AU621252B2 - Liquid crystal apparatus - Google Patents

Description

eah:8441D Illr 621252 S F Ref: 77570D1 FORM COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA PATENTS ACT 1952 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION

V

Si

U

I/

(ORIGINAL)

FOR OFFICE USE: Class Int Class 4 r C rt rrr C Si Complete Specification Lodged: Accepted: Published: Priority: Related Art: Name and Address of Applicant: Address for Service: Canon Kabushiki Kaisha 30-2, 3-chome, Shimomaruko Ohta-ku Tokyo

JAPAN

Spruson Ferguson, Patent Attorneys Level 33 St Martins Tower, 31 Market Street Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia Complete Specification for the invention entitled: Liquid Crystal Apparatus The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to me/us 5845/3 -1- ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A liquid crystal apparatus comprises a liquid crystal device comprising an electrode matrix composed of scanning electrodes and data electrodes, and a ferroelectric liquid crystal; and a driving means.

The driving means includes a first drive means for selecting at least one scanning electrode and applying to the selected at least one scanning electrode a scanning selection signal which comprises a pulse of one polarity and a pulse of the other polarity with respect to the voltage level of a non-selected scanning electrode, said pules of one and the other polarities having mutually different pulse durations, and a second drive means for applying data signals to the data electrode, each data signal comprising a pulse of one polarity and a pulse of the other polarity with respect to the voltage level of a non-selected scanning electrode, the pulses of one and the other polarities having mutually 15 different pulse durations, a pulse having the largest pulse duration of the pulses being synchronized with a later one of said pulses of one and the I t other polarities of the scanning selection signal.

HRF/0548r LIQUID CRYSTAL APPARATUS FIELD OF THE INVENTION AND RELATED ART The present invention relates to a liquid crystal apparatus, such as a display panel or a shutter-array printer, using a ferroelectric liquid crystal.

Hitherto, there has been well-known a type of liquid crystal display devices which comprises a group i' 10 of scanning electrodes and a group of signal or data i 'electrodes arranged in a matrix, and a liquid crystal compound is filled between the electrode groups to form Irt* a large number of pixels thereby to display images or information.

These display devices are driven by a multi- Splexing driving method wherein an address signal is selectively applied sequentially and periodically to the group of scanning electrodes, and prescribed data signals are parallely and selectively applied to the group of data electrodes in synchronism with the address signals.

In most of the practical devices of the type described above, TN (twisted nematic)-type liquid crystals have been used as described in "Voltage- Dependent Optical Activity of a Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal" by M. Schadt and W. Helfrich, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 127 128.

In recent years, the use of a liquid crystal device showing bistability has been proposed by Clark and Lagerwall as an improvement to the conventional liquid crystal devices in U.S. Patent No. 4,367,924; JP-A (Kokai) 56-107216; etc. As the bistable liquid crystal, a ferroelectric liquid crystal (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as "FLC") showing chiral smectic C phase (SmC*) or H phase (SmH*) is generally used.

The ferroelectric liquid crystal assumes either a first

S

optically stable state or a second optically stable S. state in response to an electric field applied thereto J and retains the resultant state in the absence of an electric field, thus showing a bistability. Further, the ferroelectric liquid crystal quickly responds to a change in electric field, and thus the ferroelectric liquid crystal device is expected to be widely used in *a 4o9 the field of a high-speed and memory-type display I* apparatus, etc.

However, the above-mentioned ferroelectric liquid crystal device has involved a problem of flickering at the time of multiplex driving. For example, European Laid-Open Patent Application (EP-A) 149899 discloses a multiplex driving method comprising applying a scanning selection signal of an AC voltage the polarity of which is reversed (or the signal phase of which is reversed) for each frame to selectively write a "white" state (in combination with cross nicol -3polarizers arranged to provide a "bright" state at this time) in a frame and then selectively write a "black" state (in combination with the cross nicol polarizers arranged to provide a "dark" state at this time). In addition to the above driving method, those driving methods as disclosed by U.S. Patents Nos. 4548476 and 4655561 have been known.

In such a driving method, at the time of selective writing of "black" after a selective writing of "white", a pixel selectively written in "white" in the previous frame is placed in a half-selection state, -i whereby the pixel is supplied with a voltage which is H smaller than the writing voltage but is still 14 effective. As a result, at the time of selective writing of "black" in the multiplex driving method, selected pixels for writing "white constituting the background of a black image are wholly supplied with a half-selection voltage in a 1/2 frame cycle (1/2 of a reciprocal of one frame or picture scanning period) so that the optical characteristic of the white selection i pixels varies in each 1/2 frame period. As a number of white selection pixels is much larger than the number of black selection pixels in a display of a black image, character, on a white background, the white background causes flickering. Occurrence of a similar flickering is observable also on a display of white characters on the black background opposite to

T__

I- the above case. In case where an ordinary frame frequency is 30 Hz, the above half-selection voltage is applied at a frequency of 15 Hz which is a 1/2 frame frequency, so that it is sensed by an observer as a flickering to remarkably degrade the display quality.

Particularly, in driving of a ferroelectric liquid crystal at a low temperature, it is necessary to use a longer driving pulse (scanning selection period) than that used at a 1/2 frame frequency of 15 Hz for a higher temperature to necessitate scanning drive at a lower 1/2 frame frequency of, eg, 5-10 Hz. This leads to occurrence of a noticeable flickering due to a low frame frequency drive at a low temperature.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, the present invention provides a liquid crystal apparatus, comprising: a liquid crystal device comprising an electrode matrix composed of scanning electrodes and data electrodes, and a ferroelectric liquid crystal; and t 2 a driving means including: I a first drive means for selecting at least one scanning electrode and applying to the selected at least one scanning electrode a scanning selection signal which comprises a pulse o one polarity and a pulse of the other polarity with respect to the voltage level of a non-selected scanning electrode, said pulses of one and the other polarities having mutually different pulse durations, and a second drive means for applying data signals to the data electrode, each data signal comprising a pulse of one polarity and a pulse of the other polarity with respect to the voltage level of a non-selected scanning electrode, the pulses of one and the other polarities having mutually different pulse durations, a pulse having the largest pulse duration of the pulses being synchronized with a later one of said pulses of one and the other polarities of the scanning selection signal.

These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent upon consideration of the following description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

i-Ji HRF/0548r rs 1 4 ii BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a plan view of an electrode matrix or matrix electrode structure of an FLC device used in the present invention; Figure 2 is a sectional view taken along the line A-A' of the FLC device shown in Figure 1; Figure 3 is an illustration of intermediate gradations; t o i.Q I rt~l HRF/0548r e T I I -6- Figures 4A 4E are driving waveform diagrams used in the invention; Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of a display state of a matrix electrode structure; Figures 6A and 6B show a set of driving waveform diagrams used in the invention, and Figures 7A 7C are time charts showing successions of the driving waveforms; Figures 8A and 8B show another set of driving waveform diagrams used in the invention, and Figures 9A 9C are time charts showing successions of the driving ao waveforms; o Figures 10A 10B and 11A 11B respectively show still another set of driving waveform diagrams used in the invention; Figure 12 is an illustration of a display a &a state on an electrode matrix; S Figures 13A, 13B, 14A, 14B, 15A-1, 15A-2, 1 to 15B-4, 16A-1, 16A-2, 16B-1 to 16B-4, 17A--1, 17A-2 and 17B-1 to 17B-4 respectively illustrate a set of driving waveforms (scanning signals or data signals) according to another embodiment of the invention; Figures 18A, 18B, 19A and 19B show a set of driving waveform diagrams according to prior art; Figure 20 is a schematic illustration of a display state of a display panel of the prior art; Figure 21A is a test waveform diagram and -7- Figure 21B is a time chart showing an optical response obtained at that time; Figures 22 27, 28A and 28B respectively show another set of driving waveform diagrams used in the invention; Figure 29 is a block diagram of a liquid crystal apparatus according to the invention; Figures 30 an5 31 are schematic perspective views for explaining operation principle of a 10 ferroelectric liquid crystal device used in the o 4 invention; and Figure 32 is a driving waveform diagram outside the present invention.

