CN106273474B - Special material for quickly manufacturing plastic parts - Google Patents
Special material for quickly manufacturing plastic parts Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN106273474B CN106273474B CN201610635448.XA CN201610635448A CN106273474B CN 106273474 B CN106273474 B CN 106273474B CN 201610635448 A CN201610635448 A CN 201610635448A CN 106273474 B CN106273474 B CN 106273474B
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- uncured resin
- film layers
- based composite
- filled
- base body
- Prior art date
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- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 134
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 86
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 239000000805 composite resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 92
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 64
- 239000003094 microcapsule Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- 230000008093 supporting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000013013 elastic material Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 description 78
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 24
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 19
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 14
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011325 microbead Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001029 thermal curing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003139 buffering effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005401 electroluminescence Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002457 flexible plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000013007 heat curing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940050561 matrix product Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000016 photochemical curing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001012 protector Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C67/00—Shaping techniques not covered by groups B29C39/00 - B29C65/00, B29C70/00 or B29C73/00
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C67/00—Shaping techniques not covered by groups B29C39/00 - B29C65/00, B29C70/00 or B29C73/00
- B29C67/0037—Forming articles from a moulding composition enclosed in a deformable bag
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44C—PRODUCING DECORATIVE EFFECTS; MOSAICS; TARSIA WORK; PAPERHANGING
- B44C3/00—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing ornamental structures
- B44C3/04—Modelling plastic materials, e.g. clay
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44C—PRODUCING DECORATIVE EFFECTS; MOSAICS; TARSIA WORK; PAPERHANGING
- B44C3/00—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing ornamental structures
- B44C3/08—Stamping or bending
- B44C3/082—Stamping or bending comprising a cutting out operation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44C—PRODUCING DECORATIVE EFFECTS; MOSAICS; TARSIA WORK; PAPERHANGING
- B44C3/00—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing ornamental structures
- B44C3/08—Stamping or bending
- B44C3/087—Stamping or bending bending
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
A special material for quickly manufacturing plastic parts relates to the manufacturing industry. The special material for quickly manufacturing the plastic part is characterized by comprising a base body for generating a product form, wherein the base body comprises at least two film layers, and uncured resin-based composite material is filled between the two film layers. The process for sampling the plastic part or producing the product by using the special material for quickly manufacturing the plastic part is characterized by comprising the following steps of firstly, manufacturing a base body for generating the product form, wherein the base body comprises at least two film layers, and uncured resin-based composite material is filled between the two film layers; step two, manufacturing a product prototype with a product form by using the substrate; and step three, curing and shaping the product prototype into a product by curing the uncured resin-based composite material.
Description
the filing date of the original application of the divisional application is as follows: 2012, month 04, day 27, with application numbers: 2012101273933, the name is: a special material for quickly manufacturing plastic parts and a process for proofing the plastic parts or producing products by using the material.
Technical Field
The invention relates to the manufacturing industry, in particular to a manufacturing material and a process of plastic parts.
Background
In the design and development stage of new industrial products, in order to perfect the design scheme and obtain the customer approval, a physical model is generally manufactured, so that the product appearance is confirmed and the function is tested. However, the physical model is usually made by opening the mold, which will increase the development cost and will prolong the development period due to the time required for developing the mold.
In the process of manufacturing small-batch products (such as souvenirs, limited-version products, small-batch ordered products and the like), the manufacturing cost is relatively high as long as the mold opening is involved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention also aims to provide a special material for quickly manufacturing plastic parts so as to solve the technical problem.
The invention aims to provide a process for performing plastic piece proofing or product production by using a special material for quickly manufacturing a plastic piece, so as to solve the technical problem.
The invention can be realized by adopting the following technical scheme:
The special material for quickly manufacturing the plastic part is characterized by comprising a base body for generating a product form, wherein the base body comprises at least two film layers, and uncured resin-based composite material is filled between the two film layers. The special material has the advantages that: 1. the plastic part is non-solid before curing, is allowed to deform, can be cured into solid after being made into a product form, and can be quickly made into the plastic part. 2. The curing speed is controllable to a certain extent, allowing secondary design in the curing process. 3. The base body capable of generating the product form is stored and transported instead of the product, so that the flexibility of the base body form is high, and the transportation and the storage are convenient.
The process for sampling the plastic part or producing the product by using the special material for quickly manufacturing the plastic part is characterized by comprising the following steps of firstly, manufacturing a base body for generating the product form, wherein the base body comprises at least two film layers, and uncured resin-based composite material is filled between the two film layers; step two, manufacturing a product prototype with a product form by using the substrate; and step three, curing and shaping the product prototype into a product by curing the uncured resin-based composite material.
When in use, the matrix can be used for manufacturing a required product embryonic form by means of shearing, stretching, twisting and the like, and then the product is cured. In the whole process, a mould is not needed, so that the cost of development and small-batch production is greatly reduced. Compared with the method adopting the mold, the invention can effectively shorten the development period and quickly obtain the approval of customers because the curing speed is higher under the condition that the curing condition is reached.
The resin-based composite material is not in a solid state before curing, and therefore the matrix is not necessarily in the form of a product or must have a certain form as long as the matrix can form the product. Therefore, the substrate has high degree of freedom in shape, and can be made into different shapes according to the requirements of transportation, storage and use. Conversely, the same specification of substrate allows different products to be made, so that the product is unique and can represent the personality of the designer. And the curing speed can be properly controlled, the user can be given the opportunity of secondary modification in the curing process, and the processing failure rate is low.
preferably, the two film layers form an interlayer, and the interlayer is filled with uncured resin-based composite material.
