CN105536987A - Haze removing technology - Google Patents
Haze removing technology Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105536987A CN105536987A CN201510900176.7A CN201510900176A CN105536987A CN 105536987 A CN105536987 A CN 105536987A CN 201510900176 A CN201510900176 A CN 201510900176A CN 105536987 A CN105536987 A CN 105536987A
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- Prior art keywords
- haze
- corona discharge
- positive charge
- voltage
- positive
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
- B03C3/02—Plant or installations having external electricity supply
- B03C3/04—Plant or installations having external electricity supply dry type
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
- B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
- B03C3/40—Electrode constructions
- B03C3/41—Ionising-electrodes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
- B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
- B03C3/66—Applications of electricity supply techniques
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
- B03C2201/04—Ionising electrode being a wire
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
- B03C2201/06—Ionising electrode being a needle
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- Electrostatic Separation (AREA)
Abstract
The invention proposes a technology for removing haze in a wider range based on the earth static physical characteristics and the haze aerosol characteristics. Through positive pole point discharge and positive corona discharge principles, a positive charge generator arranged on a high tower or a positive corona discharge bare wire on a high-voltage transmission line is used for releasing positive charges into haze air to destroy a stable structure for forming haze aerosol and to accelerate the settlement of fine solid and liquid particles for forming haze under dual effects of earth electrostatic field and gravity, so that the sky quickly changes blue. The haze removing technology is wide in acting range, lower in investment, lower in energy consumption and convenient for wide-range application.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to environmental protection technical field, be specifically related to a kind of electrostatic precipitator technology.
Background technology
Along with expanding economy, the sharply increase of fossil energy consumption, motor vehicle emission, haze is day by day serious, badly influenced people health and
nationaleconomic sound development, has arrived the critical moment of necessary improvement.For this reason numerous scientific and technical personnel propose various except haze method, are summed up and mainly contain: several classes such as anion electrostatic precipitation (CN104906897A), artificial wind division (CN103174663A), chemical coagulation agent dedusting (CN104844307A, CN104846770A, CN104906929A) and filter-cloth filtering method CN104941342A.By wind or inject negative electrical charge or spray glue that can to destroy haze aerocolloidal stable, but carry out artificial invisible waste on a large scale can be huge, feasible poor; Manufacture and the sprinkling of depositing dust glue all will consume mass energy, and also may bring new pollution, widespread adoption is infeasible; Although and also can have certain effect by the way of anion, be undesirable with regard to principle, although inject excessive negative electrical charge can destroy aerosol, negative electrical charge can produce with the electrostatic field of the earth electrostatic repulsion being unfavorable for sedimentation, is unfavorable on a large scale except haze.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is a kind of technology being intended to carry out in a big way removing haze proposed based on earth electrostatic physical features and the aerocolloidal feature of haze.Enough positive charges are discharged to haze air by utilizing positive pole point discharge and positive corona discharge principle, destroy and form the aerocolloidal rock-steady structure of haze and under the double action of earth electrostatic field and gravity, make formation haze solid and liquid molecule Accelerated subsidence, thus make sky become blue fast.
The earth is a spheroid with negative electricity, and the electric-field intensity of adjacent ground surface is up to 130V/m.Theoretical according to electrostatics, when be attached to one large leave large ball with the bead on negative electricity spheroid after, bead is by negative electricity identical with large ball for band.We may safely draw the conclusion thus, no matter is the sand and dust that wind is kicked up, or cigarette, vapour that power plant is discharged, or the tail gas that automobile is discharged, and is all electronegative on the whole.
Float on the dust in air, according to their respective quality, density, carried charge size and the close and distant effect with other molecule of surrounding, what have will soon natural subsidence, the then sedimentation had slower.When small dust PM2.5 is many, and its chemical composition and air are when interacting tight, they just can form more stable aerosol with air, moisture, aerostatic buoyancy and with the acting in conjunction of the repulsion of earth electrostatic field under float on aerial for a long time, form the haze that our often say.
The technical solution used in the present invention is except haze with positive charge, by shedding positive charge in air, allow positively charged air or the water droplet electronegative dust particale in haze be combined and form heavier particle, thus destroy haze aerosol, and make the particle of formation haze with melanoma cells even become positively charged, reduce the electrostatic repulsion between haze aerosol and the earth or electrostatic repulsion is become suction, and under gravity and the earth electrostatic field suction double action rapid subsidence, thus reach and administer the effect of haze.
