CN102819035B - Non-contact ultrasonic testing method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a non-contact ultrasonic testing method and belongs to the field of ultrasonic vibration testing. The method is characterized in that high-voltage pulses or alternating voltage is adopted to excite high-frequency vibration of a non-contact focusing probeand further to induce sound waves to be transmitted out, sound wave radiation energy is focused, focused sound waves are emitted to a shot point of a tested geologic model, ultrasonic waves are generated on the shot point and transmitted to the interior of the tested geologic model, simultaneously a detection point of the tested geologic model is detected to obtain voltage signals, and the voltage signals are converted to digital signals and transmitted to a computer to be processed. The non-contact ultrasonic testing method solves the problem of various normal geologic model simulation methods, can perform large-scale multipoint non-contact ultrasonic detection for complex surface models and meets special requirements of modern geophysical prospecting fine simulation.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to ultrasound wave vibration detection field, be specifically related to a kind of non-contact ultrasonic wave detecting method, by realizing the detection to vibration with cordless generation and received ultrasonic signal in room conditions.
Background technology
Seismic physical modeling research refers to and utilizes physical model to study earthquake and Related Phenomena (particularly wave phenomenon), and it is an important component part of experimental geology, and be otherwise known as model geology.The method the most generally used in the research of model geology is ultrasonic method, is therefore often called as ultrasonic seismic modeling.Ultrasonic earthquake physical model experiment carries out lab simulation observation by the propagation observation of ultrasound wave in geologic model to the propagation of seismic event in various complex geologic body, and carries out study of seismology according to observed result.It is explained and solves the practical problems occurred in many geophysical surveys, thus has greatly promoted the development of seismology theory.
Ultrasound examination is also ultrasonic inspection, is the one of Non-Destructive Testing.Non-Destructive Testing is under the prerequisite of not defective work piece or starting material duty, to a kind of detection means that the surface and internal soundness that are verified parts check.
Ultrasonic detection method conventional at present mainly contains two kinds, contact type measurement and non-cpntact measurement.
1. contact type measurement
Contact type measurement adopts the probe that piezoelectric ultrasonic is popped one's head in or other materials is made usually.This probe is made up of piezoelectric chip or other materials (as compound substance) usually, and it is relatively simple for structure, easy for installation, receives and dispatches interchangeable.What Fig. 1 provided is the cut-away view that electric contact formula is popped one's head in.
When measuring solid material, transmitting probe and receiving transducer are close to testee surface.Electric signal (being generally burst pulse) is converted to ultrasonic signal by emitting head; Ultrasonic signal is then converted to electric signal by Receiver.
2. non-cpntact measurement
The non-cpntact measurement of current use is made up of intense pulse laser source and laser vibration measurer usually.
Ultrasonic wave emitting portion adopts intense pulse laser source.When testing model, intense pulse laser source is to the pulse of model point (being also called shot point) Emission Lasers, and this point is heated and thermal expansion or fusing can occur, and produces ultrasound wave thus and transmits to model inside.Ultrasonic wave reception unit divides employing laser vibration measurer, and it can detect vibration velocity or the displacement on testee surface.
There are certain shortcomings and limitations in existing ultrasonic detection method when detecting for geologic model.
1. piezoelectric ultrasonic probe is relatively simple, and price is lower, but when carrying out geologic model and detecting, can produce some problems when using piezoelectric type probe to transmit and receive.
Piezoelectric ultrasonic probe is when detecting solid geologic model (especially to complex surface model), due to the reason device of process aspect, detecting portion surface of contact is larger, when detecting curved surface model, probe and model surface coupling effect poor, sometimes even cannot be coupled; Because existing ultrasonic probe can only carry out narrow emission and reception, therefore measure and can not reflect the actual conditions that field construction wideband receives.In addition owing to being contact type measurement, efficiency is low, low precision to adopt manual mode then to measure; All will repeat when moving mechanically to pull up and place this process, and each set-point probe and the contact between model are difficult to accomplish consistent, the poor repeatability therefore measured, easily damages probe at every turn.Often the complete test of a sleeve solid geologic model needs the some months time at present, and piezoelectric ultrasonic probe can not meet the needs of research and production far away.