The manufacturing method of the matrix comprises the following steps:
In the first method, the interlayer between the two film layers is vacuumized, the film layers and the uncured resin-based composite material are separately produced and independently sold, and when the substrate needs to be used, the uncured resin-based composite material is filled into the interlayer to prepare the substrate. By adopting the post-filling method, a user can independently select the types, specifications and the like of the film layer and the uncured resin-based composite material, so that the initiative and the manufacturing flexibility of the user are improved.
In the production process, an interlayer between the two membrane layers is filled with uncured resin-based composite material to form the matrix. Compared with the method of filling in after, the method of one-step molding is convenient for the transportation and storage of the matrix and easy for the user to operate.
And thirdly, manufacturing the substrate by adopting a manufacturing method of a silica gel mold. The method has mature process and high reliability.
As another preferable scheme, at least two cavities enclosed by partial film layers are arranged between the two film layers, and uncured resin-based composite materials are filled in the cavities. The chambers can be communicated or relatively independent. The film layer at the joint of the cavity and the cavity can be used as a connecting piece of the substrate, and bending and cutting are carried out through the connecting piece. The technical scheme is convenient for manufacturing products with the same specification, is suitable for producing products in small batches, and the connecting piece can play a role in prompting assembly and limiting product specification.
The manufacturing method of the matrix comprises the following steps:
In the first method, in the production process, an interlayer between two membrane layers is filled with uncured resin-based composite material to form the matrix. The one-step forming method is adopted.
And secondly, manufacturing the matrix by adopting a manufacturing method of a silica gel mold. The method has mature process and high reliability.
the substrate is preferably in the form of a sheet. When in use, one or more than one operation of cutting, folding, bending and the like can be carried out, so as to make a product prototype, and then the product is obtained by curing. The base bodies may be provided with connection means, which are connected by the connection means. For complex structures, the simple components can be cured respectively and then assembled, or can be combined before curing and then cured, so that the complex structures are firmly combined. Patterns, connecting lines, cutting lines, folding lines and/or the like can be printed on the film layer.
The matrix can also be a matrix with a preset shape, and the matrix can be directly solidified into a product. The substrate may exist in a predetermined form directly or may be restored to a predetermined form. The restoration may be performed in various forms such as an inflated form, a form in which the film layer is elastic, and a form in which the substrate is restored by an external force.
the application of the invention is as follows:
The method can be applied to the design and research stage of industrial new products, can process physical models consistent with the design in a short time, and designers can confirm the appearance, test the function and the like of the products according to the physical models, thereby perfecting the design scheme and achieving the purposes of reducing the development cost, shortening the development period and rapidly obtaining the approval of customers.
The product can be applied to DIY design or individual design of daily necessities and ornaments, and common consumers can make the product due to simple manufacturing process and easy mastering of the manufacturing method.
Can be applied to the manufacture of emergency products. The curing speed can be properly controlled, so that the required product can be manufactured in a short time, and the base body with the same specification allows emergency products such as different disaster relief products, first-aid products, outdoor appliances, emergency substitutes and the like to be manufactured for emergency use.
The method can be applied to manufacturing the sculpture, and can quickly manufacture the hollow or solid sculpture by spraying paint, gypsum and the like on the outside of the product manufactured by the method, and the manufacturing time can be effectively saved in the process of manufacturing the hollow sculpture. Alternatively, a mold for sculpture may be manufactured according to the present invention, and then a material such as lime slurry may be poured to perform sculpture manufacturing.
It can also be used to make protective devices for fragile articles, such as protective packaging, protective pads, and corner protectors. Particularly when the film layer is made of an elastic material. In addition, since the matrix is not solid before the curing and can be deformed, it is particularly suitable for protecting fragile articles having an unconventional form or a special form.
At least two microcapsules can be arranged between the two membrane layers, and uncured resin-based composite materials are filled in the microcapsule walls of the microcapsules. The microcapsules are closely contacted with each other, and after the uncured resin-based composite material in the microcapsules is cured, the shapes of the microcapsules are fixed, so that the matrix is fixed, and the product is prepared.
And uncured resin-based composite materials are filled in gaps among the microcapsules. During curing, the uncured resin-based composite material filled in the gap is cured together with the microcapsule, so that the position between the microcapsule and the microcapsule is further fixed, and the mechanical strength is enhanced. After the uncured resin-based composite material among the gaps is cured, the uncured resin-based composite material can play a role in filling and bonding the gaps, so that the mechanical strength is greatly enhanced.
The microcapsules may be dispersed in a space between two of the membranes, the space between the two membranes being filled with an uncured resin-based composite material. Relative movement between the microcapsules may be permitted.
the distance between the two membrane layers can be more than twice the average thickness of the microcapsules, so that the microcapsules can be overlapped with each other to enhance the mechanical property.
One film layer of the matrix is positioned below, a layer of auxiliary film is fixed above the matrix, vesicles are distributed on the auxiliary film and serve as the walls of the vesicles, and uncured resin matrix composite materials are filled in the vesicles. The microcapsule is arranged on the auxiliary membrane, so that the auxiliary membrane can fix the microcapsule to a certain extent. So that the microcapsule arrangement is not too concentrated in one place or too dispersed.
