CN101616896A - 三环类化合物及其作为糖皮质激素受体调节剂的用途 - Google Patents
三环类化合物及其作为糖皮质激素受体调节剂的用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及式(I)的化合物或其盐,其是糖皮质激素受体的调节剂。本发明的化合物和盐适用于治疗由糖皮质激素受体活性介导的病况。
Description
技术领域
本发明包括作为糖皮质激素受体调节剂的化合物。本发明还包括组合物以及使用化合物和组合物的方法。
背景技术
糖皮质激素受体调节剂是糖皮质激素受体配体,由于它们的强大的抗炎、抗增殖和免疫调节活性而用于治疗各种病况。J.Miner等人,Expert Opin.Investig.Drugs(2005)14(12):1527-1545。
糖皮质激素受体调节剂的实例包括地塞米松、泼尼松、泼尼松龙、RU-486,并且如WO 2000/66522和WO 2004/005229中所述。
使用糖皮质激素受体调节剂进行的治疗经常与副作用诸如骨损失和骨质疏松症有关。
鉴定作为有效的、有效力的并具有缓和的副作用的糖皮质激素受体调节剂会满足医学需要。
发明概述
在一个实施方案中,本发明涉及式I的化合物或其盐:
其中R1是-H或-P(O)(OH)2。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明涉及包括式I的化合物和载体的组合物。在另一个实施方案中,本发明涉及使糖皮质激素受体接触式I化合物的方法。另一个实施方案包括通过对受试者给予式I的化合物来治疗受试者的由糖皮质激素受体活性介导的病况的方法。
详细描述
关于实施方案的详细说明仅意在使本领域的其它技术人员知晓本发明、原则和实际应用,从而使得本领域的其它技术人员可以多种可能非常适合于特定应用要求的形式修改并应用本发明。因此,本发明不限于本说明书中所述的实施方案,并且本发明可进行修饰。
A.定义
对于以下所定义的术语,应当适用这些定义,除非在权利要求书或在本说明书的别处给出了不同的定义。
术语“载体”描述了不同于化合物的成分。载体可为药学可接受的材料或介质。实例包括液体或固体填料、稀释剂、赋形剂、溶剂或囊封材料。
短语“接触糖皮质激素受体”是指进行糖皮质激素受体的体内、离体或体外接触并且包括对具有糖皮质激素受体的受试者给予本发明的化合物或盐以及例如将本发明的化合物或盐引入到包括含有糖皮质激素受体的包含细胞的、未纯化或纯化的制备物的样品中。例如,接触包括化合物与受体之间的相互作用,诸如结合。
短语“炎症相关病况”包括关节炎,纤维肌痛,强直性脊椎炎,银屑病,系统性红斑狼疮,痛风,未分化脊柱关节病,幼年发作型脊柱关节炎,克隆病,溃疡性结肠炎,肠易激综合征,炎性肠病和与上述病况有关的疼痛。关节炎的具体实例包括类风湿性关节炎,骨关节炎,反应性关节炎,传染性关节炎,牛皮癣性关节炎,多关节炎,幼年型关节炎,幼年型类风湿性关节炎,幼年型反应性关节炎和幼年型牛皮癣性关节炎。
术语“调节”或“调节剂”包括拮抗剂、激动剂、部分拮抗剂和部分激动剂。
术语“受试者”是指任何动物,包括哺乳动物,诸如小鼠、大鼠、其它的啮齿类动物、兔、狗、猫、猪、牛、羊、马、灵长类动物或人。
术语“治疗”包括对受试者的姑息性治疗、恢复性治疗和预防性治疗。术语“姑息性治疗”是指所述治疗减轻或减小受试者的影响或病况的强度而不治愈该病况。术语“预防性治疗”(和相应的术语“预防治疗”)是指所述治疗防止病况在受试者中发生。术语“恢复性治疗”(“治愈”)是指所述治疗阻止受试者的病况的进展或减少受试者的病况的病理学表现形式或彻底消除受试者的病况。治疗可采用引发组织、系统或受试者的生物学应答或医学应答的治疗有效量的化合物、盐或组合物来进行,这些应答正是由诸如研究员、医生、兽医或临床医师的个体所探求的。
B.化合物
本发明部分地包括式I的三环类化合物。这些化合物可用作糖皮质激素受体调节剂。
本发明包括式I的化合物或其盐:
其中R1是-H或-P(O)(OH)2。
本发明包括式II的化合物或其盐:
其中R1是-H或-P(O)(OH)2。
本发明包括其中R1是-H的式I或式II的化合物或其盐。
本发明包括其中R1是-P(O)(OH)2的式I或式II的化合物或其盐。
本发明包括(4βS,7R,8αR)-4β-苄基-7-羟基-N-(2-甲基吡啶-3-基)-7-(三氟甲基)-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酰胺或其盐;以及(2R,4αS,10αR)-4α-苄基-7-((2-甲基吡啶-3-基)氨甲酰基)-2-(三氟甲基)-1,2,3,4,4α,9,10,10α-八氢菲-2-基磷酸二氢酯或其盐。
本发明化合物的盐包括其酸加成盐和碱盐(包括二盐)。在一个实施方案中,本发明包括式I的化合物的盐酸盐。在另一个实施方案中,本发明包括式I的化合物的钙盐。在另一个实施方案中,本发明包括式I的化合物的钠盐。
适当的酸加成盐由形成无毒盐的酸形成。所述盐的实例包括乙酸盐,天冬氨酸盐,苯甲酸盐,苯磺酸盐,碳酸氢盐/碳酸盐,硫酸氢盐/硫酸盐,硼酸盐,右旋樟脑磺酸盐,柠檬酸盐,乙二磺酸盐,乙磺酸盐,甲酸盐,富马酸盐,葡庚糖酸盐,葡糖酸盐,葡糖醛酸盐,六氟磷酸盐,海苯酸盐(hibenzate),盐酸盐/氯化物,氢溴酸盐/溴化物,氢碘酸盐/碘化物,羟乙基磺酸盐,乳酸盐,苹果酸盐,马来酸盐,丙二酸盐,甲磺酸盐,甲基硫酸盐,萘二甲酸盐(naphthylate),2-萘磺酸盐,烟酸盐,硝酸盐,乳清酸盐,草酸盐,棕榈酸盐,双羟萘酸盐,磷酸盐/磷酸氢盐/磷酸二氢盐,糖二酸盐,硬脂酸盐,琥珀酸盐,酒石酸盐,甲苯磺酸盐和三氟乙酸盐。
适当的碱盐由形成无毒盐的碱形成。碱盐的实例包括铝、精氨酸、二苄基乙二胺青霉素、钙、胆碱、二乙胺、二醇胺(diolamine)、甘氨酸、赖氨酸、镁、葡甲胺、醇胺(olamine)、钾、钠、氨丁三醇和锌的盐。
对于适当的盐的综述,请参见″Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts:Properties,Selection,and Use″,Stahl和Wermuth(Wiley-VCH,Weinheim,德国,2002)。
视情况而定,盐可容易地通过将本发明的化合物的溶液和所需的酸或碱混合在一起制备。盐可从溶液中沉淀出并通过过滤收集或者可通过蒸发溶剂回收。盐的离子化程度可从完全离子化到几乎非离子化程度不等。
本发明的化合物可作为前体药物形式被给予。因此,自身可能具有很少药理学活性或不具有药理学活性的某些衍生物当被给予到体内或体上时,通过例如水解裂解而转化为具有所需活性的本发明的化合物。这种衍生物被称为“前体药物”。关于前体药物的使用的详细信息可参见′Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems,Vol.14,ACS研讨会系列(T Higuchi和W Stella)以及′Bioreversible Carriers in DrugDesign′,Pergamon Press,1987(编辑:E B Roche,AmericanPharmaceutical Association)。
前体药物的产生可通过例如采用本领域技术人员已知的被称为“前体部分”的某些部分来替换在本发明化合物中存在的适当的官能度来进行,并且例如描述于″Design of Prodrugs″,H Bundgaard(Elsevier,1985)中。
这种前体药物的一些实例包括:
(i)当化合物包含醇官能度(-OH)时,为其醚,例如用(C1-C6)烷酰基氧基甲基置换氢得到;以及
(ii)当化合物包含仲氨基官能度时,为其酰胺,例如用(C1-C10)烷酰基置换氢得到。
最后,本发明的某些化合物自身可作为本发明的其它化合物的前体药物。例如,某些式I或式II的化合物可被预见作为由式I或式II所涵盖的其它化合物的前体药物。
化合物或盐的所有的异构体诸如立体异构体、几何(顺式/反式或Z/E)异构体和互变异构形式被归入本发明的范围内,包括具有超过一种同分异构类型的化合物或盐及其一种或多种的混合物在内。例如,以下描述了式I的化合物和互变异构体。
还包括其中平衡离子具有光学活性的酸加成盐或碱盐,例如D-乳酸盐或L-赖氨酸,或外消旋盐,例如DL-酒石酸盐或DL-精氨酸。
异构体可通过本领域技术人员公知的传统方法分离。
本发明包括同位素标记的本发明的化合物,其中一个或多个原子被具有相同原子序数但是具有与在天然中被通常发现的原子质量或质量数是不同的原子质量或质量数的原子所替代。
同位素标记的本发明的化合物一般可通过本领域技术人员已知的传统方法制备或者以与采用适当的同位素标记的试剂代替先前使用的无标记的试剂的以下的实施例和制备例中所述的那些方法类似的方法制备。
对于以下所述的病况的治疗,可给予本发明的化合物。还可使用本发明化合物的盐。
C.组合物
本发明的化合物或盐可为组合物的一部分。组合物还可包括一种或多种本发明的化合物或盐。该组合物还可包括对映体过量的一种或多种本发明的化合物。可以在该组合物中包括其它药理学活性物质和载体。
一个实施方案是包括式I的化合物或其盐的组合物。另一个实施方案是包括式I的化合物或其盐和载体的组合物。
例如,载体可以是赋形剂。赋形剂的选择在很大程度上依赖于诸如特定的给药方式、赋形剂对溶出度和稳定性的影响以及剂型性质的因素的不同而异。
组合物可以是固体、液体或二者,并可与化合物被配制成单位剂量组合物,例如片剂,其可包含0.05重量%至95重量%的活性化合物。本发明的化合物或盐可与作为可靶向的药物载体的适当聚合物偶联。
D.方法
本发明包括使糖皮质激素受体接触本发明的化合物或盐的方法。
本发明还包括通过对受试者给予本发明的化合物或盐来治疗受试者的由糖皮质激素受体活性介导的病况的方法。
由糖皮质激素受体活性介导的病况包括:
a)内分泌紊乱,诸如原发性或继发性肾上腺皮质功能不全,先天性肾上腺增生症,非化脓性甲状腺炎和与癌有关的高钙血症;
b)风湿病,诸如牛皮癣性关节炎,包括幼年型类风湿性关节炎在内的类风湿性关节炎,强直性脊椎炎,急性和亚急性粘液囊炎,急性非特异性腱鞘炎,急性痛风性关节炎,外伤后骨关节炎,骨关节炎的滑膜炎和上髁炎;
c)胶原病,诸如系统性红斑狼疮和急性风湿性心肌炎;
d)皮肤病,诸如天疱疮,大疱性疱疹样皮炎,重症多形性红斑(斯-约二氏综合征),剥脱性皮炎,蕈样真菌病,银屑病和皮下脂溢性皮炎;
e)变应性状态,诸如季节性或常年性变态反应,变应性鼻炎,支气管哮喘,接触性皮炎,特应性皮炎,血清病和药物过敏性反应;
f)眼病,诸如过敏性角膜边缘性溃疡,眼部带状疱疹,眼前节炎症,弥漫性后葡萄膜炎和脉络膜炎,慢性葡萄膜炎,交感性眼炎,变应性结膜炎,角膜炎,脉络膜视网膜炎,视神经炎,虹膜炎和虹膜睫状体炎;
g)呼吸系统疾病,诸如症状性肉状瘤病,吕弗勒综合征,铍肺病,暴发性或播散性肺结核和吸入性肺炎;
h)血液学病症,诸如特发性血小板减少性紫癜,继发性血小板减少,获得性(自身免疫)溶血性贫血,红血球母细胞缺乏症(RBC贫血症)和先天(红细胞性)再生不良性贫血;
i)赘生性疾病,诸如白血病和淋巴瘤;
j)水肿状态,诸如在自发型或由红斑狼疮所致的肾病综合征中在无尿毒症下诱导多尿或蛋白尿排放;
k)胃肠道疾病,诸如溃疡性结肠炎,节段性回肠炎,炎性肠病,克隆病,胃炎,肠易激综合征;
l)其它病况,诸如结核性脑膜炎和旋毛虫病;以及
m)神经学病况,诸如阿尔茨海默病,帕金森病,亨廷顿舞蹈病,肌萎缩性侧索硬化,脊髓损伤,精神病性重度抑郁症和周围神经病。
由糖皮质激素受体活性介导的病况还包括移植排斥(例如肾,肝,心,肺,胰腺(例如胰岛细胞),骨髓,角膜,小肠,皮肤异源移植,皮肤同种移植(诸如在烧伤治疗中所采用的),心脏瓣膜异种移植,血清病和移植物抗宿主病),自身免疫疾病,诸如类风湿性关节炎,牛皮癣性关节炎,多发性硬化,I型和II型糖尿病,幼年型糖尿病,肥胖症,哮喘,炎性肠病(诸如克隆病和溃疡性结肠炎),坏疽性脓皮病,狼疮(系统性红斑狼疮),重症肌无力,银屑病,皮炎,皮肤肌炎;湿疹,皮脂溢性皮炎,肺炎症,眼葡萄膜炎,肝炎,格雷夫斯病,桥本氏甲状腺炎,自身免疫性甲状腺炎,贝赫特综合征或舍格伦综合征(眼干/口干),恶性或免疫性溶血性贫血症,动脉粥样硬化,阿迪森病(肾上腺的自身免疫性疾病),特发性肾上腺机能不全,自身免疫性多腺病(又名自身免疫性多腺综合征),肾小球肾炎,硬皮病,硬斑病,扁平苔癣,白癜风(皮肤失色素),局限性脱发,自身免疫性脱发,自身免疫性垂体机能减退,格林-巴利综合征和牙槽炎;T细胞介导的超敏性疾病,包括接触超敏性、延迟型超敏性、接触性皮炎(包括由毒叶藤所导致的那些)、风疹、皮肤变态反应、呼吸道变态反应(干草热、变应性鼻炎)和麸质敏感性肠病(乳糜泻);炎性疾病诸如骨关节炎、急性胰腺炎、慢性胰腺炎、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、塞扎莱综合征和具有炎性和/或促炎性构成诸如再狭窄、狭窄和动脉粥样硬化的血管疾病。
由糖皮质激素受体活性介导的病况还包括:
a)任何类型、病因学或发病机理的哮喘,特别是选自以下的哮喘:特发性哮喘,非特发性哮喘,变应性哮喘,特发性支气管IgE介导的哮喘,支气管哮喘,神经性哮喘,真气喘,由病理生理学扰乱引起的内因性哮喘,由环境因素引起的外因性哮喘,具有未知或不明显原因的神经性哮喘,非特发性哮喘,支气管炎性哮喘,肺气肿性哮喘,运动诱发哮喘,过敏原诱发哮喘,冷空气诱发哮喘,职业性哮喘,由细菌、真菌、原生动物或病毒感染引起的感染性哮喘,非变应性哮喘,初发性哮喘,婴幼儿喘息综合征和毛细支气管炎;
