CN110467234B - Portable photovoltaic direct distillation method water desalination device - Google Patents
Portable photovoltaic direct distillation method water desalination device Download PDFInfo
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- CN110467234B CN110467234B CN201910882274.0A CN201910882274A CN110467234B CN 110467234 B CN110467234 B CN 110467234B CN 201910882274 A CN201910882274 A CN 201910882274A CN 110467234 B CN110467234 B CN 110467234B
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 258
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 77
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 61
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 57
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000012797 qualification Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000011033 desalting Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
- C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
- C02F1/10—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation by direct contact with a particulate solid or with a fluid, as a heat transfer medium
- C02F1/12—Spray evaporation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
- C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
- C02F1/14—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation using solar energy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
- Y02A20/138—Water desalination using renewable energy
- Y02A20/142—Solar thermal; Photovoltaics
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/20—Controlling water pollution; Waste water treatment
- Y02A20/208—Off-grid powered water treatment
- Y02A20/211—Solar-powered water purification
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/20—Controlling water pollution; Waste water treatment
- Y02A20/208—Off-grid powered water treatment
- Y02A20/212—Solar-powered wastewater sewage treatment, e.g. spray evaporation
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Water, Waste Water Or Sewage (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a portable device for desalting water by a photovoltaic direct distillation method, and mainly relates to the field of brackish water/seawater treatment. Comprising the following steps: the device comprises a shell, wherein an inclined condensing plate is arranged in the shell, and the inclined condensing plate divides the inner space of the shell into an upper part and a lower part; a control switch; a vaporization chamber; the telescopic water taking device is positioned at the top of the shell and is communicated with the shell, and a water taking pipe is arranged at the top of the telescopic water taking device; a filter device located at a top portion within the housing; the foldable photovoltaic module is hinged with the shell; a pressurizing device; and an air pressure balancing channel. The invention has the beneficial effects that: the portable water dispenser has the advantages of simple structure, light weight, portability, convenience in water taking, one-step operation, no need of using other auxiliary tools, improvement of the qualification rate of drinking water and realization of heat recycling.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of brackish water/seawater treatment, in particular to a portable device for desalting water by a photovoltaic direct distillation method.
Background
At present, various water desalination methods exist, wherein the main methods capable of realizing large-scale commercial application are a reverse osmosis method and a distillation method, but the installed scale is generally large, and the daily water production capacity is often in the order of kilotons. The development speed of the portable zero-energy miniature water desalination device is slower, and the following problems often exist when the portable zero-energy miniature water desalination device is used:
1) The existing miniature water desalination device generally provides energy by solar energy, most of the miniature water desalination devices use a solar energy photo-thermal conversion method for multi-stage distillation, the product structure is complex, the size is large, and the common solar heat collector is rigid, heavy and can not be well fused with other structures, so that portability is difficult to realize;
2) The existing miniature solar water desalination device mainly uses a closed sunning mode or a multi-stage convection mode to evaporate, the evaporation capacity is limited, an evaporation structure and a condensation structure of the miniature solar water desalination device are designed in a separated mode, the utilization rate of waste heat is low, the heat dissipation rate is high, the efficient cyclic utilization of heat is difficult to realize, and the utilization rate of solar energy is further reduced.
3) Most of the existing miniature solar water desalination devices directly evaporate and condense raw water, the water quality cannot be well ensured, the evaporation surface is polluted, the heat transfer capacity of the evaporation surface is affected, raw water is conveyed by a water pump or manually added into a water storage container, working medium circulation in the distillation process is generally forced by the water pump/fan, and the energy consumption is relatively high.
Disclosure of Invention
The portable photovoltaic direct distillation method desalination device is simple in structure, light in weight, convenient to take water, free of other auxiliary tools, capable of improving the qualification rate of drinking water and achieving recycling of heat.
The invention aims to achieve the aim, and the aim is achieved by the following technical scheme:
a portable device for desalinating water by a photovoltaic direct distillation method comprises:
the device comprises a shell, wherein an inclined condensing plate is arranged in the shell, the inner space of the shell is divided into an upper part and a lower part by the inclined condensing plate, a water storage cavity is arranged on the upper side of the inclined condensing plate, a water storage bin is arranged on the lower side of the inclined condensing plate, a water outlet communicated with the outside is arranged on one side of the bottom of the water storage bin, a first plug is arranged in the water outlet, the first plug is detachably connected with the water outlet, a water inlet is arranged at the lowest point of the upper surface of the inclined condensing plate, a transfer bin is arranged at the high-level section of the lower surface of the inclined condensing plate, a pressurized water flow channel used for communicating the water inlet with the transfer bin is arranged at the inclined condensing plate, and a spray head capable of realizing intermittent communication with the transfer bin is arranged on the lower side of the bottom of the transfer bin;
the control switch is used for controlling the opening and closing of the spray head;
the evaporation cavity is positioned at the lower side of the spray head, a condensed fresh water outlet is arranged between the evaporation cavity and the inclined condensing plate, a heating plate and an evaporation wall are arranged in the evaporation cavity, one surface of the heating plate is tightly attached to the inner wall of the evaporation cavity, the other surface of the heating plate is tightly attached to the evaporation wall, a temperature sensor is arranged on the evaporation wall, a drain outlet which is adaptive to the evaporation cavity is arranged on the outer wall of the shell, and a second plug is arranged in the drain outlet;
the telescopic water taking device is arranged at the top of the shell, is connected and communicated with the shell, and is provided with a water taking pipe at the top;
the filtering device is positioned at the top in the shell, and water in the telescopic water taking device enters the water storage cavity after being filtered by the filtering device;
the foldable photovoltaic module is hinged with the shell and is connected with a lithium battery pack;
the pressurizing device is detachably connected with the shell and communicated with the water storage cavity;
the air pressure balancing channel is positioned on the outer wall of the shell, an opening at one end of the air pressure balancing channel is positioned at the shell on the upper side of the inclined condensing plate and is communicated with the outside, and an opening at the other end of the air pressure balancing channel is positioned at the shell on the lower side of the inclined condensing plate and is communicated with the water storage bin;
the pressure gauge is arranged on the outer wall of the shell and communicated with the water storage cavity, and the pressure gauge is used for monitoring the pressure intensity in the water storage cavity.
