CN112930590B - 用于电连接电子组件的接触表面的方法 - Google Patents

用于电连接电子组件的接触表面的方法 Download PDF

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CN112930590B
CN112930590B CN201880099125.0A CN201880099125A CN112930590B CN 112930590 B CN112930590 B CN 112930590B CN 201880099125 A CN201880099125 A CN 201880099125A CN 112930590 B CN112930590 B CN 112930590B
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wire
silver
electronic component
contact surface
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CN112930590A (zh
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潘欣媚
M·萨兰加帕尼
张兮
姜逸泰
A·D·巴亚拉斯
张锦辉
S·苏蒂奥诺
卓志伟
T·Y·J·金
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Heraeus Materials Singapore Pte Ltd
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Abstract

一种用于电连接电子组件的接触表面的方法,其通过将8至80pm的圆导线焊针楔型接合到第一电子组件的接触表面,形成导线环,并将所述导线针脚式接合到第二电子组件的接触表面来进行,其中用具有在0至4度范围内的较低面角的陶瓷焊针进行所述焊针楔型接合,其中所述导线包含具有银或基于银的线芯的线芯,所述线芯具有包含1至50nm厚的镍或钯内层及邻接的5至200nm厚的金外层的双层被覆层。

Description

用于电连接电子组件的接触表面的方法
本发明涉及一种用于电连接电子组件的接触表面的方法,其通过包含银或基于银的芯及叠置于所述芯的表面上的双层被覆层的经被覆导线来进行。
导线接合技术为技术人员所熟知。在导线接合过程中,在第一电子组件的接触表面上形成第一接合,并且在第二电子组件的接触表面上形成第二接合。两个接合为连接其间的接线的片件的端部。
在本文中使用术语“电子组件”。在本文中,在这一情形下,术语“电子组件”应包括如电子学或微电子学领域中所用的衬底及半导体。衬底的实例包括引线框架、球栅阵列(BGA)、印刷电路板(PCB)、柔性电子装置、玻璃衬底、陶瓷衬底(如例如直接覆铝(DAB)或直接覆铜(DCB)衬底)及绝缘金属衬底(IMS)。半导体的实例包括二极管、发光二极管(LED)、裸片、绝缘栅双极电晶体(IGBT)、集成电路(IC)、金属氧化物半导体场效应电晶体(MOSFET)及传感器。
在本文中使用术语“接触表面”。其意指电子组件的电接触表面,接线可借助于导线接合与其连接。典型实例为半导体的接合垫及衬底的接触表面(例如,镀覆指、镀覆接地)。接合垫可由金属或金属合金组成,或其可具有较薄,例如0.5至1μm薄的特定金属或金属合金的顶层。其可具有例如铝、铜、镍、银、金或基于这些金属中的一种的合金的表面。接合垫的总厚度可为例如,0.6至4μm,并且面积可为例如20μm×20μm至300μm×300μm,优选35μm×35μm至125μm×125μm。
接线在电子学及微电子学应用中的用途为熟知的目前先进技术。尽管一开始接线由金制造,但如今使用较便宜的材料,如铜、铜合金、银及银合金。所述导线可具有金属被覆层。
在导线几何结构方面,最常见的为圆状截面的接线。
技术人员熟知的常规精细导线接合技术为球-楔型导线接合(=简称“球-楔型接合”),在其过程中形成球型接合(第1接合)及针脚式接合(第2接合,楔型接合)。