15 DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

S*"

t The present invention will be explained based on an embodiment applicable to a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC).

Figure 1 is a schematic plan view of a matrix 20 electrode structure of an FLC device according to an embodiment of the present invention and Figure 2 is a sectional view taken along the line A-A' in Figure 1.

Referring to these figures, the FLC device comprises upper electrodes 11A (A A 2

A

3 and 11B (B B 2 B3, B 4 constituting data electrodes, and lower electrodes 12 constituting scanning electrodes C (C 0

C

1

C

2

C

3 These data electrodes 11A, 11B and -8scanning electrodes 12 are formed on glass substrates 13 and 14, respectively, and mutually arranged so as to form a matrix with an FLC material 15 disposed therebetween. As shown in the figures, one pixel is constituted by a region E surrounded by a dashed line, a region where a scanning electrode C (C 2 is shown as an example) and two data electrodes A (A 2 and B (B 2 (electrode width: A In this instance, each data electrode A is composed to have a wider j o* 6 10 electrode width then an accompanying data electrode B.

S The scanning electrodes C and the data electrodes A, B are respectively connected to a power supply (not shown) through switches SW (or equivalents thereof).

t .The switches SW are also connected to a controller unit 15 (not shown) for controlling the ONOFF of the switches.

.i Based on this arrangement, a gray scale display in the pixel E, for example, composed of the scanning electrode C 2 and the data electrodes A and B, may be effected under the control by means of the controller circuit as follows. When the scanning electrode C 2 is selected or scanned, a white display state is given by applying a signal to the data electrodes

A

2 and B 2 respectively; a display state of "Gray 1" is given by applying a signal to A 2 and a black signal to B 2 a display state of "Gray 2" is given by applying a signal to A 2 and a signal to B 2 and a black display state is given by applying a "B"

A

I

i I

I

I

-9signal to A 2 and B 2 respectively. Figure 3 shows the resultant states W, Gray 1, Gray 2 and B constituting a gray scale.

In this way, a gray scale of 4 levels can be realized by using FLC which per se is essentially capable of only a binary expression.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a pixel E is composed of a plural number (n) e of intersections of electrodes having intersection 10 areas giving a geometric series of ratios such as "1 2 n 1 (the minimum intersection area is 0 taken as 1 (unit)).

In the present invention, if a scanning electrode is divided into two electrode stripes having 15 widths C and D and combined with the data electrodes A ro* and B (A f 8 gradation levels can be provided when C D and 16 gradation levels can be provided when C

D.

Further, in case where only the data electrode S 20 side is split into electrodes A and B, if their widths are set to be equal (A B) and color filters in V complementary colors are disposed on the electrodes A and B, a color display of four colors may be possible.

For example, if a complementary color relationship of A yellow and B blue or A magenta and B green is satisfied, display of four colors of white, black, A's color and B's color becomes possible.

Referring to Figure 2, the polarizers 16A and 16B are disposed to have their polarization axes intersecting each other, and the intersecting polarization axes may preferably be disposed to provide a dark state in an erasure phase which will be explained hereinafter.

The electrode matrix shown in Figure 1 may be driven according to a driving method as will be 000rJ00 oo described hereinbelow.

o 0 S 10 In the present invention, a scanning selection o 0 signal is sequentially applied to the scanning 0006 ow electrodes two or more scanning electrodes apart or oa very third or more electrode so as to effectively suppress the occurrence of flickering in scanning drive .o 15 at a low frame frequency. Particularly, by selecting every fourth or more scanning electrode in a field so 00 0 that adjacent scanning electrodes are not selected in at least two consecutive fields, the occurrence of flickering can be suppressed in scanning drive at an 0.O 20 even lower frequency. Some embodiments of this mode will be explained with reference to Figures 4 and 15 17.

Figures 4A 4E show driving waveforms used in the present invention. More specifically, Figure 4A shows a scanning selection signal SS, a scanning nonselection signal SN, a white data signal I W and a black data signal I

B

When a pixel on a selected scanning -11electrode to which a scanning selection signal is applied is supplied with a white data signal I W through a data electrode, the pixel is erased into a dark state (black) in phase T 1 as a result of application of a voltage V 2 at phase t I and a voltage V 2

V

3 at phase ;I t2, and is th'enUritten in ai bright state (white) at a subsequently phase t 3 by application of a voltage -(V 1

V

3 On the other hand, when a pixel on the selected i! scanning electrode is supplied with a black data signal S 10 IB through a data electrode, the pixel is erased into a o *i black state in phase T 1 as a result of application of

SV

2 at phase t, and V 2

V

3 at phase t 2 and the black state is retained after application of v 3

V

1 whereby the pixel is written in the black state.

In this embodiment, the above-mentioned scanning selection signal is applied to the scanning V electrodes according to interlaced scanning of two or more scanning electrodes apart. Figure 4B shows an example where the scanning selection signal is applied two scanning electrodes apart, every third scanning electrode. Figure 4C shows an example set of driving waveforms whereby a display state shown in Figure 5 is obtained. In Figure 5, denotes a black written state and o denotes a white written state. In the example shown in Figure 5, each intersection of scanning electrodes S 1

S

9 and a data electrodes I, is set to have an area (pixel area) which is twice that of ;1 1 '-c31y i -12each intersection of the scanning electrodes S S 9 and a data electrode 12 to form pixels P 1 9. As described above, the pixels P 1

P

4 display four gradation levels due to differences in proportions of black and white states.

I In the above example, scanning electrodes have been selected by interlaced scanning of two scanning electrodes apart. In addition to the above, however, selection or interlaced scanning of scanning electrodes 10 can be effected three, four, or N electrodes apart.

.e When the selection is effected N lines apart, j| 'one frame scanning may include N+1 fields of scanning.

e~1 In the present invention, an interlaced scanning system of 8 or more lines apart may be effective for suppressing the flickering.

t Further preferred embodiments are shown in Figures 4D and 4E. In an embodiment shown in Figure 4D, a scanning selection signal is applied to the scanning electrodes 6 scanning electrodes apart (the number of scanning fields F so that the scanning selection signal is applied to the 1st (F+1-th (F+5-th 3rd (F+3-th 7th (F+7-th 2nd (F+2-th 6th (F+6-th and 4th (F+4-th scanning electrodes in the 1st, 2nd, and 7th fields, respectively. Thus, the order of scanning electrodes to which the scanning selection signal is applied sequentially does not correspond to the order 1 1 -13of field. In other words, in the driving scheme shown in Figure 4D, between any consecutive two of the seven fields constituting one frame (picture) scanning, the scanning selection signal is applied to scanning electrodes which are not adjacent to each other.

