,Although the component-based software engineering is proven to be very successful in enterprise ... more ,Although the component-based software engineering is proven to be very successful in enterprise and desktop applications, it encounters some difficulties when applied to development,of embedded,systems. Specific requirements,like execution time, memory footprints, predictability etc., also known as extra-functional system properties, makes it difficult to use available component models for real-time and safety- critical applications. That arouses a need of domain
2013 IEEE Seventh International Symposium on Service-Oriented System Engineering, 2013
ABSTRACT The number of small embedded devices connected to the Internet is increasing. This growt... more ABSTRACT The number of small embedded devices connected to the Internet is increasing. This growth is mostly due to the large number of Internet of Things (IoT) deployments, with applications such as: industrial monitoring, home automation, and others. One common aspect with the majority of application areas is the lack of mobility. Most IoT devices are stationary and often use IEEE 802.15.4/6LoWPAN solutions. When a high level of mobility is required, the use of IEEE 802.15.4 is not possible without adding additional hardware for the user to carry. In this article, a holistic network architecture consisting of heterogeneous devices is presented. The architecture is composed of Embedded Internet Systems (EIS) and uses standard communication protocols. One important feature is the use of the Service-oriented architecture (SOA) paradigm. The use of SOA, by utilization of the CoAP protocol and standard services, enables the proposed architecture to exchange sensor- and actuator data with an Internet-based cloud as well as a user's local cloud consisting of sensor IoT devices, smart phones and laptops. Another component of the architecture is a web-based human-machine interface for configuration, monitoring and visualization of sensor and actuator data using emerging web technologies for structured data processing. Results from experiments and real-world tests show that the proposed architecture can support sample rates of up to several kHz while enabling sensor data to be transmitted to SOA services in real time. This proves that the use of SOA, and Restful web services in particular, is feasible on resource-constrained platforms while supporting true mobility.
2013 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), 2013
The mining industry is seeing a bright future with a high demand for minerals and relatively high... more The mining industry is seeing a bright future with a high demand for minerals and relatively high material prices. Much of this is driven by the rapid industrial expansion in countries such as China and others. However, even though the mining business seems promising, there are some important issues that must be addressed in order to maintain a costeffective and competitive edge. Worker and environment safety, working conditions, are very important issues. Another issue is attracting skilled personal to work in the deep mines of the future. Today, the mining industry has problems hiring personnel, due to hazardous working environments and re-locating to the distant regions. If the workers' safety could be increased, attracting skilled personnel would become one less problem. Rock bolts and shotcrete are in use today to reinforce tunnel walls, and expensive measurement devices are used in order to monitor seismic activity and rock stress. However, by not having realtime monitoring of rock bolts makes it difficult to monitor them. A better approach would be to make rock bolts intelligent and have them measure stress and seismic activity. Furthermore, by connecting the rock bolts to a network, real-time monitoring of them is made feasible.
2013 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2013
ABSTRACT The combination of Service Oriented Architectures (SOAs) and Complex Event Processing (C... more ABSTRACT The combination of Service Oriented Architectures (SOAs) and Complex Event Processing (CEP) is gaining momentum for event centric management and processing of information in complex distributed systems (e.g., business automation). Whereas systems for factory automation have traditionally been deployed using dedicated buses and proprietary (often scan based) protocols, a recent trend in process automation is towards adopting open internet based technologies and event based communication. This trend is driven by the increasing number and capabilities of devices used for monitoring and control, and the increased flexibility, maintainability and price/performance gains expected from IP (potentially SOA/CEP) enabled systems. In this paper we discuss the challenges involved to apply SOA and CEP to the field of factory automation. In particular, realtime aspects are highlighted, both w.r.t. to accurate time-stamping of physical events in a distributed system, as well as end-to-end timing including communication and CEP processing. We approach the challenges by an architecture combining state-of-the-art synchronisation mechanisms for wired and wireless networks together with real-time communication and distributed query processing based on the notion of time constrained reactions. We discuss the impact of synchronisation inaccuracies and delays introduced by processing and communication, and present a method for implementation of safe potential- and certain matches.