Two or more auxiliary films may be disposed in the space between the two films. In order to meet mechanical performance requirements.
the auxiliary membrane is provided with vesicles which are upwards bulged and downwards opened, and a space is reserved between the vesicles; and fixedly connecting the part between the auxiliary membrane vesicles and the membrane layer, so that the membrane layer seals the vesicles to form the microcapsule. Through the design, the production process can be greatly simplified.
And filling an uncured resin-based composite material between the vesicles, and covering another membrane layer above the uncured resin-based composite material.
At least two particles can be arranged between the two membrane layers, and uncured resin-based composite materials are filled between the at least two particles. The particles may be foam particles, glass beads, glass microbeads, metal particles, stone particles, plastic particles, etc. Glass beads and glass microbeads are preferred. By arranging the solid particles, the using amount of the resin-based composite material is reduced, the cost is saved, and the physical properties can be improved.
and a vesicle filled with gas can be arranged between the two membranes. Thereby reducing weight.
Part of the microcapsules can be not filled with uncured resin matrix composite material, and the residual space is filled with solid particles or gas to adjust the performance. The solid particles filled may be foams, glass beads, metal particles, stone particles, plastic particles, etc.
Two retes of base member are elastic material respectively to in the bending, tensile, the manufacturing is sunken or protruding more random, strengthen the randomness of depositing and using. The microcapsule wall is made of elastic material. So as to be more randomly bent and enhance the randomness of storage and use.
One of the two film layers of the substrate is opaque to prevent light from penetrating the entire substrate when light is applied.
One of the two film layers of the substrate is made of a reflective material so as to reflect light to the microcapsule, so that the curing is realized as soon as possible, and the illumination energy is saved.
The base body is connected with a supporting piece for supporting and limiting the shape of the product. Before curing is not carried out, bending deformation is allowed, the distance between the base body and the base body is not fixed, so that the thickness of the resin-based product with the support can be thinner and the volume can be smaller before curing. In the curing process, the shape of the matrix can be limited by the supporting effect of the supporting piece on the shell, so that the shaping effect is achieved.
Preferably, the base body is provided with a cavity formed by a part of or the whole base body, and the supporting member is positioned in the cavity. The cavity may be a closed cavity, for example, the base body is in the shape of a closed spherical shell, in which case the base body is provided with an air inlet, and the support member is preferably an elastic support member made of an elastic material. The support may be used to assist in the restoration of the substrate to the preformed shape, depending on the characteristics of the elastic material. The cavity can also be a semi-closed cavity, for example, the base body is in a semi-closed pen container shape, the supporting piece can be an elastic supporting piece made of elastic materials, and can also be a tube body filled with uncured light curing resin matrix composite materials, and the resin matrix product with the supporting piece can be formed into a required product in a mode of firstly curing the supporting piece and then curing the shell.
As another preferred scheme, there are two said basal bodies, two basal bodies are set up parallelly, there are strutting pieces between said basal body and basal body. The support piece is a flexible pipe body, and uncured resin matrix composite materials are filled in the flexible pipe body. Before curing is not carried out, the support and the two substrates are flexible, bending is allowed, and the distance between the substrates is not fixed, so the thickness of the microcapsule type light curing material can be thinner before curing.
The two substrates may be peripherally sealed and provided with an air inlet. When the folding type base body is stored, air between the two base bodies is pumped out, the supporting piece is bent, and then the two base bodies are folded inwards to be thinned, so that the folding type base body is convenient to store. Before curing, air is filled into the space between the two substrates through the air inlet, so that the two substrates are separated and expanded, the support is stretched, and then photocuring is carried out. Therefore, the two substrates and the support are respectively solidified, so that the resin-based product with the support can have a certain thickness after being solidified, and the resin-based product with the support is light in weight because of a hollow structure. The structure is similar to the one in which the upper housing is provided with a closed cavity, but the support is preferably a tube filled with an uncured light-curable resin-based composite material. And the damaged matrix can be repaired conveniently due to the structure that the periphery is not sealed.
The support member may be an elastic support member made of an elastic material. The support can also be a pipe body filled with uncured light-cured resin-based composite material, and the pipe wall of the support is made of elastic or flexible material.
One end of the supporting piece is fixed on the base body on one side to form a vertex, and at least one end of the other supporting piece is fixed at the vertex, namely at least two supporting pieces are fixed at one vertex; the supports are co-zenithal on one side of the base and no longer co-zenithal on the other side of the base. Therefore, a triangular structure is formed between the two supporting pieces and the base body, and the triangular structure has the characteristic of stability and can enhance the stability of the material.
Two, three or four support pieces can be led out from one vertex, and more support pieces can be led out. But a structure in which three or four support members are led out is preferable.
Two, three or four supporting pieces are led out from each vertex to stabilize the structure.
At least one of the two film layers is an explosion-proof film, so that the firmness is enhanced. May also be provided as a ballistic resistant film.
One of the two film layers is an ultraviolet-proof film. The ultraviolet ray leaks out during the light curing and also plays a role in isolating the ultraviolet ray after the curing.
the two film layers are made of flexible or elastic materials. So that the entire structure is rendered flexible, thereby allowing for storage in a bent position. The particles are flexible so as to render the entire structure flexible, thereby allowing storage in a bend. Foam particles, flexible plastic particles, and the like are preferred. The microcapsule wall is flexible. So that the entire structure is rendered flexible, thereby allowing for storage in a bent position.