2. laser-ultrasound wave measurement
Laser-ultrasound wave measurement is a kind of non-contact ultrasonic measuring method.It can overcome piezoelectric type probe Problems existing effectively, but it also also exists some problems.Because ultrasonic wave emitting portion adopts intense pulse laser source, when nonmetallic materials are irradiated in intense pulse laser source, the high temperature of instantaneous generation can damage surface, measured point, makes this point and is burnt in the neighbourhood, and produces distortion.The damage of this point, can affect next time at the stimulation effect of this point.And when carrying out physical model and detecting, requirement repeatedly can launch ultrasonic signal on same launching site (we are referred to as shot point), this just means that this point is repeatedly irradiated by intense pulse laser source, and require that the state of this point of each pre-irradiation can not change, namely reproducible, and adopt intense pulse laser source to be difficult to accomplish this point.If reduction emitted energy, then the ultrasound wave emitted energy produced is inadequate, and signal cannot arrival mode deep layer.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to solve the difficult problem existed in above-mentioned prior art, a kind of non-contact ultrasonic wave detecting method is provided, can excite and real data gatherer process in real simulation field in laboratory, obtain efficiently, collection effect obtain high-quality image data fast and accurately.
The present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions:
A kind of non-contact ultrasonic wave detecting method, described method utilizes high-voltage pulse or alternating voltage to inspire the dither of noncontact accumulation type probe, and then bring out sound wave and pass, and described acoustic irradiation energy is focused on, again by focus on after acoustic emission on the shot point of tested geologic model, inside at shot point generation ultrasound wave and to tested geologic model is transmitted, the check point of tested geologic model is detected simultaneously, obtain voltage signal, more described voltage signal is converted into digital data transmission processes to computing machine.
Described method adopts high-voltage pulse generator and noncontact focused transducer as emitter, described high-voltage pulse generator sends high drive burst pulse to noncontact focused transducer, described noncontact focused transducer, then to the shot point transmitting focusing pulse of tested geologic model, produces ultrasound wave at shot point place and transmits to tested geologic model inside.
Described noncontact accumulation type probe comprises matrix and piezoelectric ceramics, and described matrix is the arcuate structure that front is recessed, the back side is convex, flexible; Described piezoelectric ceramics is pasted onto the back side of curved base, its polarised direction along the thickness direction of matrix, i.e. the normal direction of matrix;
When the operation mode of matrix is flexural vibrations, the crest place of matrix and the sense of displacement (i.e. the normal direction at crest or trough place) at trough place all point to same focus; Piezoelectric ceramics is pasted onto crest place or the trough place at the back side of matrix or is pasted onto crest place and trough place simultaneously; The polarised direction of the piezoelectric ceramics at crest place is contrary with the polarised direction of the piezoelectric ceramics at trough place.
Described method adopts laser doppler vibrometer as receiving trap; Adopt high-speed AD converter that the voltage signal that laser doppler vibrometer exports is converted into digital signal and give computer disposal.
Described method adopts two cover three coordinates measuring equipment, servomotor controller and six shaft position meter controllers as workbench;
The laser probe of described noncontact focused transducer and laser doppler vibrometer is arranged on a set of three coordinates measuring equipment by mechanical clamp respectively; Often overlapping three coordinates measuring equipment makes noncontact focused transducer head or laser probe move in the X, Y, Z direction according to the order of computing machine;
Described servomotor controller controls the operation of servomotor, the motion of the mechanical axis of Serve Motor Control three coordinates measuring equipment;
The order of described six shaft position meter controller receiving computers also gives servomotor controller after decoding, and give computing machine by position signalling as required, simultaneously six shaft position meter controllers experimentally require to send after arriving check point the gatherer process that synchronizing signal starts the emission process of noncontact focused transducer, laser doppler vibrometer and high-speed AD converter.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
1. in the method, with noncontact accumulation type probe Dynamite, the laser head simulated earthquake wave detector of laser vibration measurer, utilizes this method just can simulate the complete gatherer process of ground observation like this;
2. the emitter that uses of this method and the launching site of receiving trap and acceptance point minimum, transmitting focusing point only has 0.2mm, detects and meets model and contact point by the principle of field seismometer scale smaller, make simulate effect more true to nature;
3. the result that this method receives is high accuracy data, and the minimum vibration signal that can detect is 0.02 micron.The data collected have wider dynamic range, can more than 100dB;
4. this method is to different size and dissimilar seismic model, by adjustment emitted energy and can receive dynamic range to obtain best collection effect;
5. owing to adopting contactless measurement, when detecting solid curved surface seismic model, can realize automatically detecting and have good coupling effect, when solving contact measurement, detection and ballistic device are on the impact of model;
6. picking rate improves more than ten times compared with original piezoelectric probe contact type measurement, drastically increases the efficiency gathering and produce.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the cut-away view of electric contact formula of the prior art probe.