b)慢性或急性支气管收缩,慢性支气管炎,小气道阻塞和气肿;
c)任何类型、病因学或发病机理的阻塞性或炎性气道疾病,特别是选自以下的阻塞性或炎性气道疾病:慢性嗜酸细胞性肺炎,慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD),包括慢性支气管炎、肺气肿或与COPD有关或无关的呼吸困难在内的COPD,以不可逆的、渐进的气道阻塞为特征的COPD,成人呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS),在其它药物疗法之后发生的气道超反应性的加剧和与肺性高血压症有关的气道疾病;
d)任何类型、病因学或发病机理的支气管炎,特别是选自以下的支气管炎:急性支气管炎,急性喉气管支气管炎,花生仁吸入性支气管炎,卡他性支气管炎,格鲁布性支气管炎,干性支气管炎,传染性哮喘性支气管炎,增生性支气管炎,葡萄球菌性或链球菌性支气管炎和肺泡性支气管炎,急性肺损伤;以及
e)任何类型、病因学或发病机理的支气管扩张,特别是选自以下的支气管扩张:柱状支气管扩张,囊状支气管扩张,梭形支气管扩张,细支气管扩张,囊肿状支气管扩张,干性支气管扩张和滤泡性支气管扩张。
另一个实施方案包括本发明的化合物或盐在治疗任何类型、病因学或发病机理的阻塞性或炎性气道疾病中的应用,特别是在治疗选自以下的阻塞性或炎性气道疾病中的应用:慢性嗜酸细胞性肺炎,慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD),包括慢性支气管炎、肺气肿或与COPD有关或无关的呼吸困难在内的COPD,以不可逆的、渐进的气道阻塞为特征的COPD,成人呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS),在其它药物疗法之后的气道超反应性的加剧和与肺性高血压症有关的气道疾病,或任何类型、病因学或发病机理的哮喘,特别是选自以下的哮喘:特发性哮喘,非特发性哮喘,变应性哮喘,特发性支气管IgE介导的哮喘,支气管哮喘,神经性哮喘,真气喘,由病理生理学扰乱引起的内因性哮喘,由环境因素引起的外因性哮喘,具有未知或不明显原因的神经性哮喘,非特发性哮喘,支气管炎性哮喘,肺气肿性哮喘,运动诱发哮喘,过敏原诱发哮喘,冷空气诱发哮喘,职业性哮喘,由细菌、真菌、原生动物或病毒感染引起的感染性哮喘,非变应性哮喘,初发性哮喘,婴幼儿喘息综合征和毛细支气管炎。
本发明包括通过对受试者给予本发明的化合物或盐来治疗受试者的炎症相关病况的方法。
本发明包括治疗受试者的病况诸如哮喘、皮炎、炎性肠病、阿尔茨海默病、精神病性重度抑郁症、神经病、移植排斥、多发性硬化、慢性葡萄膜炎或慢性阻塞性肺病的方法,包括对受试者给予本发明的化合物或盐。
本发明包括治疗受试者的类风湿性关节炎的方法,包括对受试者给予本发明的化合物或盐。
类风湿性关节炎被认为是产生发炎关节的慢性自身免疫性和炎性疾病,所述发炎关节最终肿胀,变得疼痛,并经历软骨、骨和关节韧带的退化。类风湿性关节炎的结果是关节变形、不稳固和僵硬以及关节内结疤。关节以高变化率恶化。许多因素,包括遗传倾向性在内,可影响疾病的模式。罹患类风湿性关节炎的人可具有轻度的病程,偶见突发具有长期的症状缓解而无病患,或者是稳定进行性疾病,其可能是缓慢或快速的。类风湿性关节炎可突然发作,许多关节同时发炎。更经常是,类风湿性关节炎开始不明显,逐渐地影响不同的关节。炎症通常在受影响的躯体两侧的关节中是对称的。手指、脚趾、手、脚、腕、肘和踝中的小关节通常首先发炎,然后是膝和臀中的关节发炎。
与类风湿性关节炎有关的疼痛通常是身体感觉接受性关节痛。肿胀的腕可夹紧神经并由于腕管综合征导致麻木或麻感。囊肿可在受影响的膝之后发展,可发生破裂,引起在更下方的腿中的疼痛和肿胀。
本发明包括治疗受试者的皮炎的方法,包括对受试者给予本发明的化合物或盐。
本发明包括治疗受试者的慢性阻塞性肺病的方法,包括对受试者给予本发明的化合物或盐。
本发明包括治疗受试者的哮喘的方法,包括对受试者给予本发明的化合物或盐。
本发明包括治疗受试者的阿尔茨海默病的方法,包括对受试者给予本发明的化合物或盐。
本发明包括缓和与糖皮质激素受体调节有关的副作用的方法,包括对受试者给予式I的化合物。
本发明包括缓和与泼尼松龙治疗有关的副作用的方法,包括对受试者给予式I的化合物。
本发明另外包括治疗受试者的上述病况、疾病和病症或易受这些病况影响的受试者的方法,通过对受试者给予一种或多种本发明的化合物或盐进行。
在一个实施方案中,所述治疗是预防性治疗。
在另一个实施方案中,所述治疗是姑息性治疗。
在另一个实施方案中,所述治疗是恢复性治疗。
E.剂量和给药
为了选择对于所提出的适应症的治疗是最适当的剂型和给药途径,可评价本发明的化合物或盐的生物药学性质,诸如溶出度和溶液稳定性(跨pH)和渗透性。
本发明的化合物或盐的口服剂量为0.1毫克至100毫克,吸入给药的剂量为2毫克或更低。该剂量可以单剂量或分剂量被给予并且可超出本文所给出的典型值的范围。
剂量以具有约60千克至70千克平均体重的人受试者为基准。剂量给药和剂量给药方案根据受试者和可影响剂量给药的多种条件(年龄、性别、体重等等)的不同而异。医师将能够容易地确定对于超出这一范围的体重的受试者诸如婴儿和老年人给予的剂量。
口服给药
本发明的化合物及其盐可口服给药。口服给药可包括吞咽,以便化合物或盐进入胃肠道,和/或包括经颊、经舌或舌下给药,由此化合物或盐从口直接进入血流。
适用于口服给药的制剂包括固体、半固体和液体系统,诸如片剂;包含多粒子或纳米粒子、液体或粉末的软胶囊或硬胶囊;菱形剂(包括液体填充物);咀嚼剂;凝胶剂;快速分散剂型;薄膜剂;卵形剂(ovules);喷雾剂;以及经颊/粘膜粘附贴剂。另外,本发明的化合物或盐可作为喷雾干燥的分散剂被给予。
液体制剂包括悬浮剂、溶液剂、糖浆剂和酏剂。这种制剂可作为在软胶囊或硬胶囊(例如由明胶或羟丙基甲基纤维素制成)中的填充物的形式被采用并且通常包括载体例如水、乙醇、聚乙二醇、丙二醇、甲基纤维素或适当的油,以及一种或多种乳化剂和/或助悬剂。液体制剂还可通过固体的重建例如从小袋剂进行重建而制成。
本发明的化合物及其盐还可用于快速溶出、快速崩解的剂型中,诸如在Expert Opinion in Therapeutic Patents,11(6),981-986,Liang和Chen(2001)中所述的那些。
对于片剂剂型,根据剂量的不同而异,药物可占剂型的1重量%至80重量%,更典型地占剂型的5重量%至60重量%。除了药物之外,片剂通常还包含崩解剂。崩解剂的实例包括淀粉羟基乙酸钠,羧甲基纤维素钠,羧甲基纤维素钙,交联羧甲纤维素钠,交聚维酮,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,甲基纤维素,微晶纤维素,被低级烷基取代的羟丙基纤维素,淀粉,预胶化淀粉和藻酸钠。通常,崩解剂将占剂型的1重量%至25重量%,优选占剂型的5重量%至20重量%。
通常使用粘合剂来赋予片剂制剂以内聚性。适当的粘合剂包括微晶纤维素,明胶,糖,聚乙二醇,天然和合成的树胶类,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,预胶化淀粉,羟丙基纤维素和羟丙基甲基纤维素。片剂还可包含稀释剂,诸如乳糖(一水合物,喷雾干燥的一水合物,无水物等等),甘露醇,木糖醇,葡萄糖,蔗糖,山梨醇,微晶纤维素,淀粉和磷酸氢钙二水合物。
片剂还可任选包含表面活性剂诸如十二烷基硫酸钠和聚山梨酸酯80以及包含助流剂诸如二氧化硅和滑石。当存在时,表面活性剂可占片剂的0.2重量%至5重量%,助流剂片剂占片剂的0.2重量%至1重量%。
片剂一般地还可包含润滑剂诸如硬脂酸镁,硬脂酸钙,硬脂酸锌,硬脂酰富马酸钠,和硬脂酸镁与十二烷硫酸钠的混合物。润滑剂一般占片剂的0.25重量%至10重量%,优选占片剂的0.5重量%至3重量%。
其它可能的成分包括抗氧化剂、着色剂调味剂、防腐剂和掩味剂。
示例性的片剂包含最多约80%的药物,约10重量%至约90重量%的粘合剂,约0重量%至约85重量%的稀释剂,约2重量%至约10重量%的崩解剂,和约0.25重量%至约10重量%的润滑剂。
用于口服给药的固体制剂可被配制用于立即释放和/或调节释放。调节释放制剂包括延迟释放、持续释放、脉冲释放、受控释放、靶向释放和程序化释放。
用于本发明目的的适当的调节释放制剂描述于美国专利No.6,106,864中。其它适当的释放技术诸如高能量分散体和渗透性和包衣粒子的细节可参见Pharmaceutical Technology On-line,25(2),1-14,Verma等人(2001)。
用于口服给药的剂量范围还可包括0.1毫克至80毫克,15毫克至80毫克,0.1毫克至25毫克。
肠胃外给药
肠胃外给药本发明的化合物或盐还可被给予直接进入血流、进入肌肉或进入内脏器官。实施例2可被给予进入血流中。用于肠胃外给药的合适的方法包括静脉内、动脉内、腹膜内、鞘内、心室内、尿道内、胸骨内、颅内、肌肉内、滑膜内和皮下途径。用于非肠胃给药的适当的装置包括针(包括显微针)注射器、无针注射器和灌输技术。
肠胃外制剂通常是可包含赋形剂诸如盐、碳水化合物和缓冲剂(优选至pH 3-9)的水性溶液,但是,对于某些应用,肠胃外制剂可更适当地被配制成无菌的非水性溶液或被配制成要与适当的介质诸如无菌、无热原的水联合使用的干燥形式。
在无菌条件下制备肠胃外制剂例如通过冷冻干燥制备可采用本领域技术人员公知的标准制药技术容易地完成。
在制备肠胃外溶液中所用的本发明的化合物及其盐的溶出度可通过采用适当的制剂技术诸如并入溶出增强剂得以被增强。
用于肠胃外给药的制剂可被配制用于立即释放和/或调节释放。调节释放制剂包括延迟释放、持续释放、脉冲释放、受控释放、靶向释放和程序化释放。因此,本发明的化合物可被配制成悬浮剂或被配制成固体,半固体或用于作为提供活性化合物的调节释放的诸如植入的储库形式被给予的触变性液体。这种制剂的实例包括涂有药物的支架以及包括负载药物的聚(dl-乳酸-乙醇酸)(PGLA)微球体的半固体和悬浮剂。
局部给药
本发明的化合物或盐还可以局部、皮(内)或经皮方式被给予至皮肤或粘膜。实施例1可被给予至皮肤。用于这一目的的典型的制剂包括凝胶剂,水凝胶剂,洗剂,溶液剂,霜剂,膏剂,扑粉剂,敷料,泡沫剂,薄膜剂,皮肤贴剂,小片剂,植入物,海绵物,纤维,绷带和微乳剂。还可使用脂质体。典型的载体包括醇、水、矿物油、液体矿脂、白矿脂、甘油、聚乙二醇和丙二醇。可并入渗透增强剂,例如,参见J Pharm Sci,88(10),955-958,Finnin和Morgan(1999年10月)。
用于局部给药的其它手段包括通过电穿孔、离子电渗、超声促渗(phonophoresis)、超声波导入(sonophoresis)和显微针或无针(例如PowderjectTM,BiojectTM等等)注射进行递送。
用于局部服给药的制剂可被配制用于立即释放和/或调节释放。调节释放制剂包括延迟释放、持续释放、脉冲释放、受控释放、靶向释放和程序化释放。
吸入/鼻内给药
本发明的化合物或盐还可以进行鼻内给药或通过吸入给药,通常以干粉形式(作为单独的混合物形式例如在与乳糖的干掺混物中,或作为混合的组分粒子形式例如与磷脂诸如卵磷脂混合)从干粉吸入器被给药,作为气雾喷雾剂从采用或不采用适当的推进剂诸如1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷或1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷的加压容器、泵、喷洒器(spray)、喷雾器(atomiser)(优选是采用电水动力学以产生细雾的雾化器)或雾化器(nebuliser)给药,或者作为滴鼻剂被给药。对于鼻内应用,粉末可包含生物粘附剂,例如脱乙酰壳多糖或环糊精。
加压容器、泵、喷洒器、喷雾器或雾化器包含本发明的化合物的溶液或悬浮液,其包含例如用于活性剂的分散、增溶或延迟释放的乙醇、含水乙醇或适当的可供选择的试剂,作为溶剂的推进剂和任选的表面活性剂诸如无水山梨糖醇三油酸酯、油酸或低聚乳酸。
在使用前,在干粉或悬浮剂制剂中,药物产品经过微粉化处理以形成适合通过吸入进行递送的尺寸(通常低于5微米)。这可通过任何适当的粉碎方法诸如螺旋喷射研磨,流化床喷射研磨、形成纳米粒子的超临界流体处理、高压均化或喷雾干燥技术来完成。
供吸入器或吹入器使用的胶囊(例如由明胶或羟丙基甲基纤维素制成)、泡罩和药筒可经过配制以包含本发明的化合物的粉末混合物、适当的粉末基质诸如乳糖或淀粉和性能调节剂诸如L-亮氨酸、甘露醇或硬脂酸镁。乳糖可为无水形式或一水合物形式,优选为后一种形式。其它适当的赋形剂包括右旋糖酐、葡萄糖、麦芽糖、山梨醇、木糖醇、果糖、蔗糖和海藻糖。
供采用电水动力学原理的雾化器使用的适当的溶液制剂可包括本发明的化合物、丙二醇、无菌水、乙醇和氯化钠。可代替丙二醇使用的可供选择的溶剂包括甘油和聚乙二醇。
用于吸入/鼻内给药的制剂可采用例如PGLA被配制用于立即释放和/或调节释放。调节释放制剂包括延迟释放、持续释放、脉冲释放、受控释放、靶向释放和程序化释放。
在干粉吸入剂和气雾剂的情况中,借助于递送计量的量的阀来确定剂量单位。本发明的单位通常被布置为给予计量的剂量或“喷吹量”,其可以单剂量被给予,或者,更通常地在一整天内以分剂量被给予。
用于吸入给药的剂量范围为2毫克或更低、或1毫克或更低。
联合给药
本发明的化合物或盐可与一种或多种其它治疗剂诸如药物联合给药。本发明的化合物或盐可与一种或多种其它治疗剂同时或不同时给药。