The representational two class technical scheme one of most of the present invention installs positive charge generator at skyscraper or the top of the special high tower built to discharge positive charge in the air of its periphery; Another is built some special high towers in specific region and sets up electric discharge bare wire on its top, and the positive pole of high-voltage DC power supply received by electric discharge bare wire, discharges positive charge by corona discharge in air.
According to first kind technical scheme, positive charge generator is made up of high-voltage DC power supply, anode discharge pin or discharge wire, minus plate, fan etc., its structure is similar to air negative ion generator, and difference is that spray point or discharge wire connect galvanic positive pole, and pole plate connects negative pole.Spray point or after adding high voltage direct current between discharge wire and pole plate, very high electric-field intensity will be formed near the tip of spray point or discharge wire, when electric-field intensity exceedes the disruptive field intensity of air, just corona discharge is there will be near spray point or discharge wire, positive charge in neighbouring airstrip will be made, under the effect of fan, to be ionized and air with positive charge constantly can be blown out by wind.
In order to play except haze usefulness, positive charge generator should be arranged on high tower or the top of skyscraper of special construction, preferably can at positive charge generator other installation strong sprayer, by swiftly flowing water smoke the positive charge that positive charge generator produces is drawn through and the small water droplet of water smoke is become positively charged lotus, by water smoke, positive charge is thrown to farther place, thus increase action space, accelerate the speed of the dust particale sedimentation in haze.Also positive charge generator can be arranged on around tall and big chimney top, also can play the effect that haze falls in good scrubbing.
According to Equations of The Second Kind technical scheme, the generation of positive charge is that the corona discharge by being erected at the HVDC wire between pylon obtains.The pylon that some are higher than common building thing is built in specific region, bare wire is pulled on by insulator between pylon, by the minus earth of high-voltage DC power supply, positive pole connects bare wire, and when voltage is enough high, the electric-field intensity near bare wire exceedes the disruptive field intensity of air, electric discharge bare wire will capture the electronics of surrounding air molecule, make positive charge in neighbouring airstrip, due to electric field action, positively charged molecule will away from electric discharge bare wire.Under the effect of molecular motion, positive charge is constantly injected in haze air, and haze aerosol rock-steady structure is destroyed, and forces the aerocolloidal PM2.5 of formation to sink rapidly.
Pylon and according to the origin peculiarity of various places haze and urban architecture height and should determining after adopting the actual effect etc. after this patent consider except the antenna height of haze facility, although the haze thickness in some city may more than 300m, but steel tower and except haze facility also not necessarily to build so high, because the root that most haze is formed is mainly PM2.5, and most PM2.5 itself produced at Near Ground, after we press this patent enforcement, PM2.5 transpiration upwards will be inhibit by high degree, as long as so steel tower and except haze facility higher than building, do not affect normal activity just.
Accompanying drawing explanation
fig. 1for first kind technical scheme embodiment signal of the present invention
figure;
fig. 2for positive charge generator embodiment signal of the present invention
figure;
fig. 3for positive charge generator is arranged on the embodiment signal of sprayer periphery
figure;
fig. 4for positive charge generator is arranged on the embodiment signal of chimney periphery
figure.
fig. 5for Equations of The Second Kind technical scheme embodiment signal of the present invention
figure.
fig. 6for a kind of embodiment signal of the core structure of the bare wire that discharges
figure.
fig. 7for a kind of embodiment signal of the core structure of the bare wire that discharges
figure.
fig. 8for a kind of embodiment signal of transforming existing ultra-high-tension power transmission line
figure.
in accompanying drawinglabel declaration:
1---positive charge generator, 2---pylon, 3---high-voltage DC power supply, 4---spray point, 5---negative plate, 6---electric fan, 7---electric discharge bare wire, 8---insulator, 9---selector switch, 10---sprayer, 11---chimney, 13---tension deicing heating core, 14---insulating barrier, 15---outer contact, 15 '---right terminal, 16---copper wire.