The curing agent of the uncured resin-based composite material is a light curing agent and/or a heat curing agent. When the photocuring agent is adopted, at least one of the two film layers is made of a light-transmitting material. And the microcapsule wall is made of light-transmitting material. When the thermosetting agent is used, the uncured resin-based composite material may be mixed with a foamed material to reduce the weight of the matrix. The thermal curing agent can be a normal-temperature curing agent or a heating curing agent. The heating curing agent can be a medium-temperature curing agent or a high-temperature curing agent.
The base body can also be a base body which has a set shape after being supported, or a combination of a plurality of components. When in use, the material is taken out and supported, and then the material is cured to obtain the required part. The supporting operation can be realized by singly supporting one part or combining a plurality of parts to form a needed article. And the base body has a set shape after being supported.
For large-scale components such as ships, houses, equipment shells and the like, the invention comprises two base bodies which are arranged in parallel, a supporting piece is arranged between the base bodies and is a flexible pipe body, and uncured resin matrix composite materials are filled in the flexible pipe body. To facilitate shrink storage and to enhance mechanical strength after curing.
The shape of the inflated matrix is set to the shape of the required component in advance, when the inflatable matrix is required to be used, the shape of the component can be presented by inflating gas, and the required component can be obtained by curing.
The uncured resin-based composite material is provided with a fiber reinforced material, and the fiber reinforced material can adopt one or more of glass fiber, plant fiber, carbon fiber and other reinforced fibers.
The uncured resin-based composite material is mixed with a pigment and colored. To accommodate color or pattern requirements.
The uncured resin-based composite material is mixed with pigment for coloring so as to meet the requirements of color or pattern.
The uncured resin-based composite material is mixed with pigment mixed with electroluminescent powder and is embedded with a lead. So as to realize electroluminescence and thus realize illumination or beautification.
The light shading container is also included, and the micro-capsule type light curing material is stored in the light shading container after being folded so as to be convenient for long-term storage.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a plastic part manufactured by rapid manufacturing of a special material in a sheet shape;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a plastic part rapid manufacturing dedicated material provided with two substrates;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of a material dedicated to rapid fabrication of plastic parts having a predetermined morphology on a substrate;
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of a material dedicated to rapid fabrication of a plastic part having a closed spherical shell-shaped base;
FIG. 5 is a process flow diagram for plastic part proofing or product production using a special material for rapid plastic part fabrication.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical means, the creation characteristics, the achievement purposes and the effects of the invention easy to understand, the invention is further explained below by combining the specific drawings.
Referring to fig. 1, 2, 3 or 4, the material for rapidly manufacturing the plastic part comprises a base body for generating a product form, wherein the base body comprises at least two film layers 11, and an uncured resin-based composite material is filled between the two film layers 11. The resin-based composite material is not in a solid state before curing, and therefore the matrix is not necessarily in the form of a product or must have a certain form as long as the matrix can form the product. Therefore, the substrate has high degree of freedom in shape, and can be made into different shapes according to the requirements of transportation, storage and use. Conversely, the same specification of substrate allows different products to be made, so that the product is unique and can represent the personality of the designer. And the curing speed can be properly controlled, the user can be given the opportunity of secondary modification in the curing process, and the processing failure rate is low.
Referring to fig. 5, a process for sampling plastic parts or producing products by using a special material for quickly manufacturing the plastic parts includes the steps of firstly, manufacturing a base body for generating product forms, wherein the base body comprises at least two film layers 11, and uncured resin matrix composite material is filled between the two film layers 11; step two, manufacturing a product prototype with a product form by using the substrate; and step three, curing and shaping the product prototype into a product by curing the uncured resin-based composite material. When in use, the matrix can be used for manufacturing a required product embryonic form by means of shearing, stretching, twisting and the like, and then the product is cured. In the whole process, a mould is not needed, so that the cost of development and small-batch production is greatly reduced. Compared with the method adopting the mold, the invention can effectively shorten the development period and quickly obtain the approval of customers because the curing speed is higher under the condition that the curing condition is reached.
preferably, two of the film layers 11 form an interlayer, and the interlayer is filled with an uncured resin-based composite material.
The manufacturing method of the matrix comprises the following steps:
In the first method, the interlayer between the two film layers 11 is vacuumized, the film layers 11 and the uncured resin-based composite material are separately produced and sold independently, and when the substrate needs to be used, the uncured resin-based composite material is filled into the interlayer to prepare the substrate. By adopting the post-filling method, a user can independently select the type, the specification and the like of the film layer 11 and the uncured resin-based composite material, so that the initiative and the manufacturing flexibility of the user are improved.
in the second method, during the production process, the interlayer between the two film layers 11 is filled with uncured resin matrix composite material to form the matrix. Compared with the method of filling in after, the method of one-step molding is convenient for the transportation and storage of the matrix and easy for the user to operate.
and thirdly, manufacturing the substrate by adopting a manufacturing method of a silica gel mold. The method has mature process and high reliability.
As another preferred scheme, at least two cavities enclosed by partial film layers 11 are arranged between the two film layers 11, and the cavities are filled with uncured resin-based composite materials. The chambers can be communicated or relatively independent. The film layer 11 at the connection part of the chambers can be used as a connecting piece of the base body, and bending and cutting are carried out through the connecting piece. The technical scheme is convenient for manufacturing products with the same specification, is suitable for producing products in small batches, and the connecting piece can play a role in prompting assembly and limiting product specification.
the manufacturing method of the matrix comprises the following steps:
In the first method, during the production process, an interlayer between two film layers 11 is filled with uncured resin matrix composite material to form the matrix. The one-step forming method is adopted.
