CN113916554B - Snow raising test method and system for vehicle - Google Patents
Snow raising test method and system for vehicle Download PDFInfo
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- CN113916554B CN113916554B CN202111195688.XA CN202111195688A CN113916554B CN 113916554 B CN113916554 B CN 113916554B CN 202111195688 A CN202111195688 A CN 202111195688A CN 113916554 B CN113916554 B CN 113916554B
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- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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Abstract
The application discloses a snow raising test method and a snow raising test system for a vehicle, wherein the snow raising test method comprises the following steps: before testing, weighing the snow raising and collecting device to obtain a first weight; in the test, the test vehicle drives the snow collecting device to collect the snow thrown by the snow throwing vehicle; when the test mileage is larger than the preset mileage, stopping the tested vehicle and stopping collecting the raised snow; weighing the snow raising and collecting device to obtain a second weight; calculating the snow raising amount according to the first weight and the second weight; judging whether the snow raising amount is larger than a first threshold value or not; if yes, checking whether the electric appliance of the tested vehicle runs normally; if so, the snow raising test of the tested vehicle is qualified. The evaluation method and the evaluation device have the advantages that the evaluation strength of the tested vehicle is evaluated quantitatively by calculating the snow raising amount, and the effectiveness evaluation of the snow raising test is realized.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of vehicles, in particular to a snow raising test method and system for a vehicle.
Background
The snowing weather is the common weather in northern China, and the automobile runs on the road, namely runs in the environment formed by natural snowfall or flying snow raised by a front automobile running on a snow covered road or the combination of the natural snowfall and the flying snow. When a vehicle runs in such an environment, snow easily intrudes into a passenger compartment, an engine compartment, a luggage compartment, a cooling fan, an air filter, and the like of the vehicle. The dry snow is accumulated on the cooling fan and moving parts around the engine, because the temperature around the engine is higher, the accumulated snow is adhered to fan blades, the motor and other engine accessories after melting, when the temperature of each part is reduced after the engine stops working, snow water adhered to the part is condensed into ice blocks, and after the engine is restarted, the ice blocks condensed on the part seriously influence the normal work of rotating parts such as the fan, a belt and the like and corrode metal parts. If dry snow invades and accumulates in the air filter box and is further solidified, the air inlet performance of the engine is affected, the dynamic property of the engine is reduced, and the engine is flamed out and the vehicle stops running in severe cases. Therefore, the vehicle needs to be subjected to a snow raising test for checking the influence of snow entering each cabin of the vehicle on the vehicle when the vehicle is running in a dry snow environment.
The natural snowing environment is the best environment for carrying out the snowing test of the whole automobile, but the snowing time, the snowing place, the snowing intensity and the like cannot be controlled, and the daily carrying condition of the automobile test cannot be met. In the prior art, a snowing test is carried out by utilizing an artificial snow making field, a tested vehicle runs along with a front snowing vehicle during the test to form a snowing environment, however, the snowing strength of the snowing vehicle is not measured by the existing snowing test method, so that the evaluation strength of the tested vehicle in the snowing test cannot be quantitatively evaluated, whether the snowing test is effective or not cannot be qualitatively evaluated, and the actual significance of the snowing test has uncertainty.
In addition, the requirements of the front and rear vehicle speeds, the distance, the driving mileage and the like in the existing snowing test are not clear, so that the effectiveness of the test cannot be evaluated.
In addition, the existing snow raising test is lack of the assessment on the performance of the whole vehicle except for assessing whether an obvious failure mode exists.
Disclosure of Invention
The application provides a method and a system for testing the snow blowing of a vehicle, which can realize the effectiveness evaluation of the snow blowing test by calculating the quantitative evaluation of the snow blowing amount of the tested vehicle.