近年来,已报道精细导线接合技术,在所述技术中,所述第一球型接合步骤经所谓的焊针楔型接合步骤置换,参见例如,萨兰加帕尼·穆拉利(Sarangapani Murali)等人所编写的论文“使用焊针及球式接合机的铝楔-楔型接合(Aluminum Wedge-Wedge BondingUsing Capillary and Ball Bonder)”,IMAPS 2017-第50届国际微电子研讨会(50thInternational symposium on Microelectronics)-美国北卡罗来纳州罗利(Raleigh NCUSA),2017年10月9日至12日中的公开内容。所述类型的精细导线接合方法以形成焊针楔型接合(第1楔型接合)及常规针脚式接合(第2楔型接合)为特征。
焊针楔型接合省略了如在球型接合中典型的在导线端部处形成线球或无空气球(FAB)。与球型接合相比,尤其在所谓的级联导线接合方面,焊针楔型接合会改进生产率,所述级联导线接合也通常表示为步进导线接合(裸片堆叠应用中的导线接合)。
US 2015/0187729 A1公开金线、铜线及铝线的焊针楔型接合。
WO 2017/091144 A1公开包含银或基于银的线芯的接线,所述线芯具有叠置于其表面上的被覆层,其中所述被覆层为1至1000nm金或钯的单层;或由1至100nm,优选1至20nm厚的镍或钯内层及邻接的1至200nm,优选1至40nm厚的金外层构成的双层。
申请人已发现,特定类型的银被覆导线或基于银的被覆导线出乎意料地非常适用作第1焊针楔型/第2针脚式导线接合应用中的接线;重点为第1焊针楔型导线接合步骤,即,已发现,在用所述特定类型的银被覆导线或基于银的被覆导线进行所述第1焊针楔型导线接合步骤的情况下,所述步骤以出乎意料的宽焊针楔型接合工艺窗为特征。
正如其它导线接合方法,焊针楔型接合展现出所谓的工艺窗。所述焊针楔型接合工艺窗会在下文进行进一步解释。
上述特定类型的银被覆导线或基于银的被覆导线包含具有表面的线芯,所述线芯具有叠置于其表面上的双层被覆层,其中所述线芯本身由选自由以下组成的群组的材料组成:纯银、银含量>99.5wt%(重量-%、重量%)的经掺杂银及银含量为至少89wt%的银合金,并且其中所述双层被覆层由1至50nm厚的镍或钯内层及邻接的5至200nm厚的金外层构成。
因此,本发明涉及一种用于电连接第一电子组件的接触表面与第二电子组件的接触表面的方法,其包含以下连续步骤:
(1)将具有平均直径在8至80μm范围内的圆状截面的导线焊针楔型接合到所述第一电子组件的接触表面,
(2)抬升焊针楔型接合导线以在步骤(1)中所形成的焊针楔型接合与所述第二电子组件的接触表面之间形成导线环,及
(3)将所述导线针脚式接合到所述第二电子组件的接触表面,
其中用具有在0至4度范围内的较低面角(face angle)的陶瓷焊针进行步骤(1)的焊针楔型接合,
其中所述导线包含具有表面的线芯,所述线芯具有叠置于其表面上的双层被覆层,
其中所述线芯本身由选自由以下组成的群组的材料组成:纯银、银含量>99.5wt%的经掺杂银及银含量为至少89wt%的银合金,及
其中所述双层被覆层由1至50nm厚的镍或钯内层及邻接的5至200nm厚的金外层构成。
在本发明方法的步骤(1)中,将导线焊针楔型接合到第一电子组件的接触表面。在这一步骤(1)中,采用具有在0至4度范围内的较低面角的陶瓷焊针作为接合工具。
陶瓷焊针提供超声波能及压缩力。陶瓷焊针的实例包括氧化铝或掺杂氧化锆的氧化铝的焊针。
步骤(1)的焊针楔型接合可用常规楔型接合设备进行,所述设备的实例包括KNS接合机,如KNS-iConn接合机(美国宾夕法尼亚州华盛顿堡的库力索法工业股份有限公司(Kulicke&Soffa Industries Inc.,Fort Washington,PA,USA));或新川(Shinkawa)接合机,如新川-UTC-5000,NeoCu接合机(日本)。
优选地,步骤(1)的焊针楔型接合工艺参数包括(a)至(i)中的至少一个,优选多于一个并且最优选全部:
(a)在50至100mA范围内的超声波能,
(b)在10至30g范围内的力(压缩力),
(c)在0.3至0.7μm/s范围内的恒定速度;恒定速度意指导线接触接合垫所处的速度
(d)在60至70%范围内的接触阈值;接触阈值为在检测与接合垫或接触表面的接触时,控制接合头的敏感性的参数,其以接触速度(KNS术语,即在采用KNS-iConn接合机的情况下)或搜寻速度(新川术语,即在采用新川接合机的情况下)的下降百分比测量,
