Group 13 cations induce hydrolysis of a rhodamine based dye to cause a sharp color change from co... more Group 13 cations induce hydrolysis of a rhodamine based dye to cause a sharp color change from colorless to pink and a high increment in fluorescence.
A Symmetric Heterojunction Underlap Double Gate (U-DG) GaN/AlGaN Metal Oxide Semiconductor High E... more A Symmetric Heterojunction Underlap Double Gate (U-DG) GaN/AlGaN Metal Oxide Semiconductor High Electron Mobility Transistor (MOS-HEMT) having negatively doped AlGaN region and AlGaN spacer has been studied for varying values of doped AlGaN width in this work. This paper shows a detailed performance analysis of the Analog Figure of Merits (FoMs) with varying doped width. The effect of doping on analog performances of the device has also been scrutinized. The Figure of Merits (FoMs) like variation of Drain Current (IDS) with Gate Voltage (VGS) and Drain Current with Drain Voltage (VDS), Transconductance (gm), Output Resistance (R0) and Intrinsic Gain (gmR0) have been under investigation alongside the consequences of altering the width of doped AlGaN layer. Conduction band diagrams for both ON and OFF states are used to explain the device behaviour. Studies show that by reducing the width of the doped region in the MOS-HEMT device, better gate controllability is obtained along with higher ON current.
Comparative analysis of a Symmetric Heterojunction Underlap Double Gate (U-DG) GaN/AlGaN Metal Ox... more Comparative analysis of a Symmetric Heterojunction Underlap Double Gate (U-DG) GaN/AlGaN Metal Oxide Semiconductor High Electron Mobility Transistor (MOS-HEMT) on varying the effective capacitance by using different oxide materials on source and drain sides, and determination of optimum length of oxides for the superior device performance has been presented in this work. This paper shows a detailed performance analysis of the Analog Figure of Merits (FoMs) like variation of Drain Current (IDS), Transconductance (gm), Output Resistance (R0), Intrinsic Gain (gmR0), RF FoMs like cut-off frequency (fT), maximum frequency of oscillation (fMAX), gate to source resistance (RGS), gate to drain resistance (RGD), gate to drain capacitance(CGD), gate to source capacitance (CGS) and total gate capacitance (CGG) using Non-Quasi-Static (NQS) approach. Power analysis includes Output power (Pout), Gain in dBm and power output efficiency (POE) have been studied. Studies reveal that the device with h...
International journal of engineering research and technology, 2019
The modern world aims at a clean energy production and consumption outlook. Efficiency can be tre... more The modern world aims at a clean energy production and consumption outlook. Efficiency can be treated as the foremost priority for all industries and households. The ever increasing consumption of fuels has pressurized the society to undertake a paradigm shift into more efficient means of energy consumption. This is further enhanced by the establishment of strict guidelines and rules enforced by the Government and International Agencies. To decrease the load that conventional fuels like petrol, diesel and other fossil fuels are facing in the modern day, renewable sources have been much emphasized upon in recent times. Fluorescent lamps have been supplanted by LED lamps, Conventional fan motors have been supplanted by Brushless DC Motors, conventional refrigerants have been supplanted by better ones, all of which aim at enhancing allover efficiency. A smart home is one that uses energy efficiently and conserves most of it, thus, the objective of this technology is to ensure better li...
In CMOS technology for high power consumption and difficulties in scalling size of the transistor... more In CMOS technology for high power consumption and difficulties in scalling size of the transistor molecular electronics has came as an emerging technology in the field of electronics. There has been significant advantages in construction of molecular diodes, molecular wires, transistors etc. This paper review those logic gates which are built from those molecular wires and molecular diode switches and also resonant tunneling diodes based half adder and full adder. This paper also give a brief outline on the design of 2:1MUX using molecular electronics. Designing of this combinational circuits correspond to conductive monomolecular circuit structure would be much smaller in area approx one million times than conventional micro-scale digital logic circuit fabricated on solid-state semiconductor chips which in foreseeable future can be used to build more complex molecular arithmetic circuits. Keywords—Logic circuits,logic gates, half adder, full adder, 2:1MUX, molecular electronics, re...
