CN107046273B - 电力系统 - Google Patents

电力系统 Download PDF

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CN107046273B
CN107046273B CN201710135569.2A CN201710135569A CN107046273B CN 107046273 B CN107046273 B CN 107046273B CN 201710135569 A CN201710135569 A CN 201710135569A CN 107046273 B CN107046273 B CN 107046273B
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power system
voltage rail
voltage
power
current
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CN107046273A (zh
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泰罗·耶尔韦莱宁
基莫·劳玛
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Danfoss Edtern
Danfoss AS
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Denver Mobile Electrification Co
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/02—Details
    • H02H3/025—Disconnection after limiting, e.g. when limiting is not sufficient or for facilitating disconnection
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/40—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/51—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by AC-motors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H1/00—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements
    • H02H1/06—Arrangements for supplying operative power
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/08—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current
    • H02H3/087—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current for dc applications
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/20—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/10—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
    • H02H7/12—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/10—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
    • H02H7/12—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers
    • H02H7/1213—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers for DC-DC converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
    • H02H7/268—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured for dc systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H02H9/02—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/10—Parallel operation of dc sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
    • H02P27/04—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
    • H02P27/06—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2200/00—Type of vehicles
    • B60L2200/32—Waterborne vessels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/40—DC to AC converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63J—AUXILIARIES ON VESSELS
    • B63J3/00—Driving of auxiliaries
    • B63J2003/001—Driving of auxiliaries characterised by type of power supply, or power transmission, e.g. by using electric power or steam
    • B63J2003/002—Driving of auxiliaries characterised by type of power supply, or power transmission, e.g. by using electric power or steam by using electric power
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/72—Electric energy management in electromobility

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)

Abstract

一种电力系统包括直流电压轨(101)、使用电源转换器(105‑107)连接至所述直流电压轨的电池元件(102‑104)、以及用于将所述直流电压轨的直流电压转换为适于所述电力系统的负载的电压的负载转换器(111‑113)，其中，所述电源转换器和所述负载转换器使用过电流保护器(108‑110、114‑116)连接至所述直流电压轨。所述电力系统进一步包括电容器系统(117)，所述电容器系统连接至直流电压轨，并能够响应于造成在经由所述过电流保护器连接至直所述流电压轨的电节点处的电压降低的故障，而供给用于将该过电流保护器切换为不导通状态的故障电流。

