CA1147906A - Pool construction - Google Patents
Pool constructionInfo
- Publication number
- CA1147906A CA1147906A CA000372492A CA372492A CA1147906A CA 1147906 A CA1147906 A CA 1147906A CA 000372492 A CA000372492 A CA 000372492A CA 372492 A CA372492 A CA 372492A CA 1147906 A CA1147906 A CA 1147906A
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- Prior art keywords
- wall
- wall panels
- edge
- coping
- panels
- Prior art date
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
A method and apparatus for construction of liquid retaining structures such as swimming pools comprising a plurality of wall panels aligned at their bottom edges by brackets and at their top edges by preformed coping members, the structure reinforced by a tensioning cable retained around an outer edge of the coping members. The structure has a concrete floor and the wall panels are reinforced by an exterior layer of concrete.
A method and apparatus for construction of liquid retaining structures such as swimming pools comprising a plurality of wall panels aligned at their bottom edges by brackets and at their top edges by preformed coping members, the structure reinforced by a tensioning cable retained around an outer edge of the coping members. The structure has a concrete floor and the wall panels are reinforced by an exterior layer of concrete.
Description
POOL CONSTRUCTION
The present invention relates to water containers and in particular, but not exclusively, to a prefabricated or semi-prefabricated swimming pool.
There are basically two general forms of prefabricated swimming pool available, the rigid fibreglass pool, which is supported in an excavation, and the liner-type pool which commonly takes the form of an above-ground pool having upstanding peripheral walls lined with a waterproof liner and supported by a frame. Such prefabricated pools are normally manufactured to a particular shape and this shape cannot be easily varied. In the case of prefabricated below-ground pools such as fibreglass pools, if variations are required, then different moulds have to be provided for each variation. As the production of such moulds is expensive it is difficult for a manufacturer to provide a range of different shaped pools. Accordingly if a person requires a non-standard pool, then usually it would be custom made or alternatively the person may select a concrete pool which may be shaped to his requirements, but of course both of these alternatives are more costly in comparison with standard prefabricated pools.
; Further, conventional liner-type pools require a substantial amount of buttressing to support the walls from collapsing inwardly due to ground pressure in-the absence of water in the pool or alternatively to support against expansion outwardly when the pool is filled with water and particularly when the pool walls are fully or partly above ground level. Also as it is often desirable to keep the number of buttresses to aminimum in view of constructional costs; the pool walls between buttresses are long in respect to their height and accordingly require strengthening and/or reinforcing to withstand the working pressures along their length. Thus the need for strong walls tends to preclude the use of lightweight and less costly materials in the ~k -la-construction of the pool.
United States Patent No. 2,902,157 discloses a thin walled reinforced concrete prefabricated swimming pool shell. Unitary or longitudinally split shell constructions are described in which hollow conduits are cast into thewall structure perimetrally of the pool and laterally of the pool with the conduit passing transversely within the floor and vertically within the side walls.
Tensile members are slidingly located within the wall and are post-stressed by a threaded nut on the ends of the tensile members to provide a substantial multidirectionàl dynamic compressive force within the structure to prevent cracking during transportation and use. The tensile members are tensioned by providing a substantial torque lS of 90ft.lb. to the tensioning nuts. The main disadvantages of such a system are that a very large mould i5 required for each pool shape thus mitigating against freedon of choice for a pool customer and further the high costs of transportation and likely damage during transportation.
United States Patent No. 2,864,098 describes a structure comprising a plurality of interconnected wall panels forming a continuous arched construction. The wall panels include outwardly facing flanges on their upper lower and side edges, the side flanges permitting adjacent wall panels to be bolted together. A membrane liner is located within the perimeter of the wall with its upper edge clamped between the top flanges of the wall panels and coping members resting thereon. The coping members are located atop the wall structure by a centrally located groove and are brought into compression by a tensile member located on the outside edge of the coping members to form a substantially continuous coping. It is the assembly of wall panels presenting the continuous arched construction which resists external forces and the solid packing of backfillwhich resists internal forces. The ~79()6 ~ -lb-coping member, not being rigidly interlocked with the wall of the pool, does not contribute to the strength of the structure to any great extent. The pur-pose of the cable arranged about the outside edge of the coping members is only to hold the coping members together.
French Patent No. 2,288,201 which was published on May 14, 1976, in the name of Durack ~ Beattie describes a construction similar in principle to that described in United States Patent No. 2,864,098. The constructions both employ interlocking wall panels and the membrane liner is retained in position by placing the upper edge of the liner over the top of the wall panels and clamping it between the coping members and the wall panels. Similarly~ a tensile member is arranged about the coping members to lock them together.
The construction of French Patent No. 2,288,201 differs slightly in that when the coping members are locked together, this serves to lock the wall panels together, All of the above constructions suffer two major disadvantages. Firstly, all require a continuous arched structure which resists externally applied forces by placing the wall structure in compression. Thus any discontinui~y in the continuous arched structure i.e. a long straight wall or an inwardly directed curve ~concave) cannot be placed in compression to resist both internally and externally applied forces. As used in this specification the expressions "internally" and "externally" applied forces relate respectively to an outwardly directed force applied by a body of water in the pool and an in-wardly directed force applied by the surrounding earth structure. Further the expressions "concave" and "convex" relating to curve direction of a pool peri-meter, coping member or wall member, relate respectively to axes of curvature located outwardly and inwardly of the pool structure.
Secondly, the other main disadvantage concerns ~3 ~79~3~
-lc-the means of securing a membrane liner within the pool structure. In both French Patent No. 2,288,201 and United States Patent No. 2,864,098, the liner is placed in position within the pool and is at least partially filled with water before the coping members are placed on top of the outer wall. During this time backfill must be added carefully to support the force applied by the water in the pool but great care must be taken to prevent inward collapse of the wall. Further, once positioned and clamped in place by the coping members it is almost impossible to make slight adjustments to compensate for stretch or wrinkling. Removal of the liner for repair or replacement requires removal of the coping members. While the pool is empty and the coping members are not in place, it is necessary, with the structure of French Patent No. 2,288,201 at least, to support the walls against inward collapse.
It is an aim of the present invention to provide a 11~79(~6 method and apparatus for the construction of a liquid retaining structure adaptable to a wide variety of shapes and sizes and which permits rapid and economical yet sturdy and durable construction while retaining an aesthetically pleasing appearance.
