CN105278612A - Largest-power point tracking method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a largest-power point tracking method. The largest-power point tracking method comprises steps that, 1, an output voltage and an output current of a photovoltaic cell are acquired; 2, a position relation between a detection point corresponding to a present output voltage and a present output current and the largest-power point is determined; 3, a segment adaptive factor is set according to the position relation between the detection point and the largest-power point, and a reference voltage at the next time is determined according to the segment adaptive factor; and 4, an output voltage at the next time is adjusted according to the reference voltage, and the steps are repeated till power of the detection point reaches the largest power of the photovoltaic cell. Through the largest-power point tracking method, fixed step length is changed into variable step length, a relation between a power tracking speed and precision is balanced, and accuracy and stability for tracking the largest-power point can be guaranteed.
Description
Technical Field
The embodiment of the invention relates to a photovoltaic power generation technology, in particular to a maximum power point tracking method.
Background
The maximum power tracking (MPPT) method of photovoltaic solar panels has been a difficult point and a hotspot in the research of the field of photovoltaic power generation. The output power of a photovoltaic cell is affected by temperature, illumination and load and is in a non-linear relationship. In order to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency to the maximum extent, the solar energy is fully utilized, the output power of the photovoltaic power supply must be adjusted along with the change of environmental parameters, and the photovoltaic power supply is ensured to work at the maximum power point.
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) means that an output power function of a photovoltaic cell is a convex function at a certain illumination or a certain temperature, as shown in fig. 1 and 2, when the temperature and the illumination are changed together, the output power of the photovoltaic cell has a maximum value in a certain specific state, that is, a Maximum Power Point (MPP), and the maximum power point tracking and the output are performed at different temperatures and under different illumination parameters. The output current and the output voltage are modeled as
Due to Rsh》RsTherefore, the above formula can be simplified as follows:
the output power of the photovoltaic cell is:
common maximum power tracking technologies comprise a constant voltage control method, a disturbance observation method and a conductance increment method, wherein the disturbance observation method is poor in stability and is easy to oscillate at the maximum power point; the principle of the constant-voltage control method is simple, but the accuracy is not high, and divergence is easy to generate even under severe conditions, so that the divergence is seriously deviated from the optimal power point; the relative accuracy and stability of the conductance incremental method are superior to those of the former two methods, but the conductance incremental method usually adopts fixed step length to track the maximum power point, the tracking speed is high when the step length is too large, but the tracking accuracy is not high, otherwise, the tracking speed is influenced when the accuracy is improved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a maximum power point tracking method, which aims to balance the relation between convergence speed and precision and ensure the accuracy and stability of maximum power point tracking.
The embodiment of the invention provides a maximum power point tracking method, which comprises the following steps:
step one, acquiring output voltage and output current of a photovoltaic cell;
determining the position relation between a detection point corresponding to the current output voltage and the current output and a maximum power point;
step three, setting a sectional self-adaptive factor according to the position relation between the detection point and the maximum power point, and determining the reference voltage at the next moment according to the sectional self-adaptive factor;
and step four, adjusting the output voltage at the next moment according to the reference voltage, and returning to the step until the power of the detection point reaches the maximum power of the photovoltaic cell.
The output voltage and the output current of the photovoltaic cell are obtained; determining that a detection point corresponding to the current output voltage and the current output current is positioned on the left side or the right side of the maximum power point; setting a sectional self-adaptive factor according to the position relation between the detection point and the maximum power point, and determining the reference voltage at the next moment according to the sectional self-adaptive factor; and adjusting the output voltage at the next moment according to the reference voltage, returning to execute the acquisition of the output voltage and the output current of the photovoltaic cell, and repeatedly executing the steps until the power of a detection point reaches the maximum power of the photovoltaic cell, so that the problem that the relation between convergence speed and precision cannot be balanced by adopting a method for tracking the maximum power point by fixed step length is solved, the fixed step length is changed into a variable step length, the relation between power tracking speed and precision is balanced, and the effect of ensuring the accuracy and stability of tracking the maximum power point is achieved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a P-U curve of photovoltaic cell output power as a function of illumination in the prior art;
FIG. 2 is a P-U curve of photovoltaic cell output power as a function of temperature in the prior art;
fig. 3 is a flowchart of a maximum power point tracking method according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic circuit diagram of a maximum power point tracking system according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a flowchart of a maximum power point tracking method in the second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph of the maximum power tracking effect of a conventional conductance delta MPPT method when the temperature changes;
fig. 7 is a diagram of the maximum power tracking effect of the variable step size adaptive MPPT method of the present invention when the temperature changes.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples. It is to be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not limiting of the invention. It should be further noted that, for the convenience of description, only some of the structures related to the present invention are shown in the drawings, not all of the structures.