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the pa... more An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Studies were carried out on bacteriological contamination of digestive tract and flesh contents o... more Studies were carried out on bacteriological contamination of digestive tract and flesh contents of Labeo sp. reared in freshwater and waste water. Numbers of bacteria in flesh and gut contents of fish reflected their densities in water. Among four antibiotics (amphicilin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline) used, amphicilin resistant bacteria were the most numerous. In case of digestive tract, however, contents of bacteria remained too high. Fishes collected from freshwater culture system posses less amount of bacterial content both in flesh and in the gut. Whereas fish samples collected from waste-fed ponds showed higher amounts of bacterial loads. The waste-fed fishes also showed a high amount of antibiotic resistant bacterial loads both flesh as well as in gut. It may pose a potent danger for the consumers and the fishermen.
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has not only commenced a global healt... more The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has not only commenced a global health emergency but also agitated various aspects of humanity. During this period of crisis, researchers over the world have ramped their efforts to constrain the disease in all possible ways, whether it is vaccination, therapy or diagnosis. Because the spread of the disease has not yet elapsed, sharing the ongoing research findings could be the key to disease control and management. An early and efficient diagnosis could leverage the outcome until a successful vaccine is developed. Both in‐house and commercial kits are the preferred molecular tests being used worldwide in the COVID‐19 diagnosis. However, the limitation of high prices and lengthy procedures impede their use for mass testing. Keeping the constant rise of infection in mind, the search for an alternative test that is cost‐effective, simple and suitable for large‐scale testing and surveillance is the need of the hour. One such alternative could be immunological tests. In the last few months, a deluge of immunological rapid tests have been developed and validated across the globe. The objective of this review is to share the diagnostic performance of various immunological assays reported so far in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 case detection. We consolidate the studies (published and preprints) related to serological tests such as chemiluminescence, enzyme‐linked and lateral flow‐based point‐of‐care tests in COVID‐19 diagnosis and update the current scenario. This review aims to be an add‐on in COVID‐19 research and will contribute to congregation of the evidence for decision making.
The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 has not only commenced a global health emergency but agitated va... more The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 has not only commenced a global health emergency but agitated various aspects of humanity. During this period of crisis researchers over the world have ramped their efforts to constrain the disease in all possible ways whether it is vaccination, therapy, or diagnosis. Since the spread of the disease has not yet elapsed sharing the ongoing research findings could be the key to disease control and management. An early and efficient diagnosis could leverage the outcome until a successful vaccine is developed. Molecular tests both in-house and commercial kits are preferably being used worldwide in the COVID-19 diagnosis. However, the limitation of high prices and lengthy procedures impede their use for mass testing. Keeping the constant rise of infection in mind search for an alternative test that should be cost-effective, simple, and suitable for large scale testing and surveillance is a need of an hour. One such alternative could be the immunological t...