Proceedings of 2012 IEEE 17th International Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA 2012), 2012
ABSTRACT The continuously rising costs and the environmental impact of energy generation, transmi... more ABSTRACT The continuously rising costs and the environmental impact of energy generation, transmission and consumption are a major concern for governments, industry and society alike. Among research in renewable energy sources as well as in energy efficiency of buildings, electrical appliances, vehicles etc., a considerable amount of attention has been devoted to effective energy management. In this paper, we present a survey on emerging energy management standards with focus on enabling application layer Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) that are a central part of these standards. The presented work includes an analysis on the challenges, future trends, security and application prospects of energy management standards. As part of the survey, the emerging Open Automated Demand Response (OpenADR) version 2.0 and Smart Energy Profile (SEP) version 2.0 were identified as the most promising and complete solutions. The presented survey provides an important insight on the future developments in the area of energy management protocols and highlights a number of key ICT solutions and challenges.
This paper presents experimental results of a heterogeneous sensor network architecture, which is... more This paper presents experimental results of a heterogeneous sensor network architecture, which is a combination of a wireless sensor network and a personal area network. The proposed architecture uses the IEEE 802.15.4 standard to transmit sensor data to a sensor node which in turn forwards the data using TCP/IP to a database on the Internet via a Bluetooth-equipped mobile phone and the mobile telephone access network. The performance of the entire communication chain is evaluated. First, a 3G network's performance is evaluated by measuring its round trip time for packet transmission. Second, the real-world end-to-end delay between a sensor node and a database server on the Internet is measured using two different experimental setups: single-hop transmission and two hops transmission. Finally, the proposed architecture's scalability is estimated in a Matlab simulation using the results of the experiments as a base. The results show that the proposed architecture is applicable for small-scale sensor networks used by highly mobile users.
2011 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2011
ABSTRACT The introduction of Service Oriented Architectures for monitoring and control involves t... more ABSTRACT The introduction of Service Oriented Architectures for monitoring and control involves the deployment of SOA onto lightweight devices (e.g., embedded controllers for sensors and actuators). For the use of SOA in applications where timing and dependability are important, it becomes crucial that SOA event processing and service implementations are robust and time bound for a given platform. To this end, formalisms and tools aiding the design is instrumental. In this paper, we present a roadmap for a SOA based on components using the modeling and programming paradigm of Timber. Our vision is to present Timber based software components as services. By using current standards for service descriptions and eventing we will facilitate interoperability with legacy systems. We will develop a compiler tool suit allowing Timber based services to be deployable onto lightweight resource constrained platforms (e.g., sensors and actuators for industrial use). Our goal is to provide design time guarantees on e.g., robustness (safety and liveness), timing properties, and resource utilization for the complete embedded system comprising SOA event communication, event processing together with the service implementations.
Interest in Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) in the automation domain has seen a rapid increa... more Interest in Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) in the automation domain has seen a rapid increase both from the academia as well as the industry recent years. Since green field plants today are not common, the partial migration of plant automation to SOA design is needed to introduce new functionalities. Thus strategies and approaches for migration from legacy to SOA architectures becomes of vital interest. This paper discusses different views on partial migration of a process monitoring and control system from legacy to SOA. The discussion includes a global top down view, a bottom up view, hardware/software considerations and a hint on training of personnel.
In a SOA-based system the applications are organized in a manner such that interoperable services... more In a SOA-based system the applications are organized in a manner such that interoperable services can be used from different domains. In a process industry context, different domains can refer to, for example, process instrumentation and monitoring, execution of process control, data acquisition, etc. Large process industry systems are a complex and potentially very large sets of multi-disciplinary, heterogeneous, networked distributed systems. Current industrial process control systems are typically vendor specific; in addition the different domains are associated with different layers, different standards and different technologies. In the paper the authors report about the investigations and assessments performed to find answers for four major critical questions that arise as key when technologies have to be selected and used in a true Service Oriented Architecture SOA) based distributed large scale Process Monitoring and Control system: (1) Real-time SOA (what are the limits of bringing SOA into high performance control loops?); (2) Management of large scale industrial distributed control systems (is it feasible to manage up to tens of thousands of service-oriented devices?); (3) Distributed event-based systems are asynchronous (what are the limits compared to traditional periodic scanning systems?) and (4) Service specification (which semantics are the most suitable for specifying process control and monitoring services?).
