mode inverse converter will receive TE 0 TM that the mode photon directly outputs or is to be received 0 Conversion of mode photons to TE 1 Mode photon output, thusNamely +.>，Is evolved into->The quantum state of the final output is therefore:
and the initial input quantum state is:
comparing the initial input quantum state with the final output quantum state, and combining the basic working principle of the Fredkin quantum logic gate: when the control bit is in state |0>, the two target qubits are unchanged; when the control bit is in state |1>, the two target qubits exchange their states, and the application implements a Fredkin quantum logic gate with a probability of 1/4.
Based on the description of the structure, the working process and the principle of the Fredkin quantum logic gate, the application realizes the function of the Fredkin quantum logic gate based on transverse waveguide mode coding by adopting 4 controlled NOT gates, a path conversion module, a polarization mode converter, a polarization beam splitter, a half wave plate, a polarization mode reverse converter and a single photon detector, has simple and compact structure and high light path stability, can be integrally manufactured on a substrate by a single chip integration process, and realizes the operation of the Fredkin quantum logic gate with the probability of 1/4.
In the present specification, each embodiment is described in a progressive manner, or a parallel manner, or a combination of progressive and parallel manners, and each embodiment is mainly described as a difference from other embodiments, and identical and similar parts between the embodiments are all enough to refer to each other.
It is noted that relational terms such as first and second, and the like are used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Moreover, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that an article or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such article or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one … …" does not exclude the presence of other like elements in an article or apparatus that comprises such element.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present application. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the application. Thus, the present application is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (6)
1. The Fredkin quantum logic gate is characterized by comprising a control transmission waveguide, a first controlled NOT gate, a second controlled NOT gate, a third controlled NOT gate, a fourth controlled NOT gate, a first path conversion module, a second path conversion module, a first polarization mode converter, a second polarization mode converter, a third polarization mode converter, a fourth polarization mode converter, a first polarization beam splitter, a second polarization beam splitter, a third polarization beam splitter, a fourth polarization beam splitter, a first half wave plate, a second half wave plate, a third half wave plate, a fourth half wave plate, a first polarization mode reverse converter, a second polarization mode reverse converter, a first single photon detector and a second single photon detector;
The control transmission waveguide is used for receiving, transmitting and outputting TE 0 Mode photon or TE 1 A mode photon;
the first path conversion module and the second path conversion module each comprise an incident end, an output upper end and an output lower end, and the first path conversion module is used for receiving TE 0 TE from which the mode photons are output or to be received 1 The mode photon is output from the output lower end, and the second path conversion module is used for receiving TE 0 TE from which the mode photons are output or to be received from its output lower end 1 The optical mode photon is output from the output upper end of the optical mode photon output device, the output upper end of the first path conversion module is connected with the input end of the first polarization mode converter, the output lower end of the first path conversion module is connected with the input end of the second polarization mode converter, the output upper end of the second path conversion module is connected with the input end of the third polarization mode converter, and the output lower end of the second path conversion module is connected with the input end of the fourth polarization mode converter;
the control bits of the first controlled NOT gate, the second controlled NOT gate, the third controlled NOT gate and the fourth controlled NOT gate are connected in series and are sequentially arranged on the control transmission waveguide, the target bit of the first controlled NOT gate is arranged on the output upper end of the first path conversion module and the transmission path of the first polarization mode converter, the target bit of the second controlled NOT gate is arranged on the output lower end of the first path conversion module and the transmission path of the second polarization mode converter, the target bit of the third controlled NOT gate is arranged on the output upper end of the second path conversion module and the transmission path of the third polarization mode converter, and the target bit of the fourth controlled NOT gate is arranged on the output lower end of the second path conversion module and the transmission path of the fourth polarization mode converter;
The first polarization mode converter, the second polarization mode converter, the third polarization mode converter and the fourth polarization mode converter are all used for inputting TE 0 T of mode photon output or to be inputE 1 Conversion of mode photons to TM 0 The photon is output;