The application provides a snow raising test method for a vehicle, which comprises the following steps:
before testing, weighing the snow raising collecting device to obtain a first weight, and then installing the snow raising collecting device on the front part of a vehicle;
in the test, under the condition that the snow raising vehicle runs on the high-speed snow loop at a preset speed and the distance between the tested vehicle and the snow raising vehicle is kept within a preset distance, accumulating test mileage, and driving the snow raising collecting device to collect the raised snow thrown by the snow raising vehicle by the tested vehicle;
when the test mileage is greater than the preset mileage, stopping the tested vehicle and stopping collecting the raised snow;
weighing the snow raising and collecting device to obtain a second weight;
calculating the snow raising amount according to the first weight and the second weight;
judging whether the snow raising amount is larger than a first threshold value or not;
if yes, checking whether the electric appliance of the tested vehicle normally operates;
if so, the snow raising test of the tested vehicle is qualified.
Preferably, the method further comprises the following steps:
weighing an air inlet filter element of a tested vehicle before testing to obtain a third weight;
after the tested vehicle stops, weighing the air inlet filter element to obtain a fourth weight;
if the electric appliance of the tested vehicle runs normally after the test, calculating the snow inlet amount of the air inlet filter element according to the third weight and the fourth weight;
and if the snow inlet amount is smaller than the second threshold value, the snow raising test of the tested vehicle is qualified.
Preferably, the method further comprises the following steps:
collecting the pressure variation of an air inlet pipe of a tested vehicle in the test process;
and if the snow inlet amount is smaller than the second threshold value and the pressure variation amount is smaller than the third threshold value, the snow raising test of the tested vehicle is qualified.
Preferably, the width of the high-speed snow loop is not lower than a fourth threshold, the thickness of the new accumulated snow on the road surface is within a preset range, the environmental temperature is-16 ℃ to-30 ℃, and the relative wind speed is not higher than a fifth threshold.
Preferably, the headlights and wipers of the tested vehicle are turned on during the test, and the air conditioner of the tested vehicle is set to be in an external circulation mode.
Preferably, if the snow inlet amount is smaller than the second threshold value and the pressure variation amount is smaller than the third threshold value, the current state of the tested vehicle is kept, and the tested vehicle is subjected to cold soaking in an open air environment for a preset time;
checking whether the tested vehicle is successfully cold started;
if so, the snow raising test of the tested vehicle is qualified.
The application also provides a snow raising test system of the vehicle, which comprises a weighing module, a mileage accumulation module, a snow raising acquisition device and a data processing system, wherein the data processing system comprises a snow raising amount calculation module and a judgment module;
the weighing module is used for weighing the snow raising collecting device before and after the test respectively to obtain a first weight and a second weight;
the mileage accumulation module is used for accumulating the test mileage of the tested vehicle on the high-speed snow loop in the test;
the snow raising amount calculating module is used for calculating the snow raising amount according to the first weight and the second weight;
the judging module is used for judging whether the snow raising amount is smaller than a first threshold value.
Preferably, the weighing module is further used for weighing the air inlet filter element of the tested vehicle respectively before and after the test as a third weight and a fourth weight;
the snow raising test system also comprises a snow inlet amount calculation module, and the snow inlet amount calculation module is used for calculating the snow inlet amount of the air inlet filter element according to the third weight and the fourth weight;
and the judging module is also used for judging whether the snow inlet amount is smaller than a second threshold value.
Preferably, the snow raising test system further comprises a pressure sensor, and the pressure sensor is mounted on an air inlet pipe of the tested vehicle;
the judging module is also used for judging whether the pressure variation of the pressure sensor in the test process is smaller than a third threshold value.
Preferably, the width of the high-speed snow loop is not lower than a fourth threshold, the thickness of the new accumulated snow on the road surface is within a preset range, the environmental temperature is-16 ℃ to-30 ℃, and the relative wind speed is not higher than a fifth threshold.
Further features of the present application and advantages thereof will become apparent from the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments thereof, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the application and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the application.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a preferred embodiment of a snow test method for a vehicle provided herein;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a snow pick-up assembly of a vehicle provided herein;
fig. 3 is a structural diagram of a snow raising test system of a vehicle according to the present application.
Detailed Description
Various exemplary embodiments of the present application will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that: the relative arrangement of the components and steps, the numerical expressions, and numerical values set forth in these embodiments do not limit the scope of the present application unless specifically stated otherwise.
The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is merely illustrative in nature and is in no way intended to limit the application, its application, or uses.
Techniques, methods, and apparatus known to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art may not be discussed in detail, but are intended to be part of the specification where appropriate.
