CA2435144C - Top dressing for seedling containers - Google Patents
Top dressing for seedling containers Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2435144C CA2435144C CA2435144A CA2435144A CA2435144C CA 2435144 C CA2435144 C CA 2435144C CA 2435144 A CA2435144 A CA 2435144A CA 2435144 A CA2435144 A CA 2435144A CA 2435144 C CA2435144 C CA 2435144C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- top dressing
- per cubic
- pounds per
- cubic foot
- seedling containers
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/40—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure
- A01G24/48—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure containing foam or presenting a foam structure
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/30—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing synthetic organic compounds
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Cultivation Receptacles Or Flower-Pots, Or Pots For Seedlings (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
- Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
A top dressing for seedling containers which consists of particles of expanded polystyrene having a density of not less than 10 pounds per cubic foot and not more than 35 pounds per cubic foot. It is preferred that the top dressing be made by recycling used seedling containers.
Description
TITLE OF THE INVENTION:
Top dressing for seedling containers FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a top dressing for seedling containers and, in particular, seedling containers used by greenhouses.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Granite grit has been used as a top dressing for container grown tree seedlings since the beginning of commercial container growing some 3~ years ago. Granite grit represents a significant annual input cost to the seedling nurseries. Many problems have been identified over the years with the use of granite grit and as commercial tree seedling nurseries have become largez-, more automated, and generally more sophisticated., these problems caused by the granite grit top dressing have become more evident.
Some of these problems are that the granite grit is heavy, approximately 90 lbs/ft, this results in handling problems and worker complaints such as back injuries.
Furthermore, because of the very abrasive nature of the grit particles there is significant 2 0 wear and abrasion of machinery on the seeding assembly line. Another problem that arises is that the fine particles and dust which are an inherent part of the granite grit result in a "cementing crust" when subjected to normal misting in the germination of seedlings. This cementing crust results in decreased germination. The dust also results in allergy problems for some nursery workers. It :has also been found that in the hot part of the day granite grit 2 5 will in some instances absorb enough heat to raise its temperature to a level that will burn the stem of the seedlings This effect can result in reduced yield of viable seedlings.
SUMMARY OF THE INVF,NTION
What is required is a top dressing that can substitute for granite grit without some or 3 0 all of the disadvantages inherent in granite grit.
According to the present invention there is provided a top dressing for seedling containers which consists of particles of expanded polystyrene having a density of not less than 10 pounds per cubic foot and not more than 35 pounds per cubic foot.
The inspiration to use expanded polystyrene as top dressing came from a recycling problem which greenhouses are presently struggling witlc. Every greenhouse has a disposal problem with used expanded polystyrene seedling containers. It was discovered., however, that the problem of recycling the seedling containers to turn them into top dressing was not as straightforward as had been hoped. Expanded polystyrene foam has a density of approximately 2 pounds per cubic foot. Simply grinding up the expanded polystyrene foam seedling containers to form grit was not workable. The polystyrene foam grit was too light in weight. The top dressing blew away in even a light wind and was washed away by water from automated sprinkler systems. The polystyrene foam can be reprocessed back to polystyrene by application of heat and pressure. However, polystyrene has a density of approximately 60 pounds per cubic foot. This was still viewed as being too heavy for handling.
In order to arrive at the expanded polystyrene grit, as described above, measures had 2 0 to be taken to densify the exyanded polystyrene foam material to a density range of not less than 10 pounds per cubic foor~ and not more than 35 pounds per cubic foot, which was found to be best suited for a top dressing application. The expanded polystyrene foam was then ground to form grit and screened to provide a relatively consistent particular size and shape.
In trials, it was determined that an optimum density is between 15 pounds per cubic foot and 2 5 25 pounds per cubic foot. A number of further advantages to the use of such expanded polystyrene top dressing were determined, as will be hereinafter further described.
ERIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other features of the invention will become more apparent from the 3 0 following description in which reference is made to the appended drawings, the drawings are for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to in any way limit the scope of the invention to the particular embodiment or embodiments shown, wherein:
The FIGURE is a pt.°ocessing flow diagram illustrating the manufacture and use of the top dressing in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIGN ~F TIIE PREFERRED ElVI~UDIlVIENT
The preferred embodiment, a top dressing for seedling containers generally identified by reference numeral 10, will now be described with reference to the FIGURE.