According to one embodiment of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for constructing - a liquid retaining structure with at least one concave curve in an outer perimeter, said structure comprising:-a plurality of wall panels adapted for edge to edge engagement;
lower retaining means for retaining the lower edges of said panels in desired edge to edge alignment;
retention means for releasably securing a membrane liner to an inner face of said wall panels adjacent the upper portions thereof; and, a plurality of preformed coping members adapted to engage the upper edges of said wall panels to retain said wall panels in desired edge to edge alignment;
said coping members adapted to support a tensile member adjacent the upper edge of said wall panels such that in use when said tensile member undergoes tension as a result of inwardly or outwardly directed forces on said wall panels, said coping members act in compression as a substantially continuous beam to withstand flexure from said inwardly or outwardly directed forces on said wall panels.
Preferably the wall panels comprise fibre reinforced concrete and most preferably comprise FIBRESTEEL
(Regd. Trade Mark) reinforced concrete.
Preferably the lower retaining means comprises a channel sectioned member, most preferably of galvanized iron.
Preferably the coping members are provided with an aperture to engage the upper edges of said wall panels and most preferably, the aperture is tapered inwardly to permit firm frictional engagement with the upper edges of said panels.
Preferably said wall members and said coping ~, :~47906 members are formed in a plurality of complementary lateral cross-sectional shapes including straight section, concave curves and convex curves to permit construction of liquid retain~ng structures selected from a wide variety of perimetral shapes.
Preferably one or more of said coping members includes a hollow aperture extending lengthwise thereof to support a tensioning means.
Preferably the tensioning means comprises a steel cable arranged about an outer wall of said coping members adjacent the upper edges of said wall panels and most preferably is retained in a desired position by brackets extending between adjacent edges of said coping members.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a liquid retaining structure comprising:-a plurality of preformed wall panels arranged in edge to edge relationship to form on a base a wall member of predetermined shape with at least one concave curve in an outer perimeter;
said wall panels being maintained in a desired abutting edge to edge relationship at their respective lower edges by lower retaining means and at their respective upper edges by a plurality of preformed coping members;
a membrane l;ner releasably secured within said structure by liner retention means attached to an inner face of said wall member adjacent an upper edge thereof; and, a tensile member associated with said coping members adjacent the upper edges of said wall member such that in use said tensile member undergoes tension as a result of inwardly or outwardly directed forces on said wall member, said coping members act in compression as a substantially continuous beam to withstand flexure from said inwardly and outwardly directed forces on said wall member.
Preferably said liquid retaining structure is formed within a cavity in the ground and most preferably ,-- , ~479~6 ~ -4-concrete is cast between the outer surface of the wall member and the cavity wall.
Preferably the liquid retaining structure includes a concrete floor cast within the wall member.
S Preferably the floor is formed with a conca~e depression.
Preferably the liquid retaining structure includes a liquid impervious membrane releasably retained by retaining means adjacent the upper part of the wall member.
Preferably the structure includes means for evacuating the space between the membrane and the wall and ~loor members.
Preferably the structure includes mea~s for removal of liquid accumulated between the membrane and the wall member.
In yet a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for the construction of a liquid retaining structure comprising:-arranging a plurality of preformed wall panels to form a substantially continuous wall member of pre-determined perimetral shape with at least one concave curve therein;
retaining the lower edges of said wall panels in desired edge to edge relationshipwith lower retaining means;
retaining the upper edges of said wall panels in desired edge to edge relationship with coping members of complementary lateral cross-sectional shape;
securing to an inner face of said wall member adjacent the upper edge thereof a liner retention means for releasably securing a membrane liner within said structure;
retainably positioning a tensile member in association with said coping members adjacent the upper edge of said wall panels whereby in use said tensile member ~479(~6 -4~-undergoes tension as a result of inwardly or outwardly directed forces on said wall member, said coping members act in compression as a substantially continuous beam to withstand flexure from said inwardly and outwardly directed forces on said wall member.
Preferably said structure is formed within an excavation within a ground surface.
Preferably concrete is cast around the external perimeter of said structure.
Preferably a concrete floor is cast within the perimeter of said structure.
Preferably said floor is formed with a concave depression.
Preferably a water impervious membrane is arranged within said structure and releasably retained therein by a ` 1~479~6 retainin~ n~al~s ~rra~l-Jed a~jacent the upper ed~e of said wall panels.
Preferably the sL)~ce betweell the mem~rane and the inner wall and floor of the structure is evacuated prior to filling with liquid.
One particular embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the construction of in-yround swimming pools.
In th~ accompallying drawings, FIG.l illustrates ~lan and vertical cross-sectional views of a series of coping memb-ers the shading patterns on the plan views being incorporated merely to distinyuish the coping sections in FIGS. 12-19 as hereinafter describ~d.
FIG. 2 illustrates plan and vertical CI`OSS-sectional views of wall panels;
FIG. 3 illustrates a lower retaininc3 member;
FIG. 4 illustrates a cable support bracket;
FIG. 5 illustrates a membrane retaining member;
E'IG. 6 illustrates the wall structure of a swimming pool under construction;
FIG. 7 illustrates a partially completed pool structure;
FIG. 8 illustrates the structure of a step out;
FIG. 9 illustrates a completed, tiled step out;
FIG. 10 illustrates an auxilliary membrane retain-ing member;
FIG. 11 illustrates the construction of a spa unit;
FIGS. 12-19 illustrate a number of pool shapes which may be constructed in aecordance with the invention;
FIGS. 20 and 21 illustrate alternative methods of finishi,ng the upper surface o~ the coping sections.
In FIG. 1 (enlarged), coping section la is formed as a straight section from reinforced concrete. In cross section it is formed in essentially a "T" shape with face 1 formed essentially at a right angle to upper surface 2.
The aperture 3 is formed with an outwardly sloping face 4 to permit close frictional engagement with a wall ~479()Ç;
~, panel (not shown).
Coping sectior~ lb is essentially identical to la except tilat the rear or outwardly facing portion is Eormed as a solid section without the recess shown in la A hollow aperture 5 extends lengthwise of coping section lb to support a tensioniny cable (not shown). The position of the hollow aperture 5 corresponds with the boundary of the two faces forming the recess in the rear of section la.