As process control and monitoring systems based on a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) are matu... more As process control and monitoring systems based on a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) are maturing, the need increases for a systematic approach to migrate systems. The legacy systems are traditionally based on a strict hierarchy and in order to gradually allow additional cross-layer interaction, the migration procedure needs to consider both -functionality and architecture of the legacy system. The migration procedure proposed here aims to preserve the functional integration, organize the SOA cloud through grouping of devices, and maintain the performance aspects such as real-time control throughout the whole migration procedure.
In the last years Service-Oriented Architectures have been extensively used in order to enable se... more In the last years Service-Oriented Architectures have been extensively used in order to enable seamless interaction and integration among the various heterogeneous systems and devices found in modern factories. The emerging Industrial Automation Systems are increasingly utilizing them. In the cloud-based vision of IMC-AESOP such technologies take an even more key role as they empower the backbone of the new concepts and approaches under development. Here we report about the investigations and assessments performed to find answers for some of the major questions that arise as key when technologies have to be selected and used in an industrial context utilizing Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) based distributed large scale Process Monitoring and Control system. Aspects of integration, real-timeness, distributeness, event-based interaction, service-enablement etc. are approached from different angles and some of the promising technologies are analysed and assessed.
IECON 2011 - 37th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2011
The advent of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) in the automation domain has made possible the ... more The advent of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) in the automation domain has made possible the cross-layer vertical integration of devices, manufacturing systems and business processes. However, the use of standard web service technologies is not always possible in an industrial environment with high real-time requirements and limited hardware resources due to the overhead connected to XML processing. The work presented in
ABSTRACT Supervision and control systems are being deployed in industrial environments such as mi... more ABSTRACT Supervision and control systems are being deployed in industrial environments such as mining plants and manufacturing facilities to ensure a continuous and effective production at a minimum cost. Such systems monitor a whole range of devices and collect their data for several purposes like maintenance and control operations. At the same time, Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is getting more popular than ever in most application domains, from IT to device level, and particularly for those industries whose continuous efforts to increase the overall plant and equipment effectiveness lead to new requirements on systems openness, integration, availability, maintainability and performance. This paper presents how a legacy control and monitoring system could migrate to SOA, the architecture principles and the main benefits and limitations based on results validated on a pelletizing plant lubrication system.
ABSTRACT A large number of potential applications for Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN... more ABSTRACT A large number of potential applications for Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN) have yet to be embraced by industry despite high interest amongst academic researchers. This is due to various factors such as unpredictable costs related to development, deployment and maintenance of WSAN, especially when integration with existing IT infrastructure and legacy systems is needed. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is seen as a promising technique to bridge the gap between sensor nodes and enterprise applications such as factory monitoring, control, and tracking systems where sensor data is used. To date, research efforts have focused on middleware software systems located in gateway devices that implement standard service technology, such as Devices Profile for Web Services (DPWS), for interacting with the sensor network. This paper takes a different approach-deploying interoperable Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)-based web services directly on the nodes and not using gateways. This strategy provides for easy integration with legacy IT systems and supports heterogeneity at the lowest level. Twofold analysis of the related overhead, which is the main challenge of this solution, is performed; Quantification of resource consumption as well as techniques to mitigate it are presented, along with latency measurements showing the impact of different parts of the system on system performance. A proof-of-concept application using Mulle-a resource-constrained sensor platform-is also presented.
Hardwired sensor installations using proprietary protocols found in today's district heating subs... more Hardwired sensor installations using proprietary protocols found in today's district heating substations limit the potential usability of the sensors in and around the substations. If sensor resources can be shared and re-used in a variety of applications, the cost of sensors and installation can be reduced, and their functionality and operability can be increased. In this paper, we present a new concept of district heating substation control and monitoring, where a service oriented architecture (SOA) is deployed in a wireless sensor network (WSN), which is integrated with the substation. IP-networking is exclusively used from sensor to server; hence, no middleware is needed for Internet integration. Further, by enabling thousands of sensors with SOA capabilities, a System of Systems approach can be applied. The results of this paper show that it is possible to utilize SOA solutions with heavily resource-constrained embedded devices in contexts where the real-time constrains are limited, such as in a district heating substation.