Figure 4E shows another embodiment of the above scheme (interlaced scanning of 3 lines apart).

The driving scheme adopted is the embodiments of Figs.

,,4D and 4E is more effective in suppressing the 10 occurrence of flickering than in the scanning signal application scheme shown in Figure 4B.

Figures 6 14 show interlaced scanning t schemes wherein a scanning selection signal is selectively applied to every other scanning electrode.

Figures 6A and 6B show a set of driving 9'.ttr waveforms used in the present invention. More 4 specifically, Fig. 6A shows a scanning selection signal Sr'. S4n-3 (n 1, 2, 3, applied to a (4n-3)th scanning electrode, a scanning selection signal S4n-2 20 applied to a (4n-2)th scanning electrode, a scanning selection signal S4ni- applied to a (4n-1)th scanning electrode and a scanning selection signal applied to a 4n-th scanning electrode which are respectively applied in a (4M-3)th field F 4 M3, a (4M-2)th field F 4 M-2' a (4M-1)th field F4M-1 and a 4Mth field F 4 M (M 1, 2, Herein, one field means one vertical scanning operation or period). According to Fig. 6A, the -14scanning selection signal S4n_3 has voltage polarities (with respect to the voltage level of a scanning non-selection signal) which are opposite to each other in the corresponding phases of the (4M-3)th field F4M3 and (4M-1)th field F 4 while the scanning selection signal S4n_3 is so composed as to effect no scanning i.e. so as to be a scanning non-selection signal, in the (4M-2)tn field F4M2 or 4Mth field F4M' The scanning selection signal S4n-1 is similar, but the S 10 scanning selectioh signal S4n_3 and S4n-1 applied in a.

one field period have different voltage waveforms and have mutually opposite voltage polarities in the *a corresponding phases.

Similarly, the scanning selection signal S4n-2 15 has voltage polarities (with respect to the voltage level of the scanning non-selection signal) which are mutually opposite in the corresponding phases of the al (4M-2)th field F4M2 and 4Mth field F4M and effects no scan in the (4M-3)th field F 4 M_3 or (4M-1)th field

F

4 M-1* The scanning selection signal S4n is similar, but the scanning selection signals S4n-2 and S4n applied in one field period have different voltage waveforms and have mutually opposite voltage polarities in the corresponding phases.

Further, in the driving waveform embodiment shown in Figures 6A and 6B, a third phase is disposed for providing a pause to the whole picture by applying a voltage of 0 simultaneously to all the pixels constituting the picture), and for this purpose, the scanning selection signals are set to have a voltage of zero (the same voltage level as the scanning non-selection signal).

Referring to Figure 6B, data signals applied to data electrodes in the (4M-3)th field F4M_3 comprise a white signal (one for providing a voltage 3V 0 exceeding a threshold voltage of the FLC at the second 10 phase in combination ith the scanning selection signal S4n_3 to form a white pixel) and a hold signal (one for *oo applying to a pixel a voltage ±V 0 below the threshold voltage of the FLC in combination with the scanning selection signal S4n3) which are selectively applied in 15 synchronism with the scanning selection signal S4n_3; and a black signal (for providing a voltage -3V 0 exceeding a threshold voltage of the FLC at the second phase in combination with the scanning selection signal S4n_ to form a black pixel) and a hold signal (for applying to a pixel a voltage +V 0 below the threshold Svoltage of the ferroelectric liquid crystal in combination with the scanning selection signal S4n-1) which are selectively applied in synchronism with the scanning selection signal S4nl,. On the contrary, the (4n-2)th scanning electrode and (4n)th scanning electrode are supplied with a scanning nonselection signal, so that the pixels on these scanning 'i '4: electrodes are supplied with the data signals as they are.

In the (4M-2)th field F 4 M_2 subsequent to the writing in the above-mentioned (4M-3)th field F 4

M-

3 data signals applied to the data electrodes comprise the above-mentioned white signal and hold signal which are selectively applied in synchronism with the scanning selection signal S4n2; and the above- Smentioned black signal and hold signal which are 10 selectively applied in synchronism with the scanning r selection signal S4n. On the other hand, the (4n-3)th S, and (4n-1)th scanning electrodes are supplied with a scanning non-selection signal so that the data signals are applied as they are to the pixels on these scanning electrodes.

In the (4M-1)th field F 4 M-1 subsequent to the writing in the above-mentioned (4M-2)th field F4M-2 data signals applied to the data electrodes comprise the above-mentioned white signal and hold signal which 20 are selectively applied in synchronism with the 4,ii |scanning selection signal S4n3; and the abovementioned white signal and hold signal which are selectively applied in synchronism with the scanning selection signal S4n-1. On the other hand, the (4n-2)th and (4n)th scanning electrodes are supplied with a scanning non-selection signal so that the data signals are applied as they are to the pixels on these scanning -17electrodes.

In the 4Mth field F 4 M subsequent to the writing in the above-mentioned (4M-1)th field F4M-1I data signals applied to the data electrodes comprise the above-mentioned black signal and hold signal which are selectively applied in synchronism with the scanning selection signal S4n-2; and the abovementioned white signal'and hold signal which are 1 selectively applied in synchronism with the scanning S 10 selection signal S4n. On the other hand, the (4n-3)th S and (4n-1)th scanning electrodes are supplied with a scanning non-selection signal so that the data signals are applied as they are to the pixels on these scanning electrodes.

Figures 7A, 7B and 7C are time charts showing successions of driving waveforms shown in Figures 6A and 6B used for writing to form a display state shown S in Figure 12. In Figure 12, 0 denotes a pixel written in white and denotes a pixel written in black.

S 20 Further, referring to Figure 7B, at Il S 1 is shown a time-serial voltage waveform applied to the Sintersection of a scanning electrode S, and a data electrode Il. At 12 S 1 is shown a time-serial waveform applied to the intersection of the scanning electrode S 1 and a data electrode 12. Similarly, at I,

S

2 is shown a time-serial voltage waveform applied to the intersection of a scanning electrode S 2 and the

I

-18data electrode II; and at 12 S 2 is shown a timeserial voltage waveform applied to the intersection of the scanning electrode S 2 and the data electrode 12.

A gradational display may be effected by applying the embodiment of Figures 6A and 6B as well as one shown in Figures 8A and 8B explained hereinbelow to an electrode matrix as shown in Figure 1 Figures 8A and 8B show another set of driving waveforms used in the present invention. In the lfoI driving embodiment shown in Figures 8A and 8B, each of the scanning selection signals SAn-3 and $4n-1 comprises two voltage waveforms which are of mutually @1 j opposite polarities with respect to the voltage level of a scanning non-selection signal, and each of the scanning selection signals comprises a former pulse and a latter pulse, the former having a duration twice that of the latter. Further, each data signal is I characterized by having a voltage of zero at the first phase and alternating voltages at the first and third phases which are of mutually opposite polarities with respect to the scanning non-selection signal voltage.

SFigures 9A 9C are time charts showing successions of driving waveforms shown in Figures 8A and 8B used for writing to form the display state shown in Figure 12.

Figures 10 (10A and 10B) and 11 (11A and 11B) respectively show another preferred set of driving waveforms used in the present invention. In the r -19embodiments shown in Figures 10 and 11, the scanning selection signals and the data signals are designed to have two voltage levels so that designing of a driving circuit therefor is simplified.