(e)在25℃至175℃范围内的接合温度,
(f)在85至110μm范围内的切尾长度(新川术语,即在采用新川接合机的情况下),
(g)在200至500μm范围内的尾长延伸(KNS术语,即在采用KNS-iConn接合机的情况下),
(h)在-6至-12μm范围内的沉降量(新川术语,即在采用新川接合机的情况下);沉降量为控制由通过焊针端部的超声波能及压缩力诱发的导线的机械变形的工艺参数;导线变形以μm为单位测量为参照导线表面的向下变形,表示为负值,
(i)在0至50%范围内的超声波斜变(KNS术语,即在采用KNS-iConn接合机的情况下)或超声波斜度(新川术语,即在采用新川接合机的情况下)。
换句话说,在用KNS-iConn接合机进行步骤(1)的情况下,优选地,步骤(1)的焊针楔型接合工艺参数包括(a')至(g')中的至少一个,优选多于一个并且最优选全部:
(a')超声波能在50至100mA范围内,
(b')力在10至30g范围内,
(c')恒定速度在0.3至0.7μm/s范围内,
(d')接触阈值在60至70%范围内,
(e')接合温度在25℃至175℃范围内,
(f')尾长延伸在200至500μm范围内,
(g')超声波斜变在0至50%范围内,
而在用新川接合机进行步骤(1)的情况下,优选地,步骤(1)的焊针楔型接合工艺参数包括(a”)至(h”)中的至少一个,优选多于一个并且最优选全部:
(a”)超声波能在50至100mA范围内,
(b”)力在10至30g范围内,
(c”)恒定速度在0.3至0.7μm/s范围内,
(d”)接触阈值在60至70%范围内,
(e”)接合温度在25℃至175℃范围内,
(f”)切尾长度在85至110μm范围内,
(g”)沉降量在-6至-12μm范围内,
(h”)超声波斜度在0至50%范围内。
步骤(1)的焊针楔型接合展现出所谓的焊针楔型接合工艺窗,其可由若干不同方法进行描述,其中的三种会在下文中进行解释。
在第一方法中,焊针楔型接合形成被视为包含施加特定压缩力(通常以克为单位进行测量),其通过施加超声波能(通常以mA为单位进行测量)来支持。焊针楔型接合工艺中的施加力上限及下限的差及施加超声波能上限及下限的差的数学乘积在此可界定焊针楔型接合工艺窗:
(施加力上限-施加力下限)·(施加超声波能上限-施加超声波能下限)=焊针楔型接合工艺窗。
在第二方法中,焊针楔型接合形成被视为包含施加特定力(通常以克为单位进行测量),其通过沉降量来支持。焊针楔型接合工艺中的施加力上限及下限的差及沉降量上限及下限的差的数学乘积在此可界定焊针楔型接合工艺窗:
(施加力上限-施加力下限)·(沉降量上限的绝对值-沉降量下限的绝对值)=焊针楔型接合工艺窗。
在第三方法中,焊针楔型接合形成被视为包含施加特定力(通常以克为单位进行测量),其通过摩擦振幅来支持。摩擦振幅为控制焊针端部的机械运动(圆周式、竖直式、直列式(沿线轴))的工艺参数,所述机械运动结果会使导线变形成薄化导线区段的马蹄形态。摩擦振幅通常以μm为单位进行测量。焊针楔型接合工艺中的施加力上限及下限的差及摩擦振幅上限及下限的差的数学乘积在此可界定焊针楔型接合工艺窗:
(施加力上限-施加力下限)·(摩擦振幅上限-摩擦振幅下限)=焊针楔型接合工艺窗。
因此,焊针楔型接合工艺窗界定力/超声波能组合的范围;或力/沉降量组合的范围;或力/摩擦振幅组合的范围,其使得可形成符合规格,即通过常规测试(如常规牵拉测试)的导线接合。
对于工业应用,出于焊针楔型接合工艺稳健性的原因,期望具有宽焊针楔型接合工艺窗(以g为单位的力对以mA为单位的超声波能;或以g为单位的力对以μm为单位的沉降量;或以g为单位的力对以μm为单位的摩擦振幅)。本发明方法,或更确切地说,本发明方法的步骤(1)以出乎意料地宽焊针楔型接合工艺窗为特征。看来导线被覆层对于出乎意料的宽焊针楔型接合工艺窗为关键所在。
本发明方法中所用的导线为供用于微电子学中的接合的圆接线。其优选为单件式物体。平均直径在8至80μm,或优选12至55μm,或甚至17至50μm范围内。
可通过“尺寸测量方法”获得导线或线芯的平均直径或简单地说,直径。根据这一方法,测定针对限定长度的导线的物理重量。基于这一重量,使用导线材料密度计算导线或线芯直径。直径经计算为特定导线的五个切口上的五个测量值的算术平均值。