State of the art factory automation systems are now using Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) in ... more State of the art factory automation systems are now using Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) in order to increase flexibility and lower complexity of process monitoring and control. However, the service technology has not yet penetrated into the lower levels of plant-wide automation processes i.e. throughout shop floor devices such as programmable controllers, embedded sensors and actuators. Different techniques to adapt the web service technology to the specific requirements of embedded systems domain are intensively investigated by researchers and yet real-time properties, limited resources and wireless links are still posing immense challenges. The most promising solutions proposed are based on a newly emerging structured data format -Efficient XML Interchange (EXI). It is designed to compensate for the inefficiency of widely used throughout service implementations XML format. This paper investigates the design of EXI processor targeted at highly resource constrained embedded devices found at the shop floor level. The EXI processor is proposed as an alternative to the XML parsers and serializers currently used in web service implementations. Among the results presented are a novel low level processor interface and measurements quantifying the gained efficiency compared to traditional XML-like interfaces. Reference open source implementation equipped with the new interface is also provided.
,Although the component-based software engineering is proven to be very successful in enterprise ... more ,Although the component-based software engineering is proven to be very successful in enterprise and desktop applications, it encounters some difficulties when applied to development,of embedded,systems. Specific requirements,like execution time, memory footprints, predictability etc., also known as extra-functional system properties, makes it difficult to use available component models for real-time and safety- critical applications. That arouses a need of domain
2013 IEEE Seventh International Symposium on Service-Oriented System Engineering, 2013
ABSTRACT The number of small embedded devices connected to the Internet is increasing. This growt... more ABSTRACT The number of small embedded devices connected to the Internet is increasing. This growth is mostly due to the large number of Internet of Things (IoT) deployments, with applications such as: industrial monitoring, home automation, and others. One common aspect with the majority of application areas is the lack of mobility. Most IoT devices are stationary and often use IEEE 802.15.4/6LoWPAN solutions. When a high level of mobility is required, the use of IEEE 802.15.4 is not possible without adding additional hardware for the user to carry. In this article, a holistic network architecture consisting of heterogeneous devices is presented. The architecture is composed of Embedded Internet Systems (EIS) and uses standard communication protocols. One important feature is the use of the Service-oriented architecture (SOA) paradigm. The use of SOA, by utilization of the CoAP protocol and standard services, enables the proposed architecture to exchange sensor- and actuator data with an Internet-based cloud as well as a user's local cloud consisting of sensor IoT devices, smart phones and laptops. Another component of the architecture is a web-based human-machine interface for configuration, monitoring and visualization of sensor and actuator data using emerging web technologies for structured data processing. Results from experiments and real-world tests show that the proposed architecture can support sample rates of up to several kHz while enabling sensor data to be transmitted to SOA services in real time. This proves that the use of SOA, and Restful web services in particular, is feasible on resource-constrained platforms while supporting true mobility.
2013 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), 2013
The mining industry is seeing a bright future with a high demand for minerals and relatively high... more The mining industry is seeing a bright future with a high demand for minerals and relatively high material prices. Much of this is driven by the rapid industrial expansion in countries such as China and others. However, even though the mining business seems promising, there are some important issues that must be addressed in order to maintain a costeffective and competitive edge. Worker and environment safety, working conditions, are very important issues. Another issue is attracting skilled personal to work in the deep mines of the future. Today, the mining industry has problems hiring personnel, due to hazardous working environments and re-locating to the distant regions. If the workers' safety could be increased, attracting skilled personnel would become one less problem. Rock bolts and shotcrete are in use today to reinforce tunnel walls, and expensive measurement devices are used in order to monitor seismic activity and rock stress. However, by not having realtime monitoring of rock bolts makes it difficult to monitor them. A better approach would be to make rock bolts intelligent and have them measure stress and seismic activity. Furthermore, by connecting the rock bolts to a network, real-time monitoring of them is made feasible.