Referring to the FIGURE, there is provided a top dressing 10 for seedling containers 12.
Top dressing 10 includes particles 14 of expanded polystyrene having a density of not less than 10 pounds per cubic foot; and not more than 35 pounds per cubic foot.
Research was conducted to determine what range of density was suitable, for a top dressing application. It was determined that less than 10 pounds per cubic foot v~ras too light and was prorye to being washed or blown away. It was determined that over 35 pounds per cubic foot was too heavy for the seedlings and created handling problems for nursery personnel.
The optimum density was determined to be within a narrower range of not less than 15 pounds per cubic foot and not more than 25 po~,mds per cubic foot. Top dressing 10 has a minimum particle size of not less than 1 mm and a maximum particle size ofd not more than 4.5.
In the illustrated embodiment, the source of the expanded polystyrene is recycled material recovered from used seedling trays 16. As illustrated in The FIGURE, used seedling trays 16 are collected and melted down. The melted material 18 is then cooled and ground up into particles 14. Particles 14 are then passed through a filter screen 20 to ensure 2 5 that particles 14 less than 1 rnm and a larger than 4.5 are removed.
Particles 14 ~~hich pass through screen 20 can then be used as top dressing 10 for seedling containers 12. Particles which are unable to pass through screen 20 are viewed as being unsuitable.
Particles which are deemed to be too small are removed for the purpose of reducing annoying dust. A small amount of dust is not detrimental; as it does not form a cementing crust, as is the case with 3 0 granite grit dust. This is an important attribute of the material, because 100% dust removal is not usually practical.
Advantages:
The following have been found to be advantages associated with use of tap dressing 10 as described above:
(a) Optimum density resulting in a good stable top dressing without the exce:9s weight.
(b) Particles of polystyrene are non abrasive and therefore present no problem to nursery equipment.
(c) Any fine particles or dust do not cement together as a result of watering and therefore there is no crust formed to interfere with germination.
(d) The top dressing produced from EPS in the density range of 20 to 25 lbslft has sufficient insulation value that it acts as a buffer to intense heat.
eliminates the problem of the granite grit which absorb heat and burns the delicate stem o~the new seedling.
(e) Preliminary growing trials suggest there is a 3 to 4 day saving in germination time 2 0 when using this new top dressing vs. using conventional granite grit. The reasons for this are not entirely understood at this time however the result is very significant to the grower.
In the first part of the production process the EPS foam is compressed and densified. To accomplish this the material temperature is raised to the melting temperature 2 5 of polystyrene. This high temperature exposure inherently results in a more sterile product than conventional granite grit.
(g) Easier thinning of seedlings has emerged as an unexpected benefit.
Granite; grit top dressing results in a dark background colour and it is not easy to see the number of 3 0 seedlings in one cavity. On the other hand our new top dressing gives a perfect background colour for this purpose and so the thinning job can be done faster and with minimum eye strain.
(h) Tree seedling nurserie:~ who use seedling containers manufactured from expandable 5 polystyrene are concerned about the disposal of used containers in an environmentally sensitive manner. The scrap EPS to be densified and processed into this new top dressing will be primarily "used and discarded" seedling containers from the nursery operation.
This concept has been a major driving force in the development of this new top dressing because it simultaneously solves a major disposal problem which has plagued the nursery 1 C industry. This is a problem which becomes more acute with each passing year as production capacity increases and at the same time disposal problems become more of an enviromnental issue. Turning the scrap seedling containers into a top dressing matexial to be used in the same nursery has obvious logistical and economic benefits. The process equipment for converting the used seedling containers into top dressing will be xr~obile and therefore can be moved as required to locations where large quantities of used seedling containers have accumulated. The location where seedling containers are used is of course the same location where the top dressing is xequired.
2 G (i) The production of the; new top dressing material by this method is a controlled manufacturing process. This means that there will be a consistency in the product which will be a great benefit to the nursery. Lack of consistency from batch to batch and from year to year has been a recurring complaint of nurseries using granite grit.
In this patent doctunent, the word "comprising" is used in its non-limiting sense to mean that items following th.e word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded. A reference to an element by the indefinite article "a" does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the element is present, unless the context clearly requires 3 C that there be one and only one of the elements.