Coping section lc is shaL~ed to permit access to a conventional skimmer box and includes an access aperture 6 and a cut-away portion 7 defining the upper part of a skimmer box openiny through a wall member.
Coping sections ld, le, 1f and lg illustrate a "fast" curve, a "slow" curve, a "spa" curve and an inverted "step out" curve, the purpose of which will be described later.
FIG. 2 illustrates plan and vertical cross-sectional views of various wall menlbers from which it may be seen that the wall members are available as a standard height or as ~0 fractional heights.
FIG. 2a illustrates an enlarged view of the upper edge of a wall panel showing an inwardly facing rebate 11 for attachment of a membrane liner retaining member (not shown). Adjacent the upper vertical edges of the wall panel are positioned holes 12 which permit the adjacent edges of wall panels to be temporarily held together with a wire tie.
FIGS. 2c - 2g illustrate respectively a "fast"
curve, a "slow" curve, an inverted "fast"curve, a "spa" curve and an inverted "step out" curve.
FIG. 2h illustrates a wall sectioll with skimmer box fitting attached.
FIG. 3 illustrates a lower retaining member 13 for retaining the lower edyes of the wall panels together in parallel face to face relationship.
FIG. 4 illustrates a tensioniny cable retaining 1~7906 bracket 14 comprisil-~g an upright leg 15 and a right angled flange 16 extendiny therefrom. A terlsioning cable aperture 17 is provided in leg 15.
FIG. 5 illustrates a membrane retaining member comprising extruded sections 18 and 19 of plastics material.
Section 18 is adapted to he affixed to a wall panel and a portion of membrane folded over upstanding leg 20 is releasably secured thereto by section 19.
The construction of a swimming pool according to the invention will now be described with reference to FIG. 6.
Having selected a suitable site, an excavation 21 of slightly larger dimensions than the required pool size is made in the yround. The floor of the pool is shaped as a smooth convex depression 22 within the perimeter of the excavation. The wall panels 23 are set vertically in the excavation, side hy side, and are temporarily held together by wire twitches 24 through preformed holes 12 in the side edge portions of the panels. At each junction of succeeding panels, the two panels are supported on concrete blocks 25 and located in a galvanized iron base bracket 13 fitting loosely under the joint.
One of the wall panels is formed, near to its top, with a rectangular aperture in which is fixed a skimmer extension throat, to enable a skimmer box and return fittings to be installed.
With the wall panels installed and levelled as required with some pieces of, for example, fibro-cement between their bottoms and their supports, coping sections of corresponding curvature are set in place.
The coping sections are arranged to overlap the edge joins of the wall panels and the inwardly tapered groove therein ensures accurate face to face location of the wall panels. Prior to positioning the coping sections, the upper and outer portior~s of the wall panels are coated with adhesive grout. The adhesive mixture is used also in ~79~)6 vertical joints between coping pieces, and in each joint there is cemented a cable bracket 14 which may be of galvanized sheet steel with a top flange 16 bearing on one coping piece, the lower part of the bracket having a hole 15 located at the junction of the coping piece top and the outside face of the downward projection. A cable is passed about the coping pieces and through the apertures of the cable brackets and is tensioned by the use of a turnbuckle or the like. Certain coping pieces, including any that may be made with a reverse curve, convex when viewed from within the pool, are made with holes 5 through them from end to end to receive the cable, the cable brackets being omitted.
FIG. 7 illustrates a partially completed pool in which a vacuum pipe is insta]led which may suitably include an elbow 24 with one end opening into the pool through a hole at or near the bottom of one wall panel, its other end connected to an upright pipe 25 to the outside of the panel, the top of this pipe being connected, through a further elbow 26, to one end of a discharge pipe 27 below the coping and inclining down towards its other end. The purpose of the vacuum pipe is to faciliate the positioning of the pool liner membrane and to allow for discharge of any water which may find its way between the liner and the pool interior.
Water seeping inwardly via hydrostatic valve 28 from surrounding ground is forced up to the perimetral join between the poo7 wall and floor and is discharged by a siphon action via pipe 27.
The hydrostatic valve simply comprises a tube 28 extending from a drainage pit 29 beneath the pool floor.
A concrete bottom 30 is laid for the pool and is trowelled smooth, and concrete is also poured between the wall panels and the excavation.
A liner retaining section 18 as illustrated in FIG.
5 of any suitable material such as plastics is riveted to the upper inside parts of the wall panels, within the rebates 1~79~6 thereof, the sectiorl corlsisting of a flat upriyht section which is rive~ed adjacent its lower edge flat against the rebated section ll oL wall panels the upper edge being retained in the tapere(i api~rture 3 of the coping section.
A membrane linel, preferLlh]y vinyl, for the pool has its upper edge portion folded over a liner retaining strip 19 which is of inverted-cilanl-lel form, the excess liner portion hanging down outside the main part of the liner wall.
The retaininy strip 19, with part of tlle liner wrapped about it, is hooked into engagement with the channel of the liner retaining extrusion, the overhang of the excess liner being adjusted to suit the pool and to ensure that the seam where the wall of the liner joins the liner bot-tom is correctly located. A particular àdvantaye associated with this liner retention means is that not only does it firmly retain the liner edge in position by a self-locking action, but the retention means is readily releasable to allow adjustment of tension on the liner material e.g. to take up stretch or to reduce tension.
A vacuum pump connected to the pipe 27 is used to withdraw air from between the liner and the pool bottom and sides before the pool is filled with water.
A pool may be made with a step out section as illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9 by using reduced height wall panels for one section of the lower part of the pool wall, and shallow wall panels, including panels reversed for inverted curves, above the level of this lower wall section, to result in a sllallow outward extension of the poolstruct~re, this outward extension being provided with a concrete floor and a coping. The vinyl liner has a part cut away at the opening to the step Ollt section, the edge of the opening formed in the liner being secured to th~ pool wall panels with the auxilliary re~aining member 30 illustrated in FIG. 10. The functioo of the auxilliary retaining mel~er is similar to that oL the main liner retaining member of ~L~479~6 FIG. 5 in that it is riveted to the edye of the ste~ out opening throuyh the lower channel 31 and the edge of the liner is retained in the u~,pèr channel 32 by forcing in-sert 33 and the liner thereinto. Excess liner material is then trimmed away and tiles and any appropriate sealing means are provided a1ong the bottom and sides and the entry of the step out section to the main part of the pool as illustrated in llG. 9.