Surface exposed phosphatidylserine (PS) of cancer aids it to evade immune surveillance and thereb... more Surface exposed phosphatidylserine (PS) of cancer aids it to evade immune surveillance and thereby results in tumor progression. Earlier, we reported that PS targeting cationic liposomes, phosphatidylcholine-stearylamine (PC-SA), alone and in combination with doxorubicin can result in complete remission of B16F10 melanoma in C57BL/6 mice without signs of toxicity. Inducing an immunogenic response is highly crucial for any cancer therapy as it is essential in improving the tumor microenvironment for any drug to act. Herein, we demonstrate that PC-SA, besides having tumor reducing ability, elicits a strong immune response. The combination therapy (PC-SA-DOX) is superior to free DOX in enhancing the anti-tumor immune effect on CD4-positive and CD8-positive T cells for IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α production in sera and splenic culture supernatants of B16F10 tumor-induced mice. An upregulation of IL-12 and NO production is evidenced in spleen cultures of these mice, thereby showing a promising role of both Th1 type and innate immune response for host anti-tumor activity. Complete elimination of cancer is sometimes accomplished by surgery, but its effectiveness is often limited due to the propensity of cancers to spread to distant organs by metastasis. In our present study, we show that in PC-SA-DOX treated mice, the elevated Th1 cytokine levels create an immuno-protective environment which thereby facilitates in curing lung metastasis. Our results, therefore, warrant the need of effective immune stimulation by anticancer formulations for inhibition of solid tumors and metastasis, demonstrated by the liposomal DOX formulation.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the leading infectious diseases affecting developing countr... more Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the leading infectious diseases affecting developing countries. Colloidal gold-based diagnostic tests are rapid tools to detect blood/serum antibodies for VL diagnosis. Lack of uniformity in the performance of these tests in different endemic regions is a hurdle in early disease diagnosis. This study is designed to validate a serum-based dipstick test in eight centres of six countries, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Ethiopia and Spain with archived and fresh sera from 1003 subjects. The dipstick detects antibodies against Leishmania donovani membrane antigens (LAg). The overall sensitivity and specificity of the test with 95% confidence intervals were found to be 97.10% and 93.44%, respectively. The test showed good sensitivity and specificity in the Indian subcontinent (>95%). In Brazil, Ethiopia, and Spain the sensitivity and specificity of the dipstick test (83.78–100% and 79.06–100%) were better as compared to the earlier reports of the...
There is a pressing need for a ubiquitously expressed antigen or receptor on the tumor surface fo... more There is a pressing need for a ubiquitously expressed antigen or receptor on the tumor surface for successful mitigation of the deleterious side effects of chemotherapy. Phosphatidylserine (PS), normally constrained to the intracellular surface, is exposed on the external surface of tumors and most tumorigenic cell lines. Here we report that a novel PS-targeting liposome, phosphatidylcholine-stearylamine (PC-SA), induced apoptosis and showed potent anticancer effects as a single agent against a majority of cancer cell lines. We experimentally proved that this was due to a strong affinity for and direct interaction of these liposomes with PS. Complexation of the chemotherapeutic drugs doxorubicin and camptothecin in these vesicles demonstrated a manyfold enhancement in the efficacies of the drugs both in vitro and across three advanced tumor models without any signs of toxicity. Both free and drug-loaded liposomes were maximally confined to the tumor site with low tissue concentratio...
Nickel allergy is the most common cause of allergic reactions worldwide, with cutaneous and syste... more Nickel allergy is the most common cause of allergic reactions worldwide, with cutaneous and systemic effects potentially affecting multiple organs. Monocytes are precursors of not only macrophages but also dendritic cells, the most potent activators of nickel hypersensitivity. Monocytes are themselves important antigen-presenting cells, capable of nickel-specific T-cell activation in vivo and in vitro, in addition to being important for immediate innate immune inflammation. To elucidate early Ni(2+)-dependent inflammatory molecular mechanisms in human monocytes, a Ni(2+)-specific proteomic approach was applied. Quantitative two-dimensional (2D) differential gel electrophoresis and Delta2D software analyses coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) revealed that Ni(2+) significantly regulated 56 protein species, of which 36 were analyzed by MALDI-MS. Bioinformatics analyses of all identified proteins resulted in Ni(2+)-associated functional...
Objective: This work focused on the development of floating alginate beads for stomach specific d... more Objective: This work focused on the development of floating alginate beads for stomach specific delivery of Metronidazole towards the effective eradication of Helicobacter pylori, a major causative agent of peptic ulcers. Methods: Different formulations of sunflower oil entrapped gel beads were prepared by emulsion gelation technique using sodium alginate as gelling agent. The prepared beads were evaluated for size, surface morphology, drug entrapment efficiency, in vitro floatuing and in vitro drug release properties. Results: It was found that the percentage of oil plays an important role in controlling the floating of oil-entrapped alginate beads. All batches of beads floated for >24 hours with a very short lag time of 151-187 seconds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the beads were spherical in shape with small pores on the surface. SEM of the cross section of the beads demonstrated minute oil globules throughout the inner portion of the beads confirming oil entrapment. The results clearly indicated that amount of polymer (% w/v) and amount of sunflower oil (% v/v) affected the bead size, floating, encapsulation efficiency and drug release of the beads. It was observed that the drug release kinetics was best fitted with the Higuchi model and drug release from the polymer matrix system was non fickian (anomalous transport) type. Conclusion: The results provide evidence that formulated gel beads may be used to incorporate antimicrobials like Metronidazole and may be effective when administered locally in the stomach to cure Helicobacter pylori infection.
