This study presents our preliminary analysis of the emergence of seed accelerators in Australia. ... more This study presents our preliminary analysis of the emergence of seed accelerators in Australia. We review the history of this organizational form in context of over 40 years of policy debate about venture capital and innovation. We also provide a critical review of whether accelerators are an evolutionary extension of business incubators, or a new form of organization, more in line with angel investing.
Over the past decades terms such as regionalism, regionalization, 'regional multinationals', and ... more Over the past decades terms such as regionalism, regionalization, 'regional multinationals', and 'liability of regional foreignness' have populated International Business and Global Strategy research. Notwithstanding their popularity, the definition of the term 'region' is ambiguous, which results in a lack of systematic use in research as well as in the insights generated from this construct. How can one define 'region'? Can the same regional category be used for research projects with completely different goals? Will drawing on different definitions of regional categories lead to different results and conclusions? We tackle these issues by first reviewing how social science research has defined region as well as how the construct has been used in global strategy research. Then we discuss, as an exemplification of the multiple definitions of region, how different regional categorizations paint different pictures of the degree to which US multinational firms have become more global or regional in the last two decades. We conclude with some insights on the next steps that global strategy should take when using the construct of region.
International business research has long acknowledged the importance of regional factors for fore... more International business research has long acknowledged the importance of regional factors for foreign direct investment ("FDI") by multinational corporations ("MNCs"). However, significant differences when defining these regions obscure the analysis about how and why regions matter. In response, we develop and empirically document support for a framework to evaluate alternative regional grouping schemes. We demonstrate application of this evaluative framework using data on the global location decisions by US-based MNCs from 1980-2000 and two alternative regional grouping schemes. We conclude with discussion of implications for future academic research related to understanding the impact of country groupings on MNC FDI decisions.
In this paper we examine foreign location choices of the top 100 US multinational corporations (M... more In this paper we examine foreign location choices of the top 100 US multinational corporations (MNCs) in 1980 and 2000. We first ask whether there has been a change in MNC foreign location choice in this two-decade period. Second, we explore the underlying reasons of location change by focusing on country-level factors, accounting for firm-, industry-and regionallevel explanations. Our findings suggest, first, that the extent of MNCs' activities around the globe is more extensive than assumed by regionalists' arguments and well beyond Ohmae's TRIAD, but still less widespread than claimed by the globalists -the two main traditions within the globalizationregionalization debate. Second, we uncover an interesting de-location pattern in this period. Third, we develop an integrative framework where both economic and institutional-cultural arguments are shown to influence MNCs' foreign location choice in different ways. We conclude with a discussion of our findings, and provide suggestions for future research.
International business (IB) research has long acknowledged the importance of supranational region... more International business (IB) research has long acknowledged the importance of supranational regional factors in building models to explain phenomena such as where multinational corporations (MNCs) choose to locate. Yet criteria for defining regions based on similar factors vary substantially, thus undermining consensus regarding which regional grouping schemes fit IB research models better. In response, we develop and empirically validate a theory of comparative regional scheme assessment for model-building purposes assuming that: (1) schemes can be classified based on their source of similarity; and (2) schemes within the same similarity class can be assessed for their structural coherence, based on group contiguity and compactness. Schemes with better structural coherence will also exhibit better fit with IB research models. We document support for our theory in comparative analyses of regional schemes used to explain where US-based MNCs locate operations around the world. Geography-, culture-and trade and investment-based schemes with better structural coherence exhibit better initial fit with MNC location models and less change in fit after modest scheme refinement using a simulated annealing optimization algorithm. Our approach provides criteria for comparing similar regional grouping schemes and identifying "best-in-class" schemes tailored to models of MNC location choice and other IB research models.
Multinational corporations, especially those with headquarters in the U.S., are often singled out... more Multinational corporations, especially those with headquarters in the U.S., are often singled out as the flagship of globalization. Empirical research on the internationalization trends of U.S. MNCs' subsidiaries shows mixed findings regarding the rationale for the choice of foreign location. In this paper, we bring together contrasting perspectives on patterns of internationalization by analyzing whether the location choice of U.S. MNCs has significantly changed over the last two decades (1980-2001) as well as the rationale for the choice of location. We draw on economic-driven arguments and cultural-driven arguments to explain the choice of foreign location, which allows us to suggest that the OLI and Uppsala hypotheses are complementary. Our analysis can be expanded to other countries and it contributes to debates on globalization.