If rec3uired a spa may also be formed at the perimeter of the pool as shown in FIG. ll. A step out construction is formed as described above but an inner wall 34 is forrned to isol~--e the spa from the pool.
Naturally, the vinyl ~inel is not cut away at this region but continues around the inner wall of the pool. Instead of positioning a coping section on the upper part of wall 34, it may be tiled. A false floor 35 is provided with a plurality of apertures to permit air to enter the spa from a source of pressurized air 36. Inlet and outle-t orifices 37 are provided for circulation of heated water.
The present invention relates to water containers and in particular, but not exclusively, to a prefabricated or semi-prefabricated swimming pool.
There are basically two general forms of prefabricated swimming pool available, the rigid fibreglass pool, which is supported in an excavation, and the liner-type pool which commonly takes the form of an above-ground pool having upstanding peripheral walls lined with a waterproof liner and supported by a frame. Such prefabricated pools are normally manufactured to a particular shape and this shape cannot be easily varied. In the case of prefabricated below-ground pools such as fibreglass pools, if variations are required, then different moulds have to be provided for each variation. As the production of such moulds is expensive it is difficult for a manufacturer to provide a range of different shaped pools. Accordingly if a person requires a non-standard pool, then usually it would be custom made or alternatively the person may select a concrete pool which may be shaped to his requirements, but of course both of these alternatives are more costly in comparison with standard prefabricated pools.
; Further, conventional liner-type pools require a substantial amount of buttressing to support the walls from collapsing inwardly due to ground pressure in-the absence of water in the pool or alternatively to support against expansion outwardly when the pool is filled with water and particularly when the pool walls are fully or partly above ground level. Also as it is often desirable to keep the number of buttresses to aminimum in view of constructional costs; the pool walls between buttresses are long in respect to their height and accordingly require strengthening and/or reinforcing to withstand the working pressures along their length. Thus the need for strong walls tends to preclude the use of lightweight and less costly materials in the ~k -la-construction of the pool.
United States Patent No. 2,902,157 discloses a thin walled reinforced concrete prefabricated swimming pool shell. Unitary or longitudinally split shell constructions are described in which hollow conduits are cast into thewall structure perimetrally of the pool and laterally of the pool with the conduit passing transversely within the floor and vertically within the side walls.
Tensile members are slidingly located within the wall and are post-stressed by a threaded nut on the ends of the tensile members to provide a substantial multidirectionàl dynamic compressive force within the structure to prevent cracking during transportation and use. The tensile members are tensioned by providing a substantial torque lS of 90ft.lb. to the tensioning nuts. The main disadvantages of such a system are that a very large mould i5 required for each pool shape thus mitigating against freedon of choice for a pool customer and further the high costs of transportation and likely damage during transportation.
United States Patent No. 2,864,098 describes a structure comprising a plurality of interconnected wall panels forming a continuous arched construction. The wall panels include outwardly facing flanges on their upper lower and side edges, the side flanges permitting adjacent wall panels to be bolted together. A membrane liner is located within the perimeter of the wall with its upper edge clamped between the top flanges of the wall panels and coping members resting thereon. The coping members are located atop the wall structure by a centrally located groove and are brought into compression by a tensile member located on the outside edge of the coping members to form a substantially continuous coping. It is the assembly of wall panels presenting the continuous arched construction which resists external forces and the solid packing of backfillwhich resists internal forces. The ~79()6 ~ -lb-coping member, not being rigidly interlocked with the wall of the pool, does not contribute to the strength of the structure to any great extent. The pur-pose of the cable arranged about the outside edge of the coping members is only to hold the coping members together.
French Patent No. 2,288,201 which was published on May 14, 1976, in the name of Durack ~ Beattie describes a construction similar in principle to that described in United States Patent No. 2,864,098. The constructions both employ interlocking wall panels and the membrane liner is retained in position by placing the upper edge of the liner over the top of the wall panels and clamping it between the coping members and the wall panels. Similarly~ a tensile member is arranged about the coping members to lock them together.
The construction of French Patent No. 2,288,201 differs slightly in that when the coping members are locked together, this serves to lock the wall panels together, All of the above constructions suffer two major disadvantages. Firstly, all require a continuous arched structure which resists externally applied forces by placing the wall structure in compression. Thus any discontinui~y in the continuous arched structure i.e. a long straight wall or an inwardly directed curve ~concave) cannot be placed in compression to resist both internally and externally applied forces. As used in this specification the expressions "internally" and "externally" applied forces relate respectively to an outwardly directed force applied by a body of water in the pool and an in-wardly directed force applied by the surrounding earth structure. Further the expressions "concave" and "convex" relating to curve direction of a pool peri-meter, coping member or wall member, relate respectively to axes of curvature located outwardly and inwardly of the pool structure.
Secondly, the other main disadvantage concerns ~3 ~79~3~
-lc-the means of securing a membrane liner within the pool structure. In both French Patent No. 2,288,201 and United States Patent No. 2,864,098, the liner is placed in position within the pool and is at least partially filled with water before the coping members are placed on top of the outer wall. During this time backfill must be added carefully to support the force applied by the water in the pool but great care must be taken to prevent inward collapse of the wall. Further, once positioned and clamped in place by the coping members it is almost impossible to make slight adjustments to compensate for stretch or wrinkling. Removal of the liner for repair or replacement requires removal of the coping members. While the pool is empty and the coping members are not in place, it is necessary, with the structure of French Patent No. 2,288,201 at least, to support the walls against inward collapse.
It is an aim of the present invention to provide a 11~79(~6 method and apparatus for the construction of a liquid retaining structure adaptable to a wide variety of shapes and sizes and which permits rapid and economical yet sturdy and durable construction while retaining an aesthetically pleasing appearance.