例如,“联合给药”包括:同时给予本发明的化合物或盐与治疗剂的组合至受试者,当这些组分被一起配制成单一制剂,该单一制剂在基本上相同的时间释放所述组分至所述受试者时;基本上同时给予本发明的化合物或盐与治疗剂的组合至需要治疗的受试者,当这些组分彼此分别被配制成单独的制剂,所述剂型由所述受试者在基本上相同的时间采用,从而所述组分在基本上相同的时间被释放至所述受试者时;顺序地给予本发明的化合物或盐与治疗剂的组合至受试者,当这些组分彼此分别被配制成单独的制剂,所述剂型由所述受试者在顺序的时间采用,在每次给药之间具有显著的时间间隔,从而所述组分在基本上不同的时间被释放至所述受试者时;以及顺序地给予本发明的化合物或盐与治疗剂的组合至受试者,当这些组分被一起配制成单一制剂,该单一制剂以受控方式释放所述组分,从而它们在相同和/或不同的时间由所述受试者同时、连续、和/或重叠给予,其中每一部分可以相同的或不同的途径被给予时。
例如,除了其它消炎药之外,本发明的化合物或盐可以部分或完全地联合使用。适当的抗炎药包括环孢素,唑来膦酸,依法利珠单抗,阿来塞普,依托度酸,氯诺昔康,OM-89,伐地昔布,妥西珠单抗(tocilizumab),阿巴西普,美洛昔康,依那西普,萘丁美酮,利美索龙,153Sm-EDTMP,普罗索巴(prosorba),水杨酸咪唑,奥普维金(oprelvekin),透明质酸,萘普生,吡罗昔康,双醋瑞因,罗美昔布,他克莫司,醋氯芬酸,阿克他利,替诺昔康,罗格列酮,地夫可特,阿达木单抗,来氟米特,利塞膦酸盐钠,米索前列醇和双氯芬酸,SK-1306X,英利昔单抗,阿那白滞素,塞来昔布,双氯芬酸,依托昔布和联苯乙酸,雷马空(reumacon),戈利木单抗,迪诺贝单抗(denosumab),奥法土单抗(ofatumumab),10rT1抗体,培比洛芬,利克飞龙,泰罗姆斯(temsirolimus),艾库组单抗(eculizumab),艾拉莫德(iguratimod)和泼尼松。其它适当的抗炎药包括CP-481715,ABN-912,MLN-3897,HuMax-IL-15,RA-1,紫杉醇,Org-37663,Org 39141,AED-9056,AMG-108,芳妥珠单抗(fontolizumab),培那西普(pegsunercept),普兰卡桑(pralnacasan),阿匹利莫(apilimod),GW-274150,AT-001,681323(GSK)K-832,R-1503,奥克利单抗(ocrelizumab),DE-096,Cpn10,THC+CBD(GW Pharma),856553(GSK),ReN-1869,免疫球蛋白,mm-093,阿美本特(amelubant),SCIO-469,ABT-874,LenkoVAX,LY-2127399,TRU-015,KC-706,双嘧达莫,阿莫沙平和双嘧达莫,TAK-715,PG760564,VX-702,泼尼松龙和双嘧达莫,PMX-53,贝利单抗(belimumab)和普林贝瑞(prinaberel),CF-101,tgAAV-TNFR:Fc,R-788,泼尼松龙和SSRI,地塞米松,CP-690550和PMI-001。
本领域普通技术人员还可理解的是,当采用本发明的化合物或其盐治疗特定疾病时,本发明的化合物可与各种现有的用于治疗该疾病的治疗剂联合使用。
例如,本发明的化合物或盐可与调节一个或多个以下靶标的药剂联合使用:环加氧酶2(前列腺素内过氧化物合酶2);TNF-R(肿瘤坏死因子受体1型);环加氧酶(Cox 1和Cox 2;非特异性);Map激酶p38(非特异性);II1受体(I型和II型,非特异性);花生四烯酸酸5-脂氧合酶;糖皮质激素受体(GR);NF-kB;肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α);CCR1趋化因子受体;白细胞三烯B4受体(非特异性);PDE4(磷酸二酯酶4;非特异性);IL6受体;整合蛋白(非特异性);ADAM-17(TNF-α转化酶);ICE(半光天冬酶1/白细胞介素-1β转化酶);前列腺素合成酶(非特异性);物质-P受体(SPR/NK-1受体);类前列腺素受体(非特异性);血管细胞粘连蛋白1(VCAM 1);MMP-13(胶原酶3);VEGF受体(非特异性);C5A过敏毒素趋化性受体(C5AR);巨噬细胞移行抑制因子(MIF);嘌呤核苷磷酸酶(PNP);β1干扰素;MMP-3(溶基质素1);CCR2趋化因子受体;MMP-2(明胶酶A);肿瘤坏死因子受体5(CD40);CD44抗原(自动寻功能和印度血型系统);CCR5趋化因子受体;前列腺素E合酶;过氧物酶体增殖剂激活受体γ(PPAR-γ);CXCR4趋化因子受体;组织朊酶S;原癌基因LCK酪氨酸激酶;CXCR3趋化因子受体;PDGF受体;FKBP(12FK-506);Ig超家族CTLA-4;蛋白激酶C(PKC,非特异性);整合蛋白α-V/β-5;组织蛋白酶K;26S蛋白酶体;盐皮质激素受体(MR);IkB激酶β亚单位(IKKBETA);血小板活化因子受体(PAF-R);法呢基焦磷酸FPP合成酶;CXCR1趋化因子受体;巨噬细胞集落刺激因子I受体(CSF-1R);IL18受体1;腺苷A3受体;粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GMCSF);SYK酪氨酸激酶;CRF受体(非特异性);α/β微管蛋白杂二聚物;酪氨酸激酶(非特异性);β淀粉状物质;巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(MCSF);肿瘤坏死因子配体超家族成员11(核因子κb配体的受体活化剂);磷脂酶(非特异性);雌激素受体蛋白(α/β;非特异性);MMP-9(明胶酶B);氧化氮合酶(非特异性);诱导型氧化氮合酶(非特异性);p53细胞肿瘤抗原;胰岛素样生长因子1(促生长因子C);烟碱能乙酰胆碱受体复合物;μ型阿片样物质受体(MOR-1);IL11;ERBB/EGF受体酪氨酸激酶(非特异性);组织胺H2受体;二肽基肽酶IV(DPP IV,CD26);拓扑异构酶II;CCR7趋化因子受体;细菌二氢叶酸还原酶(非特异性);β-微管蛋白;DNA聚合酶(人;任何亚单位组成);CCR4趋化因子受体;CCR3趋化因子受体;K+(钾)通道(非特异性);促分裂原活化蛋白激酶14(MAPK14/P38-α);L型钙通道(非特异性);CCR6趋化因子受体;PDE3(磷酸二酯酶3;非特异性);巯基蛋白酶(非特异性);钠-依赖性去甲肾上腺素转运蛋白(NAT);MAP2激酶(MEKs;非特异性);RAF激酶(非特异性);缺氧可诱导型因子1α;NMDA受体;雌激素受体蛋白β(ER-β);人DNA;缩胆囊肽B型受体(CCKB);B1血管舒缓激肽受体(BK1);P2X嘌呤受体7(P2X7);腺苷A2A受体;大麻素受体2(CB2);σ阿片样物质受体;大麻素受体1(CB1);CXCR2趋化因子受体;互补因子I(C3B/C4B钝化剂);蛋白激酶B(RAC-激酶)(非特异性);γ分泌酶复合物;CRTH2(GPR44);p53相关基因(MDM2泛素-蛋白质连接酶E3);VIP受体(非特异性);IL1受体,I型;IL6(干扰素,β2);MMP(非特异性);胰岛素;MMP-2/3/9;降钙素/降钙素相关缩多氨酸,α;脂氧合酶(非特异性);血管内皮生长因子(VEGF);凝血酶;雄激素受体;Map激酶(非特异性);性激素结合球蛋白;趋化因子CCL2(MCP1/MCAF);磷脂酶A2;红细胞生成素(EPO);纤溶酶原;胃质子泵(H+K+ATP酶);半光天冬酶(非特异性);FGF受体(非特异性);过氧物酶体增殖剂激活受体α(PPAR-α;MIP1a受体(非特异性);S100钙结合蛋白(非特异性);PGE受体(非特异性);肽基精氨酸脱亚胺酶,IV型;PDGF(a/b)复合物;β-内酰胺酶和PBPs(细胞壁生物合成);阿片样物质受体(非特异性);血管紧张素转化酶1(ACE1);尿激酶型纤溶酶激活物(UPA);磷酸二酯酶(非特异性PDE);孕酮受体(PR);5HT(5-羟色胺)受体(非特异性);肿瘤坏死因子(配体)超家族,成员5(CD40配体);胸苷酸合酶;整合蛋白α4-Paxillin相互作用;整合蛋白α-4(VLA-4/CD49D);ERK1;磷酸葡糖异构酶(自泌运动性因子);多巴胺受体(非特异性);趋化因子CXCL12(SDF-1);微粒体甘油三酯转移蛋白;整合蛋白α-5/β-1;转录的信号传感器和活化剂3(急性相响应因子);血纤蛋白溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1);维生素D3受体(VDR/1,25-二羟维生维D3受体);芳香化酶复合物(P450arom和NADPH-细胞色素P450还原酶);蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶(非特异性);3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰基辅酶A(HMG-CoA)还原酶;整合蛋白β-1(粘连蛋白受体β亚单位);整合蛋白β-1/α-11;P选择蛋白(GMP140/颗粒膜蛋白-140);五-脂氧合酶激活蛋白(FLAP);H+/K+ATP酶(非特异性);Na+(钠)通道(非特异性);甲状腺过氧化物酶;脑电压门控钠通道α-1;β-2肾上腺素能受体;BCL1(细胞周期蛋白D1);甲状腺激素受体(非特异性);血管内皮细胞生长因子受体2(VEGFR-2/FLK1);α-V/β-6整合蛋白;整合蛋白α-V(玻连蛋白受体α亚单位/CD51);SRC激酶;多效生长因子(肝素结合生长因素8;轴突生长促进因子1);骨桥蛋白(分泌磷朊1);钟样受体4(TLR4);辣椒素受体(非特异性);Pi3激酶(非特异性);聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶(PARP);PPAR受体(非特异性);β肾上腺素能受体(非特异性);瞬时感受器电位阳离子通道;亚家族V;成员1(TRPV1);拓扑异构酶I;组织胺H1受体;激肽原;IKK激酶(非特异性);HIV TAT蛋白质;钟样受体2;溶质载体家族22(有机阳离子转运蛋白),成员4(SLC22A4);RXR受体(非特异性);血管紧张肽原酶(管紧张素原酶),促性腺激素释放激素受体(GNRH-R),青霉素结合蛋白质(细胞壁肽酶);钙调蛋白;促分裂原活化蛋白激酶1(MAPK1/ERK2);钙通道(非特异性);Aggrecanase(非特异性);JNK激酶(非特异性);运甲状腺素蛋白(TTR);CX3CR1受体;组织凝血活酶III(促凝血酶原激酶,组织因子);钠依赖性5-羟色胺转运蛋白(5HTT);集落刺激因子1(巨噬细胞);组织转谷酰胺酶(转谷酰胺酶2/TGM2);高级糖基化终产物特异性受体;单胺氧化酶(A和B;非特异性);组胺受体(非特异性);钠依赖性多巴胺转运蛋白(DAT);促血小板生成素(骨髓及外骨髓增殖白血病毒致癌基因配体,巨核细胞生长发育因子);信号淋巴细胞激活分子;中性肽链内切酶(NEP/脑啡肽酶);内皮肽-1受体(ETA);酪氨酸酶;促分裂原激活蛋白激酶8(MAPK8/JNK1);IAP(细胞程序死亡抑制剂)非特异性;磷酸肌醇3-激酶;前列腺素F2-α受体(类前列腺素FP受体);人生长激素;加压素受体(非特异性);茎/干细胞生长因子受体(C-KIT);CDK(非特异性);D4/5HT1a(多巴胺D4受体,5-羟色胺受体1a);血管生成素1受体(TIE-2)(TEK);雌激素受体蛋白α(ER-α);表皮生长因子受体;粘着斑激酶(非特异性);周围苯二氮杂卓受体(HPBS);催产素酶;胞浆磷脂酶A2;肽链内切酶(非特异性);FGFR1FGF受体1;神经激肽NK1/NK2受体;脯氨酰4-羟化酶复合物;整合蛋白α-5(粘连蛋白受体α亚单位/VLA-5/CD49E);毒蝇碱性乙酰胆碱受体(非特异性);酪氨酸-蛋白激酶JAK3(JANUS激酶3);odc1-鸟氨酸脱羧酶;5HT3受体;肾上腺髓质素;磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶类似物(共济失调毛细血管扩张突变基因/ATM);红细胞生成素受体;结缔组织生长因子;RAC-α丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(蛋白激酶B);钟样受体9;神经元氧化氮合酶(NOS1);κ阿片样物质受体(KOR-1);心脏Na+通道复合物;ERBB-2受体蛋白酪氨酸激酶(酪氨酸激酶型细胞表面受体HER2);凝血酶受体(PAR-1);PDE4B(cAMP特异性磷酸二酯酶4B/HSPDE4B);血小板衍生生长因子β缩多氨酸;FKBP-雷帕霉素相关蛋白(FRAP,mTOR);血栓调节蛋白;HIV朊酶(retropepsin);PDE4D(cAMP-特异性磷酸二酯酶4D/HSPDE4D);腺苷激酶;组蛋白脱乙酰基酶(非特异性);前列腺素E2受体EP4亚型(类前列腺素EP4受体);促分裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶3(MAP2K3);MMP-12(金属弹力酶);OX40受体;非特异性人泛素连接酶;磺酰脲受体(SUR1(胰腺)和SUR2(心脏/平滑肌));凝集因子X(司徒因子);MAP激酶激活蛋白激酶2(MAPKAPK-2);IgE重链恒定区;多巴胺D2+5HT2A受体;5-羟色胺4受体(5HT4);1型血管紧张素II受体(AT1);细胞色素P4503A4;T细胞亲环蛋白(亲环蛋白A);神经介肽K受体(NKR/NK-3受体);白细胞三烯B4受体;布鲁顿酪氨酸激酶(BTK);促分裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶6(MAP2K6);endoglin;M1/D2/5HT2;钠依赖性去甲肾上腺素转运蛋白+多巴胺D4受体;促分裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶4(MAP2K4);热休克蛋白Hsp90 