In all examples shown and discussed herein, any particular value should be construed as merely illustrative, and not limiting. Thus, other examples of the exemplary embodiments may have different values.
The application provides a snow raising test method and a snow raising test system for vehicles in a dry snow environment in winter in cold regions, the assessment strength of the tested vehicles is quantitatively assessed by calculating the snow raising amount, the snow raising test meeting the assessment strength is an effective test, and the qualification evaluation of the snow raising test is carried out on the basis, so that the snow raising test has practical significance; and whether the whole vehicle snow raising test is qualified or not is judged by quantitative measurement of the weight increasing condition of the air inlet filter element of the engine and the air inlet resistance increasing amount of the engine, so that the influence of the snow raising test on the whole vehicle performance is evaluated.
Example one
As shown in fig. 1, the present application provides a snow raising test method for a vehicle, which is characterized by comprising:
s1010: before the test, the snow raising collecting device is weighed to obtain a first weight U 1 And then the snow raising and collecting device is installed at the front of the vehicle.
Before the test, the vehicle is statically checked, and states of a vehicle body sealing rubber strip, a front wall, an air inlet grille, an engine compartment, a wiper, a headlamp, an air filter and the like are confirmed; the vehicle is dynamically checked, and the performances of a steering system, a transmission system and a braking system are confirmed. A pressure sensor is arranged at an air inlet pipe of the engine, and air inlet pressure data in the test process are collected.
After the snow raising collecting device is weighed, the snow raising collecting device is installed at the front part of the tested vehicle, and a snow inlet of the snow raising collecting device is close to an air inlet of an engine of the tested vehicle so as not to influence an air inlet system of the tested vehicle and a snow raising test result of an engine compartment.
Preferably, the air inlet filter element of the tested vehicle is weighed before the test to obtain a third weight w 0 。
Before the test, a test site is required to be prepared, wherein the test site is a high-speed snow loop which is a loop formed by snow cover and is used for the tested vehicle and the snow raising vehicle to run at a high speed. The width of the high-speed snow ring road is not lower than a fourth threshold (for example, 8m), the thickness of the new snow on the road surface is within a preset range (for example, 10-30 cm), the ambient temperature is-16-30 ℃, and the relative wind speed is not greater than a fifth threshold (for example, 3 m/s).
Before the test, safety training is carried out on drivers, and the drivers respectively carry out field driving on vehicles so as to adapt to field vehicle speed and driving feeling.
S1020: in the test, under the condition that the snow raising vehicle runs on the high-speed snow loop at a preset speed and the distance between the tested vehicle and the snow raising vehicle is kept within a preset distance, the test mileage is accumulated, and the tested vehicle drives the snow raising collecting device to collect the raised snow thrown by the snow raising vehicle.
Specifically, the vehicle speed of the vehicle to be tested is controlled based on the vehicle speed of the snow raising vehicle. As an embodiment, after the speed of the snow raising vehicle is stable, the snow raising vehicle takes the double flash lamps as signals, the tested vehicle gradually follows and is controlled within a preset distance, the test mileage starts to be accumulated, and the tested vehicle drives the snow raising collecting device to collect the raised snow thrown by the snow raising vehicle.
As an embodiment, the preset vehicle speed is 60km/h, and the preset distance is 15-25 m.
Preferably, the headlights and wipers of the tested vehicle are turned on during the test, and the air conditioner of the tested vehicle is set to an external circulation mode to test the influence of the blown snow on the electric appliances and external facilities of the tested vehicle.
Preferably, the pressure variation of the air inlet pipe of the tested vehicle is collected in the test process.
S1030: and when the test mileage is larger than the preset mileage, stopping the tested vehicle and stopping collecting the raised snow.
Specifically, when the test is finished, the snowmobile prompts the tested vehicle to finish the test by a horn, the snowmobile drives away from the high-speed snow loop and stops, and the tested vehicle stops on the high-speed snow loop.
As an example, the preset mileage is 50 km.