Top dressing for seedling containers FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a top dressing for seedling containers and, in particular, seedling containers used by greenhouses.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Granite grit has been used as a top dressing for container grown tree seedlings since the beginning of commercial container growing some 3~ years ago. Granite grit represents a significant annual input cost to the seedling nurseries. Many problems have been identified over the years with the use of granite grit and as commercial tree seedling nurseries have become largez-, more automated, and generally more sophisticated., these problems caused by the granite grit top dressing have become more evident.
Some of these problems are that the granite grit is heavy, approximately 90 lbs/ft, this results in handling problems and worker complaints such as back injuries.
Furthermore, because of the very abrasive nature of the grit particles there is significant 2 0 wear and abrasion of machinery on the seeding assembly line. Another problem that arises is that the fine particles and dust which are an inherent part of the granite grit result in a "cementing crust" when subjected to normal misting in the germination of seedlings. This cementing crust results in decreased germination. The dust also results in allergy problems for some nursery workers. It :has also been found that in the hot part of the day granite grit 2 5 will in some instances absorb enough heat to raise its temperature to a level that will burn the stem of the seedlings This effect can result in reduced yield of viable seedlings.
SUMMARY OF THE INVF,NTION
What is required is a top dressing that can substitute for granite grit without some or 3 0 all of the disadvantages inherent in granite grit.
According to the present invention there is provided a top dressing for seedling containers which consists of particles of expanded polystyrene having a density of not less than 10 pounds per cubic foot and not more than 35 pounds per cubic foot.
The inspiration to use expanded polystyrene as top dressing came from a recycling problem which greenhouses are presently struggling witlc. Every greenhouse has a disposal problem with used expanded polystyrene seedling containers. It was discovered., however, that the problem of recycling the seedling containers to turn them into top dressing was not as straightforward as had been hoped. Expanded polystyrene foam has a density of approximately 2 pounds per cubic foot. Simply grinding up the expanded polystyrene foam seedling containers to form grit was not workable. The polystyrene foam grit was too light in weight. The top dressing blew away in even a light wind and was washed away by water from automated sprinkler systems. The polystyrene foam can be reprocessed back to polystyrene by application of heat and pressure. However, polystyrene has a density of approximately 60 pounds per cubic foot. This was still viewed as being too heavy for handling.
In order to arrive at the expanded polystyrene grit, as described above, measures had 2 0 to be taken to densify the exyanded polystyrene foam material to a density range of not less than 10 pounds per cubic foor~ and not more than 35 pounds per cubic foot, which was found to be best suited for a top dressing application. The expanded polystyrene foam was then ground to form grit and screened to provide a relatively consistent particular size and shape.
In trials, it was determined that an optimum density is between 15 pounds per cubic foot and 2 5 25 pounds per cubic foot. A number of further advantages to the use of such expanded polystyrene top dressing were determined, as will be hereinafter further described.
ERIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other features of the invention will become more apparent from the 3 0 following description in which reference is made to the appended drawings, the drawings are for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to in any way limit the scope of the invention to the particular embodiment or embodiments shown, wherein:
The FIGURE is a pt.°ocessing flow diagram illustrating the manufacture and use of the top dressing in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIGN ~F TIIE PREFERRED ElVI~UDIlVIENT
The preferred embodiment, a top dressing for seedling containers generally identified by reference numeral 10, will now be described with reference to the FIGURE.
Referring to the FIGURE, there is provided a top dressing 10 for seedling containers 12.
Top dressing 10 includes particles 14 of expanded polystyrene having a density of not less than 10 pounds per cubic foot; and not more than 35 pounds per cubic foot.
Research was conducted to determine what range of density was suitable, for a top dressing application. It was determined that less than 10 pounds per cubic foot v~ras too light and was prorye to being washed or blown away. It was determined that over 35 pounds per cubic foot was too heavy for the seedlings and created handling problems for nursery personnel.
The optimum density was determined to be within a narrower range of not less than 15 pounds per cubic foot and not more than 25 po~,mds per cubic foot. Top dressing 10 has a minimum particle size of not less than 1 mm and a maximum particle size ofd not more than 4.5.
In the illustrated embodiment, the source of the expanded polystyrene is recycled material recovered from used seedling trays 16. As illustrated in The FIGURE, used seedling trays 16 are collected and melted down. The melted material 18 is then cooled and ground up into particles 14. Particles 14 are then passed through a filter screen 20 to ensure 2 5 that particles 14 less than 1 rnm and a larger than 4.5 are removed.