A/B;组氨酸脱羧酶;溶质载体家族22(有机阳离子转运蛋白),成员5(SLC22A5);CSK酪氨酸激酶;脯氨酰肽链内切酶;半胱氨酰白细胞三烯受体(CYSLT1);核受体NURR1(立即-早期应答蛋白NOT);钟样受体3;蛋白酶激活受体2(PAR-2);前列环素受体(类前列腺素IP受体);丝氨酸(或半胱氨酸)蛋白酶抑制因子,进化枝F(α-2抗血纤维蛋白酶,色素上皮由来因子),成员1;垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活缩多氨酸i型受体(PACAP-R-1);肿瘤坏死因子(配体)超家族,成员10;C-MAF(短形);乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACHE);α1肾上腺素能受体(非特异性);GABA A受体Bz结合;溶血鞘磷脂受体EDG-1;粘膜选址素细胞粘着分子-1(MAdCam);α-1L肾上腺素能受体;肝细胞生长因子受体(MET原癌基因酪氨酸激酶);毒蝇碱性乙酰胆碱受体M3;MEK1;胰岛素受体;GABA受体(A+B;非特异性);磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶催化亚单位γ(PI3激酶γ);骨形态发生蛋白2(BMP2);SKY酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体(TYRO3)(RSE);盘基网柄菌结构域受体家族,成员2(DDR2);KV电压门控钾通道(非特异性);鞘氨醇激酶(非特异性);高亲合性神经生长因子受体(TRK-A);碳酸酐酶(全部);促血小板生成素受体;血管内皮细胞生长因子C;血管紧张素原;ATP-结合暗盒,亚家族B(MDR/TAP),成员1(ABCB1)(多抗病性P-糖蛋白(MDR1);促分裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶7(MAP2K7);毒蝇碱性乙酰胆碱受体M1;HIV逆转录酶;PDE5A(cGMP-结合型,cGMP特异性磷酸二酯酶5A/HSPDE5A);α肾上腺素能受体(非特异性);脂蛋白相关促凝剂抑制物;羧肽酶B2(TAFI);胆碱酯酶(非特异性);B2血管舒缓激肽受体(BK2);醛糖还原酶;组织凝血活酶XI(血浆促凝血酶原激酶前体);丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶P78;甲硫氨酸氨肽酶2;可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶(非特异性);核糖体蛋白S6激酶;代谢型谷氨酸受体1;非受体酪氨酸-蛋白激酶TYK2;代谢型谷氨酸受体(非特异性);血管内皮细胞生长因子受体3(VEGFR-3/FLT4);促分裂原活化蛋白激酶13(MAPK13/P38δ);成纤维细胞活化蛋白(seprase);促皮质释放素受体1(CRF1);促分裂原活化蛋白激酶11(MAPK11/P38β);补体成分5;FL细胞因子受体(FLT3);AMPA受体(谷氨酸受体1-4);神经生长因子受体;酰基CoA A:胆固醇酰基转移酶1(ACAT1);卷发样受体变平类似物(SMO);G蛋白偶联受体BONZO(STRL33,CXCR6);IKCa蛋白;TGF-β受体II型(TGFR-2);HIV-vif蛋白;5-羟色胺2B受体(5HT2B);脂肪酸结合蛋白(非特异性);钟样受体7(TLR7);胃饥饿素;CD36抗原(胶原蛋白I型受体,凝血栓蛋白受体);促分裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶激酶3(MAP3K3/MEKK3);FMLP相关受体I(FMLP-RI);鞘氨醇激酶SPHK1;组氨酰-tRNA合成酶;促分裂原活化蛋白激酶9(MAPK9/JNK2);P2X受体(非特异性);酪蛋白激酶I(非特异性);转磺基酶(非特异性);核受体ROR-α-1;儿茶酚O-甲基转移酶(COMT);单胺氧化酶A(MAOA);γ-谷氨酰水解酶;蛋白激酶Cα型(PKC-α);促分裂原活化蛋白激酶12(MAPK12/ERK6/P38γ);α2δ钙通道;组织因子/因子VIIa复合物;钩虫嗜中性抑制因子;IKr钾通道;组胺H4受体(JAR3)(PFI-13);5-羟色胺2A受体(5HT2A);缩胆囊肽A型受体(CCKA);11-β羟甾类脱氢酶1;生长激素释放激素;烟碱能乙酰胆碱受体蛋白α-7;5HT2受体(非特异性);钠/氢交换体同工型1(NHE1);物质K受体(SKR/NK-2受体);5-羟色胺1D受体(5HT1D);5HT1B/1D受体;蔗糖酶-异麦芽糖酶;β-3肾上腺素能受体;降钙素基因相关缩氨酸(GGRP)1型受体;依赖于细胞周期蛋白的蛋白激酶4(CDK4);α-1A肾上腺素能受体;P2Y12血小板ADP受体;促分裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶激酶5(MAP3K5)(MEKK5);G蛋白信号2的调节物;白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶(IRAK);无机焦磷酸酶(ppase);ITK/TSK酪氨酸激酶;RARγ;AXL酪氨酸蛋白激酶(UFO,GAS6受体);活化素受体样激酶1(ALK-1);Runt相关转录因子2;AMP脱氨酶(非特异性);CCR8趋化因子受体;CCR11趋化因子受体;痛敏素受体;胰岛素样生长因子I受体;P2Y受体(非特异性);蛋白激酶Cθ型(NPKC-θ);DNA-甲基转移酶;磷酸酶激酶(非特异性);C3A过敏毒素趋化性受体(C3AR);鞘氨醇激酶2(SPHK2);酪蛋白激酶II非特异性;磷酸甘油酸激酶1;UDP-Gal:beatGlcNAc β1,4-半乳糖基转移酶2(B4GALT2);sapiens溶质载体家族7(阳离子氨基酸转运蛋白,y+系统),成员5(SLC7A5);MMP-17(MT-MMP 4);酪蛋白激酶IIα链(CK II);生长抑制特异性6(GAS6);MAP激酶激活蛋白激酶3(MAPKAPK-3);分裂素和应力激活蛋白激酶-1(MSK1);前列腺素D2合酶(21kD,脑);胰腺K+通道(非特异性);TGF-β受体I型(TGFR-1/活化素受体样激酶5/ALK-5);依赖于细胞周期蛋白的蛋白激酶2(CDK2);ACAT(ACAT酶1和2;非特异性);δ型阿片样物质受体(DOR-1);5-羟色胺6受体(5HT6);5-羟色胺1A受体(5HT1A);5HT1受体(非特异性);生长激素受体;PDE7(磷酸二酯酶7;非特异性);IgE受体(R1和R2;非特异性);依赖于细胞周期蛋白的蛋白激酶1(CDK1);法呢基-蛋白质转移酶复合物;前列腺素D2受体(类前列腺素DP受体);互补C1S成分;组蛋白脱乙酰基酶5;dickkopf类似物1前体;P2X嘌呤受体4(P2X4);外源凝集素样氧化型LDL受体(LOX-1);环氧水解酶2(反式氧化苯乙烯水解酶)(可溶性环氧水解酶)(sEH);二氢吡啶二羧酸合酶(dhdps)(DapA);CaM激酶II复合物;LXRα/β(非特异性LXR);半光天冬酶的二级线粒体由来活化剂;整合蛋白-连接激酶(ILK);粘着斑激酶2(FADK 2);腺苷A2B受体;WEE1样蛋白激酶;关卡激酶(CHK2);细菌SecA蛋白;烟碱能乙酰胆碱受体蛋白β-2;促分裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶激酶1(MAP3K1/MEKK1);蛋白激酶Cξ型(NPKC-ξ);PDK1(3-磷酸肌醇依赖性蛋白激酶-1);5-羟色胺5A受体(5HT5A);类固醇5-α-还原酶;促分裂原激活蛋白激酶激酶激酶8(MAP3K8/COT);蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶1B;P2Y嘌呤受体1(P2Y1);α-1D肾上腺素能受体;酪蛋白激酶Iε(CKI-ε);5-羟色胺7受体(5HT7);组织凝血活酶VII(Eptacogα);丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶(PDHK;非特异性);PDE7A(cAMP-特异性磷酸二酯酶7A/HSPDE7A);胰高血糖素样肽1受体(GLP-1R);流感核糖核酸聚合酶亚单位p3(pb2核酸内切酶);病毒朊酶(非特异性);拓扑异构酶IV;甲状旁腺激素受体(PTH2受体);蛋白激酶Cβ-I型(PKC-β-1);多巴胺β羟化酶;半乳糖基转移酶相关蛋白激酶P58/GTA;突触前蛋白SAP97;滑液细胞程序死亡抑制剂1,滑膜素(SYVN1)(HRD1)(HRD-1);角鲨烯环氧酶(ERG1);蛋白激酶Cε型(NPKC-ε);促皮质释放素受体2(CRF2);中间传导性钙激活钾通道(IK1);二磷酸核苷激酶A(NDKA)(NM23-H1);白细胞介素1受体相关激酶4(IRAK-4);糖原合酶激酶3α(GSK-3α);溶质载体家族22(有机阳离子转运蛋白),成员2(SLC22A2);丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶1(PDK1);PAK-α激酶(PAK-1);人14-3-3蛋白质;异亮氨酰tRNA合成酶;异戊烯半胱氨酸羧基甲基转移酶(PCCMT);CKLF1;以及NAALAD酶II。
本发明的化合物或盐可进一步与诸如以下的一种或多种药剂联合给药:SSRI,基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)抑制剂,聚蛋白多糖酶抑制剂,诱导型氧化一氮(iNOS)抑制剂,胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)表达或活性的抑制剂,成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)表达或活性的抑制剂,CD 44表达或活性的抑制剂,白细胞介素(IL)表达或活性的抑制剂,肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNFα)表达或活性的抑制剂,肿瘤坏死因子诱导蛋白6(TSG-6)表达或活性的抑制剂,Bikunin表达或活性的抑制剂,β-分泌酶(BACE)的抑制剂,PACE-4的抑制剂,核受体rev-ErbAα(NR1D1)表达或活性的抑制剂,内皮分化鞘脂类G蛋白偶联受体1(EDG-1)表达或活性的抑制剂,蛋白酶激活受体(PAR)表达或活性的抑制剂,软骨由来的酸敏感蛋白(CD-RAP)表达或活性的抑制剂,蛋白激酶Cζ(PKCz)的抑制剂,抵抗素表达或活性的抑制剂,去整合素和金属蛋白酶8(ADAM8)的抑制剂,补体成分1s亚成分(C1s)表达或活性的抑制剂,甲酰基缩氨酸受体样1(FPRL1)表达或活性的抑制剂。
可与本发明的化合物或盐联合使用的药剂的附加实例包括:MMP-2、-3、-9或-13的抑制剂;蛋白聚糖酶-1或-2的抑制剂;IGF-1或-2表达或活性的抑制剂;FGF-2、-18或-9表达或活性的抑制剂;以及IL-1、-4或-6表达或活性的抑制剂。
可与本发明的化合物或盐联合使用的药剂的另外的实例包括:IGF-1或-2抗体;FGF受体-2或-3拮抗剂,CD 44抗体,IL-1、-4或-6抗体,TNF-α抗体;TSG-6抗体;bikunin抗体;NR1D1拮抗剂;EDG-1拮抗剂;PAR拮抗剂,CD-RAP抗体,抵抗素抗体,C1s抗体,和FPRL1抗体。
可与本发明的化合物或盐给予的化合物的附加实例包括:环加氧酶-2(COX-2)选择性抑制剂诸如塞来昔布、罗非昔布、帕瑞昔布、伐地昔布、德拉昔布、依托昔布和鲁米昔布;鸦片样物质镇痛药诸如吗啡、氢吗啡酮、羟吗啡酮、芬太尼、可待因、双氢可待因、羟考酮、氢可酮、丁丙诺啡、曲马多和纳布啡;非甾体抗炎药(NSAID)诸如阿司匹林、双氯芬酸、二氟尼柳、布洛芬、非诺洛芬、萘普生、奈帕芬胺和对乙酰氨基酚;磷酸二酯酶V抑制剂(PDEV)诸如西地那非;α-2-δ配体诸如加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林;以及局部麻醉剂诸如氨苯乙酯、利多卡因、罗哌卡因、薄荷醇、樟脑和水杨酸甲酯。