S1040: weighing the snow raising and collecting device to obtain a second weight U 1 。
Preferably, the air inlet filter element of the tested vehicle is also weighed to obtain a fourth weight w 1 。
S1050: calculating the snow raising amount Y according to the first weight and the second weight
Wherein S is 0 The cross section area of the air inlet manifold of the snow raising and collecting device is accurate to 0.001m 2 (ii) a t is the snowing test time, and is accurate to 0.1 min; the first weight and the second weight are accurate to 0.1g, and the snow raising amount Y is accurate to
S1060: and judging whether the snow raising amount is larger than a first threshold value or not. If yes, executing S1080; otherwise, S1070 is performed.
If the snow raising amount is larger than the first threshold value, the snow raising environment of the tested vehicle in the test process reaches the assessment strength. The assessment strength is satisfied, namely, the basic conditions required by the snow raising test are satisfied, so that the snow raising test has practical significance. Therefore, the effectiveness of the snow raising test is judged according to the snow raising amount.
S1070: and increasing the test mileage within the test allowable time range, and continuing to raise the snow by the snow raising vehicle until the snow raising amount of the tested vehicle reaches a first threshold value, namely the snow raising test meets the assessment strength requirement. S1080 is then performed.
S1080: and checking whether the electric appliances of the tested vehicle are in normal operation. Specifically, it is mainly checked whether the functions of the headlights, the wipers, and the related electrical appliances are normal. And the snow intake conditions of the engine compartment, the air filter box, the passenger compartment, and the headlights were checked and photographed. If yes, executing step S1090; otherwise, step S1100 is performed.
S1090: and judging that the snow raising test of the tested vehicle is qualified.
S1100: and judging that the snow raising test of the tested vehicle is not qualified.
After the snow raising test, if the electric appliances of the tested vehicle normally operate, the tested vehicle does not have a failure state, which indicates that the tested vehicle can pass through a cold snow environment under the preset assessment intensity, so that the snow raising test is qualified.
However, in the above embodiment, the snow raising test is not able to check the vehicle performance, such as whether the air intake system of the vehicle can work effectively in a cold environment for a long time, except for checking whether there is an obvious failure mode.
In view of the above, it is preferable that if the electric appliances of the tested vehicle are normally operated after the test, the method further includes the steps of:
s1110: calculating the snow inlet amount G of the air inlet filter element according to the third weight and the fourth weight
Wherein S is the expansion area of the air inlet filter element and is accurate to 0.001m 2 (ii) a G is air inlet filter elementAmount of snow accumulated, g/m 2 To the nearest 0.1g/m 2 (ii) a Third weight w 0 And a fourth weight w 1 To the nearest 0.1 g.
S1120: judging whether the snow inlet amount is smaller than a second threshold value or not; if yes, executing step S1090; otherwise, step S1100 is performed.
If the snow inlet amount of the air inlet filter element is larger than the second threshold value, the air inlet filter element cannot work, and the air inlet system is in failure.
On the basis, preferably, the influence of the snowing on the air intake system of the tested vehicle is judged according to the pressure change (which represents the air intake resistance of the air intake pipe) of the pressure sensor arranged on the air intake pipe of the tested vehicle, and if the air intake resistance is large, the air intake system cannot intake air, so that the fault occurs. Based on this, the snow raising test method of the present application further includes:
s1130: and judging whether the pressure variation is smaller than a third threshold value. If yes, executing step S1090; otherwise, step S1100 is performed.
On this basis, it is preferable that the present application also detects whether or not the starting system of the vehicle can operate effectively in a cold environment for a long time, and the like. Based on this, the snow raising test method of the present application further includes:
s1140: the current state of the vehicle to be tested is maintained, and the vehicle to be tested is cold-dipped in the open air environment for a preset time (for example, 12 hours).
S1150: it is checked whether the tested vehicle is successfully cold started. If yes, executing step S1090; otherwise, step S1100 is performed.
Example two
As shown in fig. 3, the present application further provides a snow raising test system for a vehicle, which includes a weighing module 310, a mileage accumulation module 320, a snow raising collecting device 330, and a data processing system 340. The data processing system 340 includes a snow raising amount calculation module 3401 and a determination module 3402.
The weighing module 310 is configured to weigh the snow raising collecting device before and after the test as a first weight and a second weight, respectively.