Detailed description of the invention
fig. 1a specific embodiment according to first kind technical scheme of the present invention,
in figure1 be positive charge generator, 2 is pylon.Positive charge generator 1 is arranged on the top of pylon 2, to periphery release positive charge, goes to destroy haze aerosol.
Positive charge generator 1 is made up of high-voltage DC power supply 3, anode discharge pin 4, minus plate 5, electric fan 6 etc., sees
fig. 2.Spray point 4 connects galvanic positive pole, and negative plate 5 connects negative pole.After adding high voltage direct current between spray point 4 and pole plate 5, very high electric-field intensity will be formed in the tip of spray point 4, when electric-field intensity exceedes the disruptive field intensity of air, the tip of spray point 4 just there will be corona discharge, positive charge in neighbouring airstrip will be made, under the effect of fan 6, the air with positive charge constantly can be blown out by wind.When positive charge generator adopts sleeve cathode, anode should adopt discharge wire.
In order to play except haze usefulness, preferably at positive charge generator 1 other installation strong sprayer 7, can see
fig. 3.By swiftly flowing water smoke the positive charge that positive charge generator 1 produces is drawn through and the small water droplet of water smoke is become positively charged lotus, by water smoke, positive charge is thrown to farther place, thus increase action space, accelerate the speed of the dust particale sedimentation in haze.
Also positive charge generator 1 can be arranged on around tall and big chimney 11 top, also can play the effect that haze falls in good scrubbing.See
fig. 4.
According to Equations of The Second Kind technical scheme, see
fig. 5, the generation of positive charge is that the corona discharge by being erected at the HVDC wire between pylon obtains.The pylon 2 that some are higher than building is built in specific region, bare wire 7 is pulled on by insulator 8 between pylon, by the minus earth of high voltage source, positive pole receives bare wire 7, when electric-field intensity near bare wire 7 exceedes the disruptive field intensity of air, the electronics of partial air molecule will escape into bare wire 7, positive charge in the airstrip near bare wire will be made, there is so-called corona discharge, under the electrostatic force of two like magnetic poles repel each other and the effect of molecular motion, the positive charge that ionization produces constantly is injected in haze air, haze aerosol rock-steady structure is destroyed, the aerocolloidal PM2.5 of formation haze is forced to sink rapidly.
The positive pole of high-voltage DC power supply 3 is connected by a selector switch 9 with corona discharge bare wire 7.At ordinary times, the corona discharge bare wire 7 being placed in pylon 2 top is insulate with pylon 2 and the earth, is connected with the positive pole of high voltage source 3; But at thundery sky, high voltage source 3 will quit work, corona discharge bare wire 7 will be by selector switch 9 and pylon 2 and large ground short circuit, and corona discharge bare wire 7 act as lightning conducter.
Pylon and according to the stroke feature of various places haze and urban architecture height and should determining after adopting the actual effect after this patent consider except the antenna height of haze facility, although the haze thickness in some city may more than 350m, but steel tower and except haze facility also there is no need to build so high, because the root that most haze is formed is mainly PM2.5, and most PM2.5 itself produced at Near Ground, after we press this patent enforcement, PM2.5 transpiration upwards will be inhibit by high degree, as long as so steel tower and except haze facility higher than building, do not affect crowd activity just.
For reducing the output voltage of high-voltage DC power supply 3, the external diameter of electric discharge bare wire 7 should be as far as possible little, is preferably made coaxial configuration, sees
fig. 6.Outer contact 15 is corona discharge layer, adopt conduction, anti-corrosion
?carbon fiber knit, interior 13 is tension tension deicing heating core, and the high-tensile steel wires higher by resistivity or carbon fiber are made.It is the insulating barrier 14 of heat conduction between inner core 13 and outer contact 15.In order to reduce the resistivity of outer contact 15, also can add appropriate copper wire 16 in the inner side of outer contact, seeing
fig. 7.