重要地是,导线包含具有表面的线芯,所述线芯具有叠置于其表面上的双层被覆层,其中所述线芯本身由选自由以下组成的群组的材料组成:纯银、银含量>99.5wt%的经掺杂银及银含量为至少89wt%的银合金,并且其中所述双层被覆层包含1至50nm厚的镍或钯内层及邻接的5至200nm厚的金外层。为简洁起见,这一被覆导线在本文中也简称为“导线”。
在本文中使用术语“纯银”。其应意指纯度在99.95至100wt%范围内的银。其可包含总量为至多500wt.-ppm(重量-ppm,以重量计的ppm)的其它组分(除银以外的组分)。
在本文中使用术语“经掺杂银”。其应意指由量在>99.5至99.997wt%范围内的银及总量为至多<5000wt.-ppm(例如,30至<5000wt.-ppm)的至少一种掺杂元素组成的银类型。其还可包含总量为至多500wt.-ppm的其它组分(除银及至少一种掺杂元素以外的组分)。
在本文中使用术语“银合金”。其应意指由量在89至99.50wt%范围内的银及总量为0.50至11wt%的至少一种合金元素组成;优选由量在92至99.50wt%范围内的银及总量为0.50至8wt%的至少一种合金元素组成;或甚至由量在96至99.50wt%范围内的银及总量为0.50至4wt%的至少一种合金元素组成的合金。其可包含总量为至多<5000wt.-ppm(例如,30至<5000wt.-ppm)的至少一种掺杂元素(除所述至少一种合金元素以外的组分)。其可包含总量为至多500wt.-ppm的其它组分(除银、至少一种合金元素及至少一种掺杂元素以外的组分)。
优选合金元素的实例包括钯、金、镍、铂、铜、铑及钌。
优选掺杂元素的实例包括钙、镍、铂、铜、铑及钌。
如已提及,线芯可包含总量为至多500wt.-ppm的所谓的其它组分。其它组分,通常也称为“不可避免的杂质”,为源自所用原料中所存在的杂质或导线制造过程的少量化学元素和/或化合物。其它组分的0至500wt.-ppm的低总量确保导线特性的良好再现性。通常不分开来添加存在于芯中的其它组分。每种个别其它组分可以线芯的总重量计,以小于30wt.-ppm,优选小于15wt.-ppm的量包含在内。
与前述一致,线芯由纯银、经掺杂银或银合金组成。
线芯为散装材料的均质区。由于任何散装材料始终具有可能在一定程度上展现不同特性的表面区域,因此线芯特性理解为散装材料的均质区的特性。散装材料区的表面就形态、组成(例如硫、氯和/或氧含量)及其它特征来说可有所不同。表面为线芯与叠置于线芯上的双层被覆层之间的界面区。通常,双层被覆层完全叠置于线芯的表面上。在线芯与叠置于其上的双层被覆层之间的导线区域中,可存在线芯与双层被覆层两者的材料的组合。
叠置于导线的表面上的双层被覆层由1至50nm,优选1至20nm厚的镍或钯内层及邻接的5至200nm,优选10至100nm厚的金外层构成。在这一情形下,术语“厚”或“被覆层厚度”意指与线芯纵轴垂直的方向上的被覆层尺寸。
关于所述双层被覆层的组成,其内层的镍或钯含量为例如,以内被覆层的总重量计,至少50wt%,优选至少95wt%。尤其优选地,内被覆层由纯镍或钯组成。纯镍或钯通常具有以内被覆层的总重量计,小于1wt%其它组分(非镍或钯的组分)。邻接的金外层的金含量为例如,以外被覆层的总重量计,至少50wt%,优选至少95wt%。尤其优选地,外被覆层由纯金组成。纯金通常具有以外被覆层的总重量计,小于1wt%其它组分(非金组分)。
在一实施例中,至少通过以下非固有特性(α)至(θ)中的一种表征导线:
(α)抗腐蚀性具有不超过5%,例如在0至5%范围内(参见如下文所述的“测试方法A”),优选在0至0.1%范围内的焊针楔上升的值,
(β)防潮性具有不超过5%,例如在0至5%范围内(参见如下文所述的“测试方法B”),优选在0至0.1%范围内的焊针楔上升的值,
(γ)导线电阻率小于4.0μΩ·cm,例如在1.6至4.0μΩ·cm范围内,优选在1.63至3.4
μΩ·cm范围内(参见如下文所述的“测试方法C”),
(δ)导线的银枝晶生长不超过12μm/s,例如在0至12μm/s范围内,优选在0至2
μm/s范围内(参见如下文所述的“测试方法D”),
(ε)线芯硬度不超过80HV(10mN/12s),例如在50至80HV范围内,优选在50至70HV范围内(参见如下文所述的“测试方法E”),