可与本发明的化合物或盐联合使用的其它类型和类别的化合物的实例包括:镇痛药,巴比妥类镇静药;苯二氮卓类;具有镇静作用的组胺HI拮抗剂;镇静药;骨骼肌松弛药;N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体拮抗体;α-肾上腺素能药物;三环抗忧郁药;抗惊厥药诸如卡马西平;速激肽(NK)拮抗剂,特别是NK-3、NK-2或NK-1拮抗剂;毒蕈碱型拮抗剂;安定药;辣椒素受体激动剂或拮抗剂;β-肾上腺素能药物;皮质类固醇;5-羟色胺(5-HT)受体激动剂或拮抗剂诸如5-HT1B/1D,5-HT2A和5-HT3受体拮抗体;胆碱能(烟碱能)镇痛药;大麻素类;代谢型谷氨酸亚型1受体(mGluR1)拮抗剂;5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂诸如舍曲林;去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂诸如瑞波西汀,特别是(S,S)-瑞波西汀;双重5-羟色胺-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂诸如度洛西汀;诱导型氧化氮合酶(iNOS)抑制剂诸如S-[2-[(1-亚氨基乙基)氨基]乙基]-L-同型半胱氨酸,S-[2-[(1-亚氨基乙基)-氨基]乙基]-4,4-二氧代-L-半胱氨酸,S-[2-[(1-亚氨基乙基)氨基]乙基]-2-甲基-L-半胱氨酸,(2S,5Z)-2-氨基-2-甲基-7-[(1-亚氨基乙基)氨基]-5-庚烯酸,2-[[(1R,3S)-3-氨基-4-羟基-1-(5-噻唑基)-丁基]硫基]-5-氯-3-吡啶甲腈,2-[[(1R,3S)-3-氨基-4-羟基-1-(5-噻唑基)丁基]硫基]-4-氯苯甲腈,(2S,4R)-2-氨基-4-[[2-氯-5-(三氟甲基)苯基]硫基]-5-噻唑丁醇,2-[[(1R,3S)-3-氨基-4-羟基-1-(5-噻唑基)丁基]硫基]-6-(三氟甲基)-3-吡啶甲腈,2-[[(1R,3S)-3-氨基-4-羟基-1-(5-噻唑基)丁基]硫基]-5-氯苯甲腈,N-[4-[2-(3-氯苄基氨基)乙基]苯基]噻吩-2-甲酰胺,和胍基乙基二硫化物;乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂;前列腺素E2亚型4(EP4)拮抗剂诸如N[({2-[4-(2-乙基-4,6-二甲基-1H-咪唑并[4,5-c]吡啶-1-基)苯基]乙基}氨基)-羰基]-4-甲基苯磺酰胺或4-[(1S)-1-({[5-氯-2-(3-氟苯氧基)吡啶-3-基]羰基}氨基)乙基]苯甲酸;白细胞三烯B4拮抗剂诸如1-(3-联苯基-4-基甲基-4-羟基-色满-7-基)-环戊烷甲酸;5-脂氧合酶抑制剂;以及钠通道阻断剂。
与本发明的化合物或盐的组合还包括镇痛药诸如对乙酰氨基酚、萘普生钠、布洛芬、曲马多、曲唑酮、环苯扎林、阿司匹林、塞来昔布、伐地昔布、吲哚美辛和其它的NSAID;抗抑郁药诸如三环抗忧郁药和选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂,例如抗抑郁药诸如阿米替林、丙米嗪、去甲替林、多塞平、氟西汀、舍曲林和帕罗西汀;肌肉松弛药诸如环苯扎林;睡眠助剂诸如唑吡坦。
与本发明的化合物或盐的组合还包括镇痛药诸如对乙酰氨基酚、萘普生钠、布洛芬、曲马多、阿司匹林、塞来昔布、伐地昔布、吲哚美辛和其它的NSAID;疾病调节型治疗风湿药(DMARD)诸如柳氮磺吡啶或甲氨蝶呤;皮质类固醇;以及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)阻断剂诸如依那西普和英利昔单抗。
与本发明的化合物或盐的组合包括局部皮质类固醇;维生素D类似物诸如钙泊三醇;地蒽酚;局部维A酸类(即维生素A衍生物)诸如阿曲汀和他扎罗汀;丙酸氯氟美松;甲氨蝶呤;硫唑嘌呤;环孢素;羟基脲;以及免疫调节药物诸如阿来塞普、依法利珠单抗和依那西普。使用光疗的疗法,包括补骨脂素紫外线A(补骨脂素UVA或PUVA)疗法,窄带紫外线B(UVB)疗法,和能与本发明的化合物或盐以及上述组合一起使用的组合光疗法。
与本发明的化合物或盐的组合包括NSAID诸如对乙酰氨基酚、萘普生钠、布洛芬、曲马多、阿司匹林、塞来昔布、伐地昔布和吲哚美辛;以及皮质类固醇诸如泼尼松。
与本发明的化合物或盐的组合包括镇痛药诸如对乙酰氨基酚、萘普生钠、布洛芬、曲马多、阿司匹林、塞来昔布、伐地昔布、吲哚美辛和其它的NSAID;抗炎药;柳氮磺吡啶,马沙拉嗪,巴柳氮和奥沙拉秦;皮质类固醇;泼尼松;布地奈德;免疫抑制药诸如硫唑嘌呤、巯嘌呤,TNF阻断剂诸如英利昔单抗和阿达木单抗,甲氨蝶呤,和环孢素;抗生素诸如甲硝唑和环丙沙星;抗痢疾药诸如洛哌丁胺;通便剂;抗胆碱能药;抗抑郁药诸如三环抗忧郁药和选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂,例如抗抑郁药诸如阿米替林、丙米嗪、去甲替林、多塞平、氟西汀、舍曲林和帕罗西汀;阿洛司琼;以及替加色罗。
本发明的化合物或盐还可与长效β激动剂一起给药。
可与本发明的化合物或盐联合使用的其它治疗剂的适当实例包括:5-脂氧合酶(5-LO)抑制剂或5脂氧合酶激活蛋白(FLAP)拮抗剂,白细胞三烯拮抗剂(LTRA),包括LTB4、LTC4、LTD4和LTE4的拮抗剂在内,组胺受体拮抗体,包括H1和H3拮抗剂在内,α1-和α2-肾上腺素能受体激动剂,用于解充血用途的血管收缩拟交感神经药,毒蕈碱型M3受体拮抗体或抗胆碱能药物,PDE抑制剂例如PDE3、PDE4和PDE5抑制剂,茶碱,色甘酸二钠,COX抑制剂,包括非选择性的和选择性的COX-1或COX-2抑制剂(NSAID)在内,口服型和吸入型的糖皮质类固醇,具有对抗内源性炎性实体活性的单克隆抗体,β2激动剂,包括长效β2激动剂在内,粘着分子抑制剂,包括VLA-4拮抗剂在内,细胞分裂素B1-和B2-受体拮抗体,免疫抑制剂,基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)的抑制剂,速激肽NK1、NK2和NK3受体拮抗体,弹性酶抑制剂,腺苷A2a受体激动剂,尿激酶抑制剂,作用于多巴胺受体的化合物,例如D2激动剂,NFκB通道调节剂例如IKK抑制剂,细胞因子信号通道诸如syk激酶的调节剂或JAK激酶抑制剂,可被分在溶粘液或止咳药类别的药物,和抗生素。
根据本发明,本发明的化合物或盐可与以下联合使用:
H3拮抗剂,毒蕈碱型M3受体拮抗体,PDE4抑制剂,糖皮质类固醇,腺苷A2a受体激动剂,β2激动剂,细胞因子信号通道诸如syk激酶的调节剂,或白细胞三烯拮抗剂(LTRA),包括LTB4、LTC4、LTD4和LTE4的拮抗剂在内。
根据本发明,本发明的化合物或盐还可与以下物质联合使用:糖皮质类固醇,诸如具有减小的系统副作用的吸入型糖皮质类固醇,包括泼尼松、泼尼松龙、氟尼缩松、曲安奈德、二丙酸氯地米松、布地奈德、丙酸氟替卡松,环索奈德和糠酸莫米松以及糠酸莫米松一水合物在内;毒蕈碱型M3受体拮抗体或抗胆碱能药物,特别地包括异丙托品盐诸如异丙托溴铵、替沃托品盐诸如噻托溴铵、氧托品盐诸如氧托溴铵、哌仑西平和替仑西平在内,或β2激动剂诸如长效β2激动剂,包括沙美特罗、福莫特罗、QAB-149和CHF-4226在内。
F.在制备组合物或药物中的应用
在一个实施方案中,本发明包括制备用于治疗由糖皮质激素受体活性介导的病况的、包含本发明的化合物或盐的组合物或药物的方法。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明包括一种或多种本发明的化合物或盐在制备用于炎症、炎症相关病况、类风湿性关节炎、皮炎、阿尔茨海默病的组合物或药物中的应用。
本发明还包括一种或多种本发明的化合物或盐在制备用于治疗在方法一节中所详细描述的一种或多种病况的组合物或药物中的应用。
G.方案
本发明的化合物可采用在一般合成方案中所述的方法以及下文所述的实验过程来制备。本文的合成方法的反应在可由有机合成领域技术人员容易选择的适当溶剂中进行,所述适当的溶剂一般是在反应所进行的温度下实质上不和起始材料(反应物)、中间体或产品起反应的任何溶剂。所给定的反应可在一种溶剂中或在超过一种溶剂的混合物中进行。根据特定的反应步骤的不同而异,可选择用于特定反应步骤的适当的溶剂。
本发明化合物的制备可牵涉各种化学基团的保护和脱保护。本领域技术人员可容易地确定对保护和脱保护的需要以及对适当的保护基的选择。保护基化学可例如参见T.W.Greene和P.G.M.Wuts,Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,第三版Wiley & Sons,Inc.,New York(1999),该文献全文作为参考并入本文。
反应可根据本领域已知的任何适当的方法进行监控。例如,产品形成可通过诸如核磁共振法(例如1H或13C)、红外光谱法、分光光度法(例如UV-可见光)或质谱法的光谱手段进行监控,或者通过诸如高效液相色谱法(HPLC)或薄层色谱法的色谱法进行监控。
本文所用的起始材料是市售的或可通过常规合成法制得。
提供了一般合成方案用于示例性目的,而非用于限制性目的。
方案A
式A-8的1(R)-苄基-5-溴-9(S)-氢-10(R)-羟基-10(R)-甲基-三环[7.3.1.02,7]十三烷-2,4,6-三烯-13-酮采用方案A中所示规程制备,该方案一般地公开在WO 00/66522中。Ph表示苯基。Bn表示苄基。化合物A-1可购买获得(例如,VOUS和Riverside;CAS No.4133-35-1)。化合物A-2可如Org.Syn.1971,51,109-112中所述制备。
方案B
(4βS,7R,8αR)-4β-苄基-7-羟基-N-(2-甲基吡啶-3-基)-7-(三氟甲基)-4b,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酰胺如方案B所述制备。
方案C
式C-3的(2R,4αS,10αR)-4α-苄基-7-((2-甲基吡啶-3-基)氨甲酰基)-2-(三氟甲基)-1,2,3,4,4α,9,10,10α-八氢菲-2-基磷酸二氢酯如方案C所述制备。Bn表示苄基。
方案D
式C-3的(2R,4αS,10αR)-4α-苄基-7-((2-甲基吡啶-3-基)氨甲酰基)-2-(三氟甲基)-1,2,3,4,4α,9,10,10α-八氢菲-2-基磷酸二氢酯如方案D所述制备。Bn表示苄基。Ph表示苯基。
方案E
式C-3的(2R,4αS,10αR)-4α-苄基-7-((2-甲基吡啶-3-基)氨甲酰基)-2-(三氟甲基)-1,2,3,4,4α,9,10,10α-八氢菲-2-基磷酸二氢酯如方案E所述制备。Bn表示苄基。Ph表示苯基。
H.制备例和实施例
起始材料A-8是如下式所示的1(R)-苄基-5-溴-9(S)-氢-10(R)-羟基-10(R)-甲基-三环[7.3.1.02,7]十三烷-2,4,6-三烯-13-酮:
制备例1:(S)-4α-苄基-7-溴-2-乙氧基-3,4,4α,9-四氢菲
在环境温度下将起始材料A-8(450g;1.17摩尔)溶于乙醇(4.5L),加入含21%乙醇钠的乙醇(44mL;0.12摩尔)并将混合物加热至回流3小时。当起始材料A-8耗尽时,将反应混合物冷却至-25℃,向混合物中慢慢地加入乙酰氯(250mL;3.51摩尔)并同时使温度保持在接近-25℃。在加入完成后,将混合物回温至0℃并保持在该温度下直到中间体烯酮耗尽。此时混合物是浆状物。向混合物中加入含21%乙醇钠的乙醇(1.31L;3.51摩尔)同时保持温度为-5℃至5℃,如果混合物不呈碱性,则加入更多的乙醇钠。将混合物的温度增加到25℃,然后用水稀释(5.9L)。将混合物过滤,固体用水洗涤(3次)。获得了标题化合物(440g;85面积%),为米色固体。1H NMR(DMSO)δppm:1.27(t,3H),1.65(dt,1H),2.06(d,1H),2.21(dd,1H),2.49(m,1H),2.65(m,2H),2.89(m,2H),3.85(q,2H),5.45(m,2H),6.44(d,2H),6.98(t,2H),7.06(m,2H),7.25(d,1H),7.33(dd,1H)。
制备例2:(S)-4α-苄基-7-溴-2,2-(1,2-亚乙二氧基)-1,2,3,4,4α,9-六氢菲
将(S)-4α-苄基-7-溴-2-乙氧基-3,4,4α,9-四氢菲(1270g;3.2摩尔;85面积%,其可以如制备例1所述制备)溶于甲苯(6.45L)。加入乙二醇(898mL;16.1摩尔)和对甲苯磺酸(6.1g;0.03摩尔)并将反应加热至回流。从混合物蒸除溶剂(1L)并用新鲜的甲苯(1L)替换。再重复两次这一蒸馏过程。加入更多的对甲苯磺酸(6.1g)并每次加入新鲜的甲苯。在反应期间,随着底物转化为产物,形成两个中间体(通过LC检测到)。反应终点是在两个中间体和产物之间的平衡点。当到达终点时,将混合物冷却至环境温度。混合物用0.5M NaOH(2L)洗涤。迅速地将各相分离,两相都是深色的,具有小的絮状物层(rag layer)。混合物用水(2L)洗涤。各相分离缓慢。混合物通过共沸蒸馏进行干燥。向混合物中加入甲醇(4L),并从混合物蒸除溶剂(4L)。再重复两次甲醇添加和溶剂蒸馏操作。向混合物中加入甲醇,几分钟过后发生沉淀。向混合物中加入更多的甲醇(4L),然后使混合物回流。30分钟后,将混合物冷却至0℃,混合物经过滤,固体用冷甲醇洗涤(2次,2L)。固体在真空箱中在65℃干燥,得到标题化合物(882g;98面积%),为米色固体。1H NMR(DMSO)δppm:1.71(m,2H),2.06(m,2H),2.31(dd,1H),2.39(m,1H),2.68(d,1H),2.77(m,1H),2.86(dd,1H),3.36(d,1H),3.86(m,4H),5.45(m,1H),6.50(m,2H),7.00(m,4H),7.37(dd,1H),7.44(d,1H)。
制备例3:(S)-甲基4β-苄基-7,7-(1,2-亚乙二氧基)-4β,5,6,7,8,10-六氢菲-2-甲酸酯