International business (IB) research has long acknowledged the importance of supranational region... more International business (IB) research has long acknowledged the importance of supranational regional factors in building models to explain phenomena such as where multinational corporations (MNCs) choose to locate. Yet criteria for defining regions based on similar factors vary substantially, thus undermining consensus regarding which regional grouping schemes fit IB research models better. In response, we develop and empirically validate a theory of comparative regional scheme assessment for model-building purposes assuming that: (1) schemes can be classified based on their source of similarity; and (2) schemes within the same similarity class can be assessed for their structural coherence, based on group contiguity and compactness. Schemes with better structural coherence will also exhibit better fit with IB research models. We document support for our theory in comparative analyses of regional schemes used to explain where US-based MNCs locate operations around the world. Geography-, culture-and trade and investment-based schemes with better structural coherence exhibit better initial fit with MNC location models and less change in fit after modest scheme refinement using a simulated annealing optimization algorithm. Our approach provides criteria for comparing similar regional grouping schemes and identifying "best-in-class" schemes tailored to models of MNC location choice and other IB research models.
ABSTRACT In this paper, we seek to examine the foreign location choices of the international join... more ABSTRACT In this paper, we seek to examine the foreign location choices of the international joint ventures (IJVs) engaged by American Companies. In particular we look at the international joint ventures established by the top 100 US MNCs in two points in time, 1986 and 2000. More specifically, we ask whether there has been a change in the foreign location choices of these types of investments in this two-decade period. We find in this exploratory project that the partner choice of American MNC for IJV have remained heavily centered on the Asian Economic Bloc (Japan and China), strengthening the claims of regionalists, but also find that new partnerships in uncommon countries beyond the TRIAD have started to emerge as argued by globalist.
This study presents our preliminary analysis of the emergence of seed accelerators in Australia. ... more This study presents our preliminary analysis of the emergence of seed accelerators in Australia. We review the history of this organizational form in context of over 40 years of policy debate about venture capital and innovation. We also provide a critical review of whether accelerators are an evolutionary extension of business incubators, or a new form of organization, more in line with angel investing.
Over the past decades terms such as regionalism, regionalization, 'regional multinationals', and ... more Over the past decades terms such as regionalism, regionalization, 'regional multinationals', and 'liability of regional foreignness' have populated International Business and Global Strategy research. Notwithstanding their popularity, the definition of the term 'region' is ambiguous, which results in a lack of systematic use in research as well as in the insights generated from this construct. How can one define 'region'? Can the same regional category be used for research projects with completely different goals? Will drawing on different definitions of regional categories lead to different results and conclusions? We tackle these issues by first reviewing how social science research has defined region as well as how the construct has been used in global strategy research. Then we discuss, as an exemplification of the multiple definitions of region, how different regional categorizations paint different pictures of the degree to which US multinational firms have become more global or regional in the last two decades. We conclude with some insights on the next steps that global strategy should take when using the construct of region.
International business research has long acknowledged the importance of regional factors for fore... more International business research has long acknowledged the importance of regional factors for foreign direct investment ("FDI") by multinational corporations ("MNCs"). However, significant differences when defining these regions obscure the analysis about how and why regions matter. In response, we develop and empirically document support for a framework to evaluate alternative regional grouping schemes. We demonstrate application of this evaluative framework using data on the global location decisions by US-based MNCs from 1980-2000 and two alternative regional grouping schemes. We conclude with discussion of implications for future academic research related to understanding the impact of country groupings on MNC FDI decisions.