(ζ)第1焊针楔型接合(第1楔)的工艺窗范围具有至少200mA·g,例如400至600mA·g(针对直径为17.5μm的已焊针楔型接合到Al-0.5wt%Cu接合垫的导线)的值(参见如下文所述的“测试方法F”),
(η)第2针脚式接合(第2楔)的工艺窗范围具有至少50mA·g,例如125至175mA·g(针对直径为17.5μm的针脚式接合到金指的导线)的值(参见如下文所述的“测试方法G”),
(θ)导线的屈服强度不超过170MPa,例如在140至170MPa范围内(参见如下文所述的“测试方法H”)。
在本文中对于线芯使用术语“非固有特性”。非固有特性取决于线芯与其它因素,如所用测量方法和/或测量条件的关系,固有特性意指线芯本身所具有的特性(独立于其它因素)。
本发明方法中所用的导线具有出人意料的优点,其实现具有明显较宽焊针楔型接合工艺窗的焊针楔型接合。可通过至少包含步骤(i)至(v)的方法制造导线:
(i)提供由纯银或经掺杂银或银合金组成的前体物件,
(ii)伸长前体物件以形成细长前体物件,直到获得在7850至49000μm2范围内的中间截面或在100至250μm,优选130至140μm范围内的中间直径,
(iii)将镍或钯内层(基层)及邻接的金外层(顶层)的双层被覆层沉积于完成工艺步骤(ii)后获得的细长前体物件的表面上,
(iv)进一步伸长完成工艺步骤(iii)后获得的被覆前体物件,直到获得所需最终截面或直径,及
(v)在范围为200℃至600℃的烘箱设定温度下对完成工艺步骤(iv)后获得的被覆前体进行最终分股退火(strand annealing)持续在0.4至0.8秒范围内的暴露时间,以形成导线。
在本文中使用术语“分股退火”。其为允许以高再现性快速制造导线的连续过程。在本发明的情形下,分股退火意指以动态方式进行退火,同时牵拉或移动待退火的被覆前体通过常规退火烘箱,并且在已离开退火烘箱之后缠绕于卷轴上。此处,退火烘箱通常呈给定长度的圆柱管形式。伴随可在例如10至60米/分钟范围内选择的给定退火速度下的其限定温度概况,可界定并设定退火时间/烘箱温度参数。
在本文中使用术语“烘箱设定温度”。其意指退火烘箱的温度控制器中所固定的温度。
本公开在前体物件、细长前体物件、被覆前体物件、被覆前体及被覆导线之间加以区分。术语“前体物件”用于尚未达到线芯的所需最终截面或最终直径的那些导线前期,而术语“前体”用于所需最终截面或所需最终直径下的导线前期。完成工艺步骤(v)后,即对所需最终截面或所需最终直径下的被覆前体进行最终分股退火之后,获得可用于本发明方法中的导线。
如工艺步骤(i)中所提供的前体物件可由纯银组成。通常,所述前体物件呈棒形式,其具有例如2至25mm的直径及例如2至100m的长度。所述银棒可通过使用合适模具连续铸银,之后冷却并且固化来制造。
在替代方案中,如工艺步骤(i)中所提供的前体物件可由经掺杂银或银合金组成。所述前体物件可通过将银与所需量的所需组分掺混、掺杂或掺混及掺杂来获得。经掺杂银或银合金可通过金属合金领域的技术人员已知的常规工艺,例如通过以所需成比例比率将组分熔融在一起来制备。在此情况下,可使用一种或多种常规母合金。可例如利用感应炉进行熔融过程,并且有利的是在真空下或在惰性气体气氛下工作。可冷却如此产生的熔融物以形成基于银的前体物件的均质件。通常,所述前体物件呈棒形式,所述棒具有例如2至25mm的直径及例如2至100m的长度。所述棒可通过使用合适模具连续铸造所述经掺杂银或(掺杂式)银合金熔体,之后冷却并且固化来制造。
在工艺步骤(ii)中,伸长前体物件以形成细长前体物件,直到获得在7850至49000μm2范围内的中间截面或在100至250μm,优选130至140μm范围内的中间直径。伸长前体物件的技术为已知的。优选技术为辊压、型锻、拉模等,其中拉模为尤其优选的。在后一情况中,以若干工艺步骤拉伸前体物件,直到达到所需中间截面或所需中间直径。所属领域的技术人员熟知所述线模拉伸工艺。可采用常规碳化钨及金刚石拉伸模,并且可采用常规拉伸润滑剂以支持拉伸。
步骤(ii)可包括伸长前体物件的中间批式退火的一个或多个子步骤,其在400℃至800℃范围内的烘箱设定温度下进行持续50至150分钟范围内的暴露时间。中间批式退火可例如用拉伸呈直径为约2mm并且卷绕在卷筒上的棒进行。