According to one embodiment of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for constructing - a liquid retaining structure with at least one concave curve in an outer perimeter, said structure comprising:-a plurality of wall panels adapted for edge to edge engagement;
lower retaining means for retaining the lower edges of said panels in desired edge to edge alignment;
retention means for releasably securing a membrane liner to an inner face of said wall panels adjacent the upper portions thereof; and, a plurality of preformed coping members adapted to engage the upper edges of said wall panels to retain said wall panels in desired edge to edge alignment;
said coping members adapted to support a tensile member adjacent the upper edge of said wall panels such that in use when said tensile member undergoes tension as a result of inwardly or outwardly directed forces on said wall panels, said coping members act in compression as a substantially continuous beam to withstand flexure from said inwardly or outwardly directed forces on said wall panels.
Preferably the wall panels comprise fibre reinforced concrete and most preferably comprise FIBRESTEEL
(Regd. Trade Mark) reinforced concrete.
Preferably the lower retaining means comprises a channel sectioned member, most preferably of galvanized iron.
Preferably the coping members are provided with an aperture to engage the upper edges of said wall panels and most preferably, the aperture is tapered inwardly to permit firm frictional engagement with the upper edges of said panels.
Preferably said wall members and said coping ~, :~47906 members are formed in a plurality of complementary lateral cross-sectional shapes including straight section, concave curves and convex curves to permit construction of liquid retain~ng structures selected from a wide variety of perimetral shapes.
Preferably one or more of said coping members includes a hollow aperture extending lengthwise thereof to support a tensioning means.
Preferably the tensioning means comprises a steel cable arranged about an outer wall of said coping members adjacent the upper edges of said wall panels and most preferably is retained in a desired position by brackets extending between adjacent edges of said coping members.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a liquid retaining structure comprising:-a plurality of preformed wall panels arranged in edge to edge relationship to form on a base a wall member of predetermined shape with at least one concave curve in an outer perimeter;
said wall panels being maintained in a desired abutting edge to edge relationship at their respective lower edges by lower retaining means and at their respective upper edges by a plurality of preformed coping members;
a membrane l;ner releasably secured within said structure by liner retention means attached to an inner face of said wall member adjacent an upper edge thereof; and, a tensile member associated with said coping members adjacent the upper edges of said wall member such that in use said tensile member undergoes tension as a result of inwardly or outwardly directed forces on said wall member, said coping members act in compression as a substantially continuous beam to withstand flexure from said inwardly and outwardly directed forces on said wall member.
Preferably said liquid retaining structure is formed within a cavity in the ground and most preferably ,-- , ~479~6 ~ -4-concrete is cast between the outer surface of the wall member and the cavity wall.
Preferably the liquid retaining structure includes a concrete floor cast within the wall member.
S Preferably the floor is formed with a conca~e depression.
Preferably the liquid retaining structure includes a liquid impervious membrane releasably retained by retaining means adjacent the upper part of the wall member.
Preferably the structure includes means for evacuating the space between the membrane and the wall and ~loor members.
Preferably the structure includes mea~s for removal of liquid accumulated between the membrane and the wall member.
In yet a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for the construction of a liquid retaining structure comprising:-arranging a plurality of preformed wall panels to form a substantially continuous wall member of pre-determined perimetral shape with at least one concave curve therein;
retaining the lower edges of said wall panels in desired edge to edge relationshipwith lower retaining means;
retaining the upper edges of said wall panels in desired edge to edge relationship with coping members of complementary lateral cross-sectional shape;
securing to an inner face of said wall member adjacent the upper edge thereof a liner retention means for releasably securing a membrane liner within said structure;
retainably positioning a tensile member in association with said coping members adjacent the upper edge of said wall panels whereby in use said tensile member ~479(~6 -4~-undergoes tension as a result of inwardly or outwardly directed forces on said wall member, said coping members act in compression as a substantially continuous beam to withstand flexure from said inwardly and outwardly directed forces on said wall member.
Preferably said structure is formed within an excavation within a ground surface.
Preferably concrete is cast around the external perimeter of said structure.
Preferably a concrete floor is cast within the perimeter of said structure.
Preferably said floor is formed with a concave depression.
Preferably a water impervious membrane is arranged within said structure and releasably retained therein by a ` 1~479~6 retainin~ n~al~s ~rra~l-Jed a~jacent the upper ed~e of said wall panels.
Preferably the sL)~ce betweell the mem~rane and the inner wall and floor of the structure is evacuated prior to filling with liquid.
One particular embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the construction of in-yround swimming pools.
In th~ accompallying drawings, FIG.l illustrates ~lan and vertical cross-sectional views of a series of coping memb-ers the shading patterns on the plan views being incorporated merely to distinyuish the coping sections in FIGS. 12-19 as hereinafter describ~d.
FIG. 2 illustrates plan and vertical CI`OSS-sectional views of wall panels;
FIG. 3 illustrates a lower retaininc3 member;
FIG. 4 illustrates a cable support bracket;
FIG. 5 illustrates a membrane retaining member;
E'IG. 6 illustrates the wall structure of a swimming pool under construction;
FIG. 7 illustrates a partially completed pool structure;
FIG. 8 illustrates the structure of a step out;
FIG. 9 illustrates a completed, tiled step out;
FIG. 10 illustrates an auxilliary membrane retain-ing member;
FIG. 11 illustrates the construction of a spa unit;
FIGS. 12-19 illustrate a number of pool shapes which may be constructed in aecordance with the invention;
FIGS. 20 and 21 illustrate alternative methods of finishi,ng the upper surface o~ the coping sections.
In FIG. 1 (enlarged), coping section la is formed as a straight section from reinforced concrete. In cross section it is formed in essentially a "T" shape with face 1 formed essentially at a right angle to upper surface 2.
The aperture 3 is formed with an outwardly sloping face 4 to permit close frictional engagement with a wall ~479()Ç;
~, panel (not shown).
Coping sectior~ lb is essentially identical to la except tilat the rear or outwardly facing portion is Eormed as a solid section without the recess shown in la A hollow aperture 5 extends lengthwise of coping section lb to support a tensioniny cable (not shown). The position of the hollow aperture 5 corresponds with the boundary of the two faces forming the recess in the rear of section la.
Coping section lc is shaL~ed to permit access to a conventional skimmer box and includes an access aperture 6 and a cut-away portion 7 defining the upper part of a skimmer box openiny through a wall member.
Coping sections ld, le, 1f and lg illustrate a "fast" curve, a "slow" curve, a "spa" curve and an inverted "step out" curve, the purpose of which will be described later.