The shell comprises an upper shell unit, a lower shell unit and a tubular connecting piece, wherein an external thread is arranged on the outer wall of the bottom of the upper shell unit, an internal thread which is matched with the external thread is arranged on the inner wall of the tubular connecting piece, an L-shaped barb is arranged on the inner wall of the bottom of the tubular connecting piece, a fastening handle is arranged on the outer wall of the tubular connecting piece, a clamping groove which is matched with the L-shaped barb is arranged on the lower shell unit, and a sealing gasket is arranged in the clamping groove.
The control switch is including being located the connecting hole of transfer storehouse bottom intercommunication transfer storehouse and shower nozzle, the upside of connecting hole is equipped with the stay tube, be equipped with the curved surface valve block in the stay tube, the bottom of curved surface valve block is equipped with the spring, be equipped with the mounting groove that suits with the spring on the transfer storehouse, the upside of curved surface valve block is equipped with the ellipsoid, the ellipsoid rotates with the casing to be connected, be equipped with in the casing and be used for driving ellipsoid pivoted motor, the motor is by lithium cell group power, be equipped with the access hole that suits with control switch on the outer wall of transfer storehouse.
The top of flexible water intaking ware is equipped with the pull ring, be equipped with the L type fastener that suits with flexible water intaking ware on the casing, L type fastener is articulated with the casing.
The water intake pipe is flexible pipe and can dismantle with flexible water intaking ware and be connected, the bottom of casing is equipped with Chu Nakong that suits with the water intake pipe, the top of flexible water intaking ware is equipped with the lid stopper, the lid stopper is articulated with flexible water intaking ware.
The pressurizing device comprises a balloon and a rubber conduit, one end of the rubber conduit is connected and communicated with the balloon, and the other end of the rubber conduit is connected and communicated with the shell through a one-way ventilation device.
The one-way ventilation device comprises a metal tube and a rubber sleeve, one end of the metal tube is arranged on the shell, the other end of the metal tube is connected with the rubber catheter, one end of the metal tube, which is far away from the rubber catheter, is closed, a ventilation hole is formed in the outer wall, which is far away from the rubber catheter, of the metal tube, and the rubber sleeve is wrapped on the metal tube and is used for closing the ventilation hole in a non-pressurizing period.
And heat preservation and insulation boards are arranged on the outer wall of the shell and the outer wall of the vaporization cavity.
And one end, far away from the shell, of the folding photovoltaic module in the unfolding state is provided with a supporting leg with adjustable height.
The foldable photovoltaic module comprises a foldable rectangular frame and a flexible film type photovoltaic module fixed on the foldable rectangular frame, wherein the foldable rectangular frame is formed by hinging a plurality of frame units in sequence, and storage buckles are arranged on the upper side and the lower side of two ends of the foldable rectangular frame, and one of the frame units is hinged with the shell.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the solar energy solar water/seawater evaporation device, the solar energy collector is replaced by the folding photovoltaic module for direct primary distillation, the folding photovoltaic module can be connected with the shell in a surrounding manner, the structure is simple, the weight is light, and portability is realized; the water taking process fully utilizes the fluid mechanics principle, utilizes the internal and external pressure difference in the telescopic water taking device telescopic process to pump water from the raw water tank, and is operated in one step without using other auxiliary tools; after the raw water enters the telescopic cavity, a filtering device is arranged, the filtering device filters the raw water into purer primary filtered water and stores the purer primary filtered water into the water storage cavity, so that the service life of related devices is effectively prolonged, and the qualification rate of drinking water is improved; during distillation, the small liquid drops sprayed periodically directly collide with a high-temperature evaporation surface on the upper surface of the evaporation wall, so that rapid and efficient evaporation is realized, the evaporation surface is the surface of a stainless steel plate provided with heat by a heating plate, direct current output by a folding photovoltaic module can be directly utilized for heating the stainless steel plate, and the heating temperature can be more than 150 ℃; the injection power is the large pressure difference between the water storage cavity and the water storage bin, and the high pressure of the water storage cavity is ensured by the pressurizing device; the steam condensation is realized at the inclined condensing plate, the latent heat of the high-temperature steam is transferred to the primary filtered water in a heat conduction mode through the inclined condensing plate, the temperature of the primary filtered water sprayed liquid drops is improved, and the cyclic utilization of heat is realized; has the characteristics of convenient carrying, convenient operation, high energy utilization rate and guaranteed water quality.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of portion A of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the spray head;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the closing of the control switch;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the control switch on;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the operation of the telescopic water intake;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the operation of the water intake pipe;
FIG. 8 is a folded state diagram of a folded photovoltaic module;
FIG. 9 is an expanded state diagram of a folded photovoltaic module;
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of the structure of the one-way ventilation device;
FIG. 11 is a schematic structural view of a folded photovoltaic module;
fig. 12 is a flow chart of the operation of the present invention.