In the above driving embodiments, the amplitude of a scanning selection signal is set to 2 1±V0 while the amplitude of a data signal is set to ±V0. In the present-invention, however, when the amplitude of a scanning selection signal is denoted by S S 10 ISapl and the amplitude of a data signal is denoted by S" IIap it is generally preferred to satisfy jlapl/jSap| n' 1, particularly lapl/ Sap 1/1.2.

a In the present invention, if an FLC has two threshold voltages Vth1 and -Vth2 (Vthl, Vth the above-mentioned voltage VO may be set to satisfy the >ls following relationships: a

V

0 Vthl 3V0, and S-3V 0 -Vth2

-V

O

The following Table 1 shows a time relation of f 20 a white selection voltage SW for forming white selection pixels and a half-selection voltage H applied as that time in fields FI, F 2

F

3

F

4 rp- I

I

I 1 Table 1 Scanning line Scanning line Scanning line Scanning line SW H Sw H H SW H

SW

0 o 0 p" 04 4I 0 0 0 I 4* Oa*4d p 0 *444 4 00* The following Table 2 shows another time relation for forming white selection pixels.

h- Table 2

G

0 0 *049 0 4 4* 4* 1 1 Scanning line 20 Scanning line Scanning line Scanning line Sw H SW H SW H SW H SW H S W

H

S

W

H S

W

H

According to Table 1 relating to the invention, in (4M-3)th fields Fi, Fq, a white r *I~ r -21selection voltage SW is applied to pixels (white selection pixels) on (4N-3)th scanning lines S

I

S

5 a half-selection voltage is applied to pixels (white selection pixels) on (4N-1)th scanning lines S 3

S

7 and the pixels on (4N-2)th and (4N)th scanning electrodes f 2

S

4

S

6 S8, are not scanned. On the contrary, according to Table 2, pixels (white selection pixels) on all the scanning lines are supplied with a white selection voltage in the odd-numbered fields F1, 10 F 3 and pixels (white selection pixels) on all the scanning lines are supplied with a half-selection voltage in the even-numbered fields. As a result, according to the driving embodiment following the Table 2, flickering occurs at a 1/2 field frequency (In the case of Table 2, the field frequency is equal to the frame frequency because all the scanning lines are scanned in one vertical scanning). This means that, if the frame frequency is taken as an ordinary value of Hz, flickering occurs at 15 Hz. In contrast thereto, according to the method of Table 1, only a half of the total scanning lines are scanned in one vertical scanning period (one field) so that the field frequency (the reciprocal of one vertical scanning period) fl can be increased to twice the field frequency f 2 according to the method of Table 2 (fl f 2 As a result, the flickering occurs at a frequency which is four times that according to the method of Table 2. More L-

I

-22specifically, in the case of an ordinary frequency of Hz, the flickering occurs at a frequency of 60 Hz.

Moreover, according to the method of Table 1, the number of pixels supplied with a half-selection voltage is reduced to 1/4 of that according to the method of Table 2, whereby the flickering is effectively prevented by that much.

Further, according to a method using a time relation shown in Table 3 below, in an odd-numbered 10 field, pixels (white selection pixels) on the oddo 0 o numbered scanning lines S 1 S3, are supplied with a r' white selection voltage and pixels (white selection pixels) on the even-numbered scanning lines S2, S 4 are supplied with a half-selection voltage so that flickering occurs at the field frequency (equal to the frame frequency because all the scanning lines are scanned in one vertical scanning according to Table 3).

Table 3

F

1

F

2

F

3

F

4 Scanning line Si Scanning line S2 Scanning line S 3 Scanning Scanning line S 4 SW H S W

H

H Sw H S

W

SW H SW H H S

W

H SW I 1'- -23- In contrast thereto, according to the method of Table 1 as described above, only a half of the total scanning lines are scanned in one vertical scanning I period (one field) so that the field frequency fl can be increased to twice the field frequency f 3 according to the method of Table 3 (fl f 3 As a result, the I flickering occurs at a frequency which is twice that according to the method of Table 3. Thus, in the case ,j of an ordinary frequency of 30 Hz, the flickering 10 occurs at a frequency of 60 Hz. Moreover, according to S. the method of Table 1, the number of pixels supplied Swith a half-selection voltage is reduced to 1/2 of that i according to the method of Table 3, whereby the I flickering is effectively prevented by that much.

Figures 13A and 13B show still another set of I driving waveforms used in the present invention.

In the driving embodiment shown in Figure 6, the scanning selection signal S4n_3 applied to the (4n- 3)th scanning electrode (or the scanning selection signal S4n_ applied to the (4n-1)th scanning electrode) in the (4M-3)th field F4M3 and the scanning selection signal S4n2 applied to the (4n-1)th scanning electrode (or the scanning selection signal S4n applied to the 4n-th scanning electrode) in the (4M-2)th field F4M-2 are the same. In contrast thereto, in the driving embodiment shown in Figure 13 (13A and 13B), S4n-3 (or S4n- in F4M-3 and S4n-2 (or S4n) in F4M-2 1 -24have mutually different voltage waveforms and have mutually opposite voltage polarities in the corresponding phases.

The following Table 4 shows a time relation of a white selection voltage SW for forming white selection pixels and a half-selection voltage H applied at that time in fields F 1

F

2

F

3

F

4 according to the driving embodiment-shown in Figure 13.

e Oa 10 Table 4 F F2 F 3

F

4 Scanning line SI SW H Scanning line S 2 H Sw Scanning line S 3 H S

W

S Scanning line S 4 SW

H

O As is apparent from a comparison between Tables 1 and 4, the driving embodiment of Figure 13 is effective for preventing flickering similarly as the embodiment shown in Figure 6 except that the time relation between the application of a white-selection voltage S W and that of a half-section voltage in fields

F

1 F, F 3

F

4 are different from those shown in 1 I Figure 6. Thus, the present invention is not limited to a particular time relation according to which a selection voltage and a half-selection voltage are applied in each field.

Figures 14A and 14B show a further set of driving waveforms used in the present invention. In the embodiment shown in Figure 6 (or Figure 13), the time for applying a seiection voltage is shifted to a next (or preceding) scanning line for each field as is 10 understood from Table 1 (or Table More t specifically, if it is assumed that a scanning line Sn ,is selected in an n-th field, a scanning line Sn+i (or I Sn_i) is selected in an (n+1)th field and a scanning line Sn2 (or Sn-) is selected in an (n+2)th field.

In this way, the time for applying a selection volcage 4 is shifted sequentially for each field. For this reason, in case where a contrast (brightness difference) is present between a selection time and a half-selection time, the contrast occurs at the time of l r 20 applying a selection voltage to a scanning line and is result in a remarkable degradation in display quality.

Table 5 below shows a time relation for application of a white selection voltage S, and a halfselection voltage H at that time applied to pixels in fields FI, F 2

F

3

F

4 by using the driving embodiment shown in Figure 14 (14A and 14B).

I,

Scanning line S1 Scanning line S 2 Scanning line S 3 Scanning line S 4 Scanning line S Scanning line S 6 Scanning line S 7 -26- Table

F

1

F

2

F

3

F

4

F

5

F

6

F

7 SW H,,H SW I s S H S w H, S W

H

SWH I ,H HW H, H H H

SWHS

H, S W .SW H S I N H S

W

H

S o 10 ft 5* 04*# Scanning line S 8

CO

S

0*4 9 ft.

