CN1024663C - 治疗气喘用的取代的四氢化萘类化合物的制备方法 - Google Patents
治疗气喘用的取代的四氢化萘类化合物的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1024663C CN1024663C CN88107230A CN88107230A CN1024663C CN 1024663 C CN1024663 C CN 1024663C CN 88107230 A CN88107230 A CN 88107230A CN 88107230 A CN88107230 A CN 88107230A CN 1024663 C CN1024663 C CN 1024663C
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- 125000002206 pyridazin-3-yl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)N=N1 0.000 description 1
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- LISFMEBWQUVKPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinolin-2-ol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC(=O)C=CC2=C1 LISFMEBWQUVKPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001925 ruthenium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003333 secondary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000467 secondary amino group Chemical group [H]N([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
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- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005991 sulfenylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000006103 sulfonylation Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
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Abstract
本发明涉及取代的四氢化萘类化合物的制备方法以及用于合成该化合物的中间体。本发明的化合物和含有该化合物的药物组合物可通过抑制5-脂氧合酶和/或阻滞白三烯受体而用于预防和治疗哺乳动物的气喘、关节炎、牛皮癣、溃疡、心肌梗塞及有关疾病。
Description
本发明涉及下面式(Ⅰ)描述的取代的四氢化萘、苯并二氢吡喃和有关化合物,这些化合物可抑制5-脂氧合酶和/或阻滞白三烯受体,因此可用
以预防或治疗哺乳动物的气喘、关节炎、牛皮癣、溃疡,心肌梗塞和有关疾病。本发明还涉及药物组合物、治疗方法和用于合成上述式(Ⅰ)化合物的中间体。
Kreft等人在美国专利4661596中描述了下式所示的二取代萘、二氢化萘或四氢化萘,
其中虚线表示可为双键,Ra是2-吡啶基、2-喹啉基、2-吡嗪基、2-喹喔啉基、2-噻唑基、2-苯并噻唑基、2-噁唑基、2-苯并噁唑基、1-烷基-2-咪唑基或1-烷基-2-苯并咪唑基,Rb是羟基、低级烷氧基、低级烷基或全氟烷基。与本发明的化合物相似,这些化合物可抑制脂氧合酶和拮抗白三烯D4的作用,因而可用于预防和治疗气喘。
本文所用的化学命名方法一般是遵照“I.U.P.A.C.有机化学命名法,1979年版”,Pergammon出版社,纽约,1979。
本发明涉及具有结构式(Ⅰ)的外消旋体或旋光活性化合物;它的可供药用的酸加成盐;或当其含有羧基时,它的可药用阳离子盐。
其中n是0或1;
X是CH2、O、S、SO、SO2、NH或N(C1-C4)烷基;
X1是CH2、O、S、SO、或SO2;
Y和Y1一起形成羰基,或Y和Y1分开,Y是H和Y1是羟基或在生理条件下可水解形成羟基的酰氧基;
Z是CH2、CHCH3、CH2CH2或CH2CH2CH2;
Z1是CH或N;
R是2-、3-或4-吡啶基,2-、3-或4-喹啉基,1-、3-或4-异喹啉基,3-或4-哒嗪基,3-或4-(1,2-二氮杂萘)基,1-(2,3-二氮杂萘)基,2-或4-嘧啶基,2-或4-喹唑啉基,2-吡嗪基,2-喹喔啉基,1-、2-或3-中氮茚基,2-、4-或5-噁唑基,2-苯并噁唑基,3-、4-或5-异噁唑基,5-苯并[C]异噁唑基,3-苯并[d]异噁唑基,2-、4-或5-噻唑基,2-苯并噻唑基,3-、4-或5-异噻唑基,5-苯并[c]异噻唑基,3-苯并[d]异噻唑基,1-[(C1-C4)烷基]-2-,4-或5-咪唑基,1-[(C1-C4)烷基]-2-苯并咪唑基,1-[(C1-C4)烷基]-3-、4-或5-吡唑基,2-[(C1-C4)烷基]-3-(2H)-吲唑基,或1-[(C1-C4)烷基]-3(1H)-吲唑基;或是在上述基团之一的碳原子上被下述取代基单取代或双取代(基团可相同或不同),这些取代基是溴、氯、氟、(C1-C4)烷基、三氟甲基、羟基、羟甲基或(C1-C4)烷氧基,或是在相邻碳原子上被三亚甲基、四亚甲基、-CH2-O-CH2-或-O-CH2-O-所取代;以及
R1是(C1-C8)烷基,(C3-C8)环烷基,(C7-C10)二环烷基,(C4-C10)环烷基烷基,(C8-C11)二环烷基烷基,或是上述基团之一被下述基团单取代或双取代(基团可相同或不同),这些基团是氟、(C1-C4)烷基、(C1-C4)烷氧基、羧基、[(C1-C4)烷氧基]羧基、或(C2-C5)链烷酰基。
从易于制备和有价值的生物活性角度衡量,较好的式(Ⅰ)化合物是,先不论Y和Y1的值为何,n是1,Z是CH2,Z1是CH,X和X1各自独立地是CH2或O。更好的化合物还要R是2-吡啶基或2-喹啉基,而R1是(C2-C8)烷基或(C3-C8)环烷基。最好的化合物是有下述相对立体化学结构的外消旋体或旋光活性化合物,
特别是其中X和X1各为O、R是2-喹啉基、R1是异丙基或环己基;或者X和X1各为CH2、R是2-吡啶基或2-喹啉基、R1是正丙基时的结构式(Ⅱ)或(Ⅲ)表示的外消旋体或旋光活性化合物,以及X和X1各为CH2、R是2-喹啉基、R1是正丙基时的结构式(Ⅲ)表示的一对旋光活性对映体化合物。
上述可药用的酸加成盐包括(但不限于):与HCl、HBr、HNO3、H2SO4、H3PO4、甲磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、马来酸和琥珀酸所成的盐。如果式(Ⅰ)所示化合物中还含有另一个碱性氮原子,当然将可能除通常的单酸加成盐外还形成二酸加成盐,例如二盐酸盐。所述可药用阳离子盐包括(但不限于):钠、钾、钙、镁、氨、N,N′-二苄基乙二胺、N-甲基葡糖胺(麦格鲁明)、乙醇胺和二乙醇胺等的盐。
当Y1的基团作为在生理条件下可以水解成羟基的酰氧基指的是一类常称为“药物前体(Pro-drugs)”的酯。这些酯现在在药物领域作为可药用的盐是大家熟知的,并且是普通的。这些酯一般用以增加口服吸收,但在任何情况下,它们在体内都容易水解成母体羟基化合物。较好的酰氧基,其酰基部分应是天然L-α-氨基酸的α-氨基酰基,
其中R2和R3分开并各自独立为氢或(C1-C4)烷基,或R2和R3和与它们相连的氮原子一起形成吡咯烷、哌啶、全氢氮杂草或吗啉环;
p是整数1至4;
q是整数1至3;
r是整数2至3;
s是整数1至3;
构成本发明的一部份也包括供哺乳动物服用的药物组合物,它含有式(Ⅰ)化合物及可供药用的载体;以及在哺乳动物体中可抑制5-脂氧合酶和/或阻滞白三烯D4受体的方法,以便预防或治疗气喘(特别对人)、关节炎、牛皮癣、胃肠溃疡或心肌梗塞。
最后,本发明涉及具有下述结构式的有价值的中间体化合物,
其中n、X、Z和Z1定义同前;
Y2和Y3一起形成羰基,或Y2和Y3分开,Y2是H而Y3是羟基;
Ra是羟基或苄氧基。
本发明易于实施。若不考虑几何(顺-反)或旋光异构体,可以按照反应式1、2和3中概括的化学转变制备式(Ⅰ)化合物,其中Y+Y1=羰基,或Y=H而Y1=OH,而X1=CH2、S或O,反应式中的符号n、X、Z、Z1、R和R1定义同前。这些反应式中的各种转变过程以及制备具有其它Y、Y1和X1基团的式(Ⅰ)化合物所需要的转变过程,和分离顺-反和旋光异构体的方法,将在下面详述。
进行反应式1中的缩合反应的典型做法是用所示的保护形式的酚基,只有当X1是CH2时,甲基是较好的保护基。较好的反应条件是使用摩尔过量的醛和摩尔过量的二级胺如吡咯烷或哌啶作为碱。(可以理解,这样的碱通过形成烯胺中间体而使缩合反应易于进行)。(反应示意图见文后)
该反应一般是在反应惰性溶剂中进行,低级醇如甲醇特别适用。这一转变的温度条件不严格,如0-70℃一般便可满足要求,由于在室温下反应很方便,因而特别适合。
本文此处和其它地方所用的术语“反应惰性溶剂”是指那些不与原料、试剂、中间体或产品相互作用以对所期望产品的产率产生不利影响的溶剂。
进行反应式1中的C-烷基化反应是先将酮(A)转变成它的锂盐(通常就地进行),即与基本上1摩尔当量的空间受阻的强碱如二异丙基氨基锂反应,通常是在低温(如约-40至-80℃,在干冰-丙酮浴温度较方便)下进行反应。该盐接着与烷基化试剂(较好的是高反应活性的碘化物,,而且通常用过量摩尔数的试剂)在摩尔数过量的六甲基磷酰胺存在下、在较高温度(如约0至40℃)下进行反应。方便的做法是将后两种试剂加到冷的锂盐溶液中,随着反应进行,使温度升至室温。盐的制备和烷基化反应通常在同一反应惰性溶剂(如四氢呋喃)中进行。对本领域的熟练人员来说,很明显,烷基化试剂中的任何游离羟基或羧基都应当处于被护状态(参看上文)。
反应式1、2和3中的催化氢化转换反应(脱苄基反应,双键上加氢)是在常规条件下进行的,一般是在反应惰性溶剂中,最好用贵金属催化剂、以及温和的温度条件(如约0至70℃)、和氢气压力(如约1至10大气压)下进行。在某些个别的
例子中可能希望较高的氢气压力,但这种温和的压力却可使用简单得多和价格低得多的设备,合适的贵金属催化剂包括铂、钯、铼、铑和钌(有载体或无载体型均可)及其已知的催化化合物如氧化物、氯化物等。合适的催化剂载体的实例包括碳、硅石和硫酸钡。催化剂可以预先制备好或将催化化合物的适当的盐就地预还原制备。较好的催化剂的例子有5%钯/碳,5%铂/碳;5%铑/碳,氯化铂,氯化钯,氧化铂和氧化钌。本例中最好的是钯/碳。一般适合于该氢化反应的溶剂包括低级链烷醇类、乙酸乙酯和四氢呋喃。
用常规方法使反应式1中的甲基醚[式(C)化合物]脱保护再形成相应的苯酚衍生物:例如用浓氢溴酸,或BBr3,二者下面都有实例说明。
反应式2和3中酚的烷基化反应和反应式2中的溴取代反应各代表常规的亲核取代反应。这些取代反应通常有碱存在下进行,碱的强度要足以将取代苯酚、醇或硫醇转变成它的盐,碱的用量至少要足以中和副产物酸(HX2,HBr)。若所用化合物中含有脂肪醇基(如化合物(Ⅳ),其中Y2是H、Y3是OH)时,则强度足以将此醇基转变为阴离子的碱的用量一般不超过足以将酸性更强的苯酚转变成盐的量。当任一种反应物含有的基团的酸性类似于或强于亲核取代化合物的酸性时,这种潜在的干扰基团最好以被护形式引入(例如芳杂酚基团用甲氧基或苄氧基形式保护,羧基用甲基或苄基酯形式保护,这些保护基可按照本文其它地方详述的方法通过水解或氢解除去)。该亲核取代反应在反应惰性溶剂中进行,较好是比取代苯酚、醇或硫醇的酸性弱得多的溶剂,最好的是极性非质子传递溶剂如二甲基甲酰胺或丙酮,通常使用摩尔数过量的两种反应物中更容易得到的那一种。温度要求不严格,如约10-70℃通常便可满足,室温更为方便。在一较好的变换方法中,用碱如氢化钠将苯酚、醇或硫醇不可逆地转变为阴离子。其它较好的变换方法中是在NaI存在下用K2CO3作为碱,或在CsI存在下用CsCO3作为碱。
在X=NH的特殊情况下,一般用保护的NH基团来进行亲核取代反应,如以N-苄基衍生物形式(然后通过氢化除去)或以N-烷酰基或N-磺酰基衍生物形式(然后在适当的水解条件下除去;例如通过在乙酸和浓盐酸混合物中加热可使N-甲苯磺酰基衍生物水解)进行。
反应式2中的甲酰化反应代表酮与甲酸烷基酯的常规缩合类型反应。这一反应通常在非质子传递反应惰性溶剂如甲苯中、在强碱如氢化钠存在下,在温和温度范围内(如0-70℃,在室温更方便)进行。随后的转变为重氮化合物的反应可用甲苯磺酰叠氮化物作为试剂方便地完成,这一反应一般在低温(如约-10到-60℃)下、在摩尔数过量的三级胺(如三乙胺)存在下、在反应惰性溶剂如CH2Cl2中进行。接着,将该重氮化合物在催化量的二乙酸铑(Ⅱ)二聚体存在下与一适当的醇或硫醇反应,生成所期望的醚或硫醚。后一转变通常在无水反应惰性溶剂如甲苯中、在略高温度如约50-100℃下进行。如在上面讨论的亲核取代反应的情况一样,最好把希望在这一转变中不参与反应的醇基或羧基保护起来。
反应式3中的还原反应要求将酮还原成二级醇,很多选择性试剂都可用于此反应。当无其它可被LiAlH4还原的基团时(如羧基、甲氧羰基),试剂LiAlH4对此是很适合的。相反,当存在上述可还原基团时,则NaBH4作还原剂较好。在任一种情况下,这些氢化物还原反应一般在反应惰性溶剂(如还原剂为LiAlH4时用四氢呋喃,NaBH4时用甲醇或甲醇/四氢呋喃混合物)中进行。在任一种情况下,温度都是不严格的,一般约0-50℃便满足要求,室温更好。这一还原步骤可能产生顺和反式异构体的混合物[如式(Ⅱ)和(Ⅲ)所示],而且在此氢化物还原反应中,常看到这样的结果。如果特别需要这些异构体中的某一种,通常可以找到一种还原方法并确立有利于生成所需异构体的条件。例如,在氯化铯存在下NaBH4的还原反应一般大大有利于顺式异构体的生成。催化氢化反应一般也是很有用的还原手段,一般在比上述条件略微剧烈的条件(如反应时间更长,催化剂用量更大,温度更高和/或压力更高)下进行。氢化最好用不含其它容易被氢化的基团的基质[如式(Ⅴ)所示的]进行。Pd/C催化剂倾向于特别有利于生成顺式异构体。但是,通过改变催化剂和反应条件,有可能改变甚至逆转这一倾向。若在此还原反应中生成了顺和反两种异构体,通常可用标准的化学方法将它们分开(如选择结晶或分级结晶,层析,等等)。
如果需要X1是SO或SO2的化合物,则通常由相应的式(Ⅰ)或(Ⅳ)(其中X1是S)化合物来制备。通常以过氧化物作氧化剂。可用于此目的的特别方便的试剂是间氯过苯甲酸。将这一硫醚与基本上1摩尔当量的该试剂反应得到亚砜,而与至少2摩尔当量的该试剂反应则得到砜,反应在惰性溶剂如CH2Cl2中进行。温度要求不严格,如0-60℃一般可满足要求,室温更好。但是,当X是S,且期望得到X1是SO或SO2的化合物时,最好将式(A)、(D)或(E)的未取代的酮化合物进行常规的亚磺酰化或磺酰化反应来制备。
式(Ⅰ)或(Ⅳ)所示的那些酮化合物(其中Y和Y1或Y2和Y3形成一个羰基)在与羰基相邻的α-位含有一个不对称碳原子,所以它们是可拆分成具有光学活性的对映体的外消旋化合物。例如用一种旋光活性酸将外消旋体转变成非对映体盐,它一般可通过分级结晶方法进行分离。或者,如果基质中含有一个羧基,则用旋光活性的有机胺形成可分离的非对映体盐。光学活性也可用旋光活性试剂在形成不对称碳原子的反应步骤中诱导生成,例如在氢化反应步骤中使用旋光活性的Wilkinson型催化剂或担载于旋光活性载体上的贵金属。将下段所述的旋光活性醇进行常规的再氧化,也可得到旋光活性酮,例如通过琼斯氧化反应,下面将举例说明。
式(Ⅰ)和(Ⅳ)[其中Y(或Y2)是氢而Y1(或Y3)是OH]的羟基化合物,含有两个不对称碳原子,对应于两种外消旋体和四种旋光活性化合物。其中一种外消旋体是上面提到的顺式异构体,另一种是反式异构体,如前一段所述,每个这些外消旋体都能经由非对映体盐拆分成一对对映体。但是,最好将外消旋醇转变成与旋光活性的酸或异氰酸酯形成的相应的非对映体酯或氨基甲酸乙酯。这类共价键衍生物一般比非对映体盐能经受得住更多种类的分离方法(如层析法)。这种非对映体酯是由醇和旋光活性的酸通过标准方法形成的,一般包括将酸活化,例如变成酰氯,变成与氯甲酸烷基酯或与脱水偶合剂如二环己基碳二亚胺形成的混合酸酐,该情况下较好的旋光活性酸是S-O-乙酰基苯乙醇酸。一分离得到非对映体酯(例如通过层析法)就将它们用常规方法水解(如用酸或碱水溶液),生成对映体的、旋光活性醇。
按照类似于上段中用以合成酯的方法,可制得本发明的前药酯。与α-氨基酸(包括天然L-氨基酸)所成的酯一般由适当的氨基酸制备,这些氨基酸中的α-氨基,取代基NH2或NH基团(如赖氨酸、乌氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸、色氨酸),羟基(丝氨酸、高丝氨酸、苏氨酸、酪氨酸),巯基(半胱氨酸)和取代基羧基(谷氨酸、天冬氨酸)都应处于被保护形式(如N-苄氧羰基、O-或S-苄基),这些保护基一般可在下步反应中通过催化氢化反应除去。类似地,对于具有伯氨基或仲氨基取代基的酯,这些酸将会与保护的氨基偶合。当然,这种保护对于那些含有叔氨基取代基的酸来说是不必要的。最后,羧基取代的酯由环状酸酐制备最方便。
关于该化合物的生物活性,已经知道,花生四烯酸在哺乳动物中有两种截然不同的代谢途径,一种途径导致前列腺素和凝血噁烷,另一种途径导致于几种氧化产物,称为白三烯,用字母和数字组合来标明,如B4、C4和D4。该氧化途径的第一步是在5-酯氧合酶影响下氧化花生四烯酸,5-脂氧合酶通常可被本发明的式(Ⅰ)化合物所抑制,这样就阻断了所有白三烯的合成。这本身就充分提供了用本发明化合物治疗或预防下述疾病的机制,这些疾病如气喘(认为其中的介质是LTC4和LTD4)、关节炎(认为其中炎症的介质是LTB4)、牛皮癣(认为其中是LTB4的介质)、溃疡(认为其中的介质是LTC4和LTD4)的心肌梗塞(认为其中的介质是LTB4)。除了其抑制该酶的活性外,本发明化合物还具有拮抗白三烯D4(如阻断LTD4受体)的一般能力。一般地说,本发明化合物也拮抗白三烯B4。关于白三烯的综述可参见Bailey等人,Ann.Reports Med.Chem.,17,203-217页(1982)。
式(Ⅰ)化合物的体外活性试验如下。在最低必需培养基(eagle)与Earl′s盐加15%胎牛血
清并补充以抗生素/抗霉菌素的溶液(GIBCO)中,将RBL-1细胞进行旋转培养并保持单层形式生长1或2天。将细胞用RPMI1640(GIBCO)洗一次,并且再悬浮在含1μm谷胱甘肽的RPMI1640中,使细胞密度为1×10细胞/毫升。取0.5毫升细胞悬浮液用0.001毫升药物的二甲亚砜溶液在30℃保温10分钟。同时加入0.005毫升(14C)-花生四烯酸乙醇溶液和0.002毫升A23187二甲亚砜溶液,使最后浓度分别为5.0和7.6μm,使反应开始。在30℃保温5分钟后,加入0.27毫升乙腈/乙酸(100/0.3)使反应停止并通过离心使介质澄清,将0.2毫升澄清的上清液注入HPLC分析产物中的成分。放射性产品的分离是用径向PAX CN柱(内径5毫米,Waters)并以乙腈/H2O/乙酸(0.1%)(其中乙腈浓度以35%至70%递增)为溶剂系统以1毫升/分速度于15分钟内洗脱。用带有机内积分器和一个0.2毫升流动池的Berthold放射性检测器,将Omnifluor(NEN)以2.4毫升/分的流速与柱流出液混合,来进行定量测定。各产物的积分单位按总积分单位的百分数计算,然后与平均对照水平对比,所得结果用“抑制百分率”表示,并对药物浓度的对数作图。通过观察图线估计出IC50值。
白三烯D4(LTD4)受体的测定是试验该化合物与放射标记的LTD4在肠鼠肺质膜上与特异性LTD4受体部位的竞争结合能力。在此试验中,将正常的3-4周龄的肠鼠在标准条件下适应环境3天,然后杀死。动物的最后年龄是24-31天。于肠鼠的颈后部位将其打昏,切开颈动脉放血。打开胸腔,取出肺脏,在50mM的Tris缓冲液中漂洗(pH7.0),然后置于干净缓冲液中。在这一步和以后各步骤中,整个制备过程都将全部组织和缓冲液保持在冰上,所有离心操作都在4℃进行。从肺中剪去支气管和其它结缔组织称重并用缓冲液置入50ml聚碳酸酯管中,比率是1克组织/3毫升缓冲液。用Tekmar Tissumizre以全速将组织均浆化30秒,并用Sovall SS-34离心器以3250转/分速度离心15分钟。将上清液以19000转/分速度离心10分钟。将形成的小片用Tissumizer以中等速度(位置75)均化10秒钟再悬浮在缓冲液中。将再悬浮液离心10分钟(19000转/分)。所得小片按1毫升缓冲液/克初始组织用Tissumizer以低速(位置50)均化10秒钟,再次制成悬浮液。此最终悬浮液在4℃搅拌,同时等分在聚丙烯管中并贮存在-70℃。将下述物质加到12×75毫米聚苯乙烯管中:
(1)25微升的下述物质之一:
A二甲亚砜(测定总结合量)
B1μm的LTD4(测定非特异性结合)
C30nM-100μM的化合物二甲亚砜溶液
(2)0.025毫升3H-LTD4(比放射性30-60居里/毫摩尔)于50mM的Tris缓冲液(pH7.0)+10μm L-半胱氨酸中(12,000-15,000计数/分/0.025毫升)
(3)0.2毫升稀的质膜制备液(1毫克/毫升,将该制备液稀释在50μM Tris缓冲液+MgCl2中,以便在200毫升蛋白中,可以达到10μM的MgCl2浓度)。
将反应管在25℃保温30分钟。在每个管中加入4毫升冷Tris缓冲液+10μM MgCl2。用Yeda分离装置将管内物质通过Whatman GF/C滤纸快速过滤。滤纸用4毫升Tris-MgCl2缓冲液洗3次。将滤液转移到闪烁瓶中。加入Uetrafluor闪烁液。将小瓶盖上,涡旋并计数3小时。用下式计算特异结合百分率:
%SB=(X-NSB)/(TB-NSB),
其中X=计数/分,样品
NSB=计数/分。非特异性结合
TB=计数/分,总结合
将特异性结合的百分率作为化合物浓度的函数作图。IC50便是发生50%特异性结合时的浓度。用下面的公式计算Ki:
Ki=(IC50)/[1+(L/Kd)],
其中L=加入的配位体浓度(μM)=加入的计数/分/1μM3H-LTD4的计数/分:
Kd=1μM(解离常数)
用人的多形核白细胞测定待测分子与[3H]-LTB4对LTB4受体的竞争结合度。该试验中,从肝素化的人外周血(通常100毫升)中用Hypaque-Ficoll梯度液(密度1.095克/毫升)分离出中性白细胞。用每100毫升Hanks氏平衡盐液(HBSS)中含有0.1克牛血清白蛋白的溶液(HBSS-BSA)再悬浮上述细胞。此一步Hypaque-Ficoll技术就能产生出高纯度的中性白
细胞群(大于95%)。用台盼蓝染料排除法评价细胞存活率(应当大于95%),并且用氮蓝四唑还原法测定中性白细胞的功能完整性(阳性率应大于85%)。将进行试验的化合物以100μM的浓度溶于二甲亚砜中,这些溶液用HBSS-BSA稀释500倍。将稀释后的样品按0.5毫升等分加入反应管中,得到100μM的药物浓度。需要时进行1-3和1-5的系列稀释,并将此稀释液按0.5毫升等分加到培养管中。将[3H]-LTB4(NEN:比放射性,大于180居里/毫摩尔;0.005毫升在无水乙醇中)加到硼硅玻璃管中(12×75毫米)。然后加入0.5毫升体积的药物溶液(见上)。加入0.5毫升细胞密度为5×106细胞/毫升的冰冷的中性白细胞使结合反应开始,并在4℃继续反应30分钟。通过Whatman GF/C玻璃纤维滤纸快速过滤终止培育过程,并分离开游离的和结合的有放射性标记的配体。滤纸用3毫升冰冷的HBSS洗3次,干燥,放入4毫升Uetrafluor中,进行计数。总结合规定为,当不存在任何竞争试剂时,将放射性标记的配体与中性白细胞一起培育,滤纸上存在的计数/分(结合的细胞)。通过将细胞与放射性标记的配体加上1μM的非放射性标记的LTB4一起培育,得到非特异性结合,将总结合的记数/分用非特异性结合记数/分校正后,便是特异性结合。每一个试管都用非特异性结合校正。通过对特异性结合(无竞争试剂存在)百分率对浓度的半对数坐标图进行的图线分析,测出放射性标记配体的最大置换点一半的位置。
为了在体内评价式(Ⅰ)化合物,通过称为PAF死亡率检验方法进行试验:
材料:
小鼠:CDI雄性,差不多都一样重(约26克),每组12只。
口服药剂载体:EES(5%乙醇,5%磷乳(emulphor),90%盐水)。室温下贮存。
药物:常规筛选用50毫克/千克,将20毫克药物溶于4毫升EES中,需要时在超声仪浴中进行超声处理或在Ten Broeck研磨机中研磨,以使药物溶解。如果溶解度问题仍不能解决,可使用药物的悬浮液。
静脉内注射用载体:含牛血清白蛋白2.5毫克/毫升的盐水(BSA,Sigma#A4378和0.05毫克/毫升心得安(Sigma#P0884)。每天新配制并保存在室温。血小板活化因子(PAF):将1毫克PAF(Calbiochem#429460)溶解在0.18毫升乙酸中,制得10μM的贮备溶液。将其贮存在-20℃,使用的当天将其稀释在载体(见前)中。对所用的PAF的浓度进行校正,以便在按0.1毫升/10克体重剂量注射时,它能杀死大约80%未处理的对照组(Controls)。这一浓度通常是约0.028克/千克)贮备溶液1-2034稀释)。该溶液用玻璃容器制备,并在使用时用玻璃注射器以使PAF的表面粘附最少。将其保存在室温。
阳性对照:用菲尼酮25毫克/千克(近似于它的ED50)方法:在注入PAF之前45分钟,给小鼠按0.1毫升/10克体重口服给药。35至40分钟后,将其放在发热灯泡下使之扩张尾静脉便于注入PAF。按0.1毫升/10克体重剂量静脉注入PAF,通常在30分钟内死亡,很少的在60分钟后死亡。结果与对照组比较后以百分死亡率表示。由于该试验似乎对内源儿茶酚胺敏感(即β-激动剂保护小鼠),故使用心得安克服这一潜在的问题。如果试验前使小鼠在室内适应环境,以及如果室内噪音和温度保持适度和恒定也是有帮助的。应调整发热灯泡的距离,使得血管能舒张但对小鼠无可观察到的应激效应,应该回避束缚小鼠。
某些变更:
1.口服给药时间可以改变。
2.按上述于相同的体积和载体中共同注射药物和PAF,则有可能进行静脉内给药。为了用于共同注射,制备PAF时,使其在盐水加BSA和心得安中的浓度(如上所述)等于所需浓度的两倍,并且药物在相同载体中的浓度也为所需浓度的两倍。这两种制剂在注射前立即按等体积混合。
在用于预防或治疗哺乳动物(包括人)中的气喘、关节炎、牛皮癣和胃肠溃疡时,可将式(Ⅰ)所示化合物按5-脂氧合酶抑制量和/或白三烯受体阻滞量,即约0.5至50毫克/千克/天,每日服一次或分次服用。最好的剂量范围是2-20毫克/千克/天。虽然在特殊情况下,根据责任医生的判断,可能需要超出这个剂量范围较好的给药途径通常为口服,但在特殊情况下(如由于疾病口服吸收能力减弱,或病人不能下咽),最好采取胃肠外给药(如肌内、静脉内、皮内)。
本发明化合物通常以药物组合物形式给药,它包括至少一种式(Ⅰ)化合物,和一种可药用的载体或稀释剂。这类组合物通常按常规方法根据需要使用固体或液体载体或稀释剂加工成所需的给药途径用的剂型:口服用药时,做成片剂、硬或软明胶胶囊、悬浮剂、颗粒、粉剂等,胃肠外给药时,做成注射溶液或悬浮液等。
本发明用下述实例说明,但不只限于其中的内容。
实例1
6-(2-喹啉基)甲氧基-4-苯并二氢吡喃酮
在氮气下将6-羟基-4-苯并二氢吡喃酮(10.0克,0.0609摩尔),2-氯甲基喹啉(11.9克,0.0670摩尔),碘化钠(10.0克,0.0670摩尔),碳酸钾(25.3克,0.183摩尔)和丙酮(200毫升)的混合物回流过夜。17小时后,反应物变浅,薄层层析(10%乙酸乙酯/CH2Cl2)表明原料完全转化成极性稍弱的产物。将混合物冷却、过滤,真空浓缩滤液。残余物溶解在乙酸乙酯(400毫升)中,用水和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,并真空浓缩成深棕色油状物。在硅胶柱上纯化,用10%乙酸乙酯/CH2Cl2洗脱,得灰白色固状标题产物15.3克(82%),m.p112-114℃;TLC(1∶9乙酸乙酯∶CH2Cl2)Rf=0.30。
实例2
3-羟亚甲基-6-(2-喹啉基)甲氧基-4-苯并二氢吡喃酮
在室温和氩气保护下,于5分钟内将在矿物油中的2.2克(0.0458摩尔)50%氢化钠分批加到前一实例的标题产物(7.00克,0.0229摩尔)和过量甲酸乙酯(35毫升)在甲苯(80毫升)中的溶液中。室温下将此黄绿色混合物搅拌5分钟,然后加入2滴乙醇以引发反应。5分钟内混合物变为红橙色,并放出气体和温和地放热。室温下搅拌混合物1小时,然后薄层层析(5%CH3OH/CH2Cl2)表明原料完全转化为极性较大的产物。将反应混合物倒入400毫升冰水中,用2NHCl调至pH5,用500毫升乙酸乙酯提取。有机层用水和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,真空浓缩得糊状黄色固体。用己烷反复研制除去矿物油,得到本标题产物,产率85%,TLC(!∶19CH3OH∶CH2Cl2)Rf0.40。
实例3
3-重氮基-6-(2-喹啉基)甲氧基-4-苯并二氢吡喃酮于-30℃(干冰-丙酮浴)下在20分钟内往前一实例标题产物(7.60克,0.023摩尔)和干燥三乙胺(6.4毫升,0.046摩尔)在干燥CH2Cl2(100毫升)中的溶液中滴加甲苯磺酰基叠氮化物(4.5克,0.023摩尔)在CH2Cl2(25毫升)中的溶液。搅拌下使反应混合物逐步温至室温过夜。18小时后TLC分析(20%乙酸乙酯/CH2Cl2)表明原料完全消失,形成极性较小的产品。混合物用1N氢氧化钠(100毫长)处理并搅拌10分钟。用盐水处理后分层,有机层用200毫升乙酸乙酯稀释。真空除去二氯甲烷。乙酸乙酯残余物用水和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥真空浓缩得到本标题产物,深黄色固体,6克(90%);TLC(1∶4乙酸乙酯∶CH2Cl2)Rf0.27。
实例4
3-环己氧基-6-(2-喹啉基)甲氧基-4-苯并二氢吡喃酮
于70℃往前一实例标题产物(1.50克,4.53毫摩尔)和环己醇(1.7毫长,16.4毫摩尔)在干燥甲苯(25毫升)中的悬浮液中加入5毫克乙酸铑(Ⅱ)二聚体。反应很快放出N2并变成均相。TLC分析(20%乙酸乙酯/CH2Cl2)表明形成了极性较小的产物,且仅有痕量的原料。将反应混合物真空浓缩。残余物溶解于乙酸乙酯(100毫升)中,用H2O和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,并真空浓缩得琥珀色油状物。用硅胶柱层析、10%乙酸乙酯/CH2Cl2洗脱,得所需产品,黄色残余物,0.59克(32%);TLC(1∶4乙酸乙酯/CH2Cl2)Rf0.68。IR(KBr)2940,1700,1490cm-1。MS(m/e)403.1780(M+)。
实例5
顺-和反-3-环己氧基-6-(2-喹啉基)甲氧基-4-苯并二氢吡喃醇
于0-5℃下于前一实例标题产物(580毫克,1.44毫摩尔)的甲醇(30毫升)溶液中加入56毫克(1.45毫摩尔)硼氢化钠。搅拌下使反应混合物温至室温。1小时后,TLC(20%乙酸乙酯/CH2Cl2)表明原料完全转化为两种极性较大的产物。将混合物真空浓缩。残余物溶在乙酸乙酯中,用H2O和盐水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,真空
浓缩得黄白色固体。进行硅胶柱层析,用20%乙酸乙酯/CH2Cl2洗脱,得到极性较小的黄色泡沫状顺式标题产物(450毫克)和极性较大的浅黄色油状反式标题产物(30毫克)。总产率=82%。顺-异构体用甲苯-己烷重结晶,得417毫克黄-白色针状物,熔点127-130℃,反-异构体用己烷研制,得11毫克白色固体,熔点63-65℃。
顺-异构体 IR(KBr)1500,2940cm-1.MS(m/e)405.1922(M+)元素分析计算C25H27NO4:C,74.05;H,6.71;N,3.45%。
实测值:C,74.07;H,6.69;N,3.38%。
反-异构体 IR(KBr)1495,2940cm-1.MS(m/e)405.1980(M+)。
实例6
3-(1-甲基乙氧基)-6-(2-喹啉基)甲氧基-4-苯并二氢吡喃酮
用实例4的方法,将实例3的标题产物(1.12克)的异丙醇转变为层析过的本标题产物,1.48克(81%),熔点85℃,TLC(1∶9乙酸乙酯:CH2Cl2)Rf0.35。
实例7
顺-和反-3-(1-甲基乙氧基)-6-(2-喹啉基)甲氧基-4-苯并二氢吡喃醇
用实例5的方法,将前一实例的标题产物(1.38克)转变成层析过的本标题产物。
顺-异构体 1.19g(86%),m.p.116-118℃.,极性较小者。IR(KBr)1490cm-1.MS(m/e)365.1360(M+)。
元素分析计算C22H23NO4:
C,72.31;H,6.34;N,3.83%。
实测值:C,71.95;H,6.01;N,3.76%。
反-异构体0.09g,m.p.102-103℃.,极性较大者。IR(KBr)1500cm-1.MS(m/e)365.1360(M+)。
实例8
2-丁基-3,4-二氢-7-甲氧基-1(2H)-萘酮
往-78℃的二异丙基氨基锂的溶液[由4.37毫升(31.2毫摩尔)二异丙基胺在28毫升四氢呋喃中的溶液和11.9毫升(29.8毫摩尔)的2.5M正-丁基锂制得]中慢慢加入(用15分钟时间)5.00克(28.4毫摩尔)3,4-二氢-7-甲氧基-1(2H)-萘酮在10毫升四氢呋喃中的溶液。将所生成的反应混合物在-78℃搅拌10分钟。然后将冷浴改为0℃的冰-水浴,再立即迅速加入3.98毫升(35毫摩尔)正丁基碘。再加入六甲基磷酰胺(10.4毫升,60毫摩尔),所得溶液在25℃搅拌2小时。将此反应液加到200毫升饱和氯化铵和300毫升乙醚的混合物中,分出有机层,用饱和氯化铵(200毫升)、饱和氯化钠(200毫升)洗涤,用硫酸镁干燥,蒸发得油状物,用250克硅胶经柱层析纯化,用5%乙醚-己烷洗脱,得1.6克(24%)油状本标题产物。
1H-NMR(CDCl3)δ:(ppm):0.92(bt,CH3),1.1-2.7(m,9H),2.87(m,CH2),3.80(OCH3),7.0(m,2ArH)和7.41(d,J=2Hz,ArH)。
实例9
2-丁基-3,4-二氢-7-羟基-1(2H)-萘酮
将19.1克(82.4毫摩尔)前一实例标题产物在77毫升冰醋酸和77毫升浓氢溴酸中的混合物加热回流3小时,此间收集少量(约30毫升)馏出液。将反应液冷却,加到1升冰冷的水中,用三份200毫升乙醚提取。合并乙醚提取液,用1升水和500毫升饱和碳酸氢钠洗涤,用硫酸镁干燥并蒸发,得一油状物,放置后固化,得17.2克(96%)本标题化合物,用冷乙醚-己烷重结晶,m.p.55-58℃.IR(CHCl3)3352,3580,1671cm-1。
1H-NMR(CDCl3)δ:(ppm):0.90(m,CH3),1.1-2.7(m,9H),2.90(m,CH2),7.1(m,2ArH)和7.75(bs,1ArH)。
元素分析计算C14H18O2:
C,77.03;H,8.31%
实测值:C,77.25;H,8.25%。
实例10
2-丁基-3,4-二氢-7-(2-喹啉基)甲氧基-1(2H)-萘酮
将4.35克(20.0毫摩尔)前一实例标题化合物、4.27克(20.0毫摩尔)2-氯甲基喹啉盐酸盐、16.3克(50毫摩尔)碳酸铯和200毫克(0.769毫摩尔)碘化铯在43毫升丙酮中的混合物加热回流21小时。将反应液冷却,用43毫升乙醚稀释后过滤。将滤液蒸发得一油状物,用120克硅胶经柱层析纯化、用二氯甲烷洗脱得本标题产物,为一油状物,(5.55克)。用己烷研制该纯化过的油状物,使之结晶,得3.22克(45%)结晶
产物,熔点49-51℃。
MS(m/e)359(M+),303,142and115.IR(CHCl3)1670,1600,1568cm-1。
1H-NMR(CDCl3)δ:(ppm):0.90(m,CH3),1.1-2.7(m,9H),2.85(m,CH2),5.34(s,OCH2)和7.1-8.2(m,9ArH)。
元素分析计算C24H25NO2:
C,80.18;H,7.01;N,3.90%
实测值:C,80.44;H,7.08;N,3.76%。
实例11
顺-和反-2-丁基-1,2,3,4-四氢-7-(2-喹啉基)甲氧基-1-萘酚
于2.00克(5.57毫摩尔)前一实例的标题产物在40毫升甲醇中的0℃的溶液中加入1.26克硼氢化钠。将反应液在0℃搅拌2小时,然后在旋转蒸发器上浓缩。残余物溶于乙醚和饱和氯化钠的混合物中。有机层用硫酸镁干燥并蒸发成油状物,以1∶3乙醚∶甲苯为洗脱液于硅胶上进行中压液相层析,按洗脱顺序,得到1.0克(50%)顺-异物体和770毫克(38%)反-异物体,都是油状物。两种异构体都用乙醚/己烷结晶。
顺-异构体 m.p.78.5-80℃.MS(m/e)361(M+),342,286,143,142and115.IR(CHCl3)3590,3400,1609,1600,1572cm-1.
1H-NMR(CDCl3,300MHz)δ:(ppm):0.89(t,J=7Hz,CH3),1.2-1.7(m,9H),2.55-2.82(m,CH2),4.53(d,J=4.0Hz,CH),4.73(OH),5.33(s,CH2O),6.85(dd,J=8,2Hz,ArH),6.98(m,2ArH),7.49(dd,J=8,8Hz,ArH),7.62(d,J=8Hz,ArH),7.68(dd,J=8,8Hz,ArH),7.77(d,J=8Hz,ArH),8.03(d,J=8Hz,ArH)和8.13(d,J=8Hz,ArH)。
元素分析计算C24H27NO2:
C,79.74;H,7.53;N,3.87%
实测值:C,79.44;H,7.42;N,3.81%.
反-异构体m.p.70-72℃.MS(m/e)361(M+),286,143,142和115.IR(CHCl3)3580,3435,1605,1600,1575cm-1.
1H-NMR(CDCl3,300MHz)δ:(ppm):0.87(t,J=8Hz,CH3),1.1-1.8(m,8H),1.97(m,1H),2.66(m,CH2),4.32(t,J=6.98Hz,CH),5.33(s,OCH2),6.83(dd,J=8,2Hz,ArH),6.96(d,J=8Hz,ArH),7.15(d,J=2Hz,ArH),7.49(dd,J=8,8Hz,ArH),7.63(d,J=8Hz,ArH),7.66(dd,J=8,8Hz,ArH),7.77(d,J=8Hz,ArH),8.03(d,J=8Hz,ArH)和8.13(d,J=8Hz,ArH)。
元素分析计算C24H27NO2:
C,79.74;H,7.53;N,3.87%
实测值:C,79.38;H,7.42;N.3.79%.
实例12
非对映体反-2-丁基-1,2,3,4-四氢-7-(2-喹啉基)甲氧基-1-萘基的R-O-乙酰基苯乙醇酸酯
往764毫克(2.12毫摩尔)前一实例的反式标题产物,493毫克(2.54毫摩尔)(R)-(-)-O-乙酰基苯乙醇酸和305毫克(2.5毫摩尔)4-(N,N-二甲基氨基)吡啶在4毫升二氯甲烷中的0℃的溶液中加入480毫克(2.32毫摩尔)二环己基碳化二亚胺。5分钟后,使溶液温热并在25℃搅拌3小时。滤除生成的沉淀,蒸发滤液得一油状物,用硅胶和25-50%的乙醚-己烷进行中压液相层析纯化,按洗脱顺序得到非对映体标题产物A和B。各自用乙醚-己烷重结晶,得436毫克(39%)非对映体A和466毫克(41%)非对映体B。
非对映体A.m.p.93-94℃.1H-NMR(CDCl3,300MHz)δ(ppm):0.86(t,J=7Hz,CH3),1.1-2.1(m,9H),2.18(s,CH3CO),2.66(m,CH2),4.98(AB型OCH2),5.75(d,J=6Hz,CH),5.88(s,CH),6.34(d,J=2Hz,ArH),6.77(dd,J=8,2Hz,ArH),6.93(d,J=8Hz,ArH),7.1-7.6(m,7ArH),7.71(dd,J=8,8Hz,ArH),7.81(d,J=8Hz,ArH),8.07(d,J=8Hz,ArH)和8.16(d,J=8Hz,ArH).
非对映体B.m.p.70-81℃.1H-NMR(CDCl3,300MHz)δ(ppm):0.72(t,J=7Hz,CH3),0.8-1.9(m,9H),2.18(s,CH3CO),2.63(m,CH2),5.31(AB型OCH2),5.77(d,J=6Hz,CH),5.87(s,CH),6.85(dd,J=8,2Hz,ArH),6.93(d,J=2Hz,ArH),6.95(d,J=8Hz,ArH),7.3(m,2ArH),7.45(m,2ArH),7.67(m,2ArH),7.79(d,J=8Hz,ArH),8.05(d,J=8Hz,ArH),和8.15(d,J=8Hz,ArH).
实例13
(-)-反式-2-丁基-1,2,3,4-四氢-7-(2-喹啉基)甲氧基-1-萘酚
于25℃时,将405毫克(0.75毫摩尔)前一
实例的非对映体A和832毫克(6.03毫摩尔)无水碳酸钾在6.25毫升甲醇、625毫升四氢呋喃和1.5毫升水中的混合物搅拌15小时。然后将反应液加到100毫升饱和氯化钠中并用3×30毫升乙醚萃取。合并的乙醚萃取液用碳酸镁干燥并蒸发,得一油状物。将此油状物用乙醚-己烷结晶得160毫克(59%)本标题化合物,熔点59-61℃。
[α]20 D=-26.3°(CH3OH,C=0.001).1H-NMR(CDCl3,300MHz)δ(ppm):0.89(t,J=7Hz,CH3),1.1-2.1(m,9H),2.68(m,CH2),4.33(dd,J=6,6Hz,CH),5.36(s,OCH2),6.83(dd,J=8,2Hz,ArH),6.97(d,J=8Hz,ArH),7.17(d,J=2Hz,ArH),7.50(dd,J=8,8Hz,ArH),7.65(d,J=8Hz,ArH),7.69(dd,J=8Hz,ArH),7.79(d,J=8Hz,ArH),8.04(d,J=8Hz,ArH)和8.15(d,J=8Hz,ArH).
实例14
(+)-反式-2-丁基-1,2,3,4-四氢-7-(2-喹啉基)甲氧基-1-萘酚
用前一实例所述的方法,将实例13的非对映体B产物(0.46克)转变为结晶状的本标题产物(0.13克,54%),熔点58-59℃。
[α]20 D=+23.6℃(CH3OH,c=0.001)。1H-NMR数据与前一实例的(-)-异构体的数据一致。
实例15
2-丁基-3,4-二氢-7-(2-吡啶基)甲氧基-1(2H)-萘酮
用实例10所述的方法,将实例9的标题产物(5.70克,34.3毫摩尔)和2-吡啶甲基氯盐酸盐(5.63克,34.3毫摩尔)转变为本标题产物4.37克(41%),熔点56-60℃。
MS(m/e)309(M+),253,93and92.IR(CHCl3)1677,1608,1594,1573cm-1.1H-NMR(CDCl3δ(ppm):0.98(m,CH3),1.1-2.7(m,9H),2.96(m,CH2),5.25(s,CH2O),7.05-7.9(m,6ArH)和8.3(bd,J=6Hz,ArH).
元素分析计算C20H23NO2:
C,77.64;H,7.49;N,4.35%.
实测值:C,77.93;H,7.42;N,4.50%.
实例16
顺-和反-2-丁基-1,2,3,4-四氢-7-(2-吡啶基)甲氧基-1-萘酚
用实例11所述方法,将前一实例标题产物(2.29克,7.41毫摩尔)转变成本标题产物。
顺-异构体0.96g(42%),m.p.101-103℃.;极性较小者.MS(m/e)311(M+),236,199,94,93和92.IR(CHCl3)3592,3437,1610,1594,1574cm-1.1H-NMR(CDCl3,300MHz)δ(ppm):0.87(m,CH3),1.1-1.9(m,9H),2.5-2.8(m,CH2),4.51(bs,CH),5.13(s,CH2O),6.80(d,J=8Hz,ArH),6.91(bs,ArH),6.97(bd,J=8Hz,(ArH),7.14(dd,J=8,8Hz,ArH),7.44(d,J=8Hz,ArH).
元素分析计算C20H25NO2
C,77.14;H,8.09;N,4.50%.
实测值:C,77.31;H,7.94;N,4.46%.
反-异构体.1.12g(49%),m.p.62-64℃.;极性较大者.MS(m/e)311(M+),292,236,199,94,93和92.IR(CDCl3)3584,3414,1609,1594,1574cm-1.1H-NMR(CDCl3,300MHz)δ(ppm):0.89(m,CH3),1.1-2.1(m,9H),2.67(m,CH2),4.32(bs,CH),5.15(s,OCH2),6.79(dd,J=8,2Hz,ArH),6.96(d,J=8Hz,ArH),7.11(d,J=2Hz,ArH),7.17(dd,J=8,8Hz,ArH).7.48(d,J=8Hz,ArH),7.66(dd,J=8,8Hz,ArH)和8.53(d,J=5Hz,ArH).
实例17
6(8H)-羟亚甲基-7-甲基-3-(2-喹啉基)甲氧基-5(7H)-喹诺酮
用实例2所述的方法,将实例61标题产物转变成本标题产物,产率99%;TLC(19∶1CH2Cl2∶乙酸)Rf0.6。
实例18
6(8H)-重氮基-7-甲基-3-(2-喹啉基)甲氧基-5(7H)-喹诺酮
用实例3所述的方法,将前一实例标题产物转变成本标题产物,产率99%;TLC(19∶1CH2Cl2∶乙醇)Rf0.25。
实例19
3,4-二氢-7-(2-喹啉基)甲氧基-1(2H)-萘酮
用实例10所述的方法,由5.00克(30.9毫摩尔)7-羟基,3,4-二氢-1(2H)-萘酮和9.91克(46.3毫摩尔)2-氯甲基喹啉盐酸得到3.5克(37%)标题化合物。
MS(m/e)300(M+),286,274,142,and115.
1H-NMR(CDCl3,300MHz)δ(ppm):2.08(m,2H),2.60(t,J=7Hz,CH2),2.87(t,J=6Hz,CH2),5.39(s,OCH2),7.16(d,J=2Hz,ArH),7.52(dd,J=8,8Hz,ArH),7.6-7.75(m,4ArH),7.79(d,J=8Hz,ArH),8,07(d,J=8Hz,ArH)和8.16(d,J=8Hz,ArH).
实例20
7,8-二氢-7-甲基-3-(2-喹啉基)甲氧基-5-(6H)-喹诺酮
用实例1所述的方法,将7,8-二氢-3-羟基-7-甲基-5(6H)-喹诺酮和2-氯甲基喹啉转变为本标题产物,产率67%,熔点141-144℃。
MS(m/e)计算值:318。1365;实测值:318.1325.
制备例1
4-(2-氰乙氧基)苯甲醚
将4-甲氧基苯酚(248克)、KOH(5.6克)和丙烯腈(397毫升)溶于1升叔丁醇中,并在搅拌下于75℃加热5小时。然后将混合物冷至室温并真空汽提得固体残余物,将其用乙醚再浆化,过滤回收不溶物。后者用2升乙酸乙酯溶解,用H2O、饱和NaHCO3和饱和NaCl各1升依次洗涤,用MgSO4干燥并且再次蒸干,得到纯化的标题产物199.4克,熔点62-64℃。
制备例2
6-甲氧基-4-苯并二氢吡喃酮
将前一例的标题产物(199克)与240毫升H2O和480浓毫升盐酸合并加热回流过夜。将反应混合物冷至室温并过滤回收固体。将后者溶于2升乙酸乙酯中,用200毫升H2O)洗涤,用MgSO4干燥并真空蒸干,得到中间体3-(4-甲氧基苯氧基)丙酸195克,熔点105-107℃。将后者加到600毫升维持在75℃的搅拌着的热多磷酸中,并将混合物搅拌2小时。在最初0.5小时内,温度最高可升至89℃,然后降至75℃浴温。将反应混合物倒入3.2升冰水中骤冷,用1.2升乙酸乙酯提取。有机萃取液用H2O、饱和NaHCO3和饱和NaCl各600毫升依次洗涤,用MgSO4干燥并蒸干,得180克固体,将其溶解在400毫升CH2Cl2中,用活性炭处理并再次蒸干得到类似量的固体。后者用异丙醚重结晶,得到纯的标题产物120克,熔点46-48℃,与商品一致。
制备例3
6-羟基-4-苯并二氢吡喃酮
将36克前一制备例的产物36克在290毫升乙酸和290毫升48%氢溴酸中的溶液加热回流3小时。将反应液冷却并真空汽提得到粗产品,用6升水将其稀释,冷至0-5℃,过滤回收标题产物得25.7克(80%),熔点133-136℃。可将产品在硅胶上用乙酸乙酯/己烷为洗脱液进一步层析纯化。
制备例4
6-苄氧基-4-苯并二氢吡喃酮
将前一制备例的产品25克、苄基溴26.5克和碳酸钾28克在150毫升丙酮中的混合物加热回流过夜。将反应液冷却并过滤除去碳酸钾。将滤液蒸发,残余物溶于乙酸乙酯并用水洗涤。乙酸乙酯层用硫酸钠干燥并真空蒸发得粗产物,用二氯甲烷/己烷重结晶纯化得29克标题产物,熔点107-108℃。
1H-NMR(丙酮-d6)δ(ppm):2.7(t,2H),4.4(t,2H),5.08(s,2H),7.2-7.5(m,3H)。
制备例5
3-羟亚甲基-6-苄氧基-4-苯并二氢吡喃酮
于172.5克前一制备例产品在1.7升含168毫升甲酸乙酯和3.5毫升乙醇的甲苯中的溶液中分批加入66克50%氢化钠。将反应液室温搅拌1小时,然后倒入1.5升冰水中。用稀盐酸将其酸化至pH4。用几份乙酸乙酯提取水层。合并有机层,用硫酸钠干燥并真空蒸发,得到的粗产品,用己烷研制,除去氢化钠带进的油。静置后所得产品结晶析出,熔点82-85℃。
制备例6
3-重氮基-6-苄氧基-4-苯并二氢吡喃酮
往前一制备例标题产物35.3克在含25.2克三乙胺的250毫升二氯甲烷中的-10℃的溶液中滴入24.4克甲苯磺酰叠氮化物在100毫升二氯甲烷中的溶液。滴完后,将反应液温至室温并搅拌过夜。反应混合物用水洗涤,用硫酸钠干燥并真空蒸发,得粗产物,用二氯甲烷作洗脱剂进行硅胶柱层析纯化,得到21克产品,熔点100-103℃。
1H-NMR(CDCl3)δ(ppm):5.02(d,J=4,2H),6.7-7.5(m,10H)。
制备例7
4-(4-甲氧基苯氧基)丁酸
将4-甲氧苯苯酚加到2.3克Na溶于50毫升乙醇制得的NaOC2H5溶液中,5分钟后,加入γ-丁内酯,并将混合物加热回流过夜。蒸出乙醇,残余物在155℃加热过夜,然后冷却,用水稀释,并用稀盐酸酸化至pH3。过滤收集产品,19.5克,熔点103-104℃。
制备例8
3,4-二氢-7-甲氧基-1-苯并氧杂七环-5(2H)-酮
将前一制备例的产品34克溶于300毫升多磷酸中并在100℃加热1小时。将反应液冷却后倒入水中,并用乙醚萃取得到粗产物。蒸馏纯化,沸点100℃/0.5毫米汞柱。
制备例9
3,4-二氢-7-羟基-1-苯并氧杂七环-5(2H)-酮
将19.23克前制备例产品、95毫升48%氢溴酸和95毫升乙酸的混合物加热回流4小时。将反应液冷却并真空蒸发,得到粗产物,以二氯甲烷为洗脱液用硅胶柱层析纯化,得8.3克产物,熔点116-120℃。
1H-NMR(CDCl3)δ(ppm):2.0-2.45(m,2H),2.95(t,J=7,2H),4.20(t,J=7,2H),6.8-7.1(m,3H),7.4(s,1H)。
制备例10
7-苄氧基-3,4-二氢-1-苯并氧杂七环-5(2H)-酮
将6.5克前一制备例产品、4.3毫升苄基溴、6.3克碳酸钾和40毫升丙酮的混合物加热搅拌回流过夜。将反应液冷却并过滤除去无机物。将滤液真空蒸发,将残余物溶于乙酸乙酯并用水洗涤。乙酸乙酯层用硫酸钠干燥并真空蒸发得粗产品,用异丙醚重结晶纯化,得8.4克标题产物,熔点62-63℃。
制备例11
7-苄氧基-4-溴-3,4-二氢-1-苯并氧杂七环-5(2H)-酮
往前一制备例标题产物6.3克在25毫升乙酸中的溶液中加入3.76克溴在25毫升乙酸中的溶液。将反应液搅拌3分钟,真空蒸去挥发成分,得到的残余物溶于乙酸乙酯并用水洗涤。将乙酸乙酯层干燥并蒸发,得到8.2克产品,不必纯化可用于下步反应。
制备例12
3-溴-6-甲氧基-4-喹诺酮
于5-10℃下,于30分钟内往35克6-甲氧基-4-苯并二氢吡喃酮在1.6升乙醚中的溶液中滴加10.6毫升溴。在5-10℃将混合物搅拌30分钟,然后使其温至室温。2小时后,TLC(CH2Cl2)表明生成了极性较小的产物,并且仅留下痕量的原料。反应混合物用水(1升)、饱和NaHCO3(500毫升)和盐水(500)毫升洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,真空浓缩得到黄色固体。用2.4千克细硅胶,以梯度溶剂体系为洗脱剂,将粗产品进行闪式柱层析纯化,溶剂体系为3∶1、己烷/二氯甲烷、接着2∶1己烷/二氯甲烷,最后30%己烷/二氯甲烷。得到的标题产物为黄色固体,产率80%。
制备例13
1-氨基-5-甲基环己-1-烯-3-酮
将5-甲基-1,3-环己二酮(40克,0.32摩尔)溶于500毫升70℃的苯中。将溶液回流加热2小时,其间往反应混合物中鼓入氨气,生成的水收集在Dean-Stark阱中。将混合物冷至0℃,过滤收集标题产物,得39.8克,熔点165-169℃。
1H-NMR(DMSO-d6)δ(ppm):0.98(s,3H),1.6-1.88(2H),2.14-2.38(2H),3.14-3.6(1H),4.93(s,1H),6.2-7.2(m,2H)
制备例14
7,8-二氢-7-甲基-3-硝基-5(6H)-喹诺酮将硝基丙二醛钠(Scdium nitromalonaldehyde)(Org.Synth.Coll.第4卷,844页;42.2克,0.269摩尔)溶于200毫升二甲基甲酰胺中,所得溶液用4A分子筛干燥,过滤回收,用100毫升同样的溶剂洗涤。将滤液和洗涤液合并,于其中加入吡啶(91毫升,89克,1.13摩尔),将混合物冷至-5℃。维持其温度在-5℃至-8℃,往其中滴入甲苯磺酰氯(53克,0.277摩尔)在200毫升二甲基甲酰胺中的溶液,使所得反应混合物湿至室温。将前一制备例标题产物(33.6克,0.270摩尔)温热溶解在200毫升二甲基甲酰胺中,并将其以稳定流速加到反应混合物中。在室温搅拌18小时后,倒入2升冰水中,用2×1升乙酸乙酯萃取。合并
有机层,用硫酸镁干燥并蒸干,得本标题产物33克(61%),熔点64-67℃。
制备例15
3-氨基-7,8-二氢-7-甲基-5(6H)-喹诺酮
将前一制备例标题产物(27克)放在盛有830毫升无水乙醇和9.0克10%Pd/C的250毫升帕尔瓶中。将其在帕尔装置中于50psig氢气压力下室温振荡2小时。用硅藻土过滤回收催化剂,将滤液浓缩至干。将所得棕色固体按下法行闪式柱层析:先溶于CH3OH,加入50毫升干燥的32-63μ的硅胶,并浓缩至干。将所得物质以干法装在已用含1%三乙胺的19∶1CH2Cl2∶异丙醇湿法装填好的30厘米×15厘米新鲜硅胶柱上。用同样溶剂体系洗脱层析。将含产物的中间洗脱组分合并蒸发至干,得到本标题产物,MS(m/e)计算:176.0950,实测:176.0944TLC(19∶1CH2Cl2∶C2H5OH)Rf0.32
制备例16
六氟磷酸的7,8-二氢-7-甲基-5(6H)-喹诺酮-6-重氮盐
在装有机械搅拌器、滴液漏斗和置于能风橱上背部的出气管路的500毫升三颈瓶中,室温下装入前一制备例标题产物15.26克。加入6.93毫升冰醋酸。然后一次加入159毫升3.48N的HCl,此时反应混合物变成清亮的深红色溶液。将后者冷至0℃,此时溶液中沉淀出一些固体。于此浆状物中,仍为0℃下在5-10分钟内滴加5.98克NaNO2在35毫升H2O中的溶液,所得混合物在0℃搅拌30分钟。保持在0℃,用5分钟加入15.24毫升HPF6(60%重量)在H2O中)。立即形成浅褐色沉淀。加毕,继续剧烈搅拌10-15分种,滤出所产生的固体,用2×25毫升冷H2O、2×25毫升乙醚洗涤,然后在高真空下用P2O5干燥过夜,得到25.62克(89%)本标题产物,熔点175-176.5℃。
制备例17
7,8-二氢-3-羟基-7-甲基-5(6H)-喹诺酮
用一段时间(本例中为2.5小时)将前一制备例标题产品25.62克按每批0.5克加到500毫升沸腾的5%H2SO4中以避免由于N2逸出而过分发泡。将反应混合物再回流加热40分钟,然后冷至0℃,并用6N的NaOH调到pH7(本例中需要160毫升)。反应混合物用3×250毫升乙酸乙酯提取。在第一次提取中,通过用硅藻土过滤破乳。合并有机提取液,用MgSO4干燥,蒸干成为固体,残余物溶于CH3OH中,用硅胶调成浆,按前例所述蒸干并进行闪式柱层析,用19∶1CH2Cl2∶异丙醇作洗脱液,得到本标题产品9.2克(67%),熔点210.5-212℃。
制备例18
3-苄氧基-7,8-二氢-7-甲基-5(6H)-喹诺酮
用制备例4的方法,将前一制备例产品转变为本标题产品,产率78%,熔点80.5-81.5℃。MS(m/e)计算:267.1259,实测267.1261。
制备例19
2-氯甲基喹喔啉
在125毫升的烧瓶中将8.94克2-甲基喹喔啉与50毫升CCl4和6.5克Na2CO3混合,将混合物加热到68℃,然后经一倒置的漏斗通入Cl2,使氯气很慢地鼓泡。这一操作持继1小时,然后将反应混合物在冰浴中冷至20℃,并将其在乙醚和饱和NaHCO3溶液间进行分配。分出乙醚层,用MgSO4干燥,并浓缩至干。残余物立即很快地通过层析柱,柱内装有20厘米32-63μ的硅胶(柱直径8厘米),用1∶1乙醚∶己烷作洗脱液。先洗脱出1洗升脱液后,再按250毫升为一组分收集。合并组分3-5并浓缩,得2.58克(23%)标题产物,为黄色固体;TLC(3∶7乙酸乙酯∶CH2Cl2)Rf0.65。
1H-NMR(CDCl3)δ(ppm):4.86(s,2H),7.74-7.78(m,2H)8.02-8.16(m,2H),9.0(m,1H)。
制备例20
2-溴-3,4-二氢-7-甲氧基-1(2H)-萘酮
于25克(0.142摩尔)7-(甲氧基-3,4-二氢-1(2H)-萘酮在1升乙醚中的10℃的溶液中滴加37.9克(0.237摩尔)溴(保持反应液温度在约10℃)。用旋转蒸发器浓缩反应液,残余物用乙醚结晶,得到31.6克(87%本标题化合物,熔点79-80℃,
MS(m/e)256and254(M+),174,173,148,131,120,115和103.Ir(CHCl3)
1680,1610cm-1.