The reference numbers in the drawings: 1. a housing; 11. tilting the condensing plate; 12. a water storage cavity; 13. a water storage bin; 14. a transfer bin; 15. a pressurized water flow channel; 16. a spray head; 17. a first plug; 18. a first micro jet waterway; 19. a second micro-jet waterway;
21. a connection hole; 22. a support tube; 23. a curved valve plate; 24. a spring; 25. an ellipsoid; 26. a motor;
3. a vaporization chamber; 31. condensing fresh water outflow port; 32. an evaporation wall; 33. a second plug; 34. thermal insulation board; 35. a heating sheet;
4. a telescopic water taking device; 41. a water intake pipe; 42. a pull ring; 43. an L-shaped clamping piece; 44. chu Nakong; 45. a cover plug;
5. a filtering device;
6. a folding photovoltaic module; 61. supporting feet; 62. a flexible thin film photovoltaic module; 63. a storage buckle;
7. a pressurizing device; 71. a balloon; 72. a rubber conduit; 73. a metal tube; 74. a rubber sleeve;
8. an air pressure balancing channel;
9. a pressure gauge; 91. an upper case unit; 92. a lower case unit; 93. a tubular connecting member; 94. an L-shaped barb; 95. a clamping groove.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further illustrated with reference to specific examples. It is to be understood that these examples are illustrative of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Further, it will be understood that various changes or modifications may be made by those skilled in the art after reading the teachings of the invention, and such equivalents are intended to fall within the scope of the invention as defined herein.
The invention relates to a portable device for desalting water by a photovoltaic direct distillation method, which comprises the following components:
the shell 1, be equipped with slope condensing plate 11 in the shell 1, slope condensing plate 11 is fixed on the inner wall of shell 1, and slope condensing plate 11 is relative casing bottom surface slope (30 ~ 60) setting, and the inclination of slope condensing plate 11 can guarantee that most fresh water liquid drops that produce after the condensation of high temperature steam can flow to water storage bin 13 along condensation wall under self gravity and adhesive force effect, furthest avoids fresh water liquid drops to fall in vaporization chamber 3, and then prevents the secondary distillation. The inner space of the shell 1 is divided into an upper part and a lower part by the inclined condensation plate 11, the upper side of the inclined condensation plate 11 is provided with the water storage cavity 12, the lower side of the inclined condensation plate is provided with the water storage bin 13, one side of the bottom of the water storage bin 13 is provided with a water outlet communicated with the outside, a first plug 17 is arranged in the water outlet, the first plug 17 is detachably connected with the water outlet, and threaded connection can be adopted between the first plug 17 and the water outlet. The lowest point of the upper surface of the inclined condensation plate 11 is provided with a water inlet, the high-level section of the lower surface of the inclined condensation plate 11 is provided with a transfer bin 14, the inclined condensation plate 11 is provided with a pressurized water flow passage 15 for communicating the water inlet with the transfer bin 14, the lower side of the bottom of the transfer bin 14 is provided with a spray head 16 which is intermittently communicated with the transfer bin 14, and water in the transfer bin 14 is sprayed out through the spray head 16. Preferably, the spray head 16 adopts a guide type liquid crushing spray head, and a first micro-jet water channel 18 facing the inclined evaporation surface and a second micro-jet water channel 19 facing the horizontal evaporation surface are formed on the spray head 16, so that primary filtered water can be crushed and then accurately sprayed to the evaporation surface.