FIG. 2 illustrates plan and vertical cross-sectional views of various wall menlbers from which it may be seen that the wall members are available as a standard height or as ~0 fractional heights.
FIG. 2a illustrates an enlarged view of the upper edge of a wall panel showing an inwardly facing rebate 11 for attachment of a membrane liner retaining member (not shown). Adjacent the upper vertical edges of the wall panel are positioned holes 12 which permit the adjacent edges of wall panels to be temporarily held together with a wire tie.
FIGS. 2c - 2g illustrate respectively a "fast"
curve, a "slow" curve, an inverted "fast"curve, a "spa" curve and an inverted "step out" curve.
FIG. 2h illustrates a wall sectioll with skimmer box fitting attached.
FIG. 3 illustrates a lower retaining member 13 for retaining the lower edyes of the wall panels together in parallel face to face relationship.
FIG. 4 illustrates a tensioniny cable retaining 1~7906 bracket 14 comprisil-~g an upright leg 15 and a right angled flange 16 extendiny therefrom. A terlsioning cable aperture 17 is provided in leg 15.
FIG. 5 illustrates a membrane retaining member comprising extruded sections 18 and 19 of plastics material.
Section 18 is adapted to he affixed to a wall panel and a portion of membrane folded over upstanding leg 20 is releasably secured thereto by section 19.
The construction of a swimming pool according to the invention will now be described with reference to FIG. 6.
Having selected a suitable site, an excavation 21 of slightly larger dimensions than the required pool size is made in the yround. The floor of the pool is shaped as a smooth convex depression 22 within the perimeter of the excavation. The wall panels 23 are set vertically in the excavation, side hy side, and are temporarily held together by wire twitches 24 through preformed holes 12 in the side edge portions of the panels. At each junction of succeeding panels, the two panels are supported on concrete blocks 25 and located in a galvanized iron base bracket 13 fitting loosely under the joint.
One of the wall panels is formed, near to its top, with a rectangular aperture in which is fixed a skimmer extension throat, to enable a skimmer box and return fittings to be installed.
With the wall panels installed and levelled as required with some pieces of, for example, fibro-cement between their bottoms and their supports, coping sections of corresponding curvature are set in place.
The coping sections are arranged to overlap the edge joins of the wall panels and the inwardly tapered groove therein ensures accurate face to face location of the wall panels. Prior to positioning the coping sections, the upper and outer portior~s of the wall panels are coated with adhesive grout. The adhesive mixture is used also in ~79~)6 vertical joints between coping pieces, and in each joint there is cemented a cable bracket 14 which may be of galvanized sheet steel with a top flange 16 bearing on one coping piece, the lower part of the bracket having a hole 15 located at the junction of the coping piece top and the outside face of the downward projection. A cable is passed about the coping pieces and through the apertures of the cable brackets and is tensioned by the use of a turnbuckle or the like. Certain coping pieces, including any that may be made with a reverse curve, convex when viewed from within the pool, are made with holes 5 through them from end to end to receive the cable, the cable brackets being omitted.
FIG. 7 illustrates a partially completed pool in which a vacuum pipe is insta]led which may suitably include an elbow 24 with one end opening into the pool through a hole at or near the bottom of one wall panel, its other end connected to an upright pipe 25 to the outside of the panel, the top of this pipe being connected, through a further elbow 26, to one end of a discharge pipe 27 below the coping and inclining down towards its other end. The purpose of the vacuum pipe is to faciliate the positioning of the pool liner membrane and to allow for discharge of any water which may find its way between the liner and the pool interior.
Water seeping inwardly via hydrostatic valve 28 from surrounding ground is forced up to the perimetral join between the poo7 wall and floor and is discharged by a siphon action via pipe 27.
The hydrostatic valve simply comprises a tube 28 extending from a drainage pit 29 beneath the pool floor.
A concrete bottom 30 is laid for the pool and is trowelled smooth, and concrete is also poured between the wall panels and the excavation.
A liner retaining section 18 as illustrated in FIG.
5 of any suitable material such as plastics is riveted to the upper inside parts of the wall panels, within the rebates 1~79~6 thereof, the sectiorl corlsisting of a flat upriyht section which is rive~ed adjacent its lower edge flat against the rebated section ll oL wall panels the upper edge being retained in the tapere(i api~rture 3 of the coping section.
A membrane linel, preferLlh]y vinyl, for the pool has its upper edge portion folded over a liner retaining strip 19 which is of inverted-cilanl-lel form, the excess liner portion hanging down outside the main part of the liner wall.
The retaininy strip 19, with part of tlle liner wrapped about it, is hooked into engagement with the channel of the liner retaining extrusion, the overhang of the excess liner being adjusted to suit the pool and to ensure that the seam where the wall of the liner joins the liner bot-tom is correctly located. A particular àdvantaye associated with this liner retention means is that not only does it firmly retain the liner edge in position by a self-locking action, but the retention means is readily releasable to allow adjustment of tension on the liner material e.g. to take up stretch or to reduce tension.
A vacuum pump connected to the pipe 27 is used to withdraw air from between the liner and the pool bottom and sides before the pool is filled with water.
A pool may be made with a step out section as illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9 by using reduced height wall panels for one section of the lower part of the pool wall, and shallow wall panels, including panels reversed for inverted curves, above the level of this lower wall section, to result in a sllallow outward extension of the poolstruct~re, this outward extension being provided with a concrete floor and a coping. The vinyl liner has a part cut away at the opening to the step Ollt section, the edge of the opening formed in the liner being secured to th~ pool wall panels with the auxilliary re~aining member 30 illustrated in FIG. 10. The functioo of the auxilliary retaining mel~er is similar to that oL the main liner retaining member of ~L~479~6 FIG. 5 in that it is riveted to the edye of the ste~ out opening throuyh the lower channel 31 and the edge of the liner is retained in the u~,pèr channel 32 by forcing in-sert 33 and the liner thereinto. Excess liner material is then trimmed away and tiles and any appropriate sealing means are provided a1ong the bottom and sides and the entry of the step out section to the main part of the pool as illustrated in llG. 9.
If rec3uired a spa may also be formed at the perimeter of the pool as shown in FIG. ll. A step out construction is formed as described above but an inner wall 34 is forrned to isol~--e the spa from the pool.