1H-NMR(CDCl3)δ(ppm):2.2-2.7(m,2H),2.9-3.5(m,2H),3.95(s,OCH3),4.78(t,J=4Hz,CHBr),7.0-7.4(m,2ArH),和7.58(bs,ArH)。
元素分析计算 C11H11BrO2·1H2O∶C,50.89;H,4.46%。
实测值:C,50.71;H,4.36%。
制备例21
6-苄氧基-3-亚甲基-4-苯并二氢吡喃酮
将9.2克6-苄氧基-4-苯并二氢吡喃酮、二甲胺盐酸盐和1.3克多聚甲醛在100毫升乙酸中的溶液在蒸汽浴上加热5小时。真空蒸除挥发性组分,残余物用硅胶纯化,用CH2Cl2洗脱,得3.7克产品,Rf(CH2Cl2)=0.5。
1H-NMR(CDCl3)δ(ppm):4.95(s,2H),5.05(s,2H),5.55(s,1H),6.30(s,1H),6.80-7.60(m,8H).
制备例22
3-溴-2-(溴甲基)-6-甲基吡啶和3-溴-2-6-(溴甲基)-2-甲基吡啶
在惰性气体保护下,往带有搅拌棒和冷凝器的25毫升圆底烧瓶中加入1.4克(7.35毫摩尔)3-溴-2,6-二甲基吡啶,1.21克(6.77毫摩尔)N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺,4.5毫升四氯化碳。10毫克(0.04毫摩尔)苯甲酰过氧化物。将所得混合物回收流过夜。此时进行TLC分析表明仍有原料物质存在,于是加入0.7克(3.9毫摩尔)N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺,将反应混合物再回流4小时。滤出沉淀物,用2×50毫升热CCl4洗涤。浓缩滤液得一油状物,将粗产品用200克硅胶进行闪式柱层析纯化,用3;1己烷∶CH2Cl2为洗脱液,得到标题所示的两种产物,即218毫克(11%)2-(溴甲基)衍生物和285毫克(14%)-6-(溴甲基)衍生物,TLC(3∶1己烷∶CH2Cl2)Rf分别为0.07和0.13。
2-(溴甲基)衍生物。
1H-NMR(DMSO-d6)δ(ppm):7.99(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.19(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),4.71(s,2H),2.46(s,3H).
6-(溴甲基)衍生物。
1H-NMR(DMSO-d6)δ(ppm):8.00(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.32(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),4.63((s,2Hz),2.56(s,3H).
Claims (8)
1、制备具有下述结构式的外消旋的或旋光活性的化合物,其可作药用的酸加成盐,或当化合物含有羧基时,其作可药用阳离子盐的方法,
其中n是1;
X是CH2;
X1是CH2或0;
Y和Y1一起形成羰基,或Y和Y1分开,Y是氢,Y1是羟基或在生理条件下水解形成羟基的酰氧基;
Z是CH2,CHCH3;
Z1是CH;
R是2-吡啶基或2-喹啉基;
R1是(C1-C6)烷基或(C3-C6)环烷基;
该方法包括:
(a)在碱存在下,使下式所示的化合物
式中R1、Z、Z1、X、X1、Y、Y1和n的定义如上所述与下式所示的化合物反应,
R-CH2-X2
式中X2为可被亲核取代的基团,R的定义如上所述
(b)当Y和Y1分开,Y是氢而Y1是羟基时,将预先生成的、其中Y和Y1一起形成羰基的式(Ⅰ)化合物还原;
(c)当Y和Y1一起形成羰基并且X1是0时,在乙酸铑(Ⅱ)二聚体存在下使下式所示化合物
式中R、Z、Z1、X和n的定义如以上所述与下式所示化合物反应
R1OH
式中R1的定义如上所述,或者
(d)当Y和Y1分开、Y是氢和Y1是酰氧基时,将其中Y和Y1分开、Y是氢,而Y1是羟基的预先制成的式(Ⅰ)化合物酰化;当需要时,
(e)将预制成成的式(Ⅰ)化合物转变为可药用的酸加成盐,或者当其含有羧基时,将其转变为可药用的阳离子盐。
2、根据权利要求1的方法,其中原料化合物中的Y和Y1一起形成羰基。
3、根据权利要求1的方法,其中原料化合物中的Y和Y1分开,Y是氢,Y1是羟基。
4、根据权利要求3的方法,其中原料化合物中的n是1,Z是CH2,Z1是CH,X是CH2,X1表示CH2或0,R是2-吡啶基或2-喹啉基,R1是(C2-C6)烷基或(C3-C6)环烷基。
6、根据权利要求5的方法,其中原料化合物中的X是CH2,X1是0或CH2,R是2-吡啶基或2-喹啉基,R1是丙基、异丙基或环己基。
8、根据权利要求7的方法,其中原料化合物中X是CH2,X1是0或CH2,R是2-吡啶基或2-喹啉基,R1是丙基,异丙基或环己基。
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US5155130A (en) * | 1989-08-11 | 1992-10-13 | Ciba-Geigy Corporation | Certain benzopyran and benzothiopyran derivatives |
IL97249A (en) * | 1990-02-23 | 1995-01-24 | Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd | Compounds of 7,6,5,4-tetrahydrothiazole] B-5,4 [pyridine and compounds of 5,6-dihydro-H4-pyrrolo] D-3,2 [thiazole, their manufacture, and pharmaceutical compositions including or |
US5120758A (en) * | 1991-02-08 | 1992-06-09 | Ciba-Geigy Corporation | Certain benzodioxole, benzodioxane and benzodioxepin derivatives useful as 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors |
US5149703A (en) * | 1991-09-06 | 1992-09-22 | Merck Frosst Canada, Inc. | Quinoline-substituted chromans and related compounds as leukotriene antagonists |
JP3042156B2 (ja) * | 1992-02-20 | 2000-05-15 | 田辺製薬株式会社 | ナフタレン誘導体、その製法及びその合成中間体 |
DE10142668A1 (de) * | 2001-08-31 | 2003-03-20 | Aventis Pharma Gmbh | Verwendung von C2-substituierten Indan-1-on-Systemen zur Herstellung von Medikamenten zur Prophylaxe oder Behandlung von Obesitas |
DE10142666A1 (de) | 2001-08-31 | 2003-03-20 | Aventis Pharma Gmbh | Verwendung von C2-substituierten Indan-1-ol-Systemen zur Herstellung von Medikamenten zur Prophylaxe oder Behandlung von Obesitas |
DE10142667B4 (de) | 2001-08-31 | 2004-06-09 | Aventis Pharma Deutschland Gmbh | C2-substituierte Indan-1-ole und ihre Derivate und ihre Verwendung als Arzneimittel |
DE10142722A1 (de) * | 2001-08-31 | 2003-03-27 | Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH, 65929 Frankfurt | C2-substituierte Indan-1-one und ihre Derivate, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und ihre Verwendung als Arzneimittel |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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FR2498186A1 (fr) * | 1981-01-16 | 1982-07-23 | Rhone Poulenc Sante | Preparation de la chloro-5, -6, -7 ou -8 hydroxy-4 quinoleine |
EP0079637B1 (en) * | 1981-11-12 | 1987-01-28 | FISONS plc | Anti-srs-a carboxylic acid derivatives, processes for their production, and pharmaceutical formulation containing them |
US4661596A (en) * | 1985-02-21 | 1987-04-28 | American Home Products Corporation | Quinolinyl (or pyridinyl) methoxy substituted naphthalene compounds as antiallergic agents |
US4631287A (en) * | 1985-04-16 | 1986-12-23 | Usv Pharmaceutical Corp. | Aryl and heteroaryl ethers as agents for the treatment of hypersensitive ailments |
IE861607L (en) * | 1985-06-18 | 1986-12-18 | Bunce Roger A | 2-substituted quinolines |
DK196688A (da) * | 1987-04-28 | 1988-10-29 | Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co | Bicykliske forbindelser og fremgangsmaade til fremstilling deraf |
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1987
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1988
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1990
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1992
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