The control switch is used for controlling the opening and closing of the spray head 16, further, in order to improve the evaporation efficiency, the control switch comprises a connecting hole 21 positioned at the bottom of the transfer bin 14 and communicated with the transfer bin 14 and the spray head 16, water in the transfer bin 14 enters the spray head 16 through the connecting hole 21, a supporting tube 22 is arranged at the upper side of the connecting hole 21, a curved valve plate 23 is arranged in the supporting tube 22, a spring 24 is arranged at the bottom of the curved valve plate 23, an installation groove which is matched with the spring 24 is arranged on the transfer bin 14, the spring 24 gives the upward thrust to the curved valve plate 23, an ellipsoid 25 is arranged at the upper side of the curved valve plate 23, the ellipsoid 25 is rotationally connected with the shell 1, an ellipsoid 25 is arranged at the upper side of the curved valve plate 23 and rotationally connected with the shell 1, when the ellipsoid 25 rotates from the short axis vertical shell bottom surface state to the long axis vertical shell bottom surface state, the curved valve plate 23 is pressed downwards, the spring 24 compresses, the curved valve plate 23 enters the supporting tube 22 to seal the supporting tube 22, a motor 26 for driving the ellipsoid 25 to rotate is arranged in the shell 1, the motor 26 is powered by a lithium battery pack, an overhaul port which is suitable for a control switch is arranged on the outer wall of the transfer bin 14 to facilitate the maintenance and the maintenance of the control switch, the motor 26 drives the ellipsoid 25 to rotate and is used for controlling the opening and closing of the control switch, the opening and closing of the control switch are regulated and controlled by the ellipsoid 25, the curved valve plate 23 and the supporting tube 22 together, the closing state duration is ensured to be equal to the opening state duration, the two states are intermittently switched, and when the control switch is in the closing state, the outer edge of the curved valve plate 23 is in close contact with the inner wall of the supporting tube 22; when the control switch is in an on state, the curved valve plate 23 completely extends out of the support tube 22, the state switching can control the spray head 16 to intermittently spray primary filtered water, and the off state can give a certain heating buffer time to the heating plate 32, so that the continuous high temperature and stable evaporation efficiency of the evaporation surface are ensured, and the accumulated water in the evaporation cavity is avoided.
Further, for maintenance and repair of being convenient for, casing 1 includes upper shell unit 91, inferior valve unit 92, tubular connection piece 93, be equipped with the external screw thread on the bottom outer wall of upper shell unit 91, be equipped with the internal screw thread that suits with the external screw thread on the inner wall of tubular connection piece 93, be equipped with L type barb 94 on the bottom inner wall of tubular connection piece 93, tubular connection piece 93 outer wall has set up fastening handle, be equipped with the draw-in groove 95 that suits with L type barb 94 on the inferior valve unit 92, be equipped with sealing washer in the draw-in groove 95, tubular connection piece 93 divide into upper and lower two parts with casing 1, realized dismantling the connection, be convenient for maintain and repair.
The evaporation cavity 3 is formed by enclosing a horizontal evaporation surface, an inclined evaporation surface, a surrounding wall, an inclined condensation wall and heat insulation layers at two sides, the evaporation cavity 3 is positioned at the lower side of the spray head 16, a condensed fresh water outflow port 31 is arranged between the evaporation cavity 3 and the inclined condensation plate 11, a heating plate 35 and an evaporation wall 32 are arranged in the evaporation cavity 3, one surface of the heating plate 35 is tightly attached to the inner wall of the evaporation cavity 3, the other surface is tightly attached to the evaporation wall 32, and the heating plate adopts a direct-current ceramic high-temperature heating plate which can be replaced; the evaporation wall 32 is provided with a temperature sensor, the temperature sensor adopts a high-temperature patch type temperature sensor, the temperature sensor can be connected with a digital display meter disc, the temperature of an evaporation surface can be monitored at any time, and when the temperature of the evaporation surface is higher than 100 ℃, the reciprocating jet type evaporation is started. A drain outlet which is matched with the vaporization cavity 3 is arranged on the outer wall of the shell 1, and a second plug 33 is arranged in the drain outlet, so that maintenance and repair are facilitated.
Further, in order to improve the efficiency, the outer wall of the housing 1 and the outer wall of the vaporization chamber 3 are both provided with heat insulation boards 34, so that heat loss can be reduced.
The telescopic water taking device 4 is arranged at the top of the shell 1, the telescopic water taking device 4 is connected and communicated with the shell 1, and a water taking pipe 41 is arranged at the top of the telescopic water taking device 4; the telescopic water taking device 4 is located at the top of the shell 1 and is communicated with the shell 1, the telescopic water taking device 4 is made of polypropylene (PP) plastic, the middle compression foldable part achieves the telescopic function of the telescopic water taking device 4, the inner cavity structure of the telescopic water taking device 4 is used for temporarily storing raw water, after the inner cavity is filled with the raw water, the top of the telescopic water taking device 4 is pressed, the raw water is pressed to the water storage cavity 12 through the filtering device 5, and primary filtering is achieved. The concrete pumping principle is as follows: according to the state equation pv= RgT for an ideal gas, in a closed cavity, the product of the pressure P and the volume V is constant at a certain temperature T, i.e. pv=const. Regarding the air inside the telescopic water intake device 4 as ideal gas, before pumping, the telescopic water intake device 4 is manually compressed to the minimum space, the air inside the telescopic water intake device 4 is discharged to the external environment, the internal pressure of the telescopic water intake device is equal to the external atmospheric pressure, the telescopic water intake device 4 is gradually pulled up during water intake, the volume V of the internal space of the telescopic water intake device 4 is gradually increased, the pressure P is gradually reduced, so the pressure difference between the water source liquid level and the inside of the telescopic water intake device 4 is gradually increased, and raw water enters the inside of the telescopic water intake device 4 along the water intake pipe 41 under the action of the pressure difference. The top of the telescopic water collector 4 is provided with a water collecting pipe 41, and preferably, the water collecting pipe 41 is a telescopic pipe, so that water with different depths can be extracted, and the telescopic water collector can be used conveniently. Further, the telescopic water intake pipe 41 is connected through screw thread screw-in, and the water intake pipe 41 can be dismantled, the bottom of casing 1 is equipped with Chu Nakong that suits with the water intake pipe 41, the top of telescopic water intake pipe 4 is equipped with the lid stopper 45, lid stopper 45 is articulated with telescopic water intake pipe 4, and the water intake pipe 41 can be dismantled, with the water intake pipe 41 dismantlement after, can deposit in Chu Nakong, portable, the water inlet of water intake pipe 41 is connected in the closed connection of the time interval of non-water intake of lid stopper 45, clean health. Further, pull ring 42 is arranged at the top of telescopic water collector 4, and telescopic water collector 4 can be extended by pulling pull ring 42, so that the internal space of telescopic water collector 4 is increased, and telescopic water collector 4 is pulled conveniently. The casing 1 is provided with an L-shaped clamping piece 43 which is adaptive to the telescopic water taking device 4, the L-shaped clamping piece 43 is hinged with the casing 1, the L-shaped clamping piece 43 is used for limiting the height of the telescopic water taking device 4, the L-shaped clamping piece 43 can freely rotate within a range of 90 degrees, after the primary filtering process is finished, the inner space of the telescopic water taking device 4 is compressed to the minimum, at the moment, the stretching trend of the telescopic water taking device is limited by using the rotatable L-shaped clamping piece, and when the pressure in the water storage cavity 12 is continuously increased, the L-shaped clamping piece can slowly release the stress of the telescopic water taking device 4, so that the telescopic water taking device 4 is prevented from being damaged by large pressure difference.