Example one
Fig. 3 is a flowchart of a maximum power point tracking method according to an embodiment of the present invention, where the present embodiment is applicable to a situation that a relationship between tracking accuracy and convergence speed is considered in a maximum power tracking process of a photovoltaic cell, and the method may be executed by a maximum power point tracking system, and specifically includes the following steps:
step 1, obtaining the output voltage and the output current of the photovoltaic cell.
And collecting the output voltage and the output current of the photovoltaic cell through a voltage sensor and a current sensor. For example, the output voltage of the photovoltaic cell may be collected by connecting a voltage sensor in parallel across the photovoltaic cell and sent to a controller in the tracking system circuit at the maximum power point. And a current sensor is connected in series between the output end of the photovoltaic cell and the input end (Boost conversion circuit) of the booster circuit in the tracking system circuit of the maximum power point to acquire the output current of the photovoltaic cell, and the output current is sent to a controller in the tracking system circuit of the maximum power point. The controller adopts a variable step maximum power point tracking algorithm to carry out operation according to the received output voltage and output current.
And 2, determining the position relation between the detection point corresponding to the current output voltage and the current output and the maximum power point.
And obtaining a maximum power point tracking method model by using a conductance increment Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method and utilizing a first-order derivation extreme value of an output power function of the photovoltaic cell. The discretization representation of the first derivative of the output power of the photovoltaic cell is:wherein, I (i), U (i) is the output current and output voltage sampled at the moment i, and dP (i), dU (i) and dI (i) are the change value of the output power, the change value of the output voltage and the change value of the output current sampled at the moment i and i-1.
The change value dU (i) of the output voltage at the current moment and the last moment is not zero, and the ratio of the change value of the output power to the change value of the output voltageNamely, it isDetermining a detection point corresponding to the current output voltage and the current as a maximum power point of the photovoltaic cell, wherein the reference voltage U at the next momentref(i+1)＝Uref(i)。
The change value dU (i) of the output voltage at the current moment and the last moment is not zero, and the ratio of the change value of the output power to the change value of the output voltageNamely, it isAnd determining that a detection point corresponding to the current output voltage and the current output current is positioned on the left side of the maximum power point of the photovoltaic cell.
The change value dU (i) of the output voltage at the current moment and the last moment is not zero, and the ratio of the change value of the output power to the change value of the output voltageNamely, it isAnd determining that a detection point corresponding to the current output voltage and the current output current is positioned on the right side of the maximum power point of the photovoltaic cell.
And 3, setting a sectional self-adaptive factor according to the position relation between the detection point and the maximum power point, and determining the reference voltage at the next moment according to the sectional self-adaptive factor.