And secondly, manufacturing the matrix by adopting a manufacturing method of a silica gel mold. The method has mature process and high reliability.
As another preferred scheme, the matrix can also be a matrix with a preset shape, and the matrix can be directly solidified into a product. The substrate may exist in a predetermined form directly or may be restored to a predetermined form. The restoration may be performed in various forms such as an inflated form, a form in which the film layer 11 is elastic, and a form in which the substrate is restored by an external force.
The substrate is preferably in the form of a sheet. When in use, one or more than one operation of cutting, folding, bending and the like can be carried out, so as to make a product prototype, and then the product is obtained by curing. The base bodies may be provided with connection means, which are connected by the connection means. For complex structures, the simple components can be cured respectively and then assembled, or can be combined before curing and then cured, so that the complex structures are firmly combined. Patterns, connecting lines, cutting lines, folding lines and/or the like can be printed on the film layer 11.
Filling between the film layers 11:
Referring to fig. 1, 2 or 3, at least two microcapsules 12 may be further disposed between the two film layers 11, and the microcapsule walls of the microcapsules 12 are filled with an uncured resin-based composite material. The microcapsules 12 are closely contacted with the microcapsules 12, and after the uncured resin-based composite material in the microcapsules 12 is cured, the shapes of the microcapsules 12 are fixed, so that the matrix is fixed, and the product is prepared.
The gap between the microcapsules 12 and the microcapsules 12 is filled with an uncured resin-based composite material. During curing, the uncured resin-based composite material filled in the voids is cured together with the microcapsules 12, thereby further fixing the position between the microcapsules 12 and enhancing the mechanical strength. After the uncured resin-based composite material among the gaps is cured, the uncured resin-based composite material can play a role in filling and bonding the gaps, so that the mechanical strength is greatly enhanced.
the microcapsules 12 may be dispersed in the space between the two film layers 11, the space between the two film layers 11 being filled with an uncured resin-based composite material. Relative movement between microcapsules 12 may be permitted.
The distance between the two film layers 11 may be greater than twice the average thickness of the microcapsules 12, so that the microcapsules 12 are stacked on each other to enhance mechanical properties.
Referring to fig. 2, a membrane layer 11 of the substrate is positioned below and above the substrate, a layer of auxiliary membrane 13 is fixed above the membrane layer, and vesicles are distributed on the auxiliary membrane 13 and serve as the walls of the vesicles, and the vesicles are filled with uncured resin matrix composite materials. By disposing the microcapsule 12 on the auxiliary film 13, the auxiliary film 13 has a certain fixing function to the microcapsule 12. And thus the microcapsule 12 arrangement is not too concentrated in one place or too dispersed.
Two or more layers of auxiliary films 13 may be disposed in the space between the two film layers 11. In order to meet mechanical performance requirements.
The auxiliary membrane 13 is provided with vesicles which are upwards bulged and downwards opened, and a space is reserved between the vesicles; the membrane layer 11 is fixedly connected with the part between the auxiliary membrane vesicles and the auxiliary membrane vesicles, so that the membrane layer 11 seals the vesicles to form the microcapsule 12. Through the design, the production process can be greatly simplified.
The vesicle is filled with uncured resin matrix composite material, and another membrane layer 11 is covered on the vesicle.
Referring to fig. 3, at least two particles 15 may be further disposed between the two film layers 11, and at least two of the particles 15 are filled with an uncured resin-based composite material. The particles 15 may be foam particles, glass beads, glass microbeads, metal particles, stone particles, plastic particles, etc. Glass beads and glass microbeads are preferred. By arranging the solid particles, the using amount of the resin-based composite material is reduced, the cost is saved, and the physical properties can be improved.
A gas-filled vesicle may also be provided between the two membrane layers 11. Thereby reducing weight.
Part of the microcapsules 12 may be left unfilled with uncured resin-based composite material and the remaining space filled with solid particles or gas to adjust the properties. The solid particles filled may be foams, glass beads, metal particles, stone particles, plastic particles, etc.
Base member and structure with support piece:
Referring to fig. 2, 3 and 4, the base is connected to a support 14 for supporting and defining the form of the product. Before curing is not carried out, bending deformation is allowed, the distance between the base bodies is not fixed, and therefore the thickness of the resin-based product with the support member 14 can be thinner and the volume can be small before curing. During the curing process, the shape of the matrix can be defined by the supporting effect of the supporting part 14 on the shell, so as to achieve the shaping effect.
Preferably, the base body is provided with a cavity formed by a part of or the whole base body, and the supporting member is positioned in the cavity. The cavity may be a closed cavity, as shown in fig. 4, the base body is in the shape of a closed spherical shell, in which case the base body is provided with the air inlet 2, and the supporting member 14 is preferably an elastic supporting member made of an elastic material. The support member 14 may be used to assist in restoring the substrate to the preformed shape, depending on the characteristics of the elastic material. The cavity can also be a semi-closed cavity, for example, the base body is a semi-closed pen container type, the supporting piece 14 can be an elastic supporting piece made of elastic material, and can also be a tube body filled with uncured light-cured resin matrix composite material, and the resin matrix product with the supporting piece can be formed into a required product in a mode of firstly curing the supporting piece and then curing the shell.
as another preferred solution, referring to fig. 2, there are two of the base bodies, the two base bodies are arranged in parallel, and a support member 14 is arranged between the base bodies. The support 14 is a flexible pipe body filled with uncured resin matrix composite material. Before curing, the support 14 and both substrates are flexible, allowing bending, and the distance between the substrates is not fixed, so the thickness of the microencapsulated photocurable material can be thinner before curing.