The mileage accumulation module 320 is used for accumulating the test mileage of the tested vehicle on the high-speed snow loop in the test.
The snow pick-up device 330 is mounted on the vehicle to be tested and is used for picking up the snow.
As an example, as shown in fig. 2, the snow raising and collecting apparatus 330 includes an air intake manifold 210, a backflow preventing pipe 220, a connecting pipe 230, a locking cover 240, a snow collecting box 250, a box cover 260, an air outlet pipe 270, and a bracket 280. In order to meet the test requirement of low-temperature conditions, the whole snow raising and collecting device is made of black nylon materials.
Four U-shaped holes outside the snow collecting box body 250 are connected with screw holes of a front license plate of a tested vehicle. In order to ensure the strength, the snow collecting box body 250 is provided with a reinforcing rib. The box cover 260 is installed on the side of the snow collecting box 250, and the top surface of the snow collecting box 250 is provided with an inlet manifold (left manifold in fig. 2) and an outlet manifold (right manifold in fig. 2). The locking cover 240 locks the inlet branch pipe and the first end of the connecting pipe 230 above the inlet branch pipe, the second end of the connecting pipe 230 is fixed with the first end of the backflow prevention pipe 220, the second end of the backflow prevention pipe 220 is fixedly connected with the outlet end of the inlet manifold 210, and the outlet end and the inlet end of the inlet manifold 210 are connected through a bent pipe. The intake manifold 210 has the same shape and dimensions as the intake manifold of the vehicle being tested to simulate the snow-intake environment of the intake manifold of the vehicle. In the installed state, the air inlet end of the air inlet manifold 210 faces the front of the tested vehicle, so that the snow thrown by the snow raising vehicle in the test can be conveniently sucked into the air inlet manifold 210.
The middle part of the backflow prevention pipe 220 is provided with a check valve, and a valve plate of the check valve can only rotate from the air inlet manifold 210 to the connection pipe 220, so that the reverse overflow of accumulated snow caused by the whirling of the air flow is prevented. In the first state, the valve plate of the check valve closes the conduit of the backflow prevention pipe 220, and when snow accumulated at the air inlet of the intake manifold 210 exceeds the opening pressure of the check valve, the valve plate of the check valve moves, and the accumulated snow enters the snow collection box 250. The air outlet cover 270 is fixed on the air outlet branch pipe of the snow collecting box body 250, and a gauze is arranged on the air outlet cover 270 and used for preventing accumulated snow from blowing out of the air outlet branch pipe.
The bracket 280 is used to avoid the intake manifold from wobbling during the driving of the vehicle under test. The bracket 280 is formed by processing stainless steel strips to ensure a certain strength.
The support includes two fixed hoops through interconnect, and the semicircular pipe hoop of the two centre gripping air intake manifold 210 and snow collection box 250's air inlet branch pipe respectively, and the other section of the two passes through U type jogged joint, realizes reciprocal anchorage, can avoid taking place the condition emergence of lopsidedness like this. Preferably, a layer of cushion is provided on the semicircular pipe hoops of the two fixed hoops, so as to protect the intake manifold 210 and the intake branch pipes of the snow box body 250.
The snow raising amount calculation module 3401 is configured to calculate a snow raising amount according to the first weight and the second weight.
The determination module 3402 is configured to determine whether the amount of raised snow is less than a first threshold.
Preferably, the weighing module 310 is further configured to weigh the air intake filter of the vehicle under test as a third weight and a fourth weight before and after the test, respectively.
The data processing system 340 further comprises a snow inlet amount calculation module 3403, wherein the snow inlet amount calculation module 3403 is configured to calculate a snow inlet amount of the air inlet filter element according to the third weight and the fourth weight. On the basis, the judging module 3402 is further configured to judge whether the snow intake amount is smaller than a second threshold.
Preferably, the snow plow test system further comprises a pressure sensor 350, the pressure sensor 350 being mounted on an air intake of the vehicle under test. On the basis, the judging module 3402 is further configured to judge whether the pressure variation of the pressure sensor in the test process is smaller than a third threshold.