When the detection point is the maximum power point, the adaptive factor value is zero, and the reference voltage U at the next momentref(i+1)＝Uref(i)。
And when the detection point is positioned on the left side of the maximum power point, determining the step length of a conductance increment method adjusted by adopting a preset first-order linear adaptive factor according to the P-U curve characteristic of the photovoltaic cell, and determining the reference voltage at the next moment according to the sum of the output voltage at the current moment and the adjusted first step length. For example, when the detection point is located to the left of the maximum power point, an adaptation factorWherein k is1、k2To regulate the factors, inWhen k is1∈[0.1,1]In aWhen k is1∈(1,10]. In this case, the first step after adjustment isReference voltage at next moment
Or when the detection point is positioned on the right side of the maximum power point, adjusting the step length of a conductance incremental method by adopting a preset second-order adaptive factor according to the P-U curve characteristic of the photovoltaic cell, and determining the reference voltage at the next moment according to the difference between the output voltage at the current moment and the adjusted second step length. For example, when the detection point is located to the right of the maximum power point, the adaptation factorWherein, inWhen k is2∈(1,10]In aWhen k is2∈[0.5,1]. In this case, the second step after adjustment is Reference voltage at next moment
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the P-U curve of the photovoltaic cell is on the left side of the maximum power point, the power and the voltage are approximately in a linear proportional relationship, and the adaptive factor D on the left side of the maximum power point is obtained by data fittingjThe self-adaptive factor D at the moment is obtained in a data fitting modejIn the form of a quadratic function. E.g. on the left side of the maximum power point, the adaptation factorOn the right side of the maximum power point, the adaptation factorWherein the factor k is adjusted1And k2The larger the value of (a), the faster the step length increases, the adjustment factor k1And k2The smaller the value of (2), the slower the step length increases, thereby affecting the accuracy and efficiency of maximum power point tracking of the photovoltaic cell. For example, on the left side of the maximum power point, the photovoltaic cell may have a relatively large power change rate in the initial stage of maximum power point tracking, which may beIf k is1Take too large a value, such as k1At this time, the photovoltaic cell maximum power tracking system is likely to diverge and deviate from the maximum power point, and the tracking accuracy is reduced. If k is1Values too small, such as k1And 0.05, the tracking speed of the photovoltaic cell maximum power tracking system is influenced. At the right side of the maximum power point, the power variation of the photovoltaic cell is large, and similarly, if k is2And the value is too large, the photovoltaic cell maximum power tracking system is easy to disperse and deviate from the maximum power point, and the tracking precision is reduced. If k is2If the value is too small, the tracking speed of the photovoltaic cell maximum power tracking system is affected.
And 4, adjusting the output voltage at the next moment according to the reference voltage, and returning to execute the step 1 until the power of the detection point reaches the maximum power of the photovoltaic cell.
Referring to the schematic circuit diagram of the maximum power point tracking system shown in fig. 4, the DSP controller 404 collects the output voltage and the output current of the photovoltaic cell 401, and determines the reference voltage at the next time through the above calculation of steps 1 to 3 by using the variable step size maximum power point tracking algorithm. DSP controller 404 implements modulation of the reference voltage to obtain a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) waveform by comparing the reference voltage to a triangular wave. The DSP controller 404 outputs the PWM waveform to a metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) drive circuit 403. The MOSFET driving circuit 403 controls the MOSFET in the Boost circuit 402(Boost converter circuit) to be turned on and off according to the received PWM waveform, thereby adjusting the voltage across the load resistor R. The voltage at the two ends of the load resistor R is fed back to the control circuit of the photovoltaic cell 401, thereby influencing the output voltage of the photovoltaic cell at the next moment. And circularly executing the steps 1 to 4 until the power of the detection point reaches the maximum power of the photovoltaic cell.
According to the technical scheme of the embodiment, the output voltage and the output current of the photovoltaic cell are obtained; determining that a detection point corresponding to the current output voltage and the current output current is positioned on the left side or the right side of the maximum power point; setting a sectional self-adaptive factor according to the position relation between the detection point and the maximum power point, and determining the reference voltage at the next moment according to the sectional self-adaptive factor; and adjusting the output voltage at the next moment according to the reference voltage, returning to execute the acquisition of the output voltage and the output current of the photovoltaic cell, and repeatedly executing the steps until the power of a detection point reaches the maximum power of the photovoltaic cell, so that the problem that the relation between convergence speed and precision cannot be balanced by adopting a method for tracking the maximum power point by fixed step length is solved, the fixed step length is changed into a variable step length, the relation between power tracking speed and precision is balanced, and the effect of ensuring the accuracy and stability of tracking the maximum power point is achieved.