Fig. 2-1 is the schematic rear view of the noncontact focused transducer that the inventive method uses.
Fig. 2-2 is the front schematic view of the noncontact focused transducer that the inventive method uses.
Fig. 3 is the principle schematic that piezoelectric ceramics that the inventive method uses excites probe flexural vibrations and focused sound waves.
Fig. 4 is the fundamental diagram of the inventive method.
Fig. 5 is the automatic collection sequential sketch in the inventive method course of work.
In figure, 1-1 is ultrasonic radiation face, and 1-2 is acoustic matching layer, and 1-3 is piezoelectric ceramics, and 1-4 is metal case, 1-5 base, and 1-6 is shielding material, and 1-7 is lead terminal;
2-1 is high-performance PZT, 2-2 is radiation end face, and 2-3 is matrix, and 2-4 is acoustic irradiation, and 2-5 is polarised direction.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the present invention is described in further detail:
A kind of non-contact ultrasonic wave detecting method, described method utilizes high-voltage pulse or alternating voltage to inspire the dither of noncontact accumulation type probe, and then bring out sound wave and pass, and described acoustic irradiation energy is focused on, again by focus on after acoustic emission on the shot point of tested geologic model, inside at shot point generation ultrasound wave and to tested geologic model is transmitted, the check point of tested geologic model is detected simultaneously, obtain voltage signal, more described voltage signal is converted into digital data transmission processes to computing machine.
The noncontact focused transducer that described method uses is designed to as shown in Figure 2, what Fig. 2 provided is noncontact focused transducer overall diagram in a quiescent state, that front is recessed, the structure that the back side is convex, described curved base 2-3 is flexible, polylith piezoelectric ceramics (high-performance PZT) 2-1 is pasted with, the equal through-thickness of polarised direction of every block piezoelectric ceramics 2-1, the i.e. normal direction of curved base 2-3 at the back side (as shown in Fig. 2-1) of matrix 2-3.When applying along the electric field of polarised direction piezoelectric ceramics 2-1, rely on the d31 effect of piezoelectric ceramics 2-1 can first in piezoelectric ceramics 2-1 to produce dynamic respond tangentially, thus make electric energy effectively convert mechanical energy to.Because piezoelectric ceramics 2-1 and flexible arc matrix 2-3 is cemented together, from deformation compatibility condition, the two will produce same distortion at boundary (pottery and the place that matrix is pasted), piezoelectric ceramics 2-1 will pull matrix 2-3 to be out of shape together, can produce tensile force produce mechanical stress thus to matrix 2-3.If apply specific signal (alternation or pulse) to piezoelectric ceramics 2-1, piezoelectric ceramics 2-1 just can be made to be subjected to displacement because of inverse piezoelectric effect, the matrix 2-3 bonded together with piezoelectric ceramics 2-1 is driven to deform, inspire the dither of matrix 2-3, as shown in Figure 3, what Fig. 3 provided is noncontact focused transducer in working order in there is the schematic diagram of multiple Wave crest and wave trough.
The criterion of design matrix is, selected flexural vibrations are as operation mode, and the sense of displacement at its crest and trough place all points to same focus (before not pasting piezoelectric ceramics, can, by finite element analysis and design, making it to meet the demands).For increasing output power, piezoelectric ceramics can be pasted onto crest place or trough place simultaneously or be pasted onto crest place and trough place simultaneously.Only be attached to trough place or be only attached to crest place, also required vibration mode can be excited, if but be only attached to crest or trough place, piezoelectric unit is very few, emittance impact effect not may be made, because be realize final sound radiation Energy transmission by piezoelectric unit after all.It is especially noted that be contrary all the time at the deformation direction of crest or trough place piezoelectric ceramics, this polarised direction 2-5 by the piezoelectric ceramics pasted at crest and trough place ensures on the contrary, as shown in Figure 3.During work, all piezoelectric ceramics are applied to the pumping signal of alternation, and the frequency of alternating electric field is consistent with the vibration modal frequency of matrix.Because the polarised direction 2-5 being distributed in crest and trough place is contrary, its distortion is also reverse, just can inspire operation mode.On curved base, each crest or trough place produce dynamic respond and all can bring out sound wave and pass.The crest vibrated due to probe matrix and trough place sense of displacement all point to same focus, and the energy of the acoustic irradiation 2-4 that dither brings out will reach maximum in focus, and the acoustic wave energy that namely can realize on certain distance focuses on.The advantage of this method of d31 effect is relied on to be, because do not have the interference of reflection wave, therefore without the need for the design of backing, fairly simple in structure.
Concrete design key is the concrete configuration parameters of curved base, and concrete configuration parameters determines according to following principle: (1) crest and the displacement of trough place are pointed to a bit, namely focus on; (2) obtain as far as possible large amplitude to export.The layout of piezoelectric ceramics and quantity (can accelerate according to power demand), radiating surface 2-2 (refers to the front of matrix, namely there is no that face of piezoelectric ceramics) surface be provided with matching layer, the design of material of described matching layer and select to ensure the sound wave producing the enough energy met the demands.
Can the selection for matching layer mainly considers acoustic impedance coupling, it is little etc. to decay, and meet processing request, as some material is just very crisp, causes being difficult to being processed into and required has parallel and smooth surface.In the present invention, matching layer alternate material concentrates on microporous materials, therefore generally can select as aerogel, porous high microsteping compound substance, porous polymeric materials.
The emitter that described method uses comprises high-voltage pulse generator and noncontact focused transducer.When testing tested geologic model, the synchronizing signal sent after mechanical hook-up (referring to that the mechanical clamp installing laser head or transmitting probe is driven mobile by mechanical screws) arrives check point starts high-voltage pulse generator and sends high drive burst pulse to noncontact focused transducer, this noncontact focused transducer is then to certain point (being also called shot point) transmitting focusing pulse of tested geologic model, produce ultrasound wave (noncontact focused transducer converts pulse voltage signal to ultrasonic signal and sends) at this point (referring to shot point place) and transmit to model inside.In the process, launching site medium can not be damaged, and therefore belongs to Non-Destructive Testing.Because noncontact focused transducer is noncontact emissive source, when shift position, emitting head does not have handling process, and its production efficiency is higher; And the focus of noncontact focused transducer on model is little of 0.2mm (that diameter when referring to shot point diameter or refer to that ultrasound wave is transmitted into model surface by focusing on, this focuses on light is the same in essence), meet the requirement that field focus is scaled.
The receiving trap that described method uses comprises laser doppler vibrometer.Being characterized in that measuring accuracy is high, bandwidth. testing process does not have handling, and its production efficiency is higher; And the check point of lasing light emitter on model is little of tens microns by focusing on, and meets the requirement that field focus is scaled.Vibration velocity signal or displacement signal are converted to voltage signal and export by laser doppler vibrometer.
Described method adopts high-speed AD converter that the voltage signal that laser doppler vibrometer exports is converted into digital signal and gives computer disposal, and described high-speed AD converter adopts 24 20M analog to digital converters.
The workbench that described method uses comprises two cover three coordinates measuring equipments, servomotor controller and six shaft position meter controllers, in other words the operation of six servomotors respectively on control X1, X2, Y1, Y2, Z1, Z2 direction is had, servomotor controller controls the operation of servomotor, six shaft position meter controllers then on the one hand can receiving computer order and give servomotor controller after decoding, as required the position signalling of laser head and transmitting probe can be sent to computing machine on the other hand.The laser probe of noncontact focused transducer and laser doppler vibrometer is arranged on a set of three coordinates measuring equipment respectively by mechanical clamp.The order that often cover three coordinates measuring equipment can be sent according to computing machine makes laser head or probe move freely in the X, Y, Z direction, easily probe and laser head can be moved on to predetermined shot point and check point respectively like this.Simultaneously six shaft position meter controllers experimentally can require to send after laser head arrives check point the gatherer process that synchronizing signal starts the emission process of noncontact focused transducer, laser doppler vibrometer and A/D converter, as shown in Figure 5.