According to Equations of The Second Kind technical scheme, can be transformed to existing interchange or DC ultra-high-voltage transmission line of electricity the effect realizing discharging positive charge control haze, be seen
fig. 8.By conventional high-tension transmission line of electricity top
?separate with insulator 8 between lightning conducter and steel tower 2, as electric discharge bare wire 7; Configuration high-voltage DC power supply 3, its negative pole connects steel pylon 2 and connects the earth; Lightning conducter is connected with the positive pole of pylon 2 (greatly) or high-voltage DC power supply 3 respectively by selector switch 9.At thundery sky, lightning conducter 7 is connected with pylon 2 (greatly), plays traditional lightning protection function; Haze sky, lightning conducter 7 is connected with the positive pole of high-voltage DC power supply 3, plays positive charge except haze effect.
Can also build in addition and adopt the super high voltage direct current electricity transmission line of single line mode this realizes, super high voltage direct current electricity transmission line electric wire connects positive pole, and negative pole, the head and end ground connection respectively of circuit, forms negative loop by the earth.The structure of split conductor and size should be determined according to the condition of concrete electric pressure and generation corona.The section scale ratio normal design of split conductor little, object allows to occur appropriate corona discharge, exchanged for the improvement of environment by the corona loss of appropriateness.
Claims (9)
1. administer the method for haze for one kind, by being built up in the positive charge generator on high tower or the positive corona discharge bare wire on ultra-high-tension power transmission line to haze air release positive charge, electronegative dust particale in haze is combined and forms heavier particle, make the particle of haze with melanoma cells even become positively charged, thus destroy aerocolloidal stable, and under the double action of earth electrostatic field and gravity, make solid and the liquid molecule Accelerated subsidence of formation haze, reach the effect of administering haze.It is characterized in that: at skyscraper or the top of the special high tower built, positive charge generator is installed and in the air of its periphery, discharges positive charge or build some special high towers in specific region and at its top erection electric discharge bare wire, in air, discharge positive charge by positive corona discharge.
2. based on claim 1, it is characterized in that: positive charge generator is formed primarily of high-voltage DC power supply, corona discharge chamber and blower fan, by the metal needle in corona room or corona discharge wiry, makes the gas of surrounding charged.It is characterized in that the positive pole will receiving high-voltage DC power supply as the metal needle of corona discharge or wire, pole plate connects negative pole.
3. based on claim 1, positive charge directly can be produced by corona discharge by high-voltage DC power supply and the high-level wire of erection, it is characterized in that: corona discharge uses thinner bare wire, special high tower is set up or between the top of high building by insulator, the positive pole of high-voltage DC power supply connects electric discharge bare wire, and negative pole connects the earth.
4. based on claim 1,2, be further characterized in that: strong sprayer should be installed on positive charge generator side.
5. based on claim 1,2, be further characterized in that: positive charge generator should be arranged on around tall and big chimney top.
6. based on claim 1,3, be further characterized in that built on stilts basic structure of discharging bare wire is coaxial configuration, skin is corona discharge layer, adopt conduction, corrosion-resistant, oxidation resistant metal material or carbon fiber knit, internal layer is the bearing layer of high strength and modulus and doublely does deicing zone of heating, and the high-tensile steel wires higher by resistivity or carbon fiber are made.In order to reduce the resistivity of outer contact, appropriate copper wire can be added in the inner side of outer contact.
7. based on claim 1,3, be further characterized in that: the corona discharge bare wire being placed in high tower top can be connected with the positive pole of high-voltage DC power supply or pylon respectively by a selector switch.During except haze, the positive pole of high-voltage DC power supply is connected with corona discharge bare wire by a selector switch, and negative pole connects the earth by pylon; At thundery sky, high-voltage DC power supply quits work, and corona discharge bare wire to be connected ground connection by a selector switch pylon, and at this moment, corona discharge bare wire act as the lightning conducter of highly lower facility.
8. based on claim 1,3, existing extra high voltage network can be utilized to be transformed, to realize the effect discharging positive charge control haze.It is characterized in that the lightning conducter above by extra high voltage network, and separate with insulator between steel tower; Configuration high-voltage DC power supply, its negative pole connects the earth; Lightning conducter is connected with the positive pole of steel tower (greatly) or high-voltage DC power supply respectively by selector switch.At thundery sky, lightning conducter is connected with steel tower (greatly), plays traditional lightning protection function; In haze sky, lightning conducter is connected with the positive pole of high-voltage DC power supply, plays corona positive charge except haze effect.