2013 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2013
ABSTRACT The combination of Service Oriented Architectures (SOAs) and Complex Event Processing (C... more ABSTRACT The combination of Service Oriented Architectures (SOAs) and Complex Event Processing (CEP) is gaining momentum for event centric management and processing of information in complex distributed systems (e.g., business automation). Whereas systems for factory automation have traditionally been deployed using dedicated buses and proprietary (often scan based) protocols, a recent trend in process automation is towards adopting open internet based technologies and event based communication. This trend is driven by the increasing number and capabilities of devices used for monitoring and control, and the increased flexibility, maintainability and price/performance gains expected from IP (potentially SOA/CEP) enabled systems. In this paper we discuss the challenges involved to apply SOA and CEP to the field of factory automation. In particular, realtime aspects are highlighted, both w.r.t. to accurate time-stamping of physical events in a distributed system, as well as end-to-end timing including communication and CEP processing. We approach the challenges by an architecture combining state-of-the-art synchronisation mechanisms for wired and wireless networks together with real-time communication and distributed query processing based on the notion of time constrained reactions. We discuss the impact of synchronisation inaccuracies and delays introduced by processing and communication, and present a method for implementation of safe potential- and certain matches.
Proceedings of 2012 IEEE 17th International Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA 2012), 2012
ABSTRACT The continuously rising costs and the environmental impact of energy generation, transmi... more ABSTRACT The continuously rising costs and the environmental impact of energy generation, transmission and consumption are a major concern for governments, industry and society alike. Among research in renewable energy sources as well as in energy efficiency of buildings, electrical appliances, vehicles etc., a considerable amount of attention has been devoted to effective energy management. In this paper, we present a survey on emerging energy management standards with focus on enabling application layer Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) that are a central part of these standards. The presented work includes an analysis on the challenges, future trends, security and application prospects of energy management standards. As part of the survey, the emerging Open Automated Demand Response (OpenADR) version 2.0 and Smart Energy Profile (SEP) version 2.0 were identified as the most promising and complete solutions. The presented survey provides an important insight on the future developments in the area of energy management protocols and highlights a number of key ICT solutions and challenges.
This paper presents experimental results of a heterogeneous sensor network architecture, which is... more This paper presents experimental results of a heterogeneous sensor network architecture, which is a combination of a wireless sensor network and a personal area network. The proposed architecture uses the IEEE 802.15.4 standard to transmit sensor data to a sensor node which in turn forwards the data using TCP/IP to a database on the Internet via a Bluetooth-equipped mobile phone and the mobile telephone access network. The performance of the entire communication chain is evaluated. First, a 3G network's performance is evaluated by measuring its round trip time for packet transmission. Second, the real-world end-to-end delay between a sensor node and a database server on the Internet is measured using two different experimental setups: single-hop transmission and two hops transmission. Finally, the proposed architecture's scalability is estimated in a Matlab simulation using the results of the experiments as a base. The results show that the proposed architecture is applicable for small-scale sensor networks used by highly mobile users.
2011 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2011
ABSTRACT The introduction of Service Oriented Architectures for monitoring and control involves t... more ABSTRACT The introduction of Service Oriented Architectures for monitoring and control involves the deployment of SOA onto lightweight devices (e.g., embedded controllers for sensors and actuators). For the use of SOA in applications where timing and dependability are important, it becomes crucial that SOA event processing and service implementations are robust and time bound for a given platform. To this end, formalisms and tools aiding the design is instrumental. In this paper, we present a roadmap for a SOA based on components using the modeling and programming paradigm of Timber. Our vision is to present Timber based software components as services. By using current standards for service descriptions and eventing we will facilitate interoperability with legacy systems. We will develop a compiler tool suit allowing Timber based services to be deployable onto lightweight resource constrained platforms (e.g., sensors and actuators for industrial use). Our goal is to provide design time guarantees on e.g., robustness (safety and liveness), timing properties, and resource utilization for the complete embedded system comprising SOA event communication, event processing together with the service implementations.
Interest in Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) in the automation domain has seen a rapid increa... more Interest in Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) in the automation domain has seen a rapid increase both from the academia as well as the industry recent years. Since green field plants today are not common, the partial migration of plant automation to SOA design is needed to introduce new functionalities. Thus strategies and approaches for migration from legacy to SOA architectures becomes of vital interest. This paper discusses different views on partial migration of a process monitoring and control system from legacy to SOA. The discussion includes a global top down view, a bottom up view, hardware/software considerations and a hint on training of personnel.