As shown in Figure 4, the course of work of described method is as follows: computing machine controls six shaft position meter controllers, six shaft position meter controllers control servomotor controller, servomotor controller controls servomotor, and then control the movement of mechanical axis, after noncontact focused transducer and laser probe arrive precalculated position, six shaft position meter controllers send the gatherer process that synchronizing signal starts the emission process of noncontact focused transducer, laser doppler vibrometer and A/D converter; Now, high-voltage pulse generator sends high drive burst pulse to noncontact focused transducer, this noncontact focused transducer is then to the shot point transmitting focusing pulse of tested geologic model, produce ultrasound wave at this point and transmit to model inside, the vibration velocity signal of tested geologic model or displacement signal are detected by the laser head of laser doppler vibrometer, through the controller of laser doppler vibrometer and the process of scrambler, then the process through high-speed a/d converter is converted into digital signal, finally this digital data transmission is processed to computing machine.In the course of the work, computing machine controls six shaft position meter controllers and high-speed a/d converter, and the data transmitted both receiving.
The features such as the emitter that this method uses has that launching site is little, broadband, noncontact, point are launched and reproducible; The features such as receiving trap has that volume is little, broadband reception, noncontact point are measured, highly sensitive, reproducible and measurement range is wide.
Technique scheme is one embodiment of the present invention, for those skilled in the art, on the basis that the invention discloses application process and principle, be easy to make various types of improvement or distortion, and the method be not limited only to described by the above-mentioned embodiment of the present invention, therefore previously described mode is just preferred, and does not have restrictive meaning.
Claims (4)
1. a non-contact ultrasonic wave detecting method, it is characterized in that: described method utilizes high-voltage pulse or alternating voltage to inspire the dither of noncontact accumulation type probe, and then bring out sound wave and pass, and the emittance of described sound wave is focused on, again by focus on after acoustic emission on the shot point of tested geologic model, inside at shot point generation ultrasound wave and to tested geologic model is transmitted, the check point of tested geologic model is detected simultaneously, obtain voltage signal, more described voltage signal is converted into digital data transmission processes to computing machine;
Described noncontact accumulation type probe comprises matrix and piezoelectric ceramics, and described matrix is the arcuate structure that front is recessed, the back side is convex, flexible; Described piezoelectric ceramics is pasted onto the back side of curved base, its polarised direction along the thickness direction of matrix, i.e. the normal direction of matrix;
When the operation mode of matrix is flexural vibrations, the crest place of matrix and the sense of displacement at trough place all point to same focus; Piezoelectric ceramics is pasted onto crest place or the trough place at the back side of matrix or is pasted onto crest place and trough place simultaneously; The polarised direction of the piezoelectric ceramics at crest place is contrary with the polarised direction of the piezoelectric ceramics at trough place.
2. non-contact ultrasonic wave detecting method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described method adopts high-voltage pulse generator and noncontact focused transducer as emitter, described high-voltage pulse generator sends high drive burst pulse to noncontact focused transducer, described noncontact focused transducer, then to the shot point transmitting focusing pulse of tested geologic model, produces ultrasound wave at shot point place and transmits to tested geologic model inside.
3. non-contact ultrasonic wave detecting method according to claim 2, is characterized in that: described method adopts laser doppler vibrometer as receiving trap; Adopt high-speed AD converter that the voltage signal that laser doppler vibrometer exports is converted into digital signal and give computer disposal.
4. non-contact ultrasonic wave detecting method according to claim 3, is characterized in that: described method adopts two cover three coordinates measuring equipment, servomotor controller and six shaft position meter controllers as workbench;
The laser probe of described noncontact focused transducer and laser doppler vibrometer is arranged on a set of three coordinates measuring equipment by mechanical clamp respectively; Often overlapping three coordinates measuring equipment makes noncontact focused transducer or laser probe move in the X, Y, Z direction according to the order of computing machine;
Described servomotor controller controls the operation of servomotor, the motion of the mechanical axis of Serve Motor Control three coordinates measuring equipment;
The order of described six shaft position meter controller receiving computers also gives servomotor controller after decoding, and give computing machine by position signalling as required, simultaneously six shaft position meter controllers experimentally require to send after arriving check point the gatherer process that synchronizing signal starts the emission process of noncontact focused transducer, laser doppler vibrometer and high-speed AD converter.
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