the first, second, third and fourth polarizing beam splitters each comprise an input upper end, an input lower end, an output upper end and an output lower end for receiving TE from the input upper/lower ends 0 TM whose mode photons are output from the output end on its opposite side or are received by the input upper/lower end 0 The mode photon is output from the output end on the same side; the input upper end of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the output end of the second polarization mode converter, the input lower end of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the output end of the third polarization mode converter, the output upper end of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the first half-wave plate, and the output lower end of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the third half-wave plate; the input upper end of the second polarization beam splitter is connected with the output end of the first polarization mode converter, the input lower end of the second polarization beam splitter is connected with the output end of the fourth polarization mode converter, the output upper end of the second polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the fourth half-wave plate, and the output lower end of the second polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the second half-wave plate;
The first half-wave plate, the second half-wave plate, the third half-wave plate and the fourth half-wave plate are used for changing the polarization characteristic of input photons, the optical axis angles of the first half-wave plate and the third half-wave plate are 67.5 degrees, and the optical axis angles of the second half-wave plate and the fourth half-wave plate are 22.5 degrees; the output end of the first half-wave plate is connected with the input upper end of the third polarization beam splitter, the output end of the second half-wave plate is connected with the input lower end of the third polarization beam splitter, the output end of the third half-wave plate is connected with the input lower end of the fourth polarization beam splitter, and the output end of the fourth half-wave plate is connected with the input upper end of the fourth polarization beam splitter; the output upper end of the third polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the first polarization mode reverse converter, the output lower end of the third polarization beam splitter is connected with the first single photon detector, the output upper end of the fourth polarization beam splitter is connected with the second single photon detector, and the output lower end of the fourth polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the second polarization mode reverse converter;
the first single photon detector is used for detecting photons output by the lower output end of the third polarization beam splitter, and the second single photon detector is used for detecting photons output by the upper output end of the fourth polarization beam splitter;
The first and second polarization mode inversors are for inverting received TE 0 TM that the mode photon directly outputs or is to be received 0 Conversion of mode photons to TE 1 And (5) mode photon output.
2. The Fredkin quantum logic gate of claim 1, wherein the control transmission waveguide, the first controlled not gate, the second controlled not gate, the third controlled not gate, the fourth controlled not gate, the first path conversion module, the second path conversion module, the first polarization mode converter, the second polarization mode converter, the third polarization mode converter, the fourth polarization mode converter, the first polarization beam splitter, the second polarization beam splitter, the third polarization beam splitter, the fourth polarization beam splitter, the first half-wave plate, the second half-wave plate, the third half-wave plate, the fourth half-wave plate, the first polarization mode reverse converter, the second polarization mode reverse converter, the first single photon detector, and the second single photon detector are integrally fabricated on a substrate by a monolithic integration process.
3. The Fredkin quantum logic gate of claim 1, wherein the first and second path conversion modules are each comprised of a first and second transversal waveguide mode converter, the first transversal waveguide mode converter for converting a received TE 0 Mode photon output or TE to be received 1 Conversion of mode photons to TE 0 A mode photon; the second transverse waveguide mode converter is used for converting the TE obtained by the first transverse waveguide mode converter 0 Conversion of mode photons to TE 1 And mode photons and output.
4. The Fredkin quantum logic gate of claim 1, wherein the first, second, third and fourth polarization mode converters are each comprised of a first rectangular wide waveguide, a first tapered waveguide and a first rectangular narrow waveguide connected in sequence.
5. The Fredkin quantum logic gate of claim 1, wherein the first polarization mode reverse converter and the second polarization mode reverse converter are each comprised of a second rectangular narrow waveguide, a second tapered waveguide and a second rectangular wide waveguide connected in sequence.
6. The Fredkin quantum logic gate of claim 3, wherein the first transverse waveguide mode converter comprises a first main line straight waveguide and a first coupling region optical waveguide, a first curved optical waveguide, a first transmission straight waveguide connected in sequence, the first coupling region optical waveguide and the first main line straight waveguide forming an evanescent coupling region; the second transverse waveguide mode converter comprises a second main line straight waveguide, and a second coupling area optical waveguide, a second bending optical waveguide and a second transmission straight waveguide which are sequentially connected, wherein the second coupling area optical waveguide and the second main line straight waveguide form an evanescent coupling area; the first transmission straight waveguide of the first transverse waveguide mode converter is connected with the second transmission straight waveguide of the second transverse waveguide mode converter.
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