This present work reports an ecofriendly approach for the synthesis of spherical gold nanoparticl... more This present work reports an ecofriendly approach for the synthesis of spherical gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Terminalia arjuna. T. arjuna contains arjunetin, leucoanthocyanidins and hydrolyzable tannins, which are found to be responsible for the bio-reduction of Au NPs. The formed Au NPs were characterized by UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, AFM and TEM analysis. UV-visible spectra of the aqueous medium containing gold nanoparticles showed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 530 nm. FT-IR analysis was performed to analyze the biomolecules responsible for the reduction of Au NPs. XRD results confirmed the presence of gold nanoparticles with face centered cubic structure. The calculated crystallite sizes are in the range of 20 to 50 nm and the spherical nature of the Au NPs was ascertained by transmission electron microscopy. The efficacy of the synthesized Au NPs was tested for the mitotic cell division and pollen germination. It is suggested that Au NPs induces the mitotic cell division and pollen germination. There was no cytotoxic effect of Allium cepa root tip cells and Gloriosa superba pollen grains.
This paper presents a low power fixed-width multiplier with row bypassing (FWM-RB) for multimedia... more This paper presents a low power fixed-width multiplier with row bypassing (FWM-RB) for multimedia applications. When the operands of the multiplier are zero, significant power reductions can be achieved if that particular row is disabled. This is done with the help of multiplexers incorporated in the Modified Full Adder (MFA). The design is developed by using Verilog-HDL and implemented using Cadence typical libraries of TSMC 90 nm technology with a supply voltage of 1.2 V. This work evaluates the performance of power, area and delay of fixed-width multipliers and it has been shown that the proposed architecture consumes lesser power as compared to the conventional fixed-width multipliers.
Group 13 cations induce hydrolysis of a rhodamine based dye to cause a sharp color change from co... more Group 13 cations induce hydrolysis of a rhodamine based dye to cause a sharp color change from colorless to pink and a high increment in fluorescence.
A Symmetric Heterojunction Underlap Double Gate (U-DG) GaN/AlGaN Metal Oxide Semiconductor High E... more A Symmetric Heterojunction Underlap Double Gate (U-DG) GaN/AlGaN Metal Oxide Semiconductor High Electron Mobility Transistor (MOS-HEMT) having negatively doped AlGaN region and AlGaN spacer has been studied for varying values of doped AlGaN width in this work. This paper shows a detailed performance analysis of the Analog Figure of Merits (FoMs) with varying doped width. The effect of doping on analog performances of the device has also been scrutinized. The Figure of Merits (FoMs) like variation of Drain Current (IDS) with Gate Voltage (VGS) and Drain Current with Drain Voltage (VDS), Transconductance (gm), Output Resistance (R0) and Intrinsic Gain (gmR0) have been under investigation alongside the consequences of altering the width of doped AlGaN layer. Conduction band diagrams for both ON and OFF states are used to explain the device behaviour. Studies show that by reducing the width of the doped region in the MOS-HEMT device, better gate controllability is obtained along with higher ON current.
Comparative analysis of a Symmetric Heterojunction Underlap Double Gate (U-DG) GaN/AlGaN Metal Ox... more Comparative analysis of a Symmetric Heterojunction Underlap Double Gate (U-DG) GaN/AlGaN Metal Oxide Semiconductor High Electron Mobility Transistor (MOS-HEMT) on varying the effective capacitance by using different oxide materials on source and drain sides, and determination of optimum length of oxides for the superior device performance has been presented in this work. This paper shows a detailed performance analysis of the Analog Figure of Merits (FoMs) like variation of Drain Current (IDS), Transconductance (gm), Output Resistance (R0), Intrinsic Gain (gmR0), RF FoMs like cut-off frequency (fT), maximum frequency of oscillation (fMAX), gate to source resistance (RGS), gate to drain resistance (RGD), gate to drain capacitance(CGD), gate to source capacitance (CGS) and total gate capacitance (CGG) using Non-Quasi-Static (NQS) approach. Power analysis includes Output power (Pout), Gain in dBm and power output efficiency (POE) have been studied. Studies reveal that the device with h...