The two substrates may be peripherally sealed and provided with an air inlet 2. During storage, air between the two substrates is pumped out to bend the support member 14, so that the two substrates are folded inwards to be thinned, and the substrates are convenient to store. Before curing, air is filled into the space between the two substrates through the air inlet 2, and the two substrates are separated and expanded, and the support member 14 is stretched, and then light curing is performed. Therefore, the two substrates and the support 14 are respectively solidified, so that the cured substrates can have a certain thickness, and the weight is light because the substrates are of a hollow structure. The structure is similar to the one in which the upper substrate is provided with a closed cavity, but the support 14 is preferably a tube filled with an uncured light-curable resin-based composite material. And the damaged matrix can be repaired conveniently due to the structure that the periphery is not sealed.
The support 14 may be an elastic support made of an elastic material. The support 14 may also be a pipe body filled with an uncured light-cured resin-based composite material, and the pipe wall of the support 14 is a pipe wall made of an elastic or flexible material.
referring to fig. 2, one end of each support member 14 is fixed on a substrate on one side to form a vertex, and at least one end of another support member 14 is fixed at the vertex, that is, at least two support members 14 are fixed at one vertex; the support members 14, which are co-apical on one side of the base, are no longer co-apical on the other side of the base. Therefore, a triangular structure is formed between the two supporting members 14 and the base body, and the triangular structure has a stable characteristic, so that the stability of the material can be enhanced.
Two, three or four support members 14 may be drawn from a vertex, or more may be drawn. But a structure in which three or four support members are led out is preferable.
Two, three or four support members 14 are led out at each vertex to stabilize the structure.
At least one of the two film layers 11 is an explosion-proof film, so that the firmness is enhanced. May also be provided as a ballistic resistant film.
One of the two film layers 11 is an ultraviolet-proof film. The ultraviolet ray leaks out during the light curing and also plays a role in isolating the ultraviolet ray after the curing.
The material of the film layer 11:
The film layer 11 is made of flexible or elastic material. So that the entire structure is rendered flexible, thereby allowing for storage in a bent position. So as to be more freely bent, stretched and manufactured with concave or convex, and enhance the randomness of storage and use. The particles are flexible so as to render the entire structure flexible, thereby allowing storage in a bend. Foam particles, flexible plastic particles, and the like are preferred. The microcapsule wall is flexible. So that the entire structure is rendered flexible, thereby allowing for storage in a bent position. The microcapsule wall is made of elastic material. So as to be more randomly bent and enhance the randomness of storage and use.
One of the two layers 11 of the substrate is opaque to prevent light from penetrating the entire substrate when exposed to light. One of the two film layers 11 of the substrate is made of a reflective material so as to reflect light back to the microcapsule, so that the curing is realized as soon as possible, and the illumination energy is saved.
Kinds of curing agents:
the curing agent of the uncured resin-based composite material is a light curing agent and/or a heat curing agent. When the light curing agent is used, at least one film layer 11 of the two film layers 11 is made of a light-transmitting material. And the microcapsule wall is made of light-transmitting material. When the thermosetting agent is used, the uncured resin-based composite material may be mixed with a foamed material to reduce the weight of the matrix. The thermal curing agent can be a normal-temperature curing agent or a heating curing agent. The heating curing agent can be a medium-temperature curing agent or a high-temperature curing agent.
The base body can also be a base body which has a set shape after being supported, or a combination of a plurality of components. When in use, the material is taken out and supported, and then the material is cured to obtain the required part. The supporting operation can be realized by singly supporting one part or combining a plurality of parts to form a needed article. And the base body has a set shape after being supported.
For large-scale components such as ships, houses, equipment shells and the like, the invention comprises two base bodies which are arranged in parallel, a supporting piece is arranged between the base bodies and is a flexible pipe body, and uncured resin matrix composite materials are filled in the flexible pipe body. To facilitate shrink storage and to enhance mechanical strength after curing.
The shape of the inflated matrix is set to the shape of the required component in advance, when the inflatable matrix is required to be used, the shape of the component can be presented by inflating gas, and the required component can be obtained by curing.
the uncured resin-based composite material is provided with a fiber reinforced material, and the fiber reinforced material can adopt one or more of glass fiber, plant fiber, carbon fiber and other reinforced fibers.
The uncured resin-based composite material is mixed with a pigment and colored. To accommodate color or pattern requirements.
The uncured resin-based composite material is mixed with pigment for coloring so as to meet the requirements of color or pattern.
The uncured resin-based composite material is mixed with pigment mixed with electroluminescent powder and is embedded with a lead. So as to realize electroluminescence and thus realize illumination or beautification.
The light shading container is also included, and the micro-capsule type light curing material is stored in the light shading container after being folded so as to be convenient for long-term storage.
The application of the invention is as follows:
The method can be applied to the design and research stage of industrial new products, can process physical models consistent with the design in a short time, and designers can confirm the appearance, test the function and the like of the products according to the physical models, thereby perfecting the design scheme and achieving the purposes of reducing the development cost, shortening the development period and rapidly obtaining the approval of customers.