将(S)-4α-苄基-7-溴-2,2-(1,2-亚乙二氧基)-1,2,3,4,4α,9-六氢菲(719g;1.75摩尔,其可如制备例2所述制备)溶于四氢呋喃(7.19L)中并冷却到-70℃。以保持温度低于-60℃的速率加入含1.6M正丁基锂的己烷(2270mL;2.27摩尔)。加料后将混合物保持另外15分钟。加入二氧化碳(108g;2.45摩尔)并同时保持温度低于-60℃。加料后将混合物保持另外15分钟。将混合物回温至环境温度。在大气压下从混合物蒸除溶剂(7L)。向混合物中加入DMF(7L)。将混合物冷却至环境温度。加入碘甲烷(152mL;2.45摩尔)并将混合物保持直到反应完全(~1小时)。将混合物加热至70℃并通过逐渐降低压力至70毫米汞柱而蒸除溶剂。当蒸馏停止时,将混合物冷却至室温,向混合物中慢慢地加入水(6.5L)以使产品沉淀析出。混合物经过滤,固体用水洗涤(3次)。固体在过滤器上干燥。获得粗产物(736g;74面积%),为米色固体。产物进行色谱纯化。从色谱中回收463克的产物。该物质从正庚烷(6130mL)中分离。回收394克的标题化合物。通过色谱法从母液回收另外70克的标题化合物。1H NMR(DMSO)δppm:1.74(m,2H),2.10(m,2H),2.33(dd,1H),2.45(m,1H),2.72(d,1H),2.79(m,1H),2.94(dd,1H),3.40(d,1H),3.87(m,7H),5.49(m,1H),6.47(m,2H),6.93(m,2H),7.01(m,1H),7.42(d,1H),7.64(d,1H),7.79(dd,1H)。
制备例4:(4βS,8αR)-甲基4β-苄基-7,7-(1,2-亚乙二氧基)-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酸酯
将(S)-甲基4β-苄基-7,7-(1,2-亚乙二氧基)-4β,5,6,7,8,10-六氢菲-2-甲酸酯(201g;0.515摩尔,其可如制备例3所述制备)和50毫升的乙二醇溶于高压釜中的甲苯(2.0L)中。向其中加入10克的5%Pd/C(干催化剂)。然后将高压釜密封并用氮气吹扫(三个循环),然后用氢气吹扫(三个循环)。采用80磅/平方英寸的压力和50℃的温度使反应进行18小时。进行反应的完成和选择性的HPLC分析(典型的选择性是反式∶顺式为95∶5)。将悬浮液过滤通过Celite硅藻土以除去催化剂,然后将甲苯溶液在50℃下真空浓缩至约200毫升。当在50℃蒸馏时,加入1升1-丁醇,并将溶液加热至60℃直到澄清。当冷却时,所得固体标题化合物通过真空过滤被分离出(196克;97%;反式∶顺式为95.75∶4.24)。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δppm:7.79(bs,1H,Ar-H),7.47(d,J=9Hz,1H,Ar-H),7.13-7.05(cm,3H,Ar-H),6.56-6.53(cm,2H,Ar-H),6.43(d,J=9Hz,1H,Ar-H),4.04-3.93(cm,4H,2-CH2),3.89(s,3H,CH3),3.08-3.03(cm,3H,CH2,CH-H),2.63(d,J=15Hz,CH-H),2.22-1.72(cm,8H,4-CH2),1.57(cm,1H,CH-H).;
13CNMR(CDCl3,δ):167.7,149.2,137.7,136.4,131.1,130.5,127.8,127.7,127.4,126.3,125.5,108.9,64.6,64.5,52.1,40.5,39.8,38.3,35.8,31.6,30.3,27.9,24.6。
制备例5:(4βS,8αR)-甲基4β-苄基-7-氧代-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酸酯
将(4βS,8αR)-甲基4β-苄基-7,7-(1,2-亚乙二氧基)-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酸酯(150g,382mmol,其可如制备例4所述制备)溶于二氯甲烷(630ml)。在搅拌下加入水(270ml),然后在30分钟内通过滴液漏斗加入三氟乙酸(73ml,1150mmol),维持内部温度低于30℃。加入完成后,将反应在40℃加热2小时。在线监控显示不完全反应,有约9%(面积百分比)的起始材料。分离各层,加入新鲜的水(270ml)和三氟乙酸(31ml)。将反应混合物在40℃加热1小时。该过程继续进行直到起始材料耗尽。有机相用5%的碳酸氢钠水溶液(300ml)、水(300ml)洗涤并用MgSO4干燥,并浓缩至干,得到126.4克的标题化合物(提供95%的收率)。1H NMR(DMSO)δppm:7.70(s,1H),7.37(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),7.11(m,3H),6.6(d,J=5.70Hz,2H),6.45(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),3.80(s,3H),3.80(m,2H),3.04-1.48(m,11H)。
制备例6:(4βS,7R,8αR)-甲基4β-苄基-7-羟基-7-(三氟甲基)-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酸酯
将溶于二氯甲烷中的(4βS,8αR)-甲基4β-苄基-7-氧代-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酸酯(118g,0.339摩尔,其可如制备例5所述制备)冷却到-50℃。溶液变混浊。加入含1.0M四丁氟化铵的四氢呋喃溶液(3.4ml,0.003mol),没有明显的温度变化。在20分钟内加入三氟三甲基硅烷(79ml,0.51mol),颜色变化从鲜橙色变至浅红色。将反应混合物在-50℃下保持约2小时,然后回温至0℃。在0℃在45分钟内向反应混合物中极慢地加入四丁氟化铵(340ml,0.34摩尔)。伴随气体放出观察到放热。反应混合物被搅拌10分钟,通过HPLC分析显示发生完全的脱甲硅烷基化。向反应混合物中加入水(1L)并剧烈搅拌,回温至室温。有机层用水(1L)洗涤。有机层经浓缩和色谱分离,得到72克的51%的标题化合物,具有另外32克的不纯产物。1HNMR(DMSO)δppm:7.70(s,1H),7.37(d,J=8.1Hz,1H),7.09(m,3H),6.5(dd,J=1.2,6.6Hz,2H),6.38(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),3.80(s,3H),3.80(m,2H),3.09-1.21(m,13H)。
制备例7:(4βS,7R,8αR)-甲基4β-苄基-7-(双(苄基氧基)磷酰基氧基)-7-(三氟甲基)-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酸酯
将(4βS,7R,8αR)-甲基4β-苄基-7-羟基-7-(三氟甲基)-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酸酯(5.0g;11.9mmol,其可如制备例6所述制备)和5-甲基四唑(3.6g;43.0mmol)在环境温度下的二氯甲烷(50mL)中一起混合。加入二苄基磷酰胺酸酯(phosphoramidite)(8.3mL;25.1mmol)。将混合物搅拌直到反应完成(1小时)。将混合物冷却至0℃并加入30%的过氧化氢(10mL)。搅拌反应直到氧化完成(30分钟)。从有机相中分离出水相。有机相用10%的偏亚硫酸氢钠(50mL)洗涤。有机相用无水硫酸镁干燥并浓缩。粗产物使用含15%乙酸乙酯的己烷进行硅胶色谱纯化。获得纯化的标题化合物(8.41g;94%收率),为含6重量%的乙酸乙酯的无色油状物。1H NMR(DMSO):δ1.31(t,1H),1.63-1.92(m,3H),2.05-2.35(m,3H),2.63(d,1H),2.75-3.16(m,4H),3.80(s,3H),5.13(m,4H),6.43(d,1H),6.49(m,2H),7.04-7.17(m,3H),7.33-7.42(m,12H),7.71(d,1H)。
制备例8:二苄基(2R,4αS,10αR)-4α-苄基-7-((2-甲基吡啶-3-基)氨甲酰基)-2-(三氟甲基)-1,2,3,4,4α,9,10,10α-八氢菲-2-基磷酸酯
将(4βS,7R,8αR)-甲基4β-苄基-7-(双(苄基氧基)磷酰基氧基)-7-(三氟甲基)-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酸酯(7.9g;11.6mmol,其可如制备例7所述制备)和3-氨基-2-甲基吡啶(1.3g;12.2mmol)在四氢呋喃(80mL)中一起混合并被冷却至0℃。加入双(三甲基甲硅烷基)氨基锂在四氢呋喃中的1M的溶液(24mL;24.4mmol)并同时保持温度低于10℃。将混合物搅拌30分钟。向反应混合物中加入水(50mL)。混合物用乙酸乙酯提取。有机提取物用水洗涤。有机相用无水硫酸镁干燥并浓缩。粗产物采用含70%乙酸乙酯的己烷进行硅胶色谱纯化。获得纯化的标题化合物(6.79g;68%收率),为含6重量%乙酸乙酯的黄色胶状物。1H NMR(DMSO):δ1.33(t,1H),1.66-1.93(m,3H),2.08-2.34(m,3H),2.41(s,3H),2.68(d,1H),2.76-3.19(m,4H),5.14(m,4H),6.47(d,1H),6.56(m,2H),7.07-7.19(m,3H),7.20-7.53(m,12H),7.71(d,1H),7.76(s,1H),8.32(d,1H),9.93(s,1H)。
实施例1:(4βS,7R,8αR)-4β-苄基-7-羟基-N-(2-甲基吡啶-3-基)-7-(三氟甲基)-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酰胺
将(4βS,7R,8αR)-甲基4β-苄基-7-羟基-7-(三氟甲基)-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酸酯(10g;23.9mmol,其可如制备例6所述制备)和3-氨基-2-甲基吡啶(2.71g;25.1mmol)溶于甲苯(200mL)。以保持温度低于35℃的速率加入含1M的双(三甲基甲硅烷基)氨基锂的四氢呋喃(74.1mL;74.1mmol)。在加入期间产生温和的发热并有固体沉淀析出。加料后将混合物保持另外30分钟。向混合物中加入水(250mL)。产生温和的放热和固体溶解。向混合物中加入乙酸乙酯(50mL)以确保产物不沉淀析出。停止搅拌以使各相分离。除去水相。有机相用水(250mL)洗涤。在大气压力下从有机相蒸除溶剂(230mL)。将混合物冷却至环境温度。混合物经过滤,固体用甲苯洗涤(2次),然后用庚烷洗涤(2次)。固体在真空箱中在70℃干燥。获得本实施例的标题化合物(10g),为米色固体。1H NMR(DMSO)δppm:1.32(m,1H),1.82(m,4H),2.10(m,4H),2.41(s,3H),2.68(d,1H),3.08(m,3H),6.00(s,1H),6.43(d,1H),6.59(m,2H),7.12(m,3H),7.25(dd,1H),7.44(dd,1H),7.71(dd,1H),7.75(d,1H),8.31(dd,1H),9.91(s,1H)。
实施例2:(2R,4αS,10αR)-4α-苄基-7-((2-甲基吡啶-3-基)氨甲酰基)-2-(三氟甲基)-1,2,3,4,4α,9,10,10α-八氢菲-2-基磷酸二氢酯
将二苄基(2R,4αS,10αR)-4α-苄基-7-((2-甲基吡啶-3-基)氨甲酰基)-2-(三氟甲基)-1,2,3,4,4α,9,10,10α-八氢菲-2-基磷酸酯(6g;7.9mmol,其可如制备例8所述制备)溶于甲醇(120mL)。向混合物中加入5%的炭载钯(63%的水)(1.3g;0.4mmol)。混合物在室温下用氢气(50psi)处理。反应停止,剩余12%的单苄基中间体。混合物过滤通过Celite(硅藻土)垫。向溶液中加入新鲜催化剂(1.3g),并重新经历氢化条件。当反应完成时,混合物过滤通过硅藻土垫,通过蒸馏并且不采用旋转蒸发器将溶液浓缩至约60毫升。在蒸馏期间有白色固体沉淀析出。将混合物冷却至环境温度。混合物经过滤,固体用甲醇洗涤,固体在真空箱中在70℃干燥。获得本实施例的化合物(3.36g;75%收率),为白色固体并具有98面积%的LC纯度。1H NMR(DMSO):δ1.33(t,1H),1.69-1.98(m,3H),2.07-2.29(m,3H),2.42(s,3H),2.61-2.80(m,2H),2.93-3.19(m,3H),3.30(d,1H),6.50(d,1H),6.64(m,2H),7.08-7.20(m,3H),7.29(dd,1H),7.48(dd,1H),7.75(dd,2H),8.33(dd,1H),9.96(s,1H)。
I.生物学数据
对于以下的描述,比较物是三环化合物(例如参见WO2000/66522)。在Pfizer制备了实施例化合物和比较化合物。泼尼松龙用作临床相关的比较物(P-6004;Sigma-Aldrich,St.Louis)。