任选的工艺步骤(ii)的中间批式退火可在惰性或还原气氛下进行。众多类型的惰性气氛以及还原气氛为所属领域中已知的且用于吹扫退火烘箱。在已知惰性气氛中,氮气或氩气为优选的。在已知还原气氛当中,氢气为优选的。另一优选还原气氛为氢气及氮气的混合物。优选氢气及氮气的混合物为90至98vol%氮气及相应地2至10vol%氢气,其中总vol%为100vol%。优选氮气/氢气的混合物等于90/10、93/7、95/5及97/3vol%/vol%,各按混合物的总体积计。
在工艺步骤(iii)中,将由镍或钯内层及邻接的金外层构成的双层被覆层沉积于完成工艺步骤(ii)后获得的细长前体物件的表面上,以便将被覆层叠置在所述表面上。
技术人员知晓如何计算细长前体物件上的所述被覆层的厚度,以最终获得呈关于导线实施例所公开的,即在最终伸长被覆前体物件之后的层厚度的被覆层。技术人员知晓用于在银或银合金表面上形成根据实施例的材料的被覆层的多种技术。优选技术为镀覆(如,电镀及无电电镀)、材料由气相的沉积(如,溅镀、离子电镀、真空蒸发及物理气相沉积)及材料由熔体的沉积。电镀为优选技术。
在工艺步骤(iv)中,进一步伸长工艺步骤(iii)完成后获得的被覆前体物件,直到获得所需导线的最终截面或直径。伸长被覆前体物件的技术为类似于上文工艺步骤(ii)的公开内容中提及的技术的相同伸长技术。
在工艺步骤(v)中,在范围为200℃至600℃,优选200℃至400℃的烘箱设定温度下对完成工艺步骤(iv)后获得的被覆前体进行最终分股退火持续在0.4至0.8秒范围内的暴露时间,以形成被覆导线。
在一优选实施例中,将最终经分股退火的被覆前体,即仍较热的被覆导线在水中淬灭,在一实施例中,所述水可含有一种或多种添加剂,例如,0.01至0.07体积%的一种或多种添加剂。在水中淬灭意指例如通过浸渍或滴注,立即或快速(即在0.2至0.6秒内)将最终经分股退火的被覆前体从其在方法步骤(v)中经历的温度冷却到室温。
完成工艺步骤(v)及任选的淬灭后,完成被覆导线。为了充分受益于其特性,有利的是或立即(即毫不耽搁)将其用于导线接合应用,例如在完成工艺步骤(v)后不超过28天内。
在本发明方法的步骤(2)中,抬升焊针楔型接合导线以便在步骤(1)中所形成的焊针楔型接合与第二电子组件的接触表面之间形成导线环。以所属领域技术人员已知的常规方式进行具有所需环形状及所需环工艺概况(焊针运动)的接线环的形成,并且因此不需要详细解释。其可根据针对环形成概况的KNS工艺用户指南(KNS Process User Guide forlooping profile)(美国宾夕法尼亚州华盛顿堡的库力索法工业股份有限公司,2002)中所述的程序进行工作。环形状及环工艺概况可通过调整如例如,扭接高度、反向运动、扭接距离、扭接角、环因子、形状角、跨度、最后扭接角度和/或最后扭接长度的环形成参数进行测定。环工艺概况的实例包括标准环、工作环、BGA2-环、BGA3-环、BGA4-环、BGA5-环、K-环、PSA-环、ULL-环。
在本发明方法的步骤(3)中,将接合线针脚式接合到第二电子组件的接触表面。步骤(3)的针脚式接合程序为所属领域的技术人员熟知的并且不包含方法学特性。可使用常用针脚式接合设备或针脚式接合工具。其可根据针对支座针脚式接合(stand-off stitchbond;SSB)的KNS工艺用户指南(美国宾夕法尼亚州华盛顿堡的库力索法工业股份有限公司,2003)中所述的程序进行工作。针脚式接合工艺参数可为例如:在例如5至500g范围内的接合力;在例如5至200mA范围内的超声波能量;在例如25℃至250℃范围内的温度;在例如2.5至40μm/ms范围内的恒定速度;在例如3至30ms范围内的接合时间。
如已提及,本发明方法的步骤(1)至(3)为连续步骤。然而,也可存在一种或多个其它次要步骤,例如,在步骤顺序(1)至(3)之前、其间或之后进行的步骤。
在本发明方法的实施例中,第一电子组件为具有接触表面的衬底或具有呈接合垫形式的接触表面的半导体,并且第二电子组件为具有接触表面的衬底或具有呈接合垫形式的接触表面的半导体。在所述实施例的第一变体中,第一电子组件为具有呈接合垫形式的接触表面的半导体,并且第二电子组件为具有接触表面的衬底。在所述实施例的第二变体中,第一电子组件为具有接触表面的衬底,并且第二电子组件为具有呈接合垫形式的接触表面的半导体。
实例:
测试方法A.至测试方法H.