0~* ewe The driving embodiment shown in Figures 14A and 14B has been designed to remove a problem caused accompanying a time relation of applying selection voltages. Thus, as will be apparent from the above Table 5, the sequential movement of a point of applying a selection voltage in one direction is prevented to the utmost while avoiding degradation in display quality.

Thus, the present invention also provides a solution to a problem caused by a time relation of -27applying a selection voltage and a half-selection voltage in each field.

Figures 15A and 15B show still another driving embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiment of Figure 6, the number of scanning lines scanned in one vertical scanning period is 1/2 of the total scanning lines and all the scanning lines are scanned in two times of vertical scanning. In the embodiment of Figures 15A and 15B,* every fourth scanning line is scanned in one vertical scanning period, and a scanning line next to the one scanned in the previous vertical Poo scanning period is scanned in the next vertical scanning period. Accordingly, the number of scanning lines scanned in one vertical scanning period is 1/4 of the total scanning lines, so that all the scanning lines are scanned in four times of vertical scanning.

Table 6 below shows a time relation for application of a white selection voltage SW and a halfselection voltage H applied to pixels in fields F 1

F,

F

3

F

4 by using the driving embodiment shown in Figure 15 (15A and -28- Table 6

F

1

F

2

F

3

F

4

F

5

F

6

F

7

F

8 .4 *4 0 0 00 0900 *0*0 04 0 000 Scanning line SI Scanning line S 2 Scanning line S 3 Scanning line S 4 Scanning line S Scanning line S 6 Scanning line S 7 Scanning line Sp t tC1 S. i: C L C I T c As is shown in Table 6 in comparison with Table 1, in (8M-7)th fields F 1

F

9 in the embodiment of Figure 15, pixels (white selection pixels) on (8M-7)th scanning lines S1, Sq, are supplied with a white selection voltage; pixels (white selection pixels) on (8M-3)th scanning lines S 5 S13, are supplied with a half-selection voltage; and pixels on (8N-6)th, (8N-5)th, (8N-4)th, (8N-2)th, (8N-1)th and (8N)th scanning lines S2, S3, S4, S6, S 7

S

8 are not scanned. As a result, in the driving Ii (00S09 0*90r 0* 0e *0*9 *0 0 0 *~rr 0 -29embodiment of Figure 15, only 1/4 of the total scanning lines are scanned in one vertical scanning period (one field), so that the field frequency f 10 (the reciprocal of one vertical scanning period) becomes two times the field frequency f, according to Table 1 (f 10 2fi).

Thus, in the case of an ordinary frame frequency of Hz, the flickering occurs at a frequency of 120 Hz. In this way, even if the number of scanning lines is increased for providing a larger screen, flickering can 10 be effectively suppressed. Moreover, according to the embodiment of Figure 15, the number of pixels supplied with a half-selection voltage is reduced to 1/2 of that according to the embodiment of Table 1 (Figure 6), whereby the flickering is further effectively prevented.

As described above, in the present invention, all the scanning lines are not scanned in one time of vertical scanning but in several times of vertical scanning so as to prevent flickering. Thus, the number of vertical scanning required for vertical scanning is not particularly limited as far as it is at least two times.

Figures 16A and 16B show still another driving embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiment shown in Figure 15, (8N-7)th and (8N-3)th scanning lines are scanned in an (8M-7)th field, and (8N-6)th and (8N-2)th scanning lines are scanned in the 11 en* *43 a. a a a, 00 a a a..

rt~ subsequent (8M-6)th field. In other words, a scanning line next to the one scanned in a previous field is scanned in the next field, a further next scanning line is scanned in the subsequent field, and so on. In such a scanning method, as is apparent from Table 6, the time or point for applying a selection voltage is shifted sequentially for each field. As a result, in case where a contrast is present between a selection time and a half-selection time, the contrast occurs at 10 the time of applying a selection voltage to a scanning line and is sequentially moved on a screen like a line flow to result in a remarkable degradation in display quality.

Table 7 below shows a time relation for application of a white selection voltage SW and a halfselection voltage H at that time applied to pixels in fields F 1

F

2

F

3

F

4 by using the driving embodiment shown in Figure 16 (16A and 16B).

i_ i -31- Table 7

F

1

F

2

F

3

F

4

F

5

F

6

F

7

F

8 S. Scanning line SI Scanning line S 2 Scanning line S 3 Scanning line S 4 Scanning line S 5 Scanning line Scanning line S7 Scanning line S8 Scanning line S SW H SW H SW H SW H H

S

W

H

SW

H

S

W

H

SW

4* a t *fa i; nT'i i t~ The driving embodiment shown in Figures 16A and 16B has been designed to remove a problem as described above accompanying a time relation of 20 applying selection voltages. Thus, as will be apparent from the above Table 7, the sequential movement of a point of applying a selection voltage in one direction is prevented to the utmost while according degradation in display quality Figure 17 (17A and 17B) shows still another preferred driving embodiment of the present invention.

As shown in Figures 17A-1 and 17A-2, a scanning 33 3 -32selection signal is applied to every fourth scanning electrode in a field, and the scanning electrodes selected in two consecutive fields are not adjacent to each other.

In the present invention, all the scanning lines are scanned in at least two times of vertical scanning to prevent the occurrence of flickering, and the order of scanning scanning lines is not limited.

Further, in the present invention, in addition to the Sabove embodiment, a scanning selection signal may also Sbe applied plural lines apart (A 2, 3, 5, e t 20), and the vertical scanning may be repeated (A+1) times.

In the present invention, in addition to the above-described driving waveforms, there may be used those unit driving waveforms utilized in multiplex driving systems as disclosed in U.S. Patents Nos.

4,548,476; 4,655,561; 4,638,310; 4,705,345; "SID SDigest" (1985) p.p. 131 134 "An Application of Chiral Smectic-C Liquid Crystal to a Multiplexed Large-Area Display". Particularly, the above "SID 85 Digest" discloses the use of two bipolar voltages of mutually anti-phases, which has been found to accompany the following features.

Figure 18A shows driving waveforms used in an odd-numbered frame, and Figure 18B shows driving waveforms used in an even-numbered frame. Referring to iet 18)pp 3 3 A plicto f hrl -33- Figure 18A, at is shown a scanning selection signal, at is shown a scanning non-selection signal, and at and are shown data signals comprising two bipol~ar voltages of mutually antiphases. In the odd-numbered frame, the data signal at functions as a hold signal and the data signal at functions as a white (or black) writing signal. In the even-numbered frame, the data signal at functions as a black (or white) writing signal, and the data signal at functions as a hold signal.

Figure 19A shows a driving waveform applied to a certain noted pixel (formed at an intersection of a $tit scanning electrode and a data electrode),the time of non-selection when supplied with "white (or black)" "hold" signals, and Figure 19B shows a driving waveform applied to such a pixel when supplied with 'black (or white" "hold" signals. As shown in Figures 19A and 19B, when a unit pulse duration is denoted by 4T, a certain noted pixel at the time of non-selection is supplied with a pulse component of 26T duration.

A display of a white image on a black background was formed while applying a scanning selection signals periodically and repeatedly to the scanning electrodes. A display obtained at that time is schematically shown in Figure 20. Referring to Figure 20, a display panel 201 has a scanning electrode side 202 and a data electrode side 203, on the panel -34- 201 are formed a black background, white image portions 205a and pale black or gray background portions 205b As is understood from such a display state of the display panel 201, gray or pale black background portions were formed at regions expected to fcrm a part of the black background along the data electrodes providing the white image portions. Such a display state degrades the display quality and is not desirable.

In order to find the cause of the above r' S phenomena, a driving waveform shown in Figure 21A was applied to an intersection P! of a scanning electrode Sn and a data electrode I shown in Figure 20. At this time, the data electrode I was supplied with data signals of B B B B -W W- W W black, W: white) in synchronism with the scanning signals applied to the scanning electrodes Sn, Sn+1, Sn+2, Sn+3'

S

n+4' Sn+5 and tn+6" Figure 21B shows an optical response obtained at that time measured by a photomultiplier. As is understood from Figure 21A, the intersection P 1 was supplied with a pulse with a duration of 2AT at the time of switching of data signals from B W, which caused an optical fluctuation 211 as shown in Figure 21B. Accordingly, such an optical "fluctuation" was cased based on occurrence of pale black background portions. The above phenomenon was remarkably observed particularly in a refresh drive i i Le iiilti-ulou or 'IaDle z. More C f- I I scheme wherein a scanning selection signal was periodically applied.

According to the present invention, however, such an optical fluctuation has been effectively suppressed by using a liquid crystal apparatus comprising a) a liquid crystal device comprising an electrode matrix composed of scanning electrodes an data electrodes, and a ferroelectric liquid crystal; and b) a driving means including: a first means for 10 selecting at least one scanning electrode and applying Sto the selected at least one scanning electrode a S4 scanning selection signal which comprises a pulse of *too one polarity and a pulse of the other polarity with respect to the voltage level of a non-selected scanning electrode, said pulses of one and the other polarities having mutually different pulse durations, and a second 4 means for applying data signals to the data electrode, each data signal comprising a pulse of one polarity and 4 a pulse of the other polarity with respect to the voltage level of a non-selected scanning electrode, the pulses of one and the other polarities having mutually different pulse durations, a pulse having the largest pulse duration of the pulses being synchronized with the pulse at the last phase of the scanning selection signal.

Figures 22 28 show driving waveforms used in the present invention for suppressing the abovesuha pia lcutinhsbe fetvl

I~

I: -36- 0* I *r C C

I(~F

C

mentioned "fluctuation".

In the driving embodiment shown in Figure 22, an odd-numbered scanning electrode is supplied with a scanning selection signal S2n-1 (n 1, 2, 3, in an odd-numbered frame F2M-1 (M 1, 2, 3, The signal S2n-1 comprises a voltage -V S (with respect to the voltage of a scanning non-selection signal) at a first phase tl, a voltage V S at a second rhase t 2 and a voltage 0 at a final phase t 3 The pulse ition of 10 the voltage V S at phase t 2 is set to be at twice, preferably twice, the pulse duration of t e -VS at phase t Further, an even-numbered sc electrode is supplied with a scanning non-selection signal S2n (n 1, 2, 3, in an odd-numbered frame 15 F2M-1 (M 1, 2, 3, The signal S2n comprises voltages of opposite polarities to those of the scanning selection signal S2n-_ at phases tI and t 2 respectively.

On the other hand, in an even-numbered frame F2M (M 1, 2, 3, an scanning non-selection signal S2n-1 applied to an odd-number scanning electrode has the same waveform as the scanning selection signal S2n applied in the odd-numbered frame F2M-1, and an scanning non-selection signal S2n applied to an even-numbered scanning electrode has the same waveform as the scanning selection signal S2n-l applied in the odd-numbered frame F2M-_1 i I t -37- In synchronism with the above scanning selection signals, the data electrodes are selectively supplied with a white signal, a black signal or a hold signal. The white signal comprises a voltage VD synchronized at phase t

I

a voltage -VD synchronized at phase t 2 and a voltage VD synchronized at phase t 3 Accordingly, the pulse duration of the voltage -VD at phase t 2 of the white signal is likewise set to be at least twice, preferably twice, the pulse duration of the voltage VD at the first phase t. Further, of the data signals, the black signal comprises voltages of i opposite polarities to those of the white signal at phases tl, t 2 and t 3 respectively.

I2 In the odd frame F2M_1, a hold signal synchronized with the scanning selection signal S2n-l is set to have the same waveform as the above-mentioned black signal, and a hold signal synchronized with the scanning selection signal S 2 n is set to have the same waveform as the above-mentioned white signal.

Further, in the even frame F 2 M, a hold signal I synchronized with the scanning selection signal S2nil is set to have the same waveform as the white signal, and a hold signal synchronized with the scanning selection signal S2n is set to have the same waveform as the black signal.

In the driving e-bodiment shown in Figure 22, the maximum duration (Tb) of a single polarity voltage 1 -38applied to a pixel at the time of non-selection is At so that it has become possible to solve the problem caused in the prior art embodiment where the maximum duration has been 2At.

Figure 23 shows a driving embodiment which is a modification of the one shown in Figure 22. In the embodiment shown in Figure 23, scanning selection signals S2n_ and S2n are respectively set to have voltages of V S (or -VS) and -V S (or Vs) of mutually opposite polarities at a first phase tl, and a second S phase t 2 and are both set to have a voltage of zero at i a last phase t 3 The signals are set to have a pulse duration of At at phase t 2 and a pulse duration of S 3/2*At at phase tl, and the voltage 0 is set to have a 15 duration of At/2.

A white signal, a black signal and a hold signal comprise voltages vD and -VD of mutually opposite polarities applied in synchronism.with phase t of the scanning selection signals S2n-_ and S2n. Of these voltages, a first applied voltage VD or -VD is set to have a pulse duration At/2 and a next applied voltage -VD or VD is set to have a duration At.

Further, at phases t 2 and t 3 the white signal, black signal and hold signal comprise a voltage VD or -VD with a pulse duration At and a voltage -VD or VD with a pulse duration At/2.

In the driving embodiment shown in Figure 23, -39the maximum duration Tb of a single polarity applied to a pixel at the time of non-selection is also suppressed to At.

In the embodiments shown in Figures 24 28, the maximum duration Tb of a single polarity applied to a pixel at the time of non-selection is suppressed to St, so that the above-mentioned problem of "fluctuation" caused in prior art multiplex driving can

I-

be solved.

Incidentally, the above-mentioned Lt has been ;1 rset equal to the maximum duration (time) of voltages VD and -VD used in the data signals.

In the present invention, various types of ferroelectric liquid crystal devices can be used, 15 including an SSFLC device as disclosed by Clark et al in U.S. Patent No. 4,367,924, etc., a ferroelectric liquid crystal device having an alignment with a remaining helical texture as disclosed by Isogai, et al in U.S. Patent No. 4,586,791, and a ferroelectric 4* t 4 i *20 liquid crystal device having an alignment state as disclosed in G.B. Laid-Open Patent Application GB-A 2,159,635. The ferroelectric liquid crystal device disclosed in GB-A 2,159,635 includes an alignment state providing a tilt angle (an angle between an average molecular axis direction of liquid crystal molecules and a uniaxial orientation axis such as a rubbing axis) under no electric field which is smaller than that i

L

under the application of an electric field.

In the present invention, it is possible to use a ferroelectric liquid crystal having a positive or negative dielectric anisotropy. Particularly, in the case of a device using a ferroelectric liquid crystal having a negative dielectric anisotropy, it is preferred to apply an AC voltage at a high frequency 10 kHz or higher) to pixels under non-selection.

Such AC application methods are disclosed in, e.g., Japanese Laid-Open Patent Applications JP-A 61-249025, 61-249024, 61-246724, 61-246723, 61-246722, and 61- 245142.

In Figures 22 28A, there have been disclosed driving embodiments wherein the polarity of the scanning selection signal is inverted for each frame and for each line. It is however possible to adopt an embodiment wherein the polarity of the scanning selection signal is inverted only for each frame or inverted every second or fourth frame scanning.

In the present invention, it is further possible not to use the polarity inversion of a scanning selection signal. Figure 28B shows such a driving embodiment. In the embodiment shown in Figure 28B, at the time of scanning one line, all the pixels on the one line are erased in phases t 1 and t 2 and the pixels on the one line is selected into either white or black. In this instance, in the erasure in the phases r -41t I and t 2 of the present invention, it is preferred to erase the pixels into black. For this purpose, it is ordinary to dispose a polarization axis in parallel with the molecular axis of the liquid crystal at the pixels oriented as a result of the application of the voltages in the phases ti and t 2 Alternatively, it is also possible to set the angle between the uniaxial orientation axis and a polarization axis to an angle which is smaller than the maximum tilt angle under the application of the erasure voltage. If the pixels are °I erased into a black (dark) state, little flushing into S* a white (bright) state is encountered so that a driving at a relatively low frame frequency becomes possible.

Herein, a specific example is shown 15 hereinbelow.

Example A ferroelectric liquid crystal device was composed to have a number of pixels of 400 (number of scanning electrodes) x 800 (number of data electrodes) by using a ferroelectric liquid crystal showing a negative dielectric anisotropy ("CS1017", available from Chisso which showed the following phase transition characteristic.

0 C 53.5 0 C 63.2 0 C 67.6 0

C

Cryst SmC* SmA Ch Iso -23 0

C

wherein the respective s; bols denote the following -42phases.

Cryst: crystal phase SmC*: chiral smectic phase SmA smectic A phase Ch cholesteric phase Iso isotropic phase.

The ferroelectric liquid crystal showed a spontaneous polarizatign (PS) of 9.0 nC/cm 2 and disposed in a layer thickness of 1.5 micron between a pair of substrates having the above-mentioned scanning electrodes and data electrodes coated with polyimide i films which had been rubbed in parallel with each 1. other.

The ferroelectric liquid crystal device was i 0 15 driven by using driving waveforms shown in Figures 22 28 wherein the voltages +Vs were set to +18 volts and +VD were set to +6 volts, whereby a drive margin of one-line scanning time and a static pixel contrast CR (transmittance in the bright state/transmittance in the dark state) were measured. The results are shown in the following table.

*II 1 -43- Example Drive One-line scanning Contrast No. waveform time (psec)

CR

Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Fig. 22 Fig. 23 Fig. 24 Fig. 25 Fig. 26 Fig. .27 Fig. 28 84 96 144 152 202 236 198 250 160 184 164 176 140 162 6.2 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.8 cn~rsa a a C4r~ 0 O 9 s0 a 00 11 00 o, Ud*L Comparative Example 1 Fig. 18 102 120 5.8 6.3 Se9 a o

,I

r Irr r r r t 10 In the examples of the present invention, no 15 pale black stripes as shown in Figure 20 were observed within the drive margins whereby pictures of a good quality were provided. In contrast thereto, in the comparative example, the resultant contrast was not constant and stripes were observed to provide a picture .20 of a lower quality.

Figure 29 is a block diagram illustrating a structural arrangement of an embodiment of the display apparatus according to the present invention. A display panel 801 is composed of scanning electrodes 802, data electrodes 803 and a ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed therebetween. The orientation of the ferroelectric liquid crystal is controlled by an r '.7 -44electric field at each intersection of the scanning electrodes and data electrodes formed due to voltages applied across the electrodes.

The display apparatus includes a data electrode driver circuit 804, which in turn comprises an image data shift register 8041 for storing image data serially supplied from a data signal line 806, a line memory 8042 for storing image data supplied in parallel from the image data shift register 8041, a data electrode driver 8043 for supplying voltages to data electrodes 803 according to the image data stored o:ro in the line memory 8042, and a data side power supply a 0 changeover unit 8044 for changing over among voltages VD, 0 and -VD supplied to the data electrodes 803 based 15 on a signal from a changeover control line 811.

The display apparatus further includes a scanning electrode driver circuit 805, which in turn comprises a decoder 8051 for designating a scanning electrode among all the scanning electrodes based on a signal received from a scanning address data line 807, I a scanning electrode driver 8052 for applying voltages to the scanning electrodes 802 based on a signal from the decoder 8051, and a scanning side power supply changeover unit 8053 for changing over among voltages

V

S

0 and -V S supplied to the scanning electrodes 802 based on a signal from a changeover control line 811.

The display apparatus further includes a CPU I I' i

I

808, which receives clock pulses from an oscillator 809, controls the image memory 810, and controls the signal transfer over the data signal line 806, scanning address data line 807 and changeover control line 811.

As the ferroelectric liquid crystal showing bistability used in the present invention, chiral smectic liquid crystals having ferroelectricity are most preferred. Among these liquid crystals, a liquid crystal in chiral smectic C phase (SmC*) or H phase (SmH*) is particularly suited. These ferroelectric liquid crystals are described in, "LE JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE LETTERS" 36 1975 "Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals"; "Applied Physics Letters" 36 (11) 1980, '0e* "Submicro-Second Bistable Electrooptic Switching in S. 15 Liquid Crystals"; "Kotai Butsuri (Solid State Physics)" 16 (141), 1981 "Liquid Crystal"; U.S. Patents Nos.

4556727, 4561726, 4614609, 4589996 and 4592858.

Ferroelectric liquid crystals disclosed in these publications may be used in the present invention.

More particularly, examples of ferroelectric liquid crystal compound used in the present invention g, I ,are decyloxybenzylidene-p'-amino-2-methylbutylcinnamate (DOBAMBC), hexyloxybenzylidene-p'-amino-2chloropropylcinnamate (HOBACPC), 4-O-(2-methyl)butvlresorcilidene-4'-octylaniline (MBRA etc.

When a device is constituted by using these materials, the device may be supported with a block of

I

-46copper, etc. in which a heater is embedded in order to realize a temperature condition where the liquid crystal compounds assume an SmC*- or SmH*-phase.

Further, in the present invention, it is possible to use a ferroelectric liquid crystal in chiral smectic F phase, I phase, G phase or K phase in addition to the above mentioned SmC* and SmH* phases.

Referring to Figure 30, there is schematically shown an example of a ferroelectric liquid crystal cell. Reference numerals 301a and 301b denote substrates (glass plates) on which a transparent electrode of, In 2 0 3 SnO 2 ITO (Indium-Tin- 4 Oxide), etc., is disposed, respectively. A liquid "o.

0 o crystal of an SmC*-phase in which liquid crystal o0 15 molecular layers 302 are oriented perpendicular to surfaces of the glass plates is hermetically disposed therebetween. A full line 303 shows liquid crystal molecules. Each liquid crystal molecule 303 has a dipole moment (PI) 304 in a direction perpendicular to the axis thereof. When a voltage higher than a certain threshold level is applied between electrodes formed on the base plates 301a and 301b, a helical or spiral structure of the liquid crystal molecule 303 is unwound or released to change the alignment direction of respective liquid crystal molecules 303 so that the dipole moment (PJ) 304 are all directed in the direction of the electric field. The liquid crystal S I, -47molecules 303 have an elongated shape and show refractive anisotropy between the long axis and the short axis thereof. Accordingly, it is easily understood that when, for instance, polarizers arranged in a cross nicol relationship, with their polarizing directions crossing each other, are disposed on the upper and the lower surfaces of the glass plates, the liquid crystal cell thus arranged functions as a liquid crystal optical modulation device of which optical characteristics vary depending upon the polarity of an applied voltage. Further, when the thickness of the liquid crystal cell is sufficiently g O thin 1 micron), the helical structure of the aaao liquid crystal molecules is released without 4$I a 15 application of an electric field whereby the dipole moment assumes either of the two states, Pa in an upper direction 314a or Pb in a lower direction 314b, thus providing a bistability condition, as shown in Figure 31. When an electric field Ea or Eb higher than I 20 a certain threshold level and different from each other in polarity as shown in Figure 31 is applied to a cell having the above-mentioned characteristics, the dipole moment is directed either in the upper direction 314a or in the lower direction 314b depending on the vector of the electric field Ea or Eb. In correspondence with this, the liquid crystal molecules are oriented to either a first orientation state 313a or a second I ]l -48orientation state 313b.

When the above-mentioned ferroelectric liquid crystal is used as an optical modulation element, it is possible to obtain two advantages. First is that the response speed is quite fast. Second is that the orientation of the liquid crystal shows bistability.

i The second advantage will be further explained, e.g., with reference to Figure 31. When the electric field Ea is applied to the liquid crystal molecules, they are oriented in the first stable state 313a. This state is stably retained even if the electric field is removed.

4 1 On the other hand, when the electric field Eb of which K direction is opposite to that of the electric field Ea i Iis applied thereto, the liquid crystal molecules are I 15 oriented to the second orientation state 313b, whereby the directions of molecules are changed. Likewise, the i latter state is stably retained even if the electric field is removed. Further, as long as the magnitude of the electric field Ea or Eb being applied is not above a certain threshold value, the liquid crystal molecules are placed in the respective orientation states. In order to effectively realize high response speed and bistability, it is preferable that the thickness of the cell is as thin as possible and generally 0.5 to microns, particularly 1 to 5 microns.

As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of 4 -49flickering even in a low frame frequency driving at a low temperature, thus providing an improved display H quality. According to another aspect of the above effect, it has become possible to realize a high- 5 quality display free from flickering over a wide temperature range ranging from a low temperature to a high temperature. The'present invention further realizes a gradational display with suppression of flickering caused by scanning drive at a low frequency.

According to the present invention, it is also possible to have a large drive margin and provide a constant contrast. Particularly, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of a pale black background ii stripe pattern and provide a high-quality display free i 15 from image flow.

Claims (9)

1. A liquid crystal apparatus, comprising: a liquid crystal device comprising an electrode matrix composed of scanning electrodes and data electrodes, and a ferroelectric liquid crystal; and a driving means including: a first drive means for selecting at least one scanning electrode and applying to the selected at least one scanning electrode a scanning selection signal which comprises a pulse of one polarity and a pulse of the other polarity with respect to the voltage level of a non-selected scanning electrode, said pulses of one and the other polarities having mutually different pulse durations, and a second drive means for applying data signals to the data electrode, each data signal comprising a pulse of one polarity and a pulse of the 1, other polarity with respect to the voltage level of a non-selected scanning G* electrode, the pulses of one and the other polarities having mutually different pulse durations, a pulse having the largest pulse duration of the S pulses being synchronized with a later one of said pulses of one and the other polarities of the scanning selection signal.

2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said data signals comprise a first data signal and a second data signal having a pulse of one polarity and a pulse of the other polarity, respectively, with respect to the voltage level of a non-selected scanning electrode, the pulses of one and the other polarities being synchronized with a later one of said pulses 0.0-25 of one and the other polarities of the scanning selection signal. L,

3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said data signals S have a pulse of a shorter duration than the pulse having the largest oA 0 duration before or after the pulse having the largest duration.

4. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said data signals 0 have a pulse of a shorter duration than the pulse having the largest duration before and after the pulse having the largest duration.

An apparatus according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the largest pulse duration is at least twice said shorter duration.

6. An apparatus according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the largest pulse duration is twice said shorter duration. HRF/0548r I1 -51-

7. An apparatus ac'cordlng to claim 1, wherein during the application period of the scanning selection signal, the data signals have a period for applying a voltage at the same level as that of a non-selected scanning electrode.

8. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said scanning selection signal is periodically and repeatedly applied to the scanning 4 electrodes.

9. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein in the application Speriod of the first pulse of the scanning selection signal applied to a selected scanning electrode, a voltage exceeding a threshold voltage of the ferroelectric liquid crystal is applied to the intersections of the selected scanning electrode an all or a prescribed part of the data electrodes.

1510. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said scanning selection signal has a period for applying a voltage at the same level as a that of a non-selected scanning electrode. 11. An apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the first pulse of the scanning selection signal has a larger duration than the later one of said pulses of one and the other polarities of the scanning selection :t 20 signal. 12. An apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the first pulse of the scanning selection signal has a smaller duration than the later one of S'said pulses of one and the other polarities of the scanning selection I signal. 13. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pixels on the V selected scanning electrode are erased into a bla state in synchronism with the first pulse of the scanning selection signal. 14. A liquid crystal apparatus, comprising: a) a liquid crystal device comprising an electrode matrix comprising a plurality of substantially parallel scanning electrodes and data electrodes intersecting said scanning electrodes, and a liquid crystal; and b) drive means including first drive means for sequentially applying a scanning selection signal to said scanning electrodes two or more scanning electrodes apart between successively selected scanning electrodes in one vertical scanning and for effecting one picture scanning by scanning said scanning electrodes in at least two vertical scannings, nk/1248E I i c I~ I. -52- wherein during a latter one of two consecutive vertical scannings of the at least two vertical scannings in one picture scanning, the scanning selection signal is applied to scanning electrodes which are not adjacent to scanning electrodes to which the scanning signal is applied in a former one of the two consecutive vertical scannings, and second drive means for applying data signals in synchronism with the scanning selection signal. An apparatus according to Claim 14, wherein said first drive means comprises means for applying the scanning selection signal to said scanning electrodes 4 or more scanning electrodes apart in one vertical scanning. 16. An apparatus according to Claim 14, wherein said first drive means comprises means for applying the scanning selection signal to said scanning electrodes 5 20 scanning electrodes apart in one vertical scanning. 17. An apparatus according to Claim 14, wherein said first drive means comprises means for applying the scanning selection signal to said S• scanning electrodes N scanning electrodes apart (N is an integer of 2, 3, 4, in one vertical scanning, and one picture scanning is effected in times of vertical scanning. t 20 18. An apparatus according to Claim 14, wherein the scanning t t" 1 selection signal is a signal having a voltage of one polarity and a voltage of the other polarity with respect to the voltage level of a scanning electrode to which the scanning selection signal is not being applied. t DATED this TNENTY-SIXTH day of AUGUST 1991 J Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Patent Attorneys for the Applicant SPRUSON FERGUSON 1248E