Naturally, the vinyl ~inel is not cut away at this region but continues around the inner wall of the pool. Instead of positioning a coping section on the upper part of wall 34, it may be tiled. A false floor 35 is provided with a plurality of apertures to permit air to enter the spa from a source of pressurized air 36. Inlet and outle-t orifices 37 are provided for circulation of heated water.
2~ FIGS. l~-l9 illustrate some of the many pool shapes which may be constructed with the apparatus and according to the method of the invention. As illustrated, the optional features of step out and/or spa may be readily included in the construction.
A particularly advantageous feature of the present invention resides in the retaining means for the tensioning cable. Should the cable slip downwards during the tensioning step, the coping sections may become mis-aligned and thus become difficult if not impossible to re-align before the groutir(3 adhesive sets. The cable retain-ing brackets obviate the ~)ossibility of such a misalignment A further advantageous feature is the provision of the a~ertured coping secLiolls for use in those regions where inverse curvatures would otherwise preclude a perimetral tensioning cable. 'I~ e cable, being held captive within '' ' " ' ' .
~14790~
the inversely curved coping section exer-ts an outwardly directed force under tension on the coping section which counteracts an inwardly direct:ed force as lhe section . undergoes compression from neigh~ouring coping sections.
It can ~e readily seen therefore that the features of the l~resent invention may be adapted to a wide variety of pool shapes while at the same time retain-ing structural integrity.
The coE~ing sections of the present invention are adapted to permiL a wide variety of surface finishes.
FIGS. ~0 and 21 illustrate two different types of finishes. In FIG. 20, the inwardly projectiny lip 38 may be tiled and a conventiorlal nosing tile 39 is situated adjacent the front upper edge of the coping section. An aggregate finish 4~ may be applied to the remaining upper surface of the coping section and a rebate 41 in the rear edge permits the aggregate finish to be taken over the rear portion of the coping section. Not only does this feature give the illusion of a thicker aggregrate finish but it prevents chipping of the finish at the rear edge.
FIG. 21 illustrates a conventional brick finish comprising bricks 42 set in mortar 43.
Although the inven-tion has been described with reference to a SwirMling pool, it will be readily apparent to a skilled addressee that similar structures, with appropriate modification will be suitable for other liquid retaining purposes e.g. water or chemical storage, chemical treatment vats,settling tanks, sewerage treatment plants etc.
Accordil-lg1y it will be readily apparent to a skille~ addressee that rllany modifications may be made to the invention without departing fronl the spirit and scope thereof .
A particularly advantageous feature of the present invention resides in the retaining means for the tensioning cable. Should the cable slip downwards during the tensioning step, the coping sections may become mis-aligned and thus become difficult if not impossible to re-align before the groutir(3 adhesive sets. The cable retain-ing brackets obviate the ~)ossibility of such a misalignment A further advantageous feature is the provision of the a~ertured coping secLiolls for use in those regions where inverse curvatures would otherwise preclude a perimetral tensioning cable. 'I~ e cable, being held captive within '' ' " ' ' .
~14790~
the inversely curved coping section exer-ts an outwardly directed force under tension on the coping section which counteracts an inwardly direct:ed force as lhe section . undergoes compression from neigh~ouring coping sections.
It can ~e readily seen therefore that the features of the l~resent invention may be adapted to a wide variety of pool shapes while at the same time retain-ing structural integrity.
The coE~ing sections of the present invention are adapted to permiL a wide variety of surface finishes.
FIGS. ~0 and 21 illustrate two different types of finishes. In FIG. 20, the inwardly projectiny lip 38 may be tiled and a conventiorlal nosing tile 39 is situated adjacent the front upper edge of the coping section. An aggregate finish 4~ may be applied to the remaining upper surface of the coping section and a rebate 41 in the rear edge permits the aggregate finish to be taken over the rear portion of the coping section. Not only does this feature give the illusion of a thicker aggregrate finish but it prevents chipping of the finish at the rear edge.
FIG. 21 illustrates a conventional brick finish comprising bricks 42 set in mortar 43.
Although the inven-tion has been described with reference to a SwirMling pool, it will be readily apparent to a skilled addressee that similar structures, with appropriate modification will be suitable for other liquid retaining purposes e.g. water or chemical storage, chemical treatment vats,settling tanks, sewerage treatment plants etc.
Accordil-lg1y it will be readily apparent to a skille~ addressee that rllany modifications may be made to the invention without departing fronl the spirit and scope thereof .
Claims (22)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. An apparatus for constructing a liquid retaining structure with at least one concave curve in an outer perimeter, said structure comprising:-a plurality of wall panels adapted for edge to edge engagement;
lower retaining means for retaining the lower edges of said panels in desired edge to edge alignment;
retention means for releasably securing a membrane liner to an inner face of said wall panels adjacent the upper portions thereof; and, a plurality of preformed coping members adapted to engage the upper edges of said wall panels to retain said wall panels in desired edge to edge alignment;
said coping members adapted to support a tensile member adjacent the upper edge of said wall panels such that in use when said tensile member undergoes tension as a result of inwardly or outwardly directed forces on said wall panels, said coping members act in compression as a substantially continuous beam to withstand flexure from said inwardly or outwardly directed forces on said wall panels.
lower retaining means for retaining the lower edges of said panels in desired edge to edge alignment;
retention means for releasably securing a membrane liner to an inner face of said wall panels adjacent the upper portions thereof; and, a plurality of preformed coping members adapted to engage the upper edges of said wall panels to retain said wall panels in desired edge to edge alignment;
said coping members adapted to support a tensile member adjacent the upper edge of said wall panels such that in use when said tensile member undergoes tension as a result of inwardly or outwardly directed forces on said wall panels, said coping members act in compression as a substantially continuous beam to withstand flexure from said inwardly or outwardly directed forces on said wall panels.
2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein one or more of said coping members includes a hollow aperture extending lengthwise thereof to support a tensile member.
3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the tensile member comprises a steel cable arranged about an outer wall of one or more of said coping members adjacent the upper edges of said wall panels and is retained in a desired position by brackets extending between adjacent edges of said coping members.
4. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 1-3 wherein the coping members are provided with an aperture to engage the upper edges of said wall panels, said aperture being tapered inwardly to permit firm frictional engagement with the upper edges of said panels.
5. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 1-3 wherein the wall panels comprise steel fibre reinforced concrete.
6. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 1-3 wherein the lower retaining means comprises a channel sectioned member.
7. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 1-3 wherein said wall mem-bers and said coping members arc formed in a plurality of complementary lateral cross-sectional shapes including straight section, concave curves and convex curves to permit construction of liquid retaining structures selected from a wide variety of perimetral shapes.
8. A liquid retaining structure comprising:- a plurality of preformed wall panels arranged in edge to edge relationship to form on a base a wall member of predetermined shape with at least one concave curve in an outer perimeter;
said wall panels being maintained in a desired abutting edge to edge relation-ship at their respective lower edges by lower retaining means and at their respective upper edges by a plurality of preformed coping members; a membrane liner releasably secured within said structure by liner retention means attached to an inner face of said wall member adjacent an upper edge thereof; and, a tensile member associated with said coping members adjacent the upper edges of said said wall member such that in use said tensile member undergoes tension as a result of inwardly or outwardly directed forces on said wall member, said coping members act in compression as a substantially continuous beam to with-stand flexure from said inwardly and outwardly directed forces on said wall member.
said wall panels being maintained in a desired abutting edge to edge relation-ship at their respective lower edges by lower retaining means and at their respective upper edges by a plurality of preformed coping members; a membrane liner releasably secured within said structure by liner retention means attached to an inner face of said wall member adjacent an upper edge thereof; and, a tensile member associated with said coping members adjacent the upper edges of said said wall member such that in use said tensile member undergoes tension as a result of inwardly or outwardly directed forces on said wall member, said coping members act in compression as a substantially continuous beam to with-stand flexure from said inwardly and outwardly directed forces on said wall member.
9. A liquid retaining structure as claimed in claim 8 wherein said liquid retaining structure is formed within a cavity in the ground and concrete is cast between the outer surface of the wall member and the cavity wall.
10. A liquid retaining structure as claimed in claim 8 wherein the liquid retaining structure includes a concrete floor cast within the wall member.
11. A liquid retaining structure as claimed in any one of claims 8-10 wherein the floor is formed with a concave depression.
12. A liquid retaining structure as claimed in claim 8 wherein said struc-ture includes an outwardly protuberant portion of reduced depth in the peri-meter of the structure.
13. A liquid retaining structure as claimed in claim 12 wherein the outwar-dly protuberant portion of reduced depth having an opening thereto, the opening comprising one or more short wall panels contiguous with adjacent taller wall panels to form a downwardly extending aperture in said wall member, said mem-brane liner being releasably secured to the inner face of the wall member adja-cent said downwardly extending aperture.
14. A liquid retaining structure as claimed in any one of claims 8-10 wherein the structure includes means for evacuating the space between the membrane and the wall and floor members.
15. A liquid retaining structure as claimed in any one of claims 8-10 where-in the structure includes means for removal of liquid accumulated between the membrane and the wall member.
16. A method for the construction of a liquid retaining structure comprising:
arranging a plurality of preformed wall panels to form a substantially contin-uous wall member of predetermined perimetral shape with at least one concave curve therein; retaining the lower edges of said wall panels in desired edge to edge relationship with lower retaining means; retaining the upper edges of said wall panels in desired edge to edge relationship with coping members of comple-mentary lateral cross-sectional shape; securing to an inner face of said wall member adjacent the upper edge thereof a liner retention means for releasably securing a membrane liner within said structure; retainably positioning a ten-sile member in association with said coping members adjacent the upper edge of said wall panels whereby in use said tensile member undergoes tension as a result of inwardly or outwardly directed forces on said wall member, said coping members act in compression as a substantially continuous beam to with-stand flexure from said inwardly and outwardly directed forces on said wall member.
arranging a plurality of preformed wall panels to form a substantially contin-uous wall member of predetermined perimetral shape with at least one concave curve therein; retaining the lower edges of said wall panels in desired edge to edge relationship with lower retaining means; retaining the upper edges of said wall panels in desired edge to edge relationship with coping members of comple-mentary lateral cross-sectional shape; securing to an inner face of said wall member adjacent the upper edge thereof a liner retention means for releasably securing a membrane liner within said structure; retainably positioning a ten-sile member in association with said coping members adjacent the upper edge of said wall panels whereby in use said tensile member undergoes tension as a result of inwardly or outwardly directed forces on said wall member, said coping members act in compression as a substantially continuous beam to with-stand flexure from said inwardly and outwardly directed forces on said wall member.
17. A method as claimed in claim 16 wherein said structure is formed within an excavation within a ground surface.
18. A method as claimed in claim 16 wherein concrete is cast around the external perimeter of said structure.
19. A method as claimed in any one of claims 16-18 wherein a concrete floor is cast within the perimeter of said structure.
20. A method as claimed in any one of claims 16-18 wherein said floor is formed with a concave depression.
21. A method as claimed in any one of claims 16-18 wherein an outwardly protuberant portion of reduced depth is formed in the perimeter of the structure, said outwardly protuberant portion having an opening thereto, the opening com-prising one or more short wall panels contiguous with adjacent taller wall pan-els to form a downwardly extending aperture in said wall member, said membrane liner being releasably secured to the inner face of the wall member adjacent said downwardly extending aperture.
22. A method as claimed in any one of claims 16-18 wherein the space between the membrane and the inner wall and floor of the structure is evacuated prior to filling with liquid.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000372492A CA1147906A (en) | 1981-03-06 | 1981-03-06 | Pool construction |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000372492A CA1147906A (en) | 1981-03-06 | 1981-03-06 | Pool construction |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1147906A true CA1147906A (en) | 1983-06-14 |
Family
ID=4119395
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000372492A Expired CA1147906A (en) | 1981-03-06 | 1981-03-06 | Pool construction |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1147906A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110777925A (en) * | 2019-11-28 | 2020-02-11 | 中冶京诚工程技术有限公司 | Open pool structure |
-
1981
- 1981-03-06 CA CA000372492A patent/CA1147906A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110777925A (en) * | 2019-11-28 | 2020-02-11 | 中冶京诚工程技术有限公司 | Open pool structure |
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