在T=20℃并且相对湿度RH=50%下进行所有测试及测量。
A.焊针楔型接合的盐溶液浸泡测试:
将导线焊针楔型接合到Al-0.5wt%Cu接合垫。在25℃下将具有如此接合的导线的测试装置浸泡于盐溶液中持续10分钟,用去离子(DI)水洗涤,并且随后用丙酮洗涤。盐溶液含有于DI水中的20wt.-ppm NaCl。在低倍显微镜(Nikon MM-40)下以100×放大率检查提升的楔型接合的数目。观测到较高数目的提升的焊针楔型接合指示严重的界面电腐蚀。
B.焊针楔型接合的防潮性测试:
将导线焊针楔型接合到Al-0.5wt%Cu接合垫。在高加速应力测试(HAST)室中将具有如此接合导线的测试装置在130℃温度、85%相对湿度(RH)下储存8小时,并且随后在低倍显微镜(Nikon MM-40)下以100×放大率检查提升的楔型接合的数目。观测到较高数目的提升的焊针楔型接合指示严重的界面电腐蚀。
C.电阻率:
将试样(即长度为1.0米的导线)的两端连接到提供恒定电流/电压的电源。用装置记录针对供应电压的电阻。测量装置为HIOKI模型3280-10,并且用至少10个试样来重复测试。测量值的算术平均值用于以下给出的计算。
根据R=V/I计算电阻R。
根据ρ=(R×A)/L计算比电阻率ρ,其中A为导线的平均截面积,并且L为用于测量电压的装置的两个测量点之间的线长度。
根据σ=1/ρ计算比电导率。
D.线的电迁移测试:
在50×放大率的低倍显微镜Nikon MM40的物镜下,在玻璃板上以毫米内的距离使75μm直径的两条线保持平行。通过微量吸管在待电连接的两条线之间形成水滴。将一条线连接到正极并且将另一条连接到负极,且向线施加+5V。在闭路中用+5V直流电对两条线加偏压,串联连接有10kΩ电阻器。通过使用作为电解质的数滴去离子水润湿两条线来使电路闭合。银在电解质中从阴极电迁移到阳极形成银枝晶,有时两条线桥接在一起。银枝晶的生长速率很大程度上视导线的被覆层,并且在银合金线芯的情况下,取决于掺混添加剂。
E.维氏微硬度(Vickers Micro-hardness):
使用具有维氏(Vickers)压痕器的Mitutoyo HM-200测试设备测量硬度。将10mN压痕载荷的力施加于导线的试样持续12秒的停留时间。在线及FAB上的中心上进行测试。
F.焊针楔型接合(第1楔)工艺窗范围:
通过标准程序进行焊针楔型接合工艺窗范围的测量。使用KNS-iConn接合机工具(美国宾夕法尼亚州华盛顿堡的库力索法工业股份有限公司)将测试导线焊针楔型接合到Al-0.5wt%Cu硅裸片接合垫。重要焊针楔型接合工艺参数为:75mA的超声波能、20g的压缩力、0.5μm/s的恒定速度、65%的接触阈值、150℃的接合温度、350μm的尾长延伸、25%的超声波斜变。工艺窗值是基于平均直径为17.5μm的导线。
通过克服两个主要故障模式导出工艺窗的四个角:
(1)提供过低力及超声波能会引起导线无法粘附于垫上(NSOP),及
(2)提供过高力及超声波能会引起线短尾(SHTL)。
G.针脚式接合(第2楔)工艺窗范围:
通过标准程序进行针脚式接合工艺窗范围的测量。使用KNS-iConn接合机工具(美国宾夕法尼亚州华盛顿堡的库力索法工业股份有限公司)将测试导线针脚式接合到球栅阵列(BGA)衬底上的镀金引线指。工艺窗值是基于平均直径为17.5μm的导线。
通过克服两个主要故障模式导出工艺窗的四个角:
(1)提供过低力及超声波能会引起导线无法粘附于引线指上(NSOL),及
(2)提供过高力及超声波能会引起线短尾(SHTL)。
H.伸长率(EL):
使用Instron-5564仪器测试线的拉伸特性。以2.54cm/min速度针对254mm标距(L)测试导线。按照ASTM标准F219-96获取断裂(fracture/break)上的载荷及伸长率。伸长率为拉伸测试开始与结束之间导线的标距(△L)的差,其通常报道为(100·△L/L)(以百分比计),其用所记录的载荷对延伸率拉伸图来计算。用断裂及屈服载荷除以导线面积来计算拉伸强度及屈服强度。通过量尺寸方法、称重标准长度的线及使用其密度来测量线的实际直径。
导线样本1至12
在每种情况下,在坩埚中熔融一定量的具有至少99.99%纯度(“4N”)的银(Ag)、钯(Pd)及金(Au)。将少量银-镍、银-钙、银-铂或银-铜母合金添加到熔体中,并且通过搅拌确认添加组分均匀分布。使用以下母合金:
对于表1的合金,添加母合金的相应组合。
随后用熔体连续铸造呈8mm棒形式的线芯前体物件。随后以若干拉伸步骤对棒进行拉伸以形成具有直径为134μm的圆周截面的线芯前体。在500℃的烘箱设定温度下对线芯前体进行中间批式退火持续60分钟的暴露时间,并且随后用由钯(或镍)内层及金外层组成的双层被覆层对线芯前体进行电镀,并且之后进一步拉伸呈17.5μm的最终直径及1至4nm范围内的最终钯或镍层厚度及10至18nm范围内的最终金层厚度,之后在220℃的烘箱设定温度下进行最终分股退火持续0.6秒的暴露时间,紧接着在含有0.07vol%表面活性剂的水中淬灭如所获得的被覆导线。