The product can be applied to DIY design or individual design of daily necessities and ornaments, and common consumers can make the product due to simple manufacturing process and easy mastering of the manufacturing method.
Can be applied to the manufacture of emergency products. The curing speed can be properly controlled, so that the required product can be manufactured in a short time, and the base body with the same specification allows emergency products such as different disaster relief products, first-aid products, outdoor appliances, emergency substitutes and the like to be manufactured for emergency use.
It can also be used to make protective devices for fragile articles, such as protective packaging, protective pads, and corner protectors. Particularly when an elastic material is used for the film layer 11. In addition, since the matrix is not solid before the curing and can be deformed, it is particularly suitable for protecting fragile articles having an unconventional form or a special form. And the solidification of the matrix part can be controlled, the solidified part plays a role in limiting the position, and the uncured part plays a role in buffering the external pressure and impact force. The number of the basal bodies is at least two, the peripheries of the two basal bodies are sealed, and objects for buffering, such as gas, foam and the like, can be filled between the basal bodies. The buffer material may be filled and then sealed.
The method can be applied to manufacturing the sculpture, and can quickly manufacture the hollow or solid sculpture by spraying paint, brushing lime slurry and the like on the outside of the product manufactured by the method, and the method can effectively save the manufacturing time in the manufacturing process of the hollow sculpture. Alternatively, a mold for sculpture may be manufactured according to the present invention, and then a material such as lime slurry may be poured to perform sculpture manufacturing.
The process for manufacturing the sculpture by utilizing the special material for quickly manufacturing the plastic part comprises the steps of firstly, manufacturing a base body for generating a product form, wherein the base body comprises at least two film layers 11, and uncured resin-based composite material is filled between the two film layers 11; secondly, constructing the outline of the sculpture by using the matrix; curing the uncured resin-based composite material to enable the matrix to be cured and shaped; and fourthly, spraying paint and/or brushing gypsum and lime slurry on the outer film layer 11 of the substrate to manufacture the sculpture.
Or the sculpture can be made by using the plastic part to quickly make special materials by adopting the following process, wherein the first step is to make a base body for generating the product shape, the base body comprises at least two film layers 11, and uncured resin matrix composite materials are filled between the two film layers 11; constructing an outer contour of the sculpture by using the substrate, wherein an opening for injecting lime slurry is reserved on the outer contour; curing the uncured resin-based composite material to enable the matrix to be cured and shaped to form the shell of the sculpture; and step four, injecting gypsum and/or lime into the shell through the opening, and hardening the gypsum and/or lime to manufacture the sculpture. The gypsum and/or lime slurry can be injected in the fourth step, and the gypsum and/or lime powder can also be injected in the fourth step. When gypsum and/or lime powder is injected in step four, the gypsum and/or lime powder can be hardened by adding a liquid for hardening the gypsum and/or lime powder. And the lime powder can emit a large amount of heat during curing, so that the curing degree of the resin-based composite material containing the thermal curing agent can be further enhanced. After the fourth step, the shell made of the substrate can also be removed. The shell can be used as an outer protective layer of the sculpture, and damage to the inside of the sculpture is prevented in the carrying and moving process.
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles and broad features of the present invention and advantages thereof. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are described in the specification and illustrated only to illustrate the principle of the present invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (10)
1. The special material for quickly manufacturing the plastic part is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps of (1) forming a base body of a product shape, wherein the base body comprises at least two film layers, and uncured resin matrix composite materials are filled between the two film layers;
At least two cavities surrounded by partial film layers are arranged between the two film layers, uncured resin matrix composite materials are filled in the cavities, the film layers at the joints of the cavities and the cavities are used as connecting pieces of the matrix and are bent and cut through the connecting pieces, and patterns, connecting lines, cutting lines and/or folding lines are printed on the film layers;
At least two microcapsules are arranged between the two membrane layers, uncured resin-based composite materials are filled in the microcapsule walls of the microcapsules, and the distance between the two membrane layers is more than twice of the average thickness of the microcapsules;
A vesicle filled with gas is arranged between the two membranes;
Mixing pigment in the uncured resin-based composite material for coloring;
One membrane layer of the substrate is positioned below, an auxiliary membrane is fixed above the substrate, vesicles which are upwards bulged and downwards opened are arranged on the auxiliary membrane, and a space is reserved between the vesicles; the part between the auxiliary membrane vesicles and the auxiliary membrane vesicles is fixedly connected with the membrane layer, so that the membrane layer seals the vesicles to form the microcapsule;
Filling uncured resin-based composite materials between the vesicles, and covering another membrane layer above the uncured resin-based composite materials;
One of the two film layers of the substrate is opaque, or the inner side of the other film layer is made of a reflective material.
2. The special material for rapidly manufacturing the plastic part according to claim 1, wherein: the two film layers form an interlayer, and uncured resin matrix composite materials are filled in the interlayer.
3. The special material for rapidly manufacturing the plastic part according to claim 2, wherein: and vacuumizing an interlayer between the two film layers, and filling uncured resin-based composite material into the interlayer to prepare the matrix when in use.
4. the special material for rapidly manufacturing the plastic part according to claim 1, wherein: at least two particles are arranged between the two film layers, and uncured resin-based composite materials are filled between the at least two particles.
5. The special material for rapidly manufacturing the plastic part according to claim 1, wherein: the two film layers of the substrate are respectively made of elastic materials, and the microcapsule wall is made of elastic materials.