The filtering device 5, the filtering device 5 is located at the top in the casing 1, water in the telescopic water collector 4 enters the water storage cavity 12 after being filtered by the filtering device 5, the filtering device 5 is used for carrying out primary filtration on raw water in the telescopic water collector 4, primary filtered water is produced, the filtering device 5 adopts a chuck type filtering device, 4 (two groups of) symmetrical fixing protrusions are arranged on the inner wall of an inlet of the water storage cavity 12, the width and the interval of the protrusions correspond to those of the symmetrical protrusions of the chuck type filtering device, the protrusions can extend into the lower parts of the protrusions of the water storage cavity 12 after the chuck type filtering device presses the sealing gasket, the protrusions can be fixed and detached in a rotating mode, the functions of connecting and sealing the chuck type filtering device and the water storage cavity are achieved, and four layers of filtering materials in the chuck type filtering device are achieved: the first layer is an upper filter screen, so that impurities with larger volume can be filtered, and the position of the filter element is limited; the second layer is non-woven fabric filter cotton, so that small particle solids and soft particles can be effectively removed, and the fine particles are trapped in the deep layer of the filter material; the third layer is granular active carbon, the granular active carbon is wrapped by a fine pore net bag, and pollutants and peculiar smell in raw water are removed by utilizing the performances of physical adsorption, chemical adsorption, oxidation catalysis and the like; the fourth layer is a lower filter screen and is used for limiting the position of the filter element.
The foldable photovoltaic module 6, the foldable photovoltaic module 6 is articulated with the casing 1, the foldable photovoltaic module 6 is connected with a lithium battery pack, the lithium battery pack provides electric energy for the motor 26 and the heating plate 32, the lithium battery pack is formed by connecting a plurality of cylindrical lithium batteries in series and parallel, the foldable photovoltaic module 6 outputs optimal power under the control of the charge-discharge controller to charge the lithium battery pack, when the electric quantity of the lithium battery pack is insufficient (lower than 70%), a charging circuit of the lithium battery pack is opened, when the electric quantity of the lithium battery pack reaches 100%, the charging circuit of the lithium battery pack is disconnected, and the heating plate 32 is in a continuous heating state. The foldable photovoltaic module 6 comprises a foldable rectangular frame and a flexible film type photovoltaic module 62 fixed on the foldable rectangular frame, the foldable rectangular frame is formed by hinging a plurality of frame units in sequence, the upper side and the lower side of the two ends of the foldable rectangular frame are respectively provided with a storage buckle 63, one frame unit is hinged with the shell 1 through a connecting piece, the connecting piece is composed of a light rod type L-shaped rotating piece and a rotating parent body, and the purpose of freely adjusting the inclination angle of the foldable photovoltaic module 6 can be achieved. The storage buckles 63 are arranged in 2 groups and are respectively arranged at the upper end and the lower end of the photovoltaic module protection rigid body. After the photovoltaic module group is folded, the storage buckles 63 are respectively connected by two short rubber bands, so that the folding photovoltaic module 6 is tightly attached to the outer wall surface of the device shell 1; when the folding photovoltaic module 6 is opened, the two long rubber bands are respectively connected from the back of the folding photovoltaic module 6 through the combination of the upper and lower storage buckles 63, so that the folding photovoltaic module 6 can be kept in a straight plate shape. The solar energy charging and discharging device further comprises a junction box of the folding photovoltaic module 6, and an output line and a connecting line of the junction box penetrate through the inside of the shell 1 and are finally connected to the charging and discharging controller. The invention also comprises a charge-discharge controller switch, when the charge-discharge controller switch is opened to an on gear, the invention is in a working state; when the switch of the charge-discharge controller is switched to the off gear, the invention stops working.