In a SOA-based system the applications are organized in a manner such that interoperable services... more In a SOA-based system the applications are organized in a manner such that interoperable services can be used from different domains. In a process industry context, different domains can refer to, for example, process instrumentation and monitoring, execution of process control, data acquisition, etc. Large process industry systems are a complex and potentially very large sets of multi-disciplinary, heterogeneous, networked distributed systems. Current industrial process control systems are typically vendor specific; in addition the different domains are associated with different layers, different standards and different technologies. In the paper the authors report about the investigations and assessments performed to find answers for four major critical questions that arise as key when technologies have to be selected and used in a true Service Oriented Architecture SOA) based distributed large scale Process Monitoring and Control system: (1) Real-time SOA (what are the limits of bringing SOA into high performance control loops?); (2) Management of large scale industrial distributed control systems (is it feasible to manage up to tens of thousands of service-oriented devices?); (3) Distributed event-based systems are asynchronous (what are the limits compared to traditional periodic scanning systems?) and (4) Service specification (which semantics are the most suitable for specifying process control and monitoring services?).
As process control and monitoring systems based on a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) are matu... more As process control and monitoring systems based on a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) are maturing, the need increases for a systematic approach to migrate systems. The legacy systems are traditionally based on a strict hierarchy and in order to gradually allow additional cross-layer interaction, the migration procedure needs to consider both -functionality and architecture of the legacy system. The migration procedure proposed here aims to preserve the functional integration, organize the SOA cloud through grouping of devices, and maintain the performance aspects such as real-time control throughout the whole migration procedure.
In the last years Service-Oriented Architectures have been extensively used in order to enable se... more In the last years Service-Oriented Architectures have been extensively used in order to enable seamless interaction and integration among the various heterogeneous systems and devices found in modern factories. The emerging Industrial Automation Systems are increasingly utilizing them. In the cloud-based vision of IMC-AESOP such technologies take an even more key role as they empower the backbone of the new concepts and approaches under development. Here we report about the investigations and assessments performed to find answers for some of the major questions that arise as key when technologies have to be selected and used in an industrial context utilizing Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) based distributed large scale Process Monitoring and Control system. Aspects of integration, real-timeness, distributeness, event-based interaction, service-enablement etc. are approached from different angles and some of the promising technologies are analysed and assessed.
IECON 2011 - 37th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2011
The advent of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) in the automation domain has made possible the ... more The advent of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) in the automation domain has made possible the cross-layer vertical integration of devices, manufacturing systems and business processes. However, the use of standard web service technologies is not always possible in an industrial environment with high real-time requirements and limited hardware resources due to the overhead connected to XML processing. The work presented in
ABSTRACT Supervision and control systems are being deployed in industrial environments such as mi... more ABSTRACT Supervision and control systems are being deployed in industrial environments such as mining plants and manufacturing facilities to ensure a continuous and effective production at a minimum cost. Such systems monitor a whole range of devices and collect their data for several purposes like maintenance and control operations. At the same time, Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is getting more popular than ever in most application domains, from IT to device level, and particularly for those industries whose continuous efforts to increase the overall plant and equipment effectiveness lead to new requirements on systems openness, integration, availability, maintainability and performance. This paper presents how a legacy control and monitoring system could migrate to SOA, the architecture principles and the main benefits and limitations based on results validated on a pelletizing plant lubrication system.
ABSTRACT A large number of potential applications for Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN... more ABSTRACT A large number of potential applications for Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN) have yet to be embraced by industry despite high interest amongst academic researchers. This is due to various factors such as unpredictable costs related to development, deployment and maintenance of WSAN, especially when integration with existing IT infrastructure and legacy systems is needed. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is seen as a promising technique to bridge the gap between sensor nodes and enterprise applications such as factory monitoring, control, and tracking systems where sensor data is used. To date, research efforts have focused on middleware software systems located in gateway devices that implement standard service technology, such as Devices Profile for Web Services (DPWS), for interacting with the sensor network. This paper takes a different approach-deploying interoperable Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)-based web services directly on the nodes and not using gateways. This strategy provides for easy integration with legacy IT systems and supports heterogeneity at the lowest level. Twofold analysis of the related overhead, which is the main challenge of this solution, is performed; Quantification of resource consumption as well as techniques to mitigate it are presented, along with latency measurements showing the impact of different parts of the system on system performance. A proof-of-concept application using Mulle-a resource-constrained sensor platform-is also presented.
Hardwired sensor installations using proprietary protocols found in today's district heating subs... