CN107805158A - A kind of salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN107805158A CN107805158A CN201711007312.5A CN201711007312A CN107805158A CN 107805158 A CN107805158 A CN 107805158A CN 201711007312 A CN201711007312 A CN 201711007312A CN 107805158 A CN107805158 A CN 107805158A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special, it is formulated by the raw material of following weight percents：25~30 parts of sheep manure, 20~25 parts of chicken manure, 20~25 parts of biomass straw, charcoal 15~20,15~20 parts of humic acid, 5~10 parts of clay, 0.1~0.5 part of bacteria agent；In accordance with the following methods prepared by step：Fermentation, mixing, granulation, drying, cooling, screening, packaging.The salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special abundant raw material of the present invention, technique is simple, cost is cheap；The effect of with promoting plant growth, improving salt-soda soil soil property and lift the soil content of organic matter, and solve feces of livestock and poultry, agricultural wastes nutrient loss and the pollution to surrounding enviroment, turn waste into wealth.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of biological organic fertilizer, specifically a kind of salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special and its preparation side
Method.
Background technology
At present, biological organic fertilizer refers to microorganisms with specific functions and mainly with plant and animal residues (such as feces of livestock and poultry, crops straw
Stalk etc.) for source and through harmless treatment, one kind for forming of decomposed organic materials compounding have microorganism fertilizer efficiency and organic fertilizer concurrently
A kind of fertilizer of effect.Biological organic fertilizer have reduce or replace part chemical fertilizer, agricultural chemicals administration, repair Tiny ecosystem, improved soil,
Recover fertility, crop improvement quality, it is environmentally safe, to advantages such as people and animals' non-hazardous.With the green consciousness of people
Enhancing, and support of the country to organic fertilizer industry, various functions organic fertilizer are increasing.By by the micro- life of specific feature
Thing is added in organic fertilizer, and the growth that nutritional ingredient promotes crop can be provided for crop by preparing, and and can improves crop and resisted
The product of inverse performance, is the research emphasis that current many is directed to fertilizer development enterprise.
Salt-soda soil is the general name of solonchak and alkaline earth.Solonchak refers mainly to chloride or the higher salinization soil of sulfate,
Soil is in alkalescence, but pH value is not necessarily very high.Alkaline earth refers to carbonate containing or the phosphatic soil of weight, and pH value is higher, and soil is in
Alkalescence, the content of organic matter of saline-alkali soil is few, and soil fertility is low, and physicochemical character is poor, and the anions and canons being harmful to crop are more, crop
It is not easy to promote seedling.The fertilization principle in salt-soda soil is that the use of low concentration chemical fertilizer is controlled based on organic fertilizer material and efficient compound fertilizer.
Organic fertilizer contains substantial amounts of organic matter, and cushioning effect is played to harmful anions and canons in soil, is advantageous to root of hair, promotees seedling.It is highly concentrated
It is few to spend composite fertilizer's invalid components, residual is few, but the dosage of chemical fertilizer every time can not be excessive, to avoid aggravating the Secondary salinization of soil
Change, applied to combine after chemical fertilizer and pour water, to reduce soil liquid concentration.Applying organic manure, rational use of chemical fertilizer.Salt-soda soil one
As have low temperature, soil it is thin, structure is poor the characteristics of.Organic fertilizer forms humus through microorganism decomposition, conversion, can improve the buffering of soil
Ability, and can act on forming sodium humate with sodium carbonate, reduce surface soil alkalinity.Sodium humate can also stimulate plant growth, enhancing
Saline-alkaline tolerance.Humus can promote crumb structure to be formed, so that cell size increases, water penetration enhancing, be advantageous to salt leaching,
Suppress the accumulation of salt in the surface soil.Organic matter produces a large amount of organic acids in decomposable process, on the one hand on the other hand be able to can be added with sweetening of the soil alkalescence
Fast nutrient decomposes, and promotes effect Nutrient Transformation late, improves P availability.Therefore, applying organic manure material is improvement salt-soda soil, is improved
The important measures of soil fertility.
Therefore, exploitation one kind can improve salt-soda soil, lifting soil fertility, the increase soil content of organic matter, special bio have
Machine fertilizer will have broad application prospects.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special and preparation method thereof, to solve the above-mentioned back of the body
The problem of being proposed in scape technology.
To achieve the above object, the present invention provides following technical scheme：
A kind of salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special, is formulated by the raw material of following weight percents：25~30 parts of sheep manure, chicken manure
20~25 parts, 20~25 parts of biomass straw, charcoal 15~20,15~20 parts of humic acid, 5~10 parts of clay, bacteria agent
0.1~0.5 part.
In accordance with the following methods prepared by step for a kind of cereal bio-organic fertilizer special：
1）Fermentation：After fresh feces of livestock and poultry sheep manure, chicken manure and biomass straw are mixed, heap enters deep 1.5 meters of fermentation vats, adds it
Weight is 0.2% bacteria agent, and then plus water makes mixed material water content 60~70%, builds heap and carries out closing fermentation.Fermentation 2~
After 3 days, when temperature raises more than 50 DEG C, first time turning is carried out with turning machine, is stirred.After 2~3 days, when in fermentation
With turning machine turning 1~2 time again when heart temperature is more than 65 DEG C, fresh air is filled with to ventilation shaft with air blower, makes temperature control
System is at 65~70 DEG C and continues 2 days.Throwing 1~2 time is turned over daily later, treats that the temperature of fermentation heap is down to less than 30 DEG C, moisture
Below 30%, and the color of fermentation heap becomes coffee-like or black, terminates fermentation.By the mixed material fermented drying, break
Broken, sieving both obtains fermentate；
2）Mixing：Fermentate is placed in mixer with other materials by said ratio and is stirred, is well mixed；
3）It is granulated：Well mixed organic materials is inputted into comminutor by conveyer belt to be granulated；
4）Drying：Organic fertilizer after granulating is dried through conveyer belt input dryer；
5）Cooling：Organic fertilizer input cooling device after drying is cooled down；
6) screen：Organic fertilizer input screening machine after cooling filters out the organic fertilizer of two kinds of forms of particle and powder；
7）Packaging：The organic fertilizer of two kinds of forms is packaged into organic fertilizer products by baling press.
As the further scheme of the present invention：Described feces of livestock and poultry is chicken manure, the sheep manure content of organic matter up to 30~60%
Two kinds.
As the further scheme of the present invention：Described fermenting agent is complex microbial inoculum, acutely to decompose, degenerate
A variety of bacterial strains such as fungi, bacterium, actinomyces, saccharomycete with decomposition function and relevant enzymes mutually cooperate with the one of compounding and formation
Kind complex micro organism fungicide, is provided by Henan Hebi City He Sheng bio tech ltd.
As the further scheme of the present invention：Described biomass straw is maize straw, paddy stalk, peanut shell, rice straw, paddy
The one or more of chaff, stalk are crushed with pulverizer, and preferably fineness is 3~more than 4cm90%.
As the further scheme of the present invention：Described charcoal is organic caused by Guo Neng biomass power generations Co., Ltd
Discarded object, the content of organic matter more than 5%.
As further scheme of the invention：Described humic acid is caused by-product in the process of coal mining of the Inner Mongol
Product, content of humic acid 45%, the content of organic matter 60%, the content of CO3-2 and HCO3- in soil can be reduced, reduce the acid of soil
Alkalescence.
Compared with prior art, the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：The salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special uses modern biotechnology
Fermentation engineering, generation technological process is simple, and easy to operate, with short production cycle, cost is cheap, and added value of product is high.It make use of
Caused feces of livestock and poultry, biological straw and discarded object caused by state's energy biomass power generation, reduce in neighbouring enterprise production process
Its pollution to surrounding enviroment, turns waste into wealth.
The salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special is using feces of livestock and poultry, biological straw, humic acid and charcoal as raw material, organic matter
Higher with content of humic acid, loose porous, ventilating permeable is good, and specific surface area is big, and absorption and sequestering power are strong, have stronger
Ion-exchange capacity and salt balance ability.After the salt-soda soil biology fertilizer special for organic is applied in salt-soda soil, soil can be reduced
CO3-2 and HCO3- content, the saline alkali of soil is reduced, increase and have updated the organic matter in soil, the knot of improved soil
Structure and permeability, the liquid manure storage capacity of soil is added, contributes to dry land water conservation, prevent crop from subtracting caused by booting and pustulation period water shortage
Production；Charcoal base can improve ground temperature simultaneously, overcome northern area early spring weather to cool, the relatively low adverse effect of ground temperature, improve out
Seedling rate, promote crop early fast hair tonic.
The salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special can improve the soil border environment in salt-soda soil, improve the enzymatic activity of soil, promote
Crop rhizosphere beneficial microorganism is multiplied, and root growth is healthy and strong, and crop is resistant to lodging, the ability of disease and insect resistance significantly increases.
Nutrient in the salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special energy activating soil, promotes the release of soil nutrient elements.Biology
Charcoal is added in organic fertilizer, the nitrogen that can be fixed in feces of livestock and poultry, continues the slow Releasing nutrient supply crop of the organic fertilizer
Absorb.
The salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special follows the organic fertilizer standard production in pollution-free food production, primary raw material source
In animals and plants, chemical substance is not contained, pollution-free, no residual hazard.Compared with applying chemical fertilizer, crop yield 10~20%, crop
Seed thick protein crude fat content increases by 0.2~2.5% and 1.3~4.5 respectively, improves the nutritional quality of crop.Side chain forms sediment
Disappear index increase by 0.3~0.5%, gel consistence of powder content increase by 0.5~1.5%, alkali extends 0.2cm or so, improves the food of crop
With quality, so as to improve the marketing quality of crop.
In a word, the salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special has reached drought resisting, has increased soil fertility, increases production, lifting nutrition and Cooking Quality
Effect, it is the preferred source of manure for producing organic crops.The organic materials that the present invention needs is organic waste, easily obtains and cost is low
It is honest and clean, technique is advanced, be produced on a large scale.
Embodiment
The technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, it is clear that described implementation
Example only part of the embodiment of the present invention, rather than whole embodiments.It is common based on the embodiment in the present invention, this area
The every other embodiment that technical staff is obtained under the premise of creative work is not made, belong to the model that the present invention protects
Enclose.
Weight fraction of the present invention can be that the unit of weight well known in the art such as μ g, mg, g, kg can also be its multiple,
Such as 1/10,1/100,10,100 equimultiples.
Example 1
A kind of salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special, is formulated by the raw material of following weight percents：Sheep manure 25,20 parts of chicken manure,
20 parts of biomass straw, charcoal 15,15 parts of humic acid, 5 parts of clay, 0.2% part of bacteria agent.Described biomass straw is
Stalk, peanut shell, the mixture of chaff powder, its ratio are 1:1.
In accordance with the following methods prepared by step for a kind of cereal bio-organic fertilizer special：
1）Fermentation：After fresh feces of livestock and poultry sheep manure, chicken manure and biomass straw are mixed, heap enters deep 1.5 meters of fermentation vats, adds it
Weight is 0.2% bacteria agent, and then plus water makes mixed material water content 60~70%, builds heap and carries out closing fermentation.Fermentation 2~
After 3 days, when temperature raises more than 50 DEG C, first time turning is carried out with turning machine, is stirred.After 2~3 days, when in fermentation
With turning machine turning 1~2 time again when heart temperature is more than 65 DEG C, fresh air is filled with to ventilation shaft with air blower, makes temperature control
System is at 65~70 DEG C and continues 2 days.Throwing 1~2 time is turned over daily later, treats that the temperature of fermentation heap is down to less than 30 DEG C, moisture
Below 30%, and the color of fermentation heap becomes coffee-like or black, terminates fermentation.By the mixed material fermented drying, break
Broken, sieving both obtains fermentate；
2）Mixing：Fermentate and clay, humic acid are placed in mixer by said ratio and be stirred, is well mixed；
3）It is granulated：Well mixed organic materials is inputted into comminutor by conveyer belt to be granulated；
4）Drying：Organic fertilizer after granulating is dried through conveyer belt input dryer；
5）Cooling：Organic fertilizer input cooling device after drying is cooled down；
6）Screening：Organic fertilizer input screening machine after cooling filters out the organic fertilizer product of two kinds of forms of particle and powder；
7）Packaging：The organic fertilizer of two kinds of forms is packaged into organic fertilizer products by baling press.
Example 2
A kind of salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special, is formulated by the raw material of following weight percents：Sheep manure 25,20 parts of chicken manure,
20 parts of biomass straw, charcoal 15,15 parts of humic acid, 5 parts of clay, 0.2% part of bacteria agent.Described biological straw is jade
Rice stalk, 3~4cm of length；Described that feces of livestock and poultry is sheep manure and the mixture of chicken manure, its ratio is 5:4.
In accordance with the following methods prepared by step for a kind of cereal bio-organic fertilizer special：
1）Fermentation：After fresh feces of livestock and poultry sheep manure, chicken manure and biomass straw are mixed, heap enters deep 1.5 meters of fermentation vats, adds it
Weight is 0.2% bacteria agent, and then plus water makes mixed material water content 60~70%, builds heap and carries out closing fermentation.Fermentation 2~
After 3 days, when temperature raises more than 50 DEG C, first time turning is carried out with turning machine, is stirred.After 2~3 days, when in fermentation
With turning machine turning 1~2 time again when heart temperature is more than 65 DEG C, fresh air is filled with to ventilation shaft with air blower, makes temperature control
System is at 65~70 DEG C and continues 2 days.Throwing 1~2 time is turned over daily later, treats that the temperature of fermentation heap is down to less than 30 DEG C, moisture
Below 30%, and the color of fermentation heap becomes coffee-like or black, terminates fermentation.By the mixed material fermented drying, break
Broken, sieving both obtains fermentate；
2）Mixing：Fermentate is placed in mixer with clay, humic acid and charcoal by said ratio and is stirred, mixing is equal
It is even；
3）It is granulated：Well mixed organic materials is inputted into comminutor by conveyer belt to be granulated；
4）Drying：Organic fertilizer after granulating is dried through conveyer belt input dryer；
5）Cooling：Organic fertilizer input cooling device after drying is cooled down；
6）Screening：Organic fertilizer input screening machine after cooling filters out the organic fertilizer product of two kinds of forms of particle and powder；
7）Packaging：The organic fertilizer of two kinds of forms is packaged into organic fertilizer products by baling press.
Example 3
A kind of salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special, is formulated by the raw material of following weight percents：45 parts of feces of livestock and poultry, biology
20 parts of matter stalk, charcoal 15,15 parts of humic acid, 5 parts of clay, 0.2% part of bacteria agent.Described agricultural wastes are corn
Stalk, 3~4cm of length；Described feces of livestock and poultry is the mixture of pig manure and chicken manure, and its ratio is 1:1.
In accordance with the following methods prepared by step for a kind of cereal bio-organic fertilizer special：
1）Fermentation：After fresh feces of livestock and poultry sheep manure, chicken manure and biomass straw are mixed, heap enters deep 1.5 meters of fermentation vats, adds it
Weight is 0.2% bacteria agent, and then plus water makes mixed material water content 60~70%, builds heap and carries out closing fermentation.Fermentation 2~
After 3 days, when temperature raises more than 50 DEG C, first time turning is carried out with turning machine, is stirred.After 2~3 days, when in fermentation
With turning machine turning 1~2 time again when heart temperature is more than 65 DEG C, fresh air is filled with to ventilation shaft with air blower, makes temperature control
System is at 65~70 DEG C and continues 2 days.Throwing 1~2 time is turned over daily later, treats that the temperature of fermentation heap is down to less than 30 DEG C, moisture
Below 30%, and the color of fermentation heap becomes coffee-like or black, terminates fermentation.By the mixed material fermented drying, break
Broken, sieving both obtains fermentate；
2）Mixing：Mixed material after fermentation is placed in mixer with clay, humic acid and charcoal by said ratio and carried out
Stirring, it is well mixed；
3）It is granulated：Well mixed organic materials is inputted into comminutor by conveyer belt to be granulated；
4）Drying：Organic fertilizer after granulating is dried through conveyer belt input dryer；
5）Cooling：Organic fertilizer input cooling device after drying is cooled down；
6）Screening：Organic fertilizer input screening machine after cooling filters out the organic fertilizer of two kinds of forms of particle and powder；
7）Packaging：The organic fertilizer of two kinds of forms is packaged into organic fertilizer products by baling press.
It is obvious to a person skilled in the art that the invention is not restricted to the details of above-mentioned one exemplary embodiment, Er Qie
In the case of without departing substantially from spirit or essential attributes of the invention, the present invention can be realized in other specific forms.Therefore, no matter
From the point of view of which point, embodiment all should be regarded as exemplary, and be nonrestrictive, the scope of the present invention is by appended power
Profit requires rather than described above limits, it is intended that all in the implication and scope of the equivalency of claim by falling
Change is included in the present invention.
Moreover, it will be appreciated that although the present specification is described in terms of embodiments, not each embodiment is only wrapped
Containing an independent technical scheme, this narrating mode of specification is only that those skilled in the art should for clarity
Using specification as an entirety, the technical solutions in the various embodiments may also be suitably combined, forms those skilled in the art
It is appreciated that other embodiment.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special, it is characterised in that be formulated by the raw material of following weight percents：Sheep manure
25~30 parts, 20~25 parts of chicken manure, 20~25 parts of biomass straw, charcoal 15~20,15~20 parts of humic acid, clay 5~
10 parts, 0.1~0.5 part of bacteria agent.
A kind of 2. its preparation method of salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special according to claim 1, it is characterised in that according to
It is prepared by following methods step：
1）Fermentation：After fresh feces of livestock and poultry sheep manure, chicken manure and biomass straw are mixed, heap enters deep 1.5 meters of fermentation vats, adds it
Weight is 0.2% bacteria agent, and then plus water makes mixed material water content 60~70%, builds heap and carries out closing fermentation, fermentation 2~
After 3 days, when temperature raises more than 50 DEG C, first time turning is carried out with turning machine, is stirred, after 2~3 days, when in fermentation
With turning machine turning 1~2 time again when heart temperature is more than 65 DEG C, fresh air is filled with to ventilation shaft with air blower, makes temperature control
System is at 65~70 DEG C and continues 2 days, turns over throwing 1~2 time daily later, treats that the temperature of fermentation heap is down to less than 30 DEG C, moisture
Below 30%, and the color of fermentation heap becomes coffee-like or black, terminates fermentation, by the mixed material fermented drying, breaks
Broken, sieving both obtains fermentate；
2）Mixing：Fermentate is placed in mixer with other materials by said ratio and is stirred, is well mixed；
3）It is granulated：Well mixed organic materials is inputted into comminutor by conveyer belt to be granulated；
4）Drying：Organic fertilizer after granulating is dried through conveyer belt input dryer；
5）Cooling：Organic fertilizer input cooling device after drying is cooled down；
6) screen：Organic fertilizer input screening machine after cooling filters out the organic fertilizer of two kinds of forms of particle and powder；
7）Packaging：The organic fertilizer of two kinds of forms is packaged into organic fertilizer products by baling press.
3. a kind of salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described feces of livestock and poultry is
Chicken manure, the sheep manure content of organic matter are up to two kinds of 30~60%.
4. a kind of salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described fermenting agent is
Complex microbial inoculum, with acutely decompose, degenerate and a variety of bacterial strains such as the fungi of decomposition function, bacterium, actinomyces, saccharomycete and
A kind of complex micro organism fungicide that relevant enzymes mutually cooperate with compounding and formed, the limited public affairs of biotechnology are contained by Henan Hebi City standing grain
Department provides.
A kind of 5. salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described biomass straw
For maize straw, paddy stalk, peanut shell, rice straw, cavings one or more, stalk crushes with pulverizer, preferably fineness be 3~
More than 4cm90%.
6. a kind of salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described charcoal is state
Can organic waste, the content of organic matter more than 5% caused by biomass power generation Co., Ltd.
7. a kind of salt-soda soil bio-organic fertilizer special according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described humic acid is interior
Caused byproduct in Mongolian process of coal mining, content of humic acid 45%, the content of organic matter 60%, can reduce CO3- in soil
2 and HCO3- content, reduce the acid-base property of soil.
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Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108640758A (en) * | 2018-07-13 | 2018-10-12 | 贵州宏伟富康牧业养殖有限责任公司 | A kind of donkey dejection organic fertilizer and preparation method thereof |
| CN108640788A (en) * | 2018-03-29 | 2018-10-12 | 上海金禾天地信息科技有限公司 | A kind of modification method of slight alkaline land |
| CN111592418A (en) * | 2020-06-01 | 2020-08-28 | 安徽乾丰新型肥料有限公司 | Method for manufacturing organic fertilizer by utilizing environment-friendly carbon-based adsorption |
| CN112028692A (en) * | 2020-09-16 | 2020-12-04 | 成都云图控股股份有限公司 | Special biological organic fertilizer for saline-alkali soil and preparation method thereof |
| CN113045342A (en) * | 2021-03-15 | 2021-06-29 | 泗县祺翔农业科技发展有限公司 | Production process for preparing organic fertilizer from chicken manure |
| CN113816807A (en) * | 2021-10-08 | 2021-12-21 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Biochar organic fertilizer and preparation method thereof |
| CN114195587A (en) * | 2022-01-06 | 2022-03-18 | 山东众高农业科技有限公司 | Special formula fertilizer for saline-alkali soil and preparation method thereof |
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| CN114213193A (en) * | 2021-08-30 | 2022-03-22 | 宁夏农林科学院农业资源与环境研究所（宁夏土壤与植物营养重点实验室） | Sheep manure fermented fertilizer special for saline-alkali soil alfalfa and preparation method thereof |
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| CN115286442A (en) * | 2022-08-30 | 2022-11-04 | 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 | Preparation method of long-acting slow-release biochar-based organic fertilizer |
| CN116082089A (en) * | 2022-11-28 | 2023-05-09 | 福建巴威生物科技有限公司 | Preparation of active bio-organic fertilizer by utilizing waste honey pomelo fruits |
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Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN108640788A (en) * | 2018-03-29 | 2018-10-12 | 上海金禾天地信息科技有限公司 | A kind of modification method of slight alkaline land |
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| CN111592418A (en) * | 2020-06-01 | 2020-08-28 | 安徽乾丰新型肥料有限公司 | Method for manufacturing organic fertilizer by utilizing environment-friendly carbon-based adsorption |
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