比较物A是(4βS,7S,8αR)-4β-苄基-7-羟基-N-((2-甲基吡啶-3-基)甲基)-7-(3,3,3-三氟丙基)-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酰胺,其具有以下结构:
比较物B是(4βS,7R,8αR)-4β-苄基-N-(3,5-二甲基吡嗪-2-基)-7-羟基-7-(三氟甲基)-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酰胺,其具有以下结构:
比较物C是(4βS,7S,8αR)-4β-苄基-7-羟基-N-(2-甲基吡啶-3-基)-7-(3,3,3-三氟丙基)-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酰胺,其具有以下结构:
比较物D是(4βS,7R,8αR)-4β-苄基-7-羟基-N-(4-甲基吡啶-3-基)-7-(三氟甲基)-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酰胺,其具有以下结构:
比较物E是(4βS,7R,8αS)-4β-苄基-7-羟基-N-(2-甲基吡啶-3-基)-10-氧代-7-(三氟甲基)-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酰胺,其具有以下结构:
比较物F是(4βS,7R,8αR,10R)-4β-苄基-7,10-二羟基-N-(2-甲基吡啶-3-基)-7-(三氟甲基)-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酰胺,其具有以下结构:
比较物G是:
比较物H是(4βS,7R,8αR)-4β-苄基-7-(二氟甲基)-7-羟基-N-(2-甲基吡啶-3-基)-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酰胺,其具有以下结构:
比较物I是(4βS,7R,8αS)-4β-苄基-7-羟基-N-(2-甲基吡啶-3-基)-7-(三氟甲基)-4β,5,6,7,8,8α-六氢菲-2-甲酰胺,其具有以下结构:
比较物J是(4βS,7S,8αR)-4β-苄基-N-(2,4-二甲基嘧啶-5-基)-7-羟基-7-(3,3,3-三氟丙基)-4β,5,6,7,8,8α,9,10-八氢菲-2-甲酰胺,其具有以下结构:
比较物K是(2R,4αS,10αR)-4α-苄基-7-((2-甲基吡啶-3-基)氨甲酰基)-2-(三氟甲基)-1,2,3,4,4α,9,10,10α-八氢菲-2-基异丁基碳酸酯,其具有以下结构:
实施例2向实施例1的转化
Caco-2细胞单层是肠上皮的体外组织培养模型。这些细胞是人结肠由来的并且在2-3周内变为极化的完全分化的肠细胞。当分化后,这些细胞具有紧密连接并且表达多种生物化学过程诸如包括P-糖蛋白(P-gp)在内的主动流出转运蛋白。采用该模式,有可能测定化合物跨过极化的Caco-2细胞单层的表观渗透率(Papp)。
采用Caco-2细胞单层进行A→B试验以测定化合物从A隔室到B隔室的Papp。该Papp表示在肠吸收期间可见的从腔(内脏)向浆膜(血)的化合物转运通过肠上皮。
实施例2不显著横跨Caco-2细胞单层(A→B,Papp=1.15e-6厘米/秒),而将实施例2施用于顶端隔室导致实施例1在顶端隔室和底外侧隔室二者中都显著提高。该数据显示牵涉以下的机制:实施例2经由位于肠上皮内的膜结合型碱性磷酸酯酶进行脱磷酸化形成实施例1,然后实施例1被吸收穿过Caco-2细胞单层(A→B,Papp=37.5e-6厘米/秒)。
在门静脉插管的大鼠中口服给药实施例2(30和200毫克/千克),导致在四小时内在门静脉血浆样品中检测到实施例1而非实施例2。这些结果显示发生了实施例2向实施例1的肠首过水解效应和选择性的实施例1的肠吸收。
实施例2在狗中显示了增强的溶出和固有的溶解,其导致在大鼠中具有改善的口服吸收模式,这通过暴露的增加(1.61微克·小时/毫升[相对于实施例1的0.46微克·小时/毫升])和Cmax增加(0.59微克/毫升[相对于实施例1的0.13微克/毫升])以及达Cmax的时间降低(0.8小时[相对于实施例1的1.5小时])所表现。在大鼠中实施例2的生物利用度与实施例1相比有所改善(实施例2的F=59%;实施例1的F=17%)。
体外数据
名称 | GRFP IC50(nM) | IL-6IC50(nM) | IL-6抑制% | TNFαIC50(nM) | TNFα抑制% |
实施例1盐酸盐 | 1.31 | .400 | 76.9 | 92.1(28.8)a | 77.1(62)a |
实施例1游离碱 | .360 | 86.1 | |||
实施例2 | 79.0(42)a | 60(17)a | 60.2(80)a | ||
比较物A | 7.10 | >36.4 | 59.9 | >1000 | 35 |
比较物B | 0.35 | 4 | 75.8 | ||
比较物C | 1.22 | 1.1 | 82.6 | ||
比较物D | 2.06 | 1.3 | 79.8 | ||
比较物E | 1.18 | 1.1 | 79.7 | ||
比较物F | 1.9 | 7 | 83.3 | ||
比较物G | 2.13 | 2.1 | 80.1 | ||
比较物H | 8.03 | 4.3 | 64.9 | ||
比较物I | 9.12 | 2.8 | 67.5 | ||
比较物J | 4.58 | 291 | 55 | ||
比较物K | 895 | ||||
泼尼松龙 | 0.526 | 4.2(4.6)a | 102(100)a | 14.9(15.6)a | 100 |
a表示所发现的另外的结果。
GRFP:糖皮质激素受体结合
糖皮质激素受体荧光偏振配体结合(GRFP)试验用于评价供试化合物与全长糖皮质激素(GR)蛋白质的直接结合。用于该试验的试剂购自Invitrogen,位于试验试剂盒中。使用荧光标记的GR配体作为荧光示踪剂,并且供试化合物与荧光示踪剂竞争性结合GR。在供试化合物存在的条件下偏振值的改变是由于供试化合物与GR结合所致并用于测定供试化合物的IC50和供试化合物与GR的相对结合亲合性。
IL-6IC50和抑制百分数
人A549肺上皮细胞(American Type Culture Collection,Rockville,MD)在含有青霉素-链霉素(10U/mL)和10%的热失活的胎牛血清(全部试剂得自Invitrogen,Grand Island,NY)的Kaighn′sF-12K培养基中培养。A549细胞在96孔板中以30,000个细胞/孔的密度进行铺板并在37℃和含5%CO2的条件下温育过夜。通过使用含有青霉素-链霉素(10U/mL)的无血清的Kaighn′s F-12K培养基替换生长培养基并再次在37℃和含5%CO2的条件下温育过夜对细胞进行血清饥饿处理。在第三天,将培养基替换为新鲜的无血清培养基,并将细胞在有或者没有化合物下温育(介质是在0.1%最大浓度下的DMSO)约1小时,然后用1ng/mL的重组人IL-1β(R&D Systems,Minneapolis,MN)在37℃和含5%CO2的条件下刺激20小时。使用MSD(Meso Scale Discovery,Gaithersburg,MD)96孔单点滴板根据厂商说明书收集细胞上清液用于测定IL-6水平。使用MSD SectorImager 6000读板。泼尼松龙(1μM)用作最大抑制剂并且被定义为是100%的抑制对照。介质被定义为是0%的抑制对照。使用Excel(Microsoft,Redmond,WA)计算相对于这些对照的关于每种化合物浓度的抑制百分数。使用GraFit 5.0数据分析软件(Erithacus SoftwareLtd.,Surrey,UK)生成IC50值。
TNFαIC50和抑制百分数
将人U937前单核细胞(American Type Culture Collection,Rockville,MD)在含有谷氨酰胺(2mM)、青霉素-链霉素(10U/mL)和10%的热失活的胎牛血清(全部得自Invitrogen,Grand Island,NY)的RPMI 1640中培养。采用佛波醇12-肉豆蔻酸酯13-乙酸酯(Sigma-Aldrich,St.Louis,MO),20ng/mL,过夜,将细胞分化成单核细胞/巨噬细胞表型。然后将细胞进行离心处理,吸出培养基,将细胞再悬浮在等体积的如上所述的含有谷氨酰胺和青霉素-链霉素以及胎牛血清的新鲜的RPMI 1640培养基中,并在37℃和含5%CO2的条件下温育48小时。在回收后,在用LPS刺激之前根据试验设计如下所述将细胞刮下、计数和铺板。
U937细胞分化并在96孔板中以200,000个细胞/孔的密度铺板,细胞在有或者没有化合物的条件下温育(介质是最大浓度1%的DMSO)约1小时,然后用100ng/mL的脂多糖(LPS)、大肠杆菌(E.coli)血清型0111:B4(Sigma-Aldrich,St.Louis,MO)在37℃和含5%CO2的条件下刺激4小时。使用室内夹层型ELISA收集细胞上清液用于测定TNFα水平。鼠抗人TNFα单克隆抗体(克隆28401.111)和生物素化山羊抗人TNFα(R&D Systems,Minneapolis,MN)被分别用作俘获抗体和检测抗体。抗生物素蛋白链菌素-辣根过氧化酶(HRP)(R&DSystems,Minneapolis,MN)和K-Blue Substrate/Red Stop(Neogen,Lexington,KY)用作检测系统。在650纳米测量吸光度。使用Magellan4.11数据分析软件(Tecan,Durham,NC)的四参数逻辑模型从人TNFα重组蛋白质(R&D Systems,Minneapolis,MN)标准曲线内插得到TNFα浓度。泼尼松龙(1μM)用作最大抑制剂并被定义为是100%的抑制对照。介质被定义为是0%的抑制对照。使用Excel(Microsoft,Redmond,WA)计算相对于这些对照的关于每种浓度的化合物的抑制百分数。采用LabStats拟合曲线V4.R7.MO数据分析软件(PfizerSandwich Laboratories,UK and Tessella Support Services plc,Abingdon UK)生成IC50值。
离体人全血
本研究在离体的用LPS刺激的人全血中比较了由糖皮质激素受体(GR)配体比较物A、实施例1和泼尼松龙产生的IL-1β、IFNγ、IL-6和TNFα生成的抑制。
在含肝素钠(BD Vacutainer,得自Becton Dickinson andCompany,Franklin Lakes,NY)的试管内以10毫升小份收集得自人供体的静脉血。将血以100微升/孔加入到无菌的聚苯乙烯圆底96孔组织培养板(Corning Costar)中,忽略外侧孔。将培养基(含L-谷氨酰胺的RPMI培养基1640,Invitrogen Corporation,Carlsbad,CA)以90微升小份加入到血中得到190微升的总体积。外侧孔填充200微升的培养基。将血置于湿润的37℃并含5%CO2的保温箱中同时制备化合物(接近60分钟)。
从在二甲基亚砜(DMSO,Sigma-Aldrich)中的10mM储备溶液中制备化合物。将储备化合物以1/3在DMSO中连续稀释(即5μl化合物+10μlDMSO),然后每个系列稀释液以1/167被稀释进入介质溶液(2%DMSO、30%乙醇(AAPER Alcohol and Chemical Company)和68%的磷酸盐缓冲盐水(不含氯化钙和氯化镁的Dulbecco′s磷酸盐缓冲盐水,Invitrogen Corporation,Carlsbad CA)。将化合物或介质一式三份以10微升小份加入到血中。在试验中,泼尼松龙和实施例1各自的最终浓度为从1000nM至0.457nM。比较物A浓度为从3000nM至1.4nM。在试验中最终的DMSO和乙醇浓度为0.1%和1.5%。将样品温和地研磨两次以混合并置于保温箱中。将以100μg/ml小份储存在-20℃的RPMI中的LPS储液(大肠杆菌血清型0111:B4,Sigma-Aldrich)以1/50稀释进RPMI中以制备工作储备溶液。在温育60分钟后,将10微升所制备的LPS工作储备溶液加入到血中至最终浓度100ng/ml,忽略用作阴性对照的孔。将样品再次温和研磨并将板温育过夜22小时。在温育后,将血在1500xg下离心5分钟,取出血浆用于在-20℃冷冻或用于测试细胞因子释放。
使用Meso Scale试验试剂盒(Meso Scale Discovery,Gaithersburg,MD)测量IL-1β、IFNγ、IL-6和TNFα蛋白质水平。将试剂回温至室温,将Meso Scale板用30微升的人血浆/血清试验稀释剂在温和振摇下在室温下阻断60分钟。将板用洗涤缓冲液(PBS,Invitrogen Corporation,含0.05%的土温-20,Sigma-Aldrich)洗涤3次。以1/5的连续稀释度在人血浆/血清试验稀释物中制备了标准曲线的校准物从而实现最终浓度为50000pg/ml至3.2pg/ml。样品和校准物以20微升/孔被加入,然后在温和振摇下在室温下温育90分钟。将板再次用洗涤缓冲液洗涤3次。将检测抗体在人血浆/血清抗体稀释剂中稀释至1μg/ml,并以20微升/孔加入到板中。将板如前所述温育60分钟并再一次洗涤。读数缓冲液T(4倍)用mqH2O以1∶1稀释至2倍浓度,并将150微升加入到各孔中。在SECTOR Imager 6000(MesoScale Discovery)中对板进行分析以生成原始信号值。