Particles 14 ~~hich pass through screen 20 can then be used as top dressing 10 for seedling containers 12. Particles which are unable to pass through screen 20 are viewed as being unsuitable.
Particles which are deemed to be too small are removed for the purpose of reducing annoying dust. A small amount of dust is not detrimental; as it does not form a cementing crust, as is the case with 3 0 granite grit dust. This is an important attribute of the material, because 100% dust removal is not usually practical.
Advantages:
The following have been found to be advantages associated with use of tap dressing 10 as described above:
(a) Optimum density resulting in a good stable top dressing without the exce:9s weight.
(b) Particles of polystyrene are non abrasive and therefore present no problem to nursery equipment.
(c) Any fine particles or dust do not cement together as a result of watering and therefore there is no crust formed to interfere with germination.
(d) The top dressing produced from EPS in the density range of 20 to 25 lbslft has sufficient insulation value that it acts as a buffer to intense heat.
eliminates the problem of the granite grit which absorb heat and burns the delicate stem o~the new seedling.
(e) Preliminary growing trials suggest there is a 3 to 4 day saving in germination time 2 0 when using this new top dressing vs. using conventional granite grit. The reasons for this are not entirely understood at this time however the result is very significant to the grower.
In the first part of the production process the EPS foam is compressed and densified. To accomplish this the material temperature is raised to the melting temperature 2 5 of polystyrene. This high temperature exposure inherently results in a more sterile product than conventional granite grit.
(g) Easier thinning of seedlings has emerged as an unexpected benefit.
Granite; grit top dressing results in a dark background colour and it is not easy to see the number of 3 0 seedlings in one cavity. On the other hand our new top dressing gives a perfect background colour for this purpose and so the thinning job can be done faster and with minimum eye strain.
(h) Tree seedling nurserie:~ who use seedling containers manufactured from expandable 5 polystyrene are concerned about the disposal of used containers in an environmentally sensitive manner. The scrap EPS to be densified and processed into this new top dressing will be primarily "used and discarded" seedling containers from the nursery operation.
This concept has been a major driving force in the development of this new top dressing because it simultaneously solves a major disposal problem which has plagued the nursery 1 C industry. This is a problem which becomes more acute with each passing year as production capacity increases and at the same time disposal problems become more of an enviromnental issue. Turning the scrap seedling containers into a top dressing matexial to be used in the same nursery has obvious logistical and economic benefits. The process equipment for converting the used seedling containers into top dressing will be xr~obile and therefore can be moved as required to locations where large quantities of used seedling containers have accumulated. The location where seedling containers are used is of course the same location where the top dressing is xequired.
2 G (i) The production of the; new top dressing material by this method is a controlled manufacturing process. This means that there will be a consistency in the product which will be a great benefit to the nursery. Lack of consistency from batch to batch and from year to year has been a recurring complaint of nurseries using granite grit.
In this patent doctunent, the word "comprising" is used in its non-limiting sense to mean that items following th.e word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded. A reference to an element by the indefinite article "a" does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the element is present, unless the context clearly requires 3 C that there be one and only one of the elements.
It will be apparent to one spilled in the art that modifications may be rr~ade to the illustrated embodiment without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as hereinafter defined in the Claims.
Claims (6)
1. A top dressing for seedling containers, comprising:
particles of expanded polystyrene having a density of not less than 10 pounds per cubic foot and not more than 35 pounds per cubic foot.
particles of expanded polystyrene having a density of not less than 10 pounds per cubic foot and not more than 35 pounds per cubic foot.
2. The top dressing as defined in Claim 1, wherein the density is within a narrower range of not less than 15 pounds per cubic foot and not more than 25 pounds per cubic foot.
3. The top dressing as defined in Claim 1, wherein the source of the expanded polystyrene is recycled material recovered from used seedling trays.
4. The top dressing as defined in Claim 1, wherein the top dressing has a maximum particle size of not more than 4.5 mm.
5. A top dressing for seedling containers, comprising:
particles of expanded polystyrene having a density of not less than 15 pounds per cubic foot and not more than 25 pounds per cubic foot, a minimum particle size of at least 1 mm and a maximum particle size of not more than 4.5 mm.
particles of expanded polystyrene having a density of not less than 15 pounds per cubic foot and not more than 25 pounds per cubic foot, a minimum particle size of at least 1 mm and a maximum particle size of not more than 4.5 mm.