Description

电力系统
技术领域
本公开涉及一种电力系统，其可以例如是但不必须是船舶电力系统。
背景技术
在许多情况下，电力系统包括直流电压轨、用于给直流电压轨提供电能的一个或多个电池元件、以及用于将直流电压轨的直流电压转换为适于电力系统的一个或多个负载的电压的一个或多个负载转换器。电力系统可以例如是船舶电力系统，在这种情况下电力系统的负载可包括一个或多个推进电动机、船舶交流电压网络、以及其它负载(例如一个或多个船首推进电动机)。电动机有利地是交流“AC”电动机，且相应的负载转换器是用于将直流电压轨的直流电压转换为适于AC电动机的交流电压的逆变器。
在许多情况下，直流电压轨的直流电压大于电池元件的直流电压是有利的。在这些情况下，每一个电池元件通常与供电至直流电压轨的升压电源转换器连接。电源转换器通常包括第一极连接至对应电池元件的电感线圈、位于地和电感线圈的第二极之间的可控开关、以及用于响应于可控开关处于不导通状态的情形而为电流提供从电感线圈朝向直流电压轨的路径的单向导通元件(例如，二极管)。
在上述类型的电力系统中，通常需要选择性保护，从而使得在故障时，电力系统的与电力系统的其余部分功能性地分开的部分尽可能的小。例如，在其中一个负载转换器故障时，仅故障的负载转换器与电力系统的其余部分功能性分开。为了实施该选择性保护，上述电源转换器中的每一个通常经由熔断器或另一过电流保护器连接至直流电压轨。相应地，上述负载转换器中的每一个经由熔断器或另一过电流保护器连接至直流电压轨。
与上述解决途径相关的内在挑战在于，在许多故障情形下，上述类型的电源转换器可能不能够在故障情形开始后足够短的时间内提供充足的故障电流。因此，流经熔断器或另一过电流保护器的故障电流可能不足以将熔断器熔断或者足够快地将另一过电流保护器切换为不导通状态。因此，存在电力系统的故障部分未正确地从电力系统的其余部分分开的风险。自然地，可以给电源转换器提供额外的装置以用于在足够短的时间内从电池元件供给充足的故障电流，但是这可能使得电源转换器显著地变得更加复杂并且降低了成本效率。
公开文件WO2015168830描述了一种用于保护直流“DC”配电系统的方法，其中直流配电系统包括一个或多个交流/直流“AC/DC”转换器和/或一个或多个DC/DC转换器、以及通过DC母线连接的一个或多个负载。响应于检测到对系统中某处故障而执行的该方法以限制一个或多个转换器中每一个的输出电流开始，从而这些转换器中的每一个都输出有限的DC电流。在已经发生一个或多个转换器的电流限制后，启用系统中的一个或多个保护装置，其中该启用至少部分地依赖于有限的DC电流。该启用可包括一个或多个保护装置的自动打开，其中每一个保护装置的打开基于各自的装置电流在各自的时间时段内超过各自的阈值。在此方法中，实现了保护装置的正确操作，从而有限的DC电流得到控制，从而保护装置的启用成功。然而，该解决途径使得转换器的控制变复杂。
发明内容
下面呈现简要的发明内容，以提供对各种发明实施例的一些方面的基本理解。本发明内容不是本发明的详尽概述。其既不意在识别出本发明的关键性或决定性元素，也不意在勾勒出本发明的范围。下述发明内容仅以简化形式介绍了本发明的某些概念，作为本发明的示例性实施例的更详细描述的前奏。
根据本发明，提供一种新的电力系统，其可以例如但不一定是船舶电力系统。根据本发明的电力系统包括：
-直流电压轨，
-一个或多个电池元件，
-一个或多个电源转换器，用于将电能从一个或多个电池元件传递至直流电压轨，每个电源转换器连接至一个或多个电池元件中的一个，
-一个或多个负载转换器，用于将直流电压轨的直流电压转换为适于电力系统的一个或多个负载的电压，
-过电流保护器，过电流保护器连接在直流电压轨和一个或多个电源转换器中的每一个之间以及在直流电压轨和一个或多个负载转换器中的每一个之间，以及
-连接至直流电压轨并包括一个或多个电容器的电容器系统，电容器系统能够响应于造成在经由所述过电流保护器中的一个连接至直流电压轨的电气节点处的电压降低的故障，供给用于将所述过电流保护器中的所述一个切换为不导通状态的故障电流。
电容器系统可包括例如一个或多个双电层电容器“EDLC”，其也可被称为“超级电容器”。由电容器系统存储的电能缓解了故障情形期间直流电压轨上的电压降低，并且可从电容器系统获得的故障电流能够实现选择性保护。电容器系统可以是连接至直流电压轨的一个点的集中式电容器系统，或者电容器系统可以是包括连接至直流电压轨的多个点的多个电容器元件的分散式电容器系统。每个过电流保护器可以例如是响应于电流超过预定限值的熔断器或继电器开关。
需要注意的是，根据本发明的示例性和非限制性实施例的电力系统可包括多于一个的直流电压轨和连接至直流电压轨的多于一个的电容器系统，从而直流电压轨与一个或多个过电流保护器互连并且每个直流电压轨连接至一个电容器系统。
根据本发明，还提供一种新的船舶，其包括根据本发明的电力系统。船舶电力系统的负载可包括例如一个或多个推进电动机、船舶交流电压网络、和/或例如一个或多个船首推进电动机的其它负载。电动机有利地是交流“AC”电动机，相应的负载转换器是用于将电力系统的一个或多个直流电压轨的一个或多个直流电压转换为适于AC电动机的交流电压的逆变器。
本发明的多个示例性和非限制性实施例在所附的从属权利要求中进行了描述。
当结合附图进行阅读时，从下文对特定示例性和非限制性实施例的描述中，能够更好地理解关于构建和操作方法两者以及其附加目的和优势的本发明的各种示例性和非限制性实施例。
动词“包括”和“包含”在本文中用作是开放式限定，其既不排除也不要求未引用特征的存在。除非另有明确说明，在从属权利要求中所引用的特征是可以互相自由组合的。此外，应理解的是，贯穿本文的“一”或“一个”，亦即单数形式，不排除复数。
附图说明
下面从示例的意义上并且参考附图更详细地解释本发明的示例性且非限制性的实施例及其优点，其中：
图1a示出了根据本发明的示例性且非限制性实施例的电力系统的示意图，以及
图1b示出了图1a中所示电力系统电源转换器的主电路的示意图。
具体实施方式
下面给出的描述中所提供的特定示例不应被解释为对所附权利要求的范围和/或适用性进行限制。除非另外明确说明，否则下面给出的描述中所提供的示例的列表和组不是穷举性的。