On the basis of the technical scheme, after the output voltage and the output current of the photovoltaic cell are obtained, the output voltage at the next moment is adjusted according to the reference voltageReturning to step 1 until the power at the detection point reaches the maximum power of the photovoltaic cell, it may be preferable to increase: when the change value of the output voltage at the current moment and the last moment is zero and the change value of the output current is zero, determining an adaptive factor Dj0; or, when the variation value of the output voltage at the current time and the last time is zero and the variation value of the output current is not zero, determining the self-adaptive factor Dj1. The advantage of the arrangement is that when the output voltage obtains an extreme value and the output current does not obtain the extreme value, the fixed step voltage is adopted to track the maximum power point of the photovoltaic cell.
Example two
Fig. 5 is a flowchart of a maximum power point tracking method in the second embodiment of the present invention, which specifically includes the following steps:
step 201, collecting output voltage U (i) and output current I (i).
And collecting the output voltage U (i) of the photovoltaic cell through voltage sensors connected in parallel at two ends of the photovoltaic cell, and sending the output voltage U (i) to the DSP controller. And acquiring the output current I (i) of the photovoltaic cell through a current sensor connected in series between the output end of the photovoltaic cell and the input end of the Boost conversion circuit, and sending the output current I (i) to the DSP controller.
Step 202, du (I) (U) (I) -U (I-1), di (I) -I (I-1), and dp (I) (P (I) -P (I-1) are calculated.
And the DSP controller calculates the power of the detection point according to a power calculation formula and the acquired output voltage and output current. Further, a voltage change value dU (i), a current change value dI (i) and a power change value dP (i) at the present time i and the previous time i-1 are calculated.
Step 203, determine whether du (i) is equal to zero, if yes, go to step 205, otherwise go to step 204.
Step 204, judgmentIf it is equal to zero, go to step 209 if it is, and go to step 206 if it is not.
Calculated according to dP (i) and dU (i)If it isIt is determined that the detected point reaches the maximum power point and step 209 is performed. If it isNot equal to zero, step 206 is performed.
Step 205, determine if di (i) is equal to zero, if yes, go to step 209, if no, go to step 210.
Step 206, judgeIf yes, go to step 207, otherwise go to step 208.
Calculated according to dP (i) and dU (i)If it isAnd determining that a detection point corresponding to the current output voltage and the current output is located on the left side of the maximum power point of the photovoltaic cell, and executing step 207. If it isAnd determining that the detection point corresponding to the current output voltage and the current output is positioned on the right side of the maximum power point of the photovoltaic cell, and executing the step 208.
Step 207, according to the formulaThe reference voltage at the next instant is determined.
DSP controller according to formulaThe reference voltage at the next time is calculated, the output voltage at the next time is adjusted according to the reference voltage, and the process returns to step 201.
Step 208, according to the formulaThe reference voltage at the next instant is determined.
DSP controller according to formulaAnd determining the reference voltage at the next moment, adjusting the output voltage at the next moment according to the reference voltage, and returning to execute the step 201.
Step 209 determines that a detected point corresponding to the current output voltage and the current output current reaches the maximum power point of the photovoltaic cell, and the current output voltage, the current output current, and the current output current are the same as the previous output voltage, the current output current, and the previous output current, i.e., U (I) ═ U (I-1), I (I) ═ I (I-1), and P (I) ═ P (I-1), thereby realizing the maximum power point tracking of the photovoltaic cell.
Step 210, determining whether dI is greater than zero, if yes, executing step 211, and if no, executing step 212.
In step 211, the reference voltage at the next time is determined by the fixed step size dUref according to the formula Uref (i +1) ═ Uref (i) + dUref.
The DSP controller calculates a reference voltage at the next time according to the formula Uref (i +1) ═ Uref (i) + dUref, adjusts an output voltage at the next time according to the reference voltage, and returns to step 201.
Step 212, according to the formula Uref (i +1) ═ Uref (i) — dUref, the reference voltage at the next time is determined by using the fixed step size dUref.
The DSP controller calculates a reference voltage at the next time according to the formula Uref (i +1) ═ Uref (i) — dUref, adjusts an output voltage at the next time according to the reference voltage, and returns to step 201.