6. The top dressing as defined in Claim 5, wherein the source of the expanded polystyrene is recycled material recovered from used seedling trays.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2435144A CA2435144C (en) | 2003-07-15 | 2003-07-15 | Top dressing for seedling containers |
| US10/860,218 US20050011117A1 (en) | 2003-07-15 | 2004-06-03 | Top dressing for seedling containers |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2435144A CA2435144C (en) | 2003-07-15 | 2003-07-15 | Top dressing for seedling containers |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2435144A1 CA2435144A1 (en) | 2005-01-15 |
| CA2435144C true CA2435144C (en) | 2010-06-15 |
Family
ID=33569540
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2435144A Expired - Lifetime CA2435144C (en) | 2003-07-15 | 2003-07-15 | Top dressing for seedling containers |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20050011117A1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2435144C (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES2559103B1 (en) * | 2015-11-06 | 2016-11-16 | Plasticos Flome, S.L. | Seedbed perfected |
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| USRE25438E (en) * | 1963-08-27 | Process for the growing and rooting of | ||
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| US3607999A (en) * | 1969-06-19 | 1971-09-21 | Dow Chemical Co | Foam scrap recovery and apparatus |
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| US3795633A (en) * | 1971-12-17 | 1974-03-05 | Ford Motor Co | Recovery of thermoplastic foam |
| US3859404A (en) * | 1972-10-19 | 1975-01-07 | Arco Polymers Inc | Densifying plastic foam scrap |
| US4153207A (en) * | 1973-02-22 | 1979-05-08 | Manlio Cerroni | Plant for the continuous production of paper-pulp from solid urban waste |
| US4144672A (en) * | 1977-02-09 | 1979-03-20 | Jack Lazarus | Expanded plastic plant container with break-away bottom |
| DE2759113C2 (en) * | 1977-12-30 | 1979-05-17 | J.M. Voith Gmbh, 7920 Heidenheim | Process and system for processing waste paper |
| LU84277A1 (en) * | 1982-07-16 | 1984-03-22 | Synfina Sa | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REDENSIFICATION OF THERMOPLASTIC RESIN FOAM |
| JPS59115811A (en) * | 1982-12-23 | 1984-07-04 | Toyo Rubber Chem Ind Co Ltd | Reclaiming method of resin |
| LU84601A1 (en) * | 1983-01-24 | 1984-10-24 | Sba Chimie Societe Anonyme | PROCESS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR CONDITIONING FLOORS |
| AT387042B (en) * | 1986-04-16 | 1988-11-25 | Andritz Ag Maschf | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR APPLYING EXTERNAL SOLIDS FROM FABRIC LOOSES |
| DE3614324A1 (en) * | 1986-04-28 | 1987-10-29 | Organ Faser Technology Co | METHOD FOR SEPARATION IN FRACTIONS OF A HETEROGENIC AMOUNT OF SOLID MATERIAL, AND DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THE METHOD |
| DE3614325A1 (en) * | 1986-04-28 | 1987-10-29 | Organ Faser Technology Co | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PROCESSING HOUSEHOLD, COMMERCIAL AND OTHER SIMILAR DISEASE |
| US4844351A (en) * | 1988-03-21 | 1989-07-04 | Holloway Clifford C | Method for separation, recovery, and recycling of plastics from municipal solid waste |
| US5060870A (en) * | 1989-07-07 | 1991-10-29 | Wte Corporation | Polystyrene recycling process |
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| US5147894A (en) * | 1990-02-12 | 1992-09-15 | General Electric Co. | Polyphenylene oxide-recycled polystyrene composition and method |
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| CA2051173A1 (en) * | 1990-09-13 | 1992-03-14 | Takeji Suzuki | Artificial soil and process for producing the same |
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-
2003
- 2003-07-15 CA CA2435144A patent/CA2435144C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2004
- 2004-06-03 US US10/860,218 patent/US20050011117A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2435144A1 (en) | 2005-01-15 |
| US20050011117A1 (en) | 2005-01-20 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKEX | Expiry |
Effective date: 20230717 |