CN112289985B - 一种C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料及其制备方法,涉及电化学储能技术领域,该材料包括硅基负极材料和依次包覆在硅基负极材料表面的MgAl2O4包覆层和碳包覆层;制备过程如下:配制Al(NO3)3·9H2O和Mg(NO3)2·6H2O水溶液,混合,加入交联单体、交联剂、引发剂,升温反应,制得凝胶;对硅基负极材料进行球磨处理,得到浆料,向其中加入凝胶,真空搅拌分散,喷雾干燥,得硅基负极材料前驱体;将硅基负极材料前驱体在空气氛中进行高温煅烧,得到MgAl2O4包覆改性的硅基负极材料,再将其在含乙炔的混合气氛中进行煅烧,即得。本发明制备的C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料结构稳定,在充放电过程中体积膨胀小,提高了材料的首次库伦效率和循环稳定性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及电化学储能技术领域,尤其涉及一种C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
随着电动汽车、储能电站及便携式电子设备等的快速发展,高比能锂离子电池受到越来越多的关注。因正极材料的可逆比容量提升空间较小,所以目前提升负极材料的可逆比容量是提高锂离子电池能量密度的关键。然而,目前商业化锂离子电池负极材料主要为石墨类碳负极材料,其理论比容量仅为372mAh/g(LiC6),严重限制了锂离子电池的进一步发展。硅基材料是在负极材料中理论比容量较高的研究体系,其形成的合金为LixSi(x=0~4.4),理论比容量高达为4200mAh/g,因其低嵌锂电位、低原子质量、高能量密度和在Li-Si合金中的高Li摩尔分数,被认为是碳负极材料的理想替代性产品。但是硅负极由于其在嵌脱锂循环过程中具有严重的体积膨胀和收缩,造成材料结构的破坏和机械粉碎,从而导致电极表现出较差的循环性能。SiO的导电性较差,性质接近绝缘体,导致其电化学反应的动力学性能较差,而SiO材料中包含的SiO2在首次嵌锂反应中转变成Li4SiO4、Li2Si2O5等物相,消耗较多的锂离子,致使首次充放电效率较低。主流的商业化的氧化亚硅复合负极材料一般都进行了碳包覆,这一方面改善了材料的导电性,同时也避免了氧化亚硅材料直接和电解液接触,改善了材料的循环性能。然而,硅基负极材料大规模应用仍然面临众多考验,进一步改善材料的循环性能,提高材料的首次库伦效率,并降低生产成本,广大科研工作者和厂商仍然任重而道远。
发明内容
基于背景技术存在的技术问题,本发明提出了一种C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料及其制备方法,该负极材料结构稳定,在充放电过程中体积膨胀小,提高了硅基负极材料的首次库伦效率和循环稳定性能。
本发明提出的一种C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料,包括硅基负极材料和依次包覆在硅基负极材料表面的MgAl2O4包覆层和碳包覆层。
优选地,所述C@MgAl2O4复合改性的硅基负极材料中,MgAl2O4包覆层的质量百分含量为0.5~5%,碳包覆层的质量百分含量为0.5~5%。
优选地,所述硅基负极材料为商业纯氧化亚硅负极材料或纳米硅负极材料。
本发明还提出了上述C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1、配制Al(NO3)3·9H2O和Mg(NO3)2·6H2O的水溶液,混合,向其中加入交联单体、交联剂、引发剂,升温反应,制得凝胶;
S2、对硅基负极材料进行球磨处理,得到浆料,向其中加入凝胶,真空搅拌分散,喷雾干燥,得硅基负极材料前驱体;
S3、将硅基负极材料前驱体在空气氛中进行高温煅烧,得到MgAl2O4包覆改性的硅基负极材料;
S4、以乙炔作为碳源,将MgAl2O4包覆改性的硅基负极材料在含乙炔的混合气氛中进行煅烧,即得C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料。
优选地,S1中,交联单体为丙烯酰胺,交联剂为N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺,引发剂为过硫酸铵;优选地,升温至60~100℃,反应3~6h。
优选地,S2中,喷雾干燥温度为120~200℃。