Although some specific embodiments of the present application have been described in detail by way of example, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the above examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present application. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the above embodiments without departing from the scope and spirit of the present application. The scope of the application is defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A snow raising test method for a vehicle, characterized by comprising:
before testing, weighing the snow raising collecting device to obtain a first weight, and then installing the snow raising collecting device on the front part of the vehicle;
in the test, under the condition that the snow raising vehicle runs on a high-speed snow loop at a preset speed and the distance between the tested vehicle and the snow raising vehicle is kept within a preset distance, accumulating test mileage, and driving the snow raising collecting device to collect the snow raised by the snow raising vehicle by the tested vehicle;
when the test mileage is larger than a preset mileage, stopping the tested vehicle and stopping collecting the raised snow;
weighing the snow raising and collecting device to obtain a second weight;
calculating the snow raising amount according to the first weight and the second weight;
judging whether the snow raising amount is larger than a first threshold value or not;
if yes, checking whether the electric appliance of the tested vehicle normally operates;
and if so, the snow raising test of the tested vehicle is qualified.
2. A snow raising test method for a vehicle according to claim 1, further comprising:
weighing an air inlet filter element of the tested vehicle before testing to obtain a third weight;
after the tested vehicle is stopped, weighing the air inlet filter element to obtain a fourth weight;
if the electric appliance of the tested vehicle runs normally after the test, calculating the snow inlet amount of the air inlet filter element according to the third weight and the fourth weight;
and if the snow inlet amount is smaller than a second threshold value, the snow raising test of the tested vehicle is qualified.
3. A snow raising test method for a vehicle according to claim 2, further comprising:
collecting the pressure variation of an air inlet pipe of the tested vehicle in the test process;
and if the snow inlet amount is smaller than a second threshold value and the pressure variation is smaller than a third threshold value, the snow raising test of the tested vehicle is qualified.
4. A snow raising test method for a vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the width of the high speed snow ring is not less than a fourth threshold value, the thickness of the new snow on the road surface is within a preset range, the environment temperature is-16 ℃ to-30 ℃, and the relative wind speed is not greater than a fifth threshold value.
5. A snow raising test method for a vehicle according to claim 1, wherein a headlight and a wiper of the vehicle under test are turned on during the test, and an air conditioner of the vehicle under test is set to an external circulation mode.
6. A snow raising test method for a vehicle according to claim 3, wherein if the snow intake amount is less than a second threshold value and the pressure variation amount is less than a third threshold value, the current state of the vehicle under test is maintained and the vehicle under test is cold-dipped in an open air environment for a preset time;
checking whether the tested vehicle is successfully cold started;
and if so, the snow raising test of the tested vehicle is qualified.
7. A snow raising test system of a vehicle is characterized by comprising a weighing module, a mileage accumulation module, a snow raising acquisition device and a data processing system, wherein the data processing system comprises a snow raising amount calculation module and a judgment module;
the weighing module is used for weighing the snow raising collecting device before and after the test respectively to obtain a first weight and a second weight;
the mileage accumulation module is used for accumulating the test mileage of the tested vehicle on the high-speed snow loop in the test;
the snow raising amount calculating module is used for calculating the snow raising amount according to the first weight and the second weight;
the judging module is used for judging whether the snow raising amount is smaller than a first threshold value.
8. A snow raising test system for a vehicle according to claim 7, wherein the weighing module is further configured to weigh an air intake filter of the vehicle under test as a third weight and a fourth weight before and after the test, respectively;
the snow raising test system further comprises a snow inlet amount calculating module, and the snow inlet amount calculating module is used for calculating the snow inlet amount of the air inlet filter element according to the third weight and the fourth weight;
and the judging module is also used for judging whether the snow intake amount is smaller than a second threshold value.
9. A snow over test system for a vehicle according to claim 7, further comprising a pressure sensor mounted on an air intake of the vehicle under test;
the judging module is also used for judging whether the pressure variation of the pressure sensor is smaller than a third threshold value in the test process.
10. A snow raising test system for a vehicle according to claim 7, wherein the width of the high speed snow ring is not lower than a fourth threshold value, the thickness of the new snow on the road surface is within a preset range, the environment temperature is-16 ℃ to-30 ℃, and the relative wind speed is not higher than a fifth threshold value.
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