图1a示出了根据本发明的示例性且非限制性实施例的电力系统的示意图。在该示例性情况下，电力系统是船舶的电力系统。该电力系统包括直流电压轨101、电池元件、以及用于将电能从电池元件传递至直流电压轨的电源转换器。在图1a中，采用附图标记102、103和104表示出了电池元件中的三个电池元件，采用附图标记105、106和107表示出了电源转换器中的三个电源转换器。电力系统包括用于将直流电压轨101的直流电压转换为适于电力系统负载的电压的负载转换器。在图1a中，采用附图标记111、112和113表示出了负载转换器中的三个负载转换器。在图1a中示出的示例性情况下，电力系统的负载包括推进系统、船首推进电动机、以及船舶的交流电压网络。在图1a中，用附图标记129表示推进系统的电动机中的一个电动机，用附图标记130表示船首推进电动机中的一个船首推进电动机，用附图标记131表示船舶交流电压网络的一部分。在图1a所示的示例性情况下，负载转换器包括用于将直流电压轨的直流电压转换为适于电力系统负载的交流电压的逆变器。
电力系统包括连接在直流电压轨101与一个或多个电源转换器中的每一个电源转换器之间的过电流保护器以及连接在直流电压轨101与一个或多个负载保护器中的每一个负载保护器之间的其它过电流保护器。在图1a中，用附图标记108、109和110表示连接在直流电压轨101与电源转换器之间的三个过电流保护器，用附图标记114、115和116表示连接在直流电压轨101与负载转换器之间的三个过电流保护器。电流保护器中的每一个可以是例如响应于电流超出预定限值的熔断器或继电器开关。
电力系统进一步包括连接至直流电压轨101的电容器系统117。电容器系统117可包括例如一个或多个大电容双电层电容器“EDLC”，其也被称为“超级电容器”。电容器系统117的电容值有利地为至少0.1F，更有利地为至少1F，并且更加有利地为至少10F。电容器系统117能够响应于造成在经由一个过电流保护器连接至直流电压轨的电节点处的电压降低的故障，而供给足以将上述过电流保护器中适当的一个过电流保护器切换为非导通状态的故障电流。例如，如果在负载转换器111和/或在电动机129中存在故障从而使得电节点132的电压降低，电容器系统117通过过电流保护器114供给故障电流，从而过电流保护器114被切换至不导通状态，并且必然地，电力系统的部分133与电力系统的其余部分分开。在图1a所示的示例性电力系统中，电容器系统117经由过电流保护器134连接至直流电压轨101。过电流保护器134的电流限值充分大于各过电流保护器108-110和114-116的电流限值以实现选择性保护。
图1a所示的示例性电力系统包括另一直流电压轨126，从而电力系统的直流电压轨101和126经由过电流保护器127和135彼此相连。电力系统连接至不同直流电压轨的部分有利地可彼此独立操作以提升电力系统的操作可靠性。电力系统包括连接至直流电压轨127并且能够以与上述电容器系统117相同的方式提供故障电流的另一电容器系统128。
图1a所示的示例性电力系统包括用于从外部电网136接收电能并用于经由过电流保护器123和137给直流电压轨101和126供给电能的充电转换器121和122。电力系统包括采用从电网136接收到的电能给电池元件充电的装置。电源转换器可具有使电源转换器能够将来自直流电压轨的电能传递至电池元件的组件和控制系统。然而，也可以是电力系统包括用于给电池单元充电的单独的转换器。
图1b示出了用于将电能从电池元件102传递至直流电压轨101的电源转换器105的主电路。其它电源转换器可与电源转换器105类似。电源转换器105的主电路包括电感线圈118，其第一极连接至电池元件102。主电路包括位于地与电感线圈118的第二极之间的第一可控开关119。第一可控开关119可以是例如绝缘栅双极晶体管“IGBT”、门极可关断晶闸管“GTO”、双极晶体管或场效应晶体管“FET”。电源转换器105的主电路包括第一单向导通元件120，其用于响应于第一可控开关119处于不导通状态的情形为从电感线圈118到直流电压轨101的电流提供路径。第一单向导通元件120可以是例如二极管。电源转换器105是电压升高转换器，即升压转换器，能够在电池元件的电压VDC BAT小于直流电压轨101的电压VDC RAIL时以受控方式将电能从电池元件102传递至直流电压轨101。
在图1b所示的示例性情况下，电源转换器105进一步包括用于使得电源转换器能够将电能从直流电压轨101传递至电池元件102以对电池元件102进行充电的组件。电源转换器105的主电路包括第二可控开关124，其用于导通从直流电压轨110到达电感线圈118的第二极的电流。第二可控开关124可以是例如绝缘栅双极晶体管“IGBT”、门极可关断晶闸管“GTO”、双极晶体管或场效应晶体管“FET”。电源转换器105的主电路包括第二单向导通元件125，用于响应于第二可控开关124处于不导通状态的情形为从地到电感线圈118的第二极的电流提供路径。第二单向导通元件125可以是例如二极管。在电感线圈118、第二可控开关124和第二单向导通元件125的帮助下，在电池元件的电压VDC BAT小于直流电压轨101的电压VDC RAIL时，电源转换器105能够通过以受控方式将电能从直流电压轨101传递至电池元件102来给电池元件102充电。在第一和第二可控开关119和124为IGBT或者金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管“MOSFET”的示例性情况下，第一和第二单向导通元件120和125可以是IGBT或MOSFET的体二极管。
电力系统的每个电源转换器和每个负载转换器可包括用于控制考虑中的转换器操作的控制器。还可以配置单个控制器来控制多个转换器。可以采用一个或多个处理器电路来实施控制器，每个处理器电路可以是具有适当软件的可编程处理器电路、例如专用集成电路“ASIC”的专用硬件处理器、或者例如现场可编程门阵列“FPGA”的可配置硬件处理器。此外，每个控制器可包括一个或多个存储器电路。控制器未在图1a和1b中示出。
上文所给出的描述中提供的特定示例不应该被解释为对所附权利要求的适用性和/或诠释进行限制。除非另外明确说明，否则上文所给出的描述中提供的示例的列表和组不是穷举性的。