International journal of engineering research and technology, 2019
The modern world aims at a clean energy production and consumption outlook. Efficiency can be tre... more The modern world aims at a clean energy production and consumption outlook. Efficiency can be treated as the foremost priority for all industries and households. The ever increasing consumption of fuels has pressurized the society to undertake a paradigm shift into more efficient means of energy consumption. This is further enhanced by the establishment of strict guidelines and rules enforced by the Government and International Agencies. To decrease the load that conventional fuels like petrol, diesel and other fossil fuels are facing in the modern day, renewable sources have been much emphasized upon in recent times. Fluorescent lamps have been supplanted by LED lamps, Conventional fan motors have been supplanted by Brushless DC Motors, conventional refrigerants have been supplanted by better ones, all of which aim at enhancing allover efficiency. A smart home is one that uses energy efficiently and conserves most of it, thus, the objective of this technology is to ensure better li...
In CMOS technology for high power consumption and difficulties in scalling size of the transistor... more In CMOS technology for high power consumption and difficulties in scalling size of the transistor molecular electronics has came as an emerging technology in the field of electronics. There has been significant advantages in construction of molecular diodes, molecular wires, transistors etc. This paper review those logic gates which are built from those molecular wires and molecular diode switches and also resonant tunneling diodes based half adder and full adder. This paper also give a brief outline on the design of 2:1MUX using molecular electronics. Designing of this combinational circuits correspond to conductive monomolecular circuit structure would be much smaller in area approx one million times than conventional micro-scale digital logic circuit fabricated on solid-state semiconductor chips which in foreseeable future can be used to build more complex molecular arithmetic circuits. Keywords—Logic circuits,logic gates, half adder, full adder, 2:1MUX, molecular electronics, re...
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the pa... more An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Studies were carried out on bacteriological contamination of digestive tract and flesh contents o... more Studies were carried out on bacteriological contamination of digestive tract and flesh contents of Labeo sp. reared in freshwater and waste water. Numbers of bacteria in flesh and gut contents of fish reflected their densities in water. Among four antibiotics (amphicilin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline) used, amphicilin resistant bacteria were the most numerous. In case of digestive tract, however, contents of bacteria remained too high. Fishes collected from freshwater culture system posses less amount of bacterial content both in flesh and in the gut. Whereas fish samples collected from waste-fed ponds showed higher amounts of bacterial loads. The waste-fed fishes also showed a high amount of antibiotic resistant bacterial loads both flesh as well as in gut. It may pose a potent danger for the consumers and the fishermen.
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has not only commenced a global healt... more The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has not only commenced a global health emergency but also agitated various aspects of humanity. During this period of crisis, researchers over the world have ramped their efforts to constrain the disease in all possible ways, whether it is vaccination, therapy or diagnosis. Because the spread of the disease has not yet elapsed, sharing the ongoing research findings could be the key to disease control and management. An early and efficient diagnosis could leverage the outcome until a successful vaccine is developed. Both in‐house and commercial kits are the preferred molecular tests being used worldwide in the COVID‐19 diagnosis. However, the limitation of high prices and lengthy procedures impede their use for mass testing. Keeping the constant rise of infection in mind, the search for an alternative test that is cost‐effective, simple and suitable for large‐scale testing and surveillance is the need of the hour. One such alternative could be immunological tests. In the last few months, a deluge of immunological rapid tests have been developed and validated across the globe. The objective of this review is to share the diagnostic performance of various immunological assays reported so far in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 case detection. We consolidate the studies (published and preprints) related to serological tests such as chemiluminescence, enzyme‐linked and lateral flow‐based point‐of‐care tests in COVID‐19 diagnosis and update the current scenario. This review aims to be an add‐on in COVID‐19 research and will contribute to congregation of the evidence for decision making.