IL-1β、IFNγ、IL-6和TNFα样品值经过检验以位于校准物标准曲线范围内。将单个值与阳性和阴性对照(分别是用含LPS的血处理的介质,和用不含LPS的血处理的介质)以生成抑制%。对于每个供体取一式三份的值的平均值。对两个供体的值取平均值(只有一个供体用于IL-1β)并在GraFit 5.0.11应用中采用4参数拟合曲线进行制图。
泼尼松龙抑制的平均值
实施例1抑制的平均值
比较物A抑制的平均值
体内数据
名称 | 治疗性mCIA(ED50剂量) | 治疗性mCIA(ED80剂量) | TNFα抑制(ED50剂量) | TNFα抑制(ED80剂量) | 骨钙蛋白抑制(ED50剂量) | 骨钙蛋白抑制(ED80剂量) |
实施例1游离碱 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 0.46 | 1.82 | 2.91 | >10 |
比较物A | 60 | 37 | ||||
比较物B | 2.9 | >10 | 1.64 | 2.91 | 2.39 | >10 |
比较物C | 2.0 | >10 | 0.27 | 1.33 | 1.01 | 2.84 |
比较物D | 1.47 | >20 | 1.18 | 3.06 | ||
比较物E | 0.5 | 2.6 | 0.14 | 1.18 | 0.17 | 1.71 |
比较物F | >10 | >10 | 2.11 | 5.67 | 1.19 | >10 |
比较物G | 0.6 | 3.0 | 2.90 | 3.33 | 1.12 | 7.27 |
比较物H | 0.23 | 0.72 | 0.51 | 1.46 | ||
比较物I | 17.0 | >20 | 0.73 | 5.45 | 5.20 | >20 |
比较物J | 3.0 | >20 | 0.09 | 0.79 | 0.73 | 3.58 |
泼尼松龙 | 1.1 | 5.5 | 0.90 | 2.10 | 1.00 | 6.80 |
在疾病模型中实施例1是强效的化合物。
小鼠胶原蛋白诱导的关节炎(mCIA)
小鼠胶原诱导的关节炎是常被使用的慢性的类风湿性关节炎临床前模型,其中在用II型胶原蛋白进行免疫处理后发生关节肿胀和骨破坏。在临床背景下,先前已显示发病率和强度的降低分别预示了疾病改变和体征和症状缓和。
在传统的mCIA模型中,雄性DBA/J小鼠用在完全弗氏佐剂中的50微克的小鸡II型胶原蛋白(cCII)免疫并然后在21天后用在不完全弗氏佐剂中的50微克的cCII进行免疫加强。在加强当天的上午开始用化合物进行治疗并持续56天。通过发病率(即显示出任何病征的小鼠数)和疾病严重性测量治疗的有效性,发病率和疾病严重性每周测量两次。
在治疗性mCIA模型中,通过LPS刺激使发病率和强度的诱导同步进行。雄性DBA/J小鼠在第0天用100微克的牛II型胶原蛋白(bCII)进行免疫处理。所有的小鼠在第28天接受腹膜内注射20微克的LPS并且允许疾病发展进行34天。在第34天,所有小鼠患病(发生率=100%),平均严重性得分为7分。在第34天在治疗模式中开始给药化合物并继续进行49天。通过测量发病率的降低(即疾病的消除)和爪肿胀严重性的经时降低来比较不同的治疗。
mCIA严重性得分的定义(最大得分为12/小鼠)
严重性得分 | 定义 |
1 | 足趾或爪的任何发红或肿胀 |
2 | 整个爪的总体肿胀或变形 |
3 | 关节僵硬 |
实施例1具有的得分,对于mCIA(ED80)低于2,对于mCIA(ED50)低于1。
TNFα和骨钙蛋白(OC)抑制
将化合物称重并悬浮在含0.5%甲基纤维素/0.025%吐温20(Sigma-Aldrich,St.Louis,MO)的介质中。使用Polytron PT-3100组织匀浆器对化合物悬浮液进行匀化处理以产生极细悬浮液,然后使用水浴超声仪进行超声处理10分钟。制备每个悬浮液的小份用于以0.2毫升/剂量进行每日给药。根据实验动物管理和使用委员会(Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)的方针以及根据关于实验动物福利法(laboratory animal welfare)的NIH方针使用SwissWebster雌性鼠,10-12周龄,28-29克(Taconic,Germantown,NY)。将小鼠在Pfizer动物设备中适应3-7天,然后用于研究。通过经口强饲法给予泼尼松龙和化合物总共28天。每个处理组包含5-10只小鼠。为了建立用于研究的剂量给药方案,进行了前导药效时程实验以定量表示在单一ED80剂量之后的TNFα抑制。抑制TNFα的化合物每日一次(QD)给予,而在24小时内不抑制TNFα>50%的化合物每日两次(BID)给予。
在每个实验的第一天和最后一天测量体重。在剂量给药三周后获得血样用于稳态药代动力学(PK)分析。为了评价化合物对LPS诱导的TNFα的影响,所有小鼠在第28天的最后给药后接受腹膜内注射LPS(Salmonella typhosa,L-7895;Sigma-Aldrich,St.Louis,)2.5小时。在LPS给药后90分钟将小鼠处死。使用多路试验(Linco Research,Inc,St.Charles,MO;Luminex 100,Austin,TX)定量表示血清样品的骨钙蛋白和TNFα。将样品以1∶20稀释并根据厂商说明书进行试验。骨钙蛋白标准品单独购买获得(Biomedical Technologies Inc.,Stoughton,MA)。小鼠在收集血清用于TNFα和骨钙蛋白水平之前禁食4小时。对于每个实验,通过计算与每组的平均数相偏离的标准偏差发现选出值。如果被考察值与平均数的标准偏差高于2.5,则将其从其余的计算值中排除。
然后使用介质和10毫克/千克泼尼松龙对照组的平均数计算每只小鼠的抑制%值。使用每组的剂量平均数将个体的鼠抑制%值拟合到四参数逻辑模型中。因为所有的四个参数是估计值并且更低的平台期不固定在0%以及更高的平台期不固定在100%,因此通过使用用于等于50%或80%抑制或活化的应答的反向校准式计算ED50值和ED80值。
ED50值和ED80值是分别在特定的终点达到50%或80%效果所需的剂量(用毫克/千克表示)。使用四参数逻辑拟合提供了关于不同终点的ED50值和ED80值。对于经过多次测试的化合物,采用得自多次试验的合并数据的四参数逻辑拟合获得ED50值和ED80值。对于未实现80%效果的化合物,将ED80值指定为>10毫克/千克或>20毫克/千克,根据供试的最高剂量的不同而异。
哮喘的室内尘螨模型
使用三个剂量的实施例1(0.1、1和10毫克/千克,口服,每天两次)或泼尼松龙(0.1、1和10毫克/千克,口服,每天两次)对小鼠进行治疗。单独组的动物用各自的介质进行处理,并显示了没有有效的炎性细胞流入室内尘螨诱导的BAL炎性细胞内流。
实施例1以剂量依赖性方式缓和了细胞渗透进入BAL流。使用流式细胞光度术评价BAL流细胞类型显示了嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞和T细胞显著减少。相比之下,泼尼松龙在类似剂量下赋予类似的BAL流细胞渗透减小(数据未示出)。
实施例1(毫克/千克) | 总细胞(抑制%) | 嗜酸性粒细胞(抑制%) | 嗜中性粒细胞(抑制%) | 淋巴细胞(抑制%) | T-细胞(抑制%) |
0.1 | 22 | 42 | 29 | 34 | 39 |
1 | 72 | 97 | 97 | 94 | 88 |
10 | 83 | 99 | 100 | 97 | 96 |
解离常数
选择解离常数(DI)作为量度,用于在抗炎效力的生物标志物和副作用方面定量表示化合物的解离相对于泼尼松龙的解离。采用在早期临床开发中被采用的临床相关生物标志物计算解离常数。对于骨形成和抗炎效力,血清骨钙蛋白和LPS诱导的血清TNFα在临床上分别是可接受的。
解离常数基于以下原则:
1)解离要求在炎症生物标志物和副作用之间的剂量-差数并由下式定义:
2)化合物的DI可相对于采用泼尼松龙(其临床比较物)所观察的DI进行考虑。经校正或归一的DI被定义为化合物的DI除以泼尼松龙的DI。
解离常数(ED50和ED80)
名称 | OC/TNFα(ED50) | OC/TNFα(ED80) |
实施例1游离碱 | 6.33 | >5.49 |
比较物A | 0.62 | |
比较物B | 1.46 | >3.44 |
比较物C | 3.74 | 2.14 |
比较物D | 0.80 | <0.15 |
比较物E | 1.21 | 1.45 |
比较物F | 0.56 | >1.76 |
比较物G | 0.39 | 2.18 |
比较物H | 2.22 | 2.03 |
比较物I | 7.12 | >3.67 |
比较物J | 8.11 | 4.53 |
泼尼松龙 | 1.11 | 3.24 |
实施例1、比较物I、比较物J具有的DI对于OC/TNFα(ED50)大于5。实施例1和比较物J具有的DI对于OC/TNFα(ED80)大于4。
基于泼尼松龙的校正解离常数(ED50和ED80)
名称 | OC/TNFα(ED50) | OC/TNFα(ED80) |
实施例1游离碱 | 5.70 | >1.69 |
比较物A | 0.56 | |
比较物B | 1.32 | >1.06 |
比较物C | 3.37 | 0.66 |
比较物D | 0.73 | <0.05 |
比较物E | 1.09 | 0.45 |
比较物F | 0.50 | >0.54 |
比较物G | 0.35 | 0.67 |
比较物H | 2.00 | 0.63 |
比较物I | 6.41 | >1.13 |
比较物J | 7.31 | 1.40 |
实施例1、比较物I、比较物J具有的校正DI对于OC/TNFα(ED50)大于5,实施例1具有的校正DI对于OC/TNFα(ED80)大于1.50。
EAUC50和EAUC80
使用药物暴露(定义为是经时积分的药物血浆浓度(AUC))在泼尼松龙和实施例1之间进行药效比较。由于泼尼松龙和实施例1在小鼠中的半衰期短,AUC(0-4小时)值占AUC(0-24小时)值的超过95%。由于在小鼠中的血量抽样限制,使用AUC(0-4小时)进行药效比较。
a在相同模型的小鼠中进行比较的数据。
b为归一化在使用血浆暴露的不同模型的小鼠中进行比较的数据。
BFR,骨形成速率。
EAUC50和EAUC80数据集2
实施例1是解离的化合物。实施例1具有的关于EAUC50和EAUC80的DI和校正DI对于OC/TNFα、BFR/TNFα、BFR/发病率和BFR/疾病严重性大于7。
测定BFR的皮层骨组织形态计量学
在每个研究的存活(in-life)部分,小鼠在第1天和第26天接受两次腹膜内(i.p.)注射(20mg/kg,100ml/小鼠)的钙黄绿素(C-0875;Sigma-Aldrich,St.Louis,MO)用于骨组织形态计量学测量。钙黄绿素并入骨矿物质中并允许测量骨形成速率。钙黄绿素溶于2%碳酸氢钠中,在组织收获期间,切除左侧胫骨并进行清洗用于皮层组织形态计量学测量。在除去所有的皮肤和肌肉之后,将胫骨置于70%乙醇(4℃)中在黑暗中保持至少24小时。
使用经过研磨的横截面用于进行皮层骨的组织形态学计量分析。使用装备有菱形薄刀片的低速锯(Isomet,Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL)将骨进行切割。除去靠近胫骨-腓骨骨结合处的每个胫骨的端部并切割75毫米的切片。使用粗糙的玻璃板和软木,将切片研磨至~25毫米直到透明并且在荧光显微镜下所有标记都是可识别的。采用以下溶液对切片各自进行脱水处理至少2分钟:1)70%乙醇,2)95%乙醇,3)100%乙醇,4)50/50乙醇/二甲苯,和5)二甲苯(两次)(#534056;Sigma-Aldrich,St.Louis,MO)。将切片使用Eukitt Quick固定介质(#03989,Sigma-Aldrich,St.Louis,MO)进行固定,然后盖上盖玻片。使用Osteomeasure骨分析程序(Osteometrics,Inc.,Decatur,Georgia),通过追踪第一和第三荧光标记以及骨的内周长和外周长计算骨形成速率。通过下式计算骨形成速率:(内标记宽度/标记间隔)*(标记的周长/骨周长)。在每次研究中测量得自每个处理组的至少5个样品。
Claims (15)
4.权利要求1所述化合物的盐酸盐。
5.一种组合物,其包含权利要求1的化合物或其盐和载体。
6.一种方法,其包括使糖皮质激素受体与权利要求1的化合物或其盐接触。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中所述病况是炎症相关的病况。
9.权利要求7的方法,其中所述病况是哮喘、皮炎、炎性肠病、阿尔茨海默氏病、精神病性重度抑郁症、神经病、移植排斥、多发性硬化、慢性葡萄膜炎或慢性阻塞性肺病。
10.权利要求7的方法,其中所述病况是类风湿性关节炎。
11.权利要求7的方法,其中所述病况是皮炎。
12.权利要求7的方法,其中所述病况是哮喘。
13.权利要求7的方法,其中所述病况是阿尔茨海默氏病。
14.权利要求7的方法,其中所述病况是炎性肠病。
15.一种减轻与糖皮质激素受体调节相关的副作用的方法,其包括将权利要求1的化合物给予受试者。
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