Further, in order to adjust the angle of the foldable photovoltaic module, the end, away from the casing 1, of the foldable photovoltaic module 6 in the unfolded state is provided with a supporting leg 61 with adjustable height, and the inclination angle of the foldable photovoltaic module can be adjusted by adjusting the height of the supporting leg 61, so that the solar energy conversion efficiency can be improved.
The pressurizing device 7, the pressurizing device 7 is detachably connected with the shell 1 and is communicated with the water storage cavity 12, the pressurizing device 7 is utilized to pressurize the water storage cavity 12, the surface of primary filtered water in the water storage cavity 12 is guaranteed to have enough pressure, the water is sprayed out from the spray head 16 by utilizing large pressure difference between the water storage cavity 12 and the water storage bin 13, the pressurizing device 7 comprises a balloon 71 and a rubber conduit 72, one end of the rubber conduit 72 is connected and communicated with the balloon 71, and the other end of the rubber conduit 72 is connected and communicated with the shell 1 through a one-way ventilation device. When the water storage cavity 12 is in a sealed state and the balloon 71 is repeatedly pressed, gas continuously enters the space above the liquid level of primary filtered water in the water storage cavity 12, so that the pressure in the water storage cavity 12 is gradually increased; when the squeeze of the balloon 71 is stopped, the one-way ventilation device prevents the reverse flow of the air flow/primary filtered water, achieving the purpose of one-way gas conduction. The unidirectional ventilation device can adopt the existing unidirectional valve structure, ensure that the gas can only enter the shell 1 unidirectionally, firstly, install the unidirectional valve on the outer wall of the shell 1, and then connect the rubber conduit 72 on the unidirectional valve in a threaded manner, preferably, the unidirectional ventilation device comprises a metal tube 73 and a rubber sleeve 74, one end of the metal tube 73 is installed on the shell 1, the other end of the metal tube is connected with the rubber conduit 72, one end of the metal tube 73 far away from the rubber conduit 72 is sealed, the outer wall of the metal tube 73 far away from the rubber conduit 72 is provided with a vent hole, the rubber sleeve 74 is wrapped on the rubber conduit 72 and is used for sealing the vent hole, the metal tube 73 is connected with the upper part of the water storage cavity 12 through a threaded manner in a screwed manner, the height setting of the unidirectional ventilation device is not only beneficial to the inflation and does not affect the folding and storage of the folding photovoltaic module 6, the vent hole on the metal tube 73 is wrapped by the rubber sleeve 74 (the wrapping length is shorter, the rubber sleeve is moderate in elasticity so as to reduce the inflation resistance, and ensure the unidirectional flow of air flow) when repeatedly pressing the air drum 71, the air flows into the air storage cavity 12 through the upper part of the water storage cavity 12 through the air storage cavity; when the extrusion of the air-blowing ball 71 is stopped, the pressure difference between the inside of the water storage cavity 12 and the inside of the air-blowing ball 71 can prop against the rubber sleeve 74 and is recessed towards the inside of the vent hole, so that the reverse flow of air flow is prevented, and the purpose of unidirectional gas conduction is realized.
The air pressure balance channel 8, air pressure balance channel 8 is located the outer wall of casing 1 for maintain the inside pressure of water storage storehouse 13 and vaporization chamber 3 to atmospheric pressure, the opening of the one end of air pressure balance channel 8 is located the casing 1 department of slope condensing plate 11 upside and communicates with the external world, and the opening of the other end is located the downside casing 1 department of slope condensing plate 11 and communicates with water storage storehouse 13, can arrange high temperature paster type temperature sensor in evaporating plane department through air pressure balance channel 8, and the sensor is connected to the digital display table dish, monitors evaporating plane temperature at any time, when evaporating plane temperature is higher than 100 ℃, begins reciprocating jet type evaporation.
The pressure gauge 9 is arranged on the outer wall of the shell 1 and is communicated with the water storage cavity 12, the pressure gauge 9 is used for monitoring the pressure in the water storage cavity 12, the pressure of the primary filtered water liquid level in the water storage cavity 12 can be displayed, the pressure gauge 9 is connected with the upper part of the water storage cavity 12 through threads, the measuring range is 0 MPa-0.8 MPa, and when the pressure indication is less than 0.5MPa, the pressure in the water storage cavity 12 is raised to 0.8MPa by manually pressing the air-blowing ball 71, so that jet power is provided for the primary filtered water.
According to the solar energy solar water/seawater evaporation device, the solar energy collector is replaced by the folding photovoltaic module for direct primary distillation, the folding photovoltaic module can be connected with the shell in a surrounding manner, the structure is simple, the weight is light, and portability is realized; the water taking process fully utilizes the fluid mechanics principle, utilizes the internal and external pressure difference in the telescopic water taking device telescopic process to pump water from the raw water tank, and is operated in one step without using other auxiliary tools; after the raw water enters the telescopic cavity, a filtering device is arranged, the filtering device filters the raw water into purer primary filtered water and stores the purer primary filtered water into the water storage cavity 12, so that the service life of related devices is effectively prolonged, and the qualification rate of drinking water is improved; during distillation, the small liquid drops sprayed periodically directly collide with a high-temperature evaporation surface on the upper surface of the evaporation wall, so that rapid and efficient evaporation is realized, the evaporation surface is the surface of a stainless steel plate provided with heat by a heating plate, direct current output by a folding photovoltaic module can be directly utilized for heating the stainless steel plate, and the heating temperature can be more than 150 ℃; the injection power is the large pressure difference between the water storage cavity and the water storage bin, and the high pressure of the water storage cavity is ensured by the pressurizing device; the steam condensation is realized at the inclined condensing plate, the latent heat of the high-temperature steam is transferred to the primary filtered water in a heat conduction mode through the inclined condensing plate, the temperature of the primary filtered water sprayed liquid drops is improved, and the cyclic utilization of heat is realized; has the characteristics of convenient carrying, convenient operation, high energy utilization rate and guaranteed water quality.