9. based on claim 1,3, can build new-type super high voltage direct current electricity transmission line to realize, it is characterized in that: super high voltage direct current electricity transmission line adopts single line mode, and electric wire connects positive pole, negative pole, at circuit point section two-terminal-grounding, forms negative loop by the earth; The section yardstick compared with normal design of split conductor is little, allows to occur appropriate corona discharge.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510900176.7A CN105536987A (en) | 2015-12-09 | 2015-12-09 | Haze removing technology |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510900176.7A CN105536987A (en) | 2015-12-09 | 2015-12-09 | Haze removing technology |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN105536987A true CN105536987A (en) | 2016-05-04 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510900176.7A Pending CN105536987A (en) | 2015-12-09 | 2015-12-09 | Haze removing technology |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105490167A (en) * | 2016-01-29 | 2016-04-13 | 曹泽新 | Smog prevention and removal device through electrostatic precipitation by lightning rod |
| CN107051732A (en) * | 2017-05-27 | 2017-08-18 | 黄朝 | Produce negative oxygen ion and/or disperse the device and the system using the device of haze |
| CN108661414A (en) * | 2018-05-27 | 2018-10-16 | 中国计量大学 | It is driven by driver when being built except haze tower engineering and stereo garage engineering zoarium the high-level structure design scheme of disengaging public parking position |
| CN109276964A (en) * | 2017-07-19 | 2019-01-29 | 贾广 | A kind of anion removes haze structure |
| CN109351479A (en) * | 2018-10-26 | 2019-02-19 | 刘彦恺 | A kind of novel and multifunctional electrostatic precipitator |
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| US5045095A (en) * | 1989-06-15 | 1991-09-03 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Dust collector for an air cleaner |
| JPH05228391A (en) * | 1992-02-17 | 1993-09-07 | Akai Electric Co Ltd | Air cleaner |
| CN101978116A (en) * | 2007-12-17 | 2011-02-16 | 代尔夫特科技大学 | Use of an electric field for the removal of droplets in a gaseous fluid |
| CN203687274U (en) * | 2014-01-16 | 2014-07-02 | 清华大学 | Natural ventilator with PM2.5 filtering function |
| CN203783692U (en) * | 2014-01-08 | 2014-08-20 | 张红碧 | Automobile exhaust particulate matter trap and filter element |
| CN104697064A (en) * | 2015-03-05 | 2015-06-10 | 方维 | Method and device for treating haze |
| CN104707732A (en) * | 2015-02-12 | 2015-06-17 | 华中科技大学 | Device and method for eliminating haze using charged particles |
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| JPS6430660A (en) * | 1987-07-27 | 1989-02-01 | Matsushita Seiko Kk | Dust collecting unit |
| US5045095A (en) * | 1989-06-15 | 1991-09-03 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Dust collector for an air cleaner |
| JPH05228391A (en) * | 1992-02-17 | 1993-09-07 | Akai Electric Co Ltd | Air cleaner |
| CN101978116A (en) * | 2007-12-17 | 2011-02-16 | 代尔夫特科技大学 | Use of an electric field for the removal of droplets in a gaseous fluid |
| CN203783692U (en) * | 2014-01-08 | 2014-08-20 | 张红碧 | Automobile exhaust particulate matter trap and filter element |
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Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105490167A (en) * | 2016-01-29 | 2016-04-13 | 曹泽新 | Smog prevention and removal device through electrostatic precipitation by lightning rod |
| CN107051732A (en) * | 2017-05-27 | 2017-08-18 | 黄朝 | Produce negative oxygen ion and/or disperse the device and the system using the device of haze |
| CN107051732B (en) * | 2017-05-27 | 2018-06-15 | 黄朝一 | Generate negative oxygen ion and/or the device for dispersing haze and the system using the device |
| CN109276964A (en) * | 2017-07-19 | 2019-01-29 | 贾广 | A kind of anion removes haze structure |
| CN108661414A (en) * | 2018-05-27 | 2018-10-16 | 中国计量大学 | It is driven by driver when being built except haze tower engineering and stereo garage engineering zoarium the high-level structure design scheme of disengaging public parking position |
| CN109351479A (en) * | 2018-10-26 | 2019-02-19 | 刘彦恺 | A kind of novel and multifunctional electrostatic precipitator |
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Application publication date: 20160504 |