Fig. 6 and 7 show waveforms of the output power of the photovoltaic cell with time when the external temperature is reduced from 36 ℃ to 18 ℃. Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating a maximum power tracking effect of a conventional conductance increment MPPT method when a temperature changes. Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating the maximum power tracking effect of the variable step size adaptive MPPT method according to the present invention when the temperature changes. The conventional conductance delta MPPT method as shown in fig. 6 may take about 50ms to reach the maximum power point, while the variable step adaptive MPPT method of the present application as shown in fig. 7 may take about 35ms to reach the maximum power point. Through comparison, the variable-step self-adaptive MPPT method is high in tracking speed and accuracy.
It is to be noted that the foregoing is only illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention and the technical principles employed. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described herein, but is capable of various obvious changes, rearrangements and substitutions as will now become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. Therefore, although the present invention has been described in greater detail by the above embodiments, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and may include other equivalent embodiments without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is determined by the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (5)
1. A maximum power point tracking method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, acquiring output voltage and output current of a photovoltaic cell;
determining the position relation between a detection point corresponding to the current output voltage and the current output and a maximum power point;
step three, setting a sectional self-adaptive factor according to the position relation between the detection point and the maximum power point, and determining the reference voltage at the next moment according to the sectional self-adaptive factor;
and step four, adjusting the output voltage at the next moment according to the reference voltage, and returning to the step until the power of the detection point reaches the maximum power of the photovoltaic cell.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a position relationship between a detection point and a maximum power point corresponding to the current output voltage and the current output comprises:
when the change value of the output voltage at the current moment and the last moment is not zero and the ratio of the change value of the output power to the change value of the output voltage is zero, determining a detection point corresponding to the current output voltage and the output current as a maximum power point of the photovoltaic cell;
when the change value of the output voltage at the current moment and the last moment is not zero and the ratio of the change value of the output power to the change value of the output voltage is greater than zero, determining that a detection point corresponding to the current output voltage and the output current is positioned on the left side of the maximum power point of the photovoltaic cell;
and when the change value of the output voltage at the current moment and the last moment is not zero and the ratio of the change value of the output power to the change value of the output voltage is less than zero, determining that a detection point corresponding to the current output voltage and the output current is positioned on the right side of the maximum power point of the photovoltaic cell.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein setting a segment adaptation factor according to a positional relationship between the detection point and the maximum power point, and adjusting a reference voltage at a next time according to the segment adaptation factor comprises:
when the detection point is positioned on the left side of the maximum power point, adjusting the step length of a conductance increment method by adopting a preset first-order linear adaptive factor, and determining the reference voltage at the next moment according to the sum of the output voltage at the current moment and the adjusted first step length;
or when the detection point is positioned on the right side of the maximum power point, adjusting the step length of a conductance increment method by adopting a preset second-order adaptive factor, and determining the reference voltage at the next moment according to the difference between the output voltage at the current moment and the adjusted second step length.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein an adaptation factor is used when the detection point is to the left of the maximum power pointWhen the detection point is located at the right side of the maximum power point, the self-adaptive factorWherein k is1、k2To regulate the factors, inWhen k is1∈[0.1,1]In aWhen k is1∈(1,10]In aWhen k is2∈(1,10]In aWhen k is2∈[0.5,1]dP is a variation value of the output power sampled at the current time and the previous time, and dU is a variation value of the output voltage sampled at the current time and the previous time.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein after obtaining the output voltage and the output current of the photovoltaic cell, adjusting the output voltage at the next moment according to the reference voltage, and returning to the step until the power at the detection point reaches the maximum power of the photovoltaic cell, further comprising:
when the change value of the output voltage at the current moment and the last moment is zero and the change value of the output current is zero, determining an adaptive factor Dj＝0；
Or,
when the variation value of the output voltage at the current moment and the last moment is zero and the variation value of the output current is not zero, determining an adaptive factor Dj＝1。
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| CN108227818A (en) * | 2018-01-09 | 2018-06-29 | 上海电力学院 | Adaptive step photovoltaic maximum power tracking method and system based on conductance increment |
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