The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 has not only commenced a global health emergency but agitated va... more The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 has not only commenced a global health emergency but agitated various aspects of humanity. During this period of crisis researchers over the world have ramped their efforts to constrain the disease in all possible ways whether it is vaccination, therapy, or diagnosis. Since the spread of the disease has not yet elapsed sharing the ongoing research findings could be the key to disease control and management. An early and efficient diagnosis could leverage the outcome until a successful vaccine is developed. Molecular tests both in-house and commercial kits are preferably being used worldwide in the COVID-19 diagnosis. However, the limitation of high prices and lengthy procedures impede their use for mass testing. Keeping the constant rise of infection in mind search for an alternative test that should be cost-effective, simple, and suitable for large scale testing and surveillance is a need of an hour. One such alternative could be the immunological t...
Surface exposed phosphatidylserine (PS) of cancer aids it to evade immune surveillance and thereb... more Surface exposed phosphatidylserine (PS) of cancer aids it to evade immune surveillance and thereby results in tumor progression. Earlier, we reported that PS targeting cationic liposomes, phosphatidylcholine-stearylamine (PC-SA), alone and in combination with doxorubicin can result in complete remission of B16F10 melanoma in C57BL/6 mice without signs of toxicity. Inducing an immunogenic response is highly crucial for any cancer therapy as it is essential in improving the tumor microenvironment for any drug to act. Herein, we demonstrate that PC-SA, besides having tumor reducing ability, elicits a strong immune response. The combination therapy (PC-SA-DOX) is superior to free DOX in enhancing the anti-tumor immune effect on CD4-positive and CD8-positive T cells for IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α production in sera and splenic culture supernatants of B16F10 tumor-induced mice. An upregulation of IL-12 and NO production is evidenced in spleen cultures of these mice, thereby showing a promising role of both Th1 type and innate immune response for host anti-tumor activity. Complete elimination of cancer is sometimes accomplished by surgery, but its effectiveness is often limited due to the propensity of cancers to spread to distant organs by metastasis. In our present study, we show that in PC-SA-DOX treated mice, the elevated Th1 cytokine levels create an immuno-protective environment which thereby facilitates in curing lung metastasis. Our results, therefore, warrant the need of effective immune stimulation by anticancer formulations for inhibition of solid tumors and metastasis, demonstrated by the liposomal DOX formulation.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the leading infectious diseases affecting developing countr... more Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the leading infectious diseases affecting developing countries. Colloidal gold-based diagnostic tests are rapid tools to detect blood/serum antibodies for VL diagnosis. Lack of uniformity in the performance of these tests in different endemic regions is a hurdle in early disease diagnosis. This study is designed to validate a serum-based dipstick test in eight centres of six countries, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Ethiopia and Spain with archived and fresh sera from 1003 subjects. The dipstick detects antibodies against Leishmania donovani membrane antigens (LAg). The overall sensitivity and specificity of the test with 95% confidence intervals were found to be 97.10% and 93.44%, respectively. The test showed good sensitivity and specificity in the Indian subcontinent (>95%). In Brazil, Ethiopia, and Spain the sensitivity and specificity of the dipstick test (83.78–100% and 79.06–100%) were better as compared to the earlier reports of the...
There is a pressing need for a ubiquitously expressed antigen or receptor on the tumor surface fo... more There is a pressing need for a ubiquitously expressed antigen or receptor on the tumor surface for successful mitigation of the deleterious side effects of chemotherapy. Phosphatidylserine (PS), normally constrained to the intracellular surface, is exposed on the external surface of tumors and most tumorigenic cell lines. Here we report that a novel PS-targeting liposome, phosphatidylcholine-stearylamine (PC-SA), induced apoptosis and showed potent anticancer effects as a single agent against a majority of cancer cell lines. We experimentally proved that this was due to a strong affinity for and direct interaction of these liposomes with PS. Complexation of the chemotherapeutic drugs doxorubicin and camptothecin in these vesicles demonstrated a manyfold enhancement in the efficacies of the drugs both in vitro and across three advanced tumor models without any signs of toxicity. Both free and drug-loaded liposomes were maximally confined to the tumor site with low tissue concentratio...