When in use, the invention is carried out according to the following procedures:
step 1: firstly, the water intake pipe is taken out from the storage hole and is arranged on the telescopic water intake device, and the other end of the water intake pipe extends below the water level of the water source.
Step 2: the telescopic water collector is pressed until the internal space is minimum, and the air in the telescopic water collector is completely discharged, so that the pressure in the cavity is equal to the atmospheric pressure at the liquid level.
Step 3: the pull ring at the top of the telescopic water taking device is pulled slowly, the inner space of the telescopic water taking device is gradually increased, and raw water continuously enters the telescopic water taking device along the water taking pipe to achieve water taking. And after the raw water is filled in the water taking device, the water taking pipe is taken down, compressed to the shortest, and placed in the storage hole. Then the cover plug is rotated to seal the inner cavity of the water intake device.
Step 4: the unidirectional ventilation device is unscrewed, the telescopic water taking device is slowly compressed, raw water completely passes through the filtering device under the action of compression force, primary filtered water is generated and stored in the water storage cavity, and then the L-shaped clamping piece is rotated to clamp the telescopic water taking device, so that the telescopic water taking device is kept in a minimum space state. Then the one-way ventilation device is screwed in to form a temporary closed space inside the water storage cavity.
Step 5: after the device main body is moved to a surrounding non-shielding area, the folding photovoltaic module is unfolded, the inclination angle of the folding photovoltaic module is adjusted to the optimal installation inclination angle of the local photovoltaic module, and the folding photovoltaic module is fixed through the ground.
Step 6: and opening a switch of the charge-discharge controller, outputting optimal power by the photovoltaic module through the charge-discharge controller, starting to supply power to the lithium battery pack and the ceramic heating plate, and controlling the electric quantity interval of the lithium battery pack to be 70% -100%.
Step 7: judging whether the pressure in the water storage cavity and the temperature of the evaporating surface meet the requirements, if the pressure is not met, pressing the balloon to continuously increase the pressure in the water storage cavity, and directly reading the pressure value by a pressure gauge; if the temperatures are not matched, waiting for temperature rise.
Step 8: if the pressure in the water storage cavity and the temperature of the evaporation surface meet the requirements, the motor is started, the control switch starts to work, under the action of the pressure difference between the water storage cavity and the water storage bin, the spray head intermittently sprays primary filtered water tiny liquid drops to the evaporation wall, the pressure in the water storage cavity is monitored at any time in the evaporation process, and the pressure is timely supplemented, at the moment, the small liquid drops are vaporized at the evaporation wall, high-temperature steam flows upwards, the high-temperature steam collides with the inclined condensation plate, drinking water liquid drops are generated, and the drinking water drops flow into the water storage bin.
Step 9: when the operation is finished, the switch is turned off, and drinking water can be taken out when the water outlet is unscrewed/the drinking water can be taken out in the middle of the operation; and (5) unscrewing the sewage outlet, discharging residual water in the vaporization cavity, closing the folding photovoltaic module and finishing the water desalination process.