Claims (10)

1.一种电力系统，包括：
-直流电压轨(101)，
-一个或多个电池元件(102-104)，
-一个或多个电源转换器(105-107)，所述一个或多个电源转换器用于将电能从所述一个或多个电池元件传递至所述直流电压轨，所述电源转换器中的每一个电源转换器连接至所述一个或多个电池元件中的一个电池元件，
-一个或多个负载转换器(111-113)，所述一个或多个负载转换器用于将所述直流电压轨的直流电压转换为适于所述电力系统的一个或多个负载的电压，以及
-第一过电流保护器(108-110、114-116)，所述第一过电流保护器连接在所述直流电压轨与所述一个或多个电源转换器中的每一个电源转换器之间以及在所述直流电压轨与所述一个或多个负载转换器中的每一个负载转换器之间，
其特征在于，所述电力系统进一步包括电容器系统(117)，所述电容器系统经由第二过电流保护器(134)连接至所述直流电压轨并包括一个或多个电容器，所述电容器系统能够响应于造成在经由所述第一过电流保护器中的一个第一过电流保护器连接至所述直流电压轨的电节点处的电压降低的故障，而供给用于将所述第一过电流保护器中的所述一个第一过电流保护器切换为不导通状态的故障电流，其中，所述第二过电流保护器的电流限值高于所述第一过电流保护器中的每个的电流限值。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电力系统，其中，所述一个或多个负载转换器(111-113)包括用于将所述直流电压轨的所述直流电压转换为适于所述电力系统的所述负载的一个或多个负载的交流电压的一个或多个逆变器。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的电力系统，其中，每个电源转换器包括：
-电感线圈(118)，所述电感线圈的第一极连接至所述电池元件(102)中的相应一个电池元件，
-第一可控开关(119)，所述第一可控开关位于地和所述电感线圈的第二极之间，以及
-第一单向导通元件(120)，所述第一单向导通元件用于响应于其中所述第一可控开关处于不导通状态的情形，为从所述电感线圈到所述直流电压轨(101)的电流提供路径。
4.根据权利要求3所述的电力系统，其中，所述一个或多个电源转换器中的每一个电源转换器进一步包括下述元件，以用于使得所述电源转换器能够将电能从所述直流电压轨传递至所述电池元件中的所述相应一个电池元件：
-第二可控开关(124)，所述第二可控开关用于导通从所述直流电压轨到所述电感线圈的所述第二极的电流，以及
-第二单向导通元件(125)，所述第二单向导通元件用于响应于其中所述第二可控开关处于不导通状态的情形，为从所述地到所述电感线圈的所述第二极的电流提供路径。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的电力系统，其中，所述电力系统包括用于从外部电网接收电能并且用于经由第三过电流保护器(123)向所述直流电压轨提供所述电能的充电转换器(121)。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的电力系统，其中，所述电力系统包括至少一个另外的直流电压轨(126)，从而所述电力系统的所述直流电压轨经由一个或多个第四过电流保护器(127)彼此连接。
7.根据权利要求6所述的电力系统，其中，所述电力系统包括至少一个另外的电容器系统(128)，所述电容器系统包括一个或多个电容器并连接至所述至少一个另外的直流电压轨(127)。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的电力系统，其中，所述电容器系统包括一个或多个双电层电容器。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的电力系统，其中，所述第一过电流保护器和第二过电流保护器中的至少一个过电流保护器是熔断器。
10.包括根据权利要求1或2所述的电力系统的船舶。
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