借助于这一程序,制造出若干不同银及基于银的被覆导线的样本1至12及4N纯度的未经被覆的参考银线(Ref)。表1显示直径为17.5μm的导线的组成。通过ICP测定组成。
表1
下表2显示某些测试结果。用直径为17.5μm的导线进行全部测试,除了电迁移测试外,其用75μm直径的导线进行。
表2

Claims (10)

1.一种用于电连接第一电子组件的接触表面与第二电子组件的接触表面的方法,其包含以下连续步骤:
(1)将具有平均直径在8至80μm范围内的圆状截面的导线焊针楔型接合到所述第一电子组件的接触表面,
(2)抬升被所述焊针楔型接合的所述导线以在步骤(1)中所形成的焊针楔型接合与所述第二电子组件的接触表面之间形成导线环,及
(3)将所述导线针脚式接合到所述第二电子组件的接触表面,
其中用具有在0至4度范围内的较低面角的陶瓷焊针进行步骤(1)的所述焊针楔型接合,
其中所述导线包含具有表面的线芯,所述线芯具有叠置于其表面上的双层被覆层,
其中所述线芯本身由选自由以下组成的群组的材料组成:纯银、银含量>99.5wt%的经掺杂银及银含量为至少89wt%的银合金,及
其中所述双层被覆层包含1至50nm厚的镍或钯内层及邻接的5至200nm厚的金外层。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,
其中用KNS-iConn接合机进行步骤(1),并且其中所述焊针楔型接合工艺参数包括(a')至(g')中的至少一个:
(a')超声波能在50至100mA范围内,
(b')力在10至30g范围内,
(c')恒定速度在0.3至0.7μm/s范围内,
(d')接触阈值在60至70%范围内,
(e')接合温度在25℃至175℃范围内,
(f')尾长延伸在200至500μm范围内,
(g')超声波斜变在0至50%范围内,
其中用新川接合机进行步骤(1),并且其中所述焊针楔型接合工艺参数包括(a”)至(h”)中的至少一个:
(a”)超声波能在50至100mA范围内,
(b”)力在10至30g范围内,
(c”)恒定速度在0.3至0.7μm/s范围内,
(d”)接触阈值在60至70%范围内,
(e”)接合温度在25℃至175℃范围内,
(f”)切尾长度在85至110μm范围内,
(g”)沉降量在-6至-12μm范围内,
(h”)超声波斜度在0至50%范围内。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述线芯由纯银组成,所述纯银由99.95至100wt%银及至多500wt.-ppm除银以外的其它组分组成。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述线芯由经掺杂银组成,所述经掺杂银由下述组成:大于99.5wt%至小于或等于99.997wt%的银、大于或等于30wt.-ppm至小于5000wt.-ppm的至少一种掺杂元素、以及至多500wt.-ppm的除银及所述至少一种掺杂元素以外的其它组分。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述线芯由银合金组成,所述银合金由下述组成:89wt%至99.50wt%的银、0.50wt%至11wt%的至少一种合金元素、小于5000wt.-ppm的至少一种掺杂元素、及至多500wt.-ppm的除银、所述至少一种合金元素及所述至少一种掺杂元素以外的其它组分。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述至少一种合金元素选自由以下组成的群组:钯、金、镍、铂、铜、铑及钌。
7.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述至少一种掺杂元素选自由以下组成的群组:钙、镍、铂、铜、铑及钌。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一权利要求所述的方法,其中所述第一电子组件为具有接触表面的衬底或具有呈接合垫形式的接触表面的半导体,并且所述第二电子组件为具有接触表面的衬底或具有呈接合垫形式的接触表面的半导体。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述第一电子组件为具有呈接合垫形式的接触表面的半导体,并且所述第二电子组件为具有接触表面的衬底。
10.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述第一电子组件为具有接触表面的衬底,并且所述第二电子组件为具有呈接合垫形式的接触表面的半导体。
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