Claims (8)
1. Portable photovoltaic direct distillation method desalination water installation, its characterized in that includes:
the water storage device comprises a shell (1), wherein an inclined condensing plate (11) is arranged in the shell (1), the inner space of the shell (1) is divided into an upper part and a lower part by the inclined condensing plate (11), the upper side of the inclined condensing plate (11) is a water storage cavity (12), the lower side of the inclined condensing plate is a water storage bin (13), one side of the bottom of the water storage bin (13) is provided with a water outlet communicated with the outside, a first plug (17) is arranged in the water outlet, the first plug (17) is detachably connected with the water outlet, the lowest point of the upper surface of the inclined condensing plate (11) is provided with a water inlet, a high-level section of the lower surface of the inclined condensing plate (11) is provided with a transfer bin (14), a pressurized water flow channel (15) used for communicating the water inlet with the transfer bin (14) is arranged at the inclined condensing plate (11), and a spray head (16) capable of realizing intermittent communication with the transfer bin (14) is arranged at the lower side of the bottom of the transfer bin (14);
the control switch is used for controlling the opening and closing of the spray head (16);
the evaporation cavity (3), evaporation cavity (3) are located shower nozzle (16) downside, be equipped with condensation fresh water outlet (31) between evaporation cavity (3) and slope condensation plate (11), be equipped with heating plate (35), evaporation wall (32) in evaporation cavity (3), evaporation wall (32) are hugged closely to one side of heating plate (35) inner wall in evaporation cavity (3), are hugged closely to the other side, be equipped with temperature sensor on evaporation wall (32), be equipped with on the outer wall of casing (1) with evaporation cavity (3) suited drain, be equipped with second end cap (33) in the drain;
the telescopic water taking device (4) is arranged at the top of the shell (1), the telescopic water taking device (4) is connected and communicated with the shell (1), and a water taking pipe (41) is arranged at the top of the telescopic water taking device (4);
the filtering device (5) is positioned at the top in the shell (1), and water in the telescopic water taking device (4) enters the water storage cavity (12) after being filtered by the filtering device (5);
the foldable photovoltaic module (6) is hinged with the shell (1), and the foldable photovoltaic module (6) is connected with a lithium battery pack;
the pressurizing device (7) is detachably connected with the shell (1) and is communicated with the water storage cavity (12);
the air pressure balancing channel (8), the air pressure balancing channel (8) is located on the outer wall of the shell (1), an opening at one end of the air pressure balancing channel (8) is located at the shell (1) on the upper side of the inclined condensing plate (11) and is communicated with the outside, and an opening at the other end of the air pressure balancing channel is located at the shell (1) on the lower side of the inclined condensing plate (11) and is communicated with the water storage bin (13);
the pressure gauge (9) is arranged on the outer wall of the shell (1) and is communicated with the water storage cavity (12), and the pressure gauge (9) is used for monitoring the pressure in the water storage cavity (12);
the outer wall of the shell (1) and the outer wall of the vaporization cavity (3) are provided with heat insulation boards (34);
one end of the folding photovoltaic module (6) far away from the shell (1) in the unfolding state is provided with a supporting leg (61) with adjustable height.
2. The portable photovoltaic direct distillation desalination plant of claim 1, wherein: the shell body (1) comprises an upper shell unit (91), a lower shell unit (92) and a tubular connecting piece (93), wherein external threads are arranged on the outer wall of the bottom of the upper shell unit (91), internal threads which are matched with the external threads are arranged on the inner wall of the tubular connecting piece (93), L-shaped barbs (94) are arranged on the inner wall of the bottom of the tubular connecting piece (93), a fastening handle is arranged on the outer wall of the tubular connecting piece (93), a clamping groove (95) which is matched with the L-shaped barbs (94) is arranged on the lower shell unit (92), and a sealing gasket is arranged in the clamping groove (95).
3. The portable photovoltaic direct distillation desalination plant of claim 1, wherein: the control switch is including being located the connecting hole (21) of transfer storehouse (14) bottom intercommunication transfer storehouse (14) and shower nozzle (16), the upside of connecting hole (21) is equipped with stay tube (22), be equipped with curved surface valve block (23) in stay tube (22), the bottom of curved surface valve block (23) is equipped with spring (24), be equipped with the mounting groove that suits with spring (24) on the transfer storehouse (14), the upside of curved surface valve block (23) is equipped with ellipsoid body (25), ellipsoid body (25) are connected with casing (1) rotation, be equipped with in casing (1) be used for driving ellipsoid body (25) pivoted motor (26), motor (26) are by lithium cell group power, be equipped with the access hole that suits with control switch on the outer wall of transfer storehouse (14).
4. The portable photovoltaic direct distillation desalination plant of claim 1, wherein: the top of flexible water intaking ware (4) is equipped with pull ring (42), be equipped with on casing (1) with flexible water intaking ware (4) suited L type fastener (43), L type fastener (43) are articulated with casing (1).
5. The portable photovoltaic direct distillation desalination plant of claim 1, wherein: the telescopic water intake pipe (41) is a telescopic pipe and is detachably connected with the telescopic water intake device (4), chu Nakong (44) which is adaptive to the telescopic water intake pipe (41) are arranged at the bottom of the shell (1), a cover plug (45) is arranged at the top of the telescopic water intake device (4), and the cover plug (45) is hinged with the telescopic water intake device (4).
6. The portable photovoltaic direct distillation desalination plant of claim 1, wherein: the pressurizing device (7) comprises an air blowing ball (71) and a rubber conduit (72), one end of the rubber conduit (72) is connected and communicated with the air blowing ball (71), and the other end of the rubber conduit is connected and communicated with the shell (1) through a one-way ventilation device.
7. The portable photovoltaic direct distillation desalination apparatus of claim 6, wherein: the one-way ventilation device comprises a metal tube (73) and a rubber sleeve (74), one end of the metal tube (73) is arranged on the shell (1), the other end of the metal tube is connected with the rubber catheter (72), one end, far away from the rubber catheter (72), of the metal tube (73) is closed, a ventilation hole is formed in the outer wall, far away from the rubber catheter (72), of the metal tube (73), and the rubber sleeve (74) is wrapped on the metal tube (73) and is used for closing the ventilation hole in a non-pressurizing period.
8. The portable photovoltaic direct distillation desalination plant of claim 1, wherein: the foldable photovoltaic module (6) comprises a foldable rectangular frame and a flexible film type photovoltaic module (62) fixed on the foldable rectangular frame, wherein the foldable rectangular frame is formed by hinging a plurality of frame units in sequence, and storage buckles (63) are respectively arranged on the upper side and the lower side of two ends of the foldable rectangular frame, and one of the frame units is hinged with the shell (1).
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