Nickel allergy is the most common cause of allergic reactions worldwide, with cutaneous and syste... more Nickel allergy is the most common cause of allergic reactions worldwide, with cutaneous and systemic effects potentially affecting multiple organs. Monocytes are precursors of not only macrophages but also dendritic cells, the most potent activators of nickel hypersensitivity. Monocytes are themselves important antigen-presenting cells, capable of nickel-specific T-cell activation in vivo and in vitro, in addition to being important for immediate innate immune inflammation. To elucidate early Ni(2+)-dependent inflammatory molecular mechanisms in human monocytes, a Ni(2+)-specific proteomic approach was applied. Quantitative two-dimensional (2D) differential gel electrophoresis and Delta2D software analyses coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) revealed that Ni(2+) significantly regulated 56 protein species, of which 36 were analyzed by MALDI-MS. Bioinformatics analyses of all identified proteins resulted in Ni(2+)-associated functional...
Objective: This work focused on the development of floating alginate beads for stomach specific d... more Objective: This work focused on the development of floating alginate beads for stomach specific delivery of Metronidazole towards the effective eradication of Helicobacter pylori, a major causative agent of peptic ulcers. Methods: Different formulations of sunflower oil entrapped gel beads were prepared by emulsion gelation technique using sodium alginate as gelling agent. The prepared beads were evaluated for size, surface morphology, drug entrapment efficiency, in vitro floatuing and in vitro drug release properties. Results: It was found that the percentage of oil plays an important role in controlling the floating of oil-entrapped alginate beads. All batches of beads floated for >24 hours with a very short lag time of 151-187 seconds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the beads were spherical in shape with small pores on the surface. SEM of the cross section of the beads demonstrated minute oil globules throughout the inner portion of the beads confirming oil entrapment. The results clearly indicated that amount of polymer (% w/v) and amount of sunflower oil (% v/v) affected the bead size, floating, encapsulation efficiency and drug release of the beads. It was observed that the drug release kinetics was best fitted with the Higuchi model and drug release from the polymer matrix system was non fickian (anomalous transport) type. Conclusion: The results provide evidence that formulated gel beads may be used to incorporate antimicrobials like Metronidazole and may be effective when administered locally in the stomach to cure Helicobacter pylori infection.
This present work reports an ecofriendly approach for the synthesis of spherical gold nanoparticl... more This present work reports an ecofriendly approach for the synthesis of spherical gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Terminalia arjuna. T. arjuna contains arjunetin, leucoanthocyanidins and hydrolyzable tannins, which are found to be responsible for the bio-reduction of Au NPs. The formed Au NPs were characterized by UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, AFM and TEM analysis. UV-visible spectra of the aqueous medium containing gold nanoparticles showed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 530 nm. FT-IR analysis was performed to analyze the biomolecules responsible for the reduction of Au NPs. XRD results confirmed the presence of gold nanoparticles with face centered cubic structure. The calculated crystallite sizes are in the range of 20 to 50 nm and the spherical nature of the Au NPs was ascertained by transmission electron microscopy. The efficacy of the synthesized Au NPs was tested for the mitotic cell division and pollen germination. It is suggested that Au NPs induces the mitotic cell division and pollen germination. There was no cytotoxic effect of Allium cepa root tip cells and Gloriosa superba pollen grains.
This paper presents a low power fixed-width multiplier with row bypassing (FWM-RB) for multimedia... more This paper presents a low power fixed-width multiplier with row bypassing (FWM-RB) for multimedia applications. When the operands of the multiplier are zero, significant power reductions can be achieved if that particular row is disabled. This is done with the help of multiplexers incorporated in the Modified Full Adder (MFA). The design is developed by using Verilog-HDL and implemented using Cadence typical libraries of TSMC 90 nm technology with a supply voltage of 1.2 V. This work evaluates the performance of power, area and delay of fixed-width multipliers and it has been shown that the proposed architecture consumes lesser power as compared to the conventional fixed-width multipliers.
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