6. special material for the rapid production of plastic parts according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein: the base body is connected with a supporting piece used for supporting and limiting the shape of a product, the base body is provided with a cavity formed by a part of or the whole base body, and the supporting piece is positioned in the cavity.
7. Special material for the rapid production of plastic parts according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein: the two base bodies are arranged in parallel, and a supporting piece is arranged between each base body and the corresponding base body; the support piece is a flexible pipe body, and uncured resin matrix composite materials are filled in the flexible pipe body.
8. the special material for rapidly manufacturing the plastic part according to claim 7, wherein: one end of the supporting piece is fixed on the base body on one side to form a vertex, and at least one end of the other supporting piece is fixed at the vertex, namely at least two supporting pieces are fixed at one vertex; the supports are co-zenithal on one side of the base and no longer co-zenithal on the other side of the base.
9. Special material for the rapid production of plastic parts according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein: the uncured resin-based composite material is internally provided with a fiber reinforced material; the fiber reinforced material adopts one of glass fiber, plant fiber and carbon fiber.
10. Special material for the rapid production of plastic parts according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein: the uncured resin-based composite material is mixed with pigment mixed with electroluminescent powder and is embedded with a lead.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610635448.XA CN106273474B (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2012-04-27 | Special material for quickly manufacturing plastic parts |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610635448.XA CN106273474B (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2012-04-27 | Special material for quickly manufacturing plastic parts |
| CN201210127393.3A CN103373009B (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2012-04-27 | Plastic part rapid manufacture special material and use this material to carry out working of plastics to draw a design or the technique of production |
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| CN201210127393.3A Division CN103373009B (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2012-04-27 | Plastic part rapid manufacture special material and use this material to carry out working of plastics to draw a design or the technique of production |
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| CN106273474A CN106273474A (en) | 2017-01-04 |
| CN106273474B true CN106273474B (en) | 2019-12-10 |
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| CN201610635448.XA Expired - Fee Related CN106273474B (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2012-04-27 | Special material for quickly manufacturing plastic parts |
| CN201210127393.3A Active CN103373009B (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2012-04-27 | Plastic part rapid manufacture special material and use this material to carry out working of plastics to draw a design or the technique of production |
| CN201610637723.1A Expired - Fee Related CN106217877B (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2012-04-27 | The purposes of plastic part rapid manufacture special material |
| CN201610637721.2A Expired - Fee Related CN106273475B (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2012-04-27 | Utilize the technique of sculpture action material production sculpture |
| CN201610637722.7A Expired - Fee Related CN106273476B (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2012-04-27 | Rapid prototyping material and plastic part quick molding method |
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| CN201210127393.3A Active CN103373009B (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2012-04-27 | Plastic part rapid manufacture special material and use this material to carry out working of plastics to draw a design or the technique of production |
| CN201610637723.1A Expired - Fee Related CN106217877B (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2012-04-27 | The purposes of plastic part rapid manufacture special material |
| CN201610637721.2A Expired - Fee Related CN106273475B (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2012-04-27 | Utilize the technique of sculpture action material production sculpture |
| CN201610637722.7A Expired - Fee Related CN106273476B (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2012-04-27 | Rapid prototyping material and plastic part quick molding method |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN202668828U (en) * | 2012-04-13 | 2013-01-16 | 上海科斗电子科技有限公司 | Resin product with supporting piece |
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| CN1170674C (en) * | 1998-03-04 | 2004-10-13 | 三菱丽阳株式会社 | Photocurable sheet, moldings thereof, and processes for producing same |
| JP3615161B2 (en) * | 2001-07-09 | 2005-01-26 | 櫻護謨株式会社 | Photocurable hollow structure and method for curing the same |
| CN1284662C (en) * | 2004-09-30 | 2006-11-15 | 罗春晖 | Method for fabricating prototype of object |
| DK2052693T4 (en) * | 2007-10-26 | 2021-03-15 | Envisiontec Gmbh | Process and free-form manufacturing system to produce a three-dimensional object |
| EP2516256B1 (en) * | 2009-12-22 | 2017-11-22 | Tufts University | Inflatable and rigidizable support element |
| CN102121673B (en) * | 2010-01-11 | 2013-07-17 | 上海科斗电子科技有限公司 | Photocuring lamp |
| JP2011194691A (en) * | 2010-03-18 | 2011-10-06 | Koichi Nakada | Method for manufacturing shaped form solidified after machining irregular form by attaching plane raw material to clay to integrate |
| CN202862722U (en) * | 2012-04-13 | 2013-04-10 | 上海科斗电子科技有限公司 | Lightweight resin-based product |
| CN106273677B (en) * | 2012-04-13 | 2018-12-11 | 上海科斗电子科技有限公司 | Particles filled formula photo-curing material |
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| CN202668828U (en) * | 2012-04-13 | 2013-01-16 | 上海科斗电子科技有限公司 | Resin product with supporting piece |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| CN103373009B (en) | 2016-12-14 |
| CN106273474A (en) | 2017-01-04 |
| CN106217877B (en) | 2019-01-22 |
| CN106273475B (en) | 2019-06-11 |
| CN106273476A (en) | 2017-01-04 |
| CN106273476B (en) | 2019-07-05 |
| CN106217877A (en) | 2016-12-14 |
| CN103373009A (en) | 2013-10-30 |
| CN106273475A (en) | 2017-01-04 |
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