In this paper we examine foreign location choices of the top 100 US multinational corporations (M... more In this paper we examine foreign location choices of the top 100 US multinational corporations (MNCs) in 1980 and 2000. We first ask whether there has been a change in MNC foreign location choice in this two-decade period. Second, we explore the underlying reasons of location change by focusing on country-level factors, accounting for firm-, industry-and regionallevel explanations. Our findings suggest, first, that the extent of MNCs' activities around the globe is more extensive than assumed by regionalists' arguments and well beyond Ohmae's TRIAD, but still less widespread than claimed by the globalists -the two main traditions within the globalizationregionalization debate. Second, we uncover an interesting de-location pattern in this period. Third, we develop an integrative framework where both economic and institutional-cultural arguments are shown to influence MNCs' foreign location choice in different ways. We conclude with a discussion of our findings, and provide suggestions for future research.
International business (IB) research has long acknowledged the importance of supranational region... more International business (IB) research has long acknowledged the importance of supranational regional factors in building models to explain phenomena such as where multinational corporations (MNCs) choose to locate. Yet criteria for defining regions based on similar factors vary substantially, thus undermining consensus regarding which regional grouping schemes fit IB research models better. In response, we develop and empirically validate a theory of comparative regional scheme assessment for model-building purposes assuming that: (1) schemes can be classified based on their source of similarity; and (2) schemes within the same similarity class can be assessed for their structural coherence, based on group contiguity and compactness. Schemes with better structural coherence will also exhibit better fit with IB research models. We document support for our theory in comparative analyses of regional schemes used to explain where US-based MNCs locate operations around the world. Geography-, culture-and trade and investment-based schemes with better structural coherence exhibit better initial fit with MNC location models and less change in fit after modest scheme refinement using a simulated annealing optimization algorithm. Our approach provides criteria for comparing similar regional grouping schemes and identifying "best-in-class" schemes tailored to models of MNC location choice and other IB research models.
Multinational corporations, especially those with headquarters in the U.S., are often singled out... more Multinational corporations, especially those with headquarters in the U.S., are often singled out as the flagship of globalization. Empirical research on the internationalization trends of U.S. MNCs' subsidiaries shows mixed findings regarding the rationale for the choice of foreign location. In this paper, we bring together contrasting perspectives on patterns of internationalization by analyzing whether the location choice of U.S. MNCs has significantly changed over the last two decades (1980-2001) as well as the rationale for the choice of location. We draw on economic-driven arguments and cultural-driven arguments to explain the choice of foreign location, which allows us to suggest that the OLI and Uppsala hypotheses are complementary. Our analysis can be expanded to other countries and it contributes to debates on globalization.
International business (IB) research has long acknowledged the importance of supranational region... more International business (IB) research has long acknowledged the importance of supranational regional factors in building models to explain phenomena such as where multinational corporations (MNCs) choose to locate. Yet criteria for defining regions based on similar factors vary substantially, thus undermining consensus regarding which regional grouping schemes fit IB research models better. In response, we develop and empirically validate a theory of comparative regional scheme assessment for model-building purposes assuming that: (1) schemes can be classified based on their source of similarity; and (2) schemes within the same similarity class can be assessed for their structural coherence, based on group contiguity and compactness. Schemes with better structural coherence will also exhibit better fit with IB research models. We document support for our theory in comparative analyses of regional schemes used to explain where US-based MNCs locate operations around the world. Geography-, culture-and trade and investment-based schemes with better structural coherence exhibit better initial fit with MNC location models and less change in fit after modest scheme refinement using a simulated annealing optimization algorithm. Our approach provides criteria for comparing similar regional grouping schemes and identifying "best-in-class" schemes tailored to models of MNC location choice and other IB research models.
ABSTRACT In this paper, we seek to examine the foreign location choices of the international join... more ABSTRACT In this paper, we seek to examine the foreign location choices of the international joint ventures (IJVs) engaged by American Companies. In particular we look at the international joint ventures established by the top 100 US MNCs in two points in time, 1986 and 2000. More specifically, we ask whether there has been a change in the foreign location choices of these types of investments in this two-decade period. We find in this exploratory project that the partner choice of American MNC for IJV have remained heavily centered on the Asian Economic Bloc (Japan and China), strengthening the claims of regionalists, but also find that new partnerships in uncommon countries beyond the TRIAD have started to emerge as argued by globalist.
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Papers by ricardo flores