优选地,S3中,煅烧温度为700~900℃,升温速度为3~10℃/min,煅烧时间为2~5h。
优选地,S4中,混合气氛为氮气乙炔混合气氛,其中,乙炔的体积百分含量为40~50%。
优选地,S4中,煅烧温度为750~950℃,升温速度为3~10℃/min,煅烧时间为1~3h。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果体现在以下几个方面:
1.本发明先在硅基负极材料上包覆一层MgAl2O4,是通过聚合物网络凝胶法经煅烧制备得到的,所得包覆材料化学稳定性好,且其具有多孔结构,与硅的匹配性能好,可有效缓解Si和SiO在脱嵌锂过程中的体积膨胀问题;然后再进行碳包覆能有效提高其导电性。
2.本发明制备的C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料结构稳定,在充放电过程中体积膨胀小,提高了材料的首次库伦效率和循环稳定性能。
3.本发明制备方法简单可行、成本低、环境友好,易于实现工业化生产。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1中硅基负极材料制备的扣电的首次充放电曲线图;其中,曲线a为SiOx@MgAl2O4@C硅基负极材料,曲线b为未包覆改性的SiOx硅基负极材料。
具体实施方式
下面,通过具体实施例对本发明的技术方案进行详细说明。
实施例1
一种C@MgAl2O4复合改性的硅基负极材料的制备:
(1)以Al(NO3)3·9H2O和Mg(NO3)2·6H2O为原料,制备水溶液,其中, Al(NO3)3·9H2O和Mg(NO3)2·6H2O的摩尔比为2:1(其中Al(NO3)3·9H2O和Mg(NO3)2·6H2O的质量分别为10.7586g和3.6768g),向水溶液中分别加入4g丙烯酰胺单体、4g交联剂N,N′—亚甲基双丙烯酰胺、1g引发剂过硫酸铵,在80℃下聚合5h后获得凝胶。
(2)取100g商业SiOx粉末置于球磨罐中球磨得到浆料,后加入凝胶进行真空搅拌分散,经喷雾干燥得到硅基负极材料前驱体,干燥温度为180℃;
(3)将喷雾干燥后的混合物置于管式炉内进行高温煅烧,煅烧气氛为空气,煅烧温度为800℃,升温速度为5℃/min,煅烧时间为3h,得到2%MgAl2O4改性的硅基负极材料;然后继续在管式炉内进行C包覆,管式炉为氮气乙炔混合气氛,包覆温度为800℃,升温速度为5℃/min,混合气体的流速为200L/h,包覆时间为2h,其中混合气氛中乙炔体积占比为50%,包覆后自然冷却至室温,得到C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料(SiOx@MgAl2O4@C)。
对实施例1获得的SiOx@MgAl2O4@C硅基负极材料进行电化学性能进行测试,图1为实施例1的SiOx@MgAl2O4@C硅基负极材料和未经包覆处理的商业 SiOx在0.05C倍率(1C=1300mA/g),电压区间为0.05-1.5V条件下的首次充放电曲线。其中,商业SiOx首次放电比容量为1649.43mAh/g,充电比容量为703.58 mAh/g,首次库伦效率仅为42.66%。而SiOx@MgAl2O4@C材料的首次放电比容量为2020.42mAh/g,充电比容量为1495.62mAh/g,首次库伦效率74.03%,表现出较高的首效和首次充电比容量,这对于提高全电池的容量和首效具有很大的意义。同时,SiOx@MgAl2O4@C材料的放电平台明显低于商业SiOx的放电,表现出较小的极化。因此,相比未处理的商业SiOx材料,SiOx@MgAl2O4@C材料表现出较高的比容量和首效,且材料极化小,具有较好的电化学性能。
实施例2
一种C@MgAl2O4复合改性的硅基负极材料的制备:
(1)以Al(NO3)3·9H2O和Mg(NO3)2·6H2O为原料,制备水溶液,其中, Al(NO3)3·9H2O和Mg(NO3)2·6H2O的摩尔比为2:1(其中Al(NO3)3·9H2O和 Mg(NO3)2·6H2O的质量分别为10.7586g和3.6768g),向水溶液中分别加入4g丙烯酰胺单体、4g交联剂N,N′—亚甲基双丙烯酰胺、1g引发剂过硫酸铵,在60℃下聚合6h后获得凝胶。
(2)取40g商业SiOx粉末置于球磨罐中球磨得到浆料,后加入凝胶进行真空搅拌分散,经喷雾干燥得到硅基负极材料前驱体,干燥温度为130℃;
(3)将喷雾干燥后的混合物置于管式炉内进行高温煅烧,煅烧气氛为空气,煅烧温度为700℃,升温速度为3℃/min,煅烧时间为5h,得到5%MgAl2O4改性的硅基负极材料;然后继续在管式炉内进行C包覆,管式炉为氮气乙炔混合气氛,包覆温度为850℃,升温速度为5℃/min,混合气体的流速为200L/h,包覆时间为2.5h,其中混合气氛中乙炔体积占比为40%,包覆后自然冷却至室温,得到C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料(SiOx@MgAl2O4@C)。
实施例3
一种C@MgAl2O4复合改性的硅基负极材料的制备:
(1)以Al(NO3)3·9H2O和Mg(NO3)2·6H2O为原料,制备水溶液,其中,Al(NO3)3·9H2O和Mg(NO3)2·6H2O的摩尔比为2:1(其中Al(NO3)3·9H2O和 Mg(NO3)2·6H2O的质量分别为10.7586g和3.6768g),向水溶液中分别加入4g丙烯酰胺单体、4g交联剂N,N′—亚甲基双丙烯酰胺、1g引发剂过硫酸铵,在100℃下聚合3h后获得凝胶。
(2)取400g商业SiOx粉末置于球磨罐中球磨得到浆料,后加入凝胶进行真空搅拌分散,经喷雾干燥得到硅基负极材料前驱体,干燥温度为200℃;
(3)将喷雾干燥后的混合物置于管式炉内进行高温煅烧,煅烧气氛为空气,煅烧温度为900℃,升温速度为10℃/min,煅烧时间为2h,得到0.5%MgAl2O4改性的硅基负极材料;然后继续在管式炉内进行C包覆,管式炉为氮气乙炔混合气氛,包覆温度为950℃,升温速度为10℃/min,混合气体的流速为200L/h,包覆时间为1h,其中混合气氛中乙炔体积占比为45%,包覆后自然冷却至室温,得到C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料(SiOx@MgAl2O4@C)。
以上所述,仅为本发明较佳的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内,根据本发明的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (5)
1.一种C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括硅基负极材料和依次包覆在硅基负极材料表面的MgAl2O4包覆层和碳包覆层;
具体包括以下步骤:
S1、配制Al(NO3)3·9H2O和Mg(NO3)2·6H2O的水溶液,混合,向其中加入交联单体、交联剂、引发剂,升温反应,制得凝胶;所述交联单体为丙烯酰胺,交联剂为N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺,引发剂为过硫酸铵;所述升温反应温度为60~100℃,反应时间为3~6h;
S2、对硅基负极材料进行球磨处理,得到浆料,向其中加入凝胶,真空搅拌分散,喷雾干燥,得硅基负极材料前驱体;所述喷雾干燥温度为120~200℃;
S3、将硅基负极材料前驱体在空气氛中进行高温煅烧,得到MgAl2O4包覆改性的硅基负极材料;所述煅烧温度为700~900℃,升温速度为3~10℃/min,煅烧时间为2~5h;
S4、以乙炔作为碳源,将MgAl2O4包覆改性的硅基负极材料在含乙炔的混合气氛中进行煅烧,即得C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述C@MgAl2O4复合改性的硅基负极材料中,MgAl2O4包覆层的质量百分含量为0.5~5%,碳包覆层的质量百分含量为0.5~5%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述硅基负极材料为商业纯氧化亚硅负极材料或纳米硅负极材料。
4.根据权利要求1所述的C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,S4中,混合气氛为氮气乙炔混合气氛,其中,乙炔的体积百分含量为40~50%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的C@MgAl2O4复合包覆改性的硅基负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,S4中,煅烧温度为750~950℃,升温速度为3~10℃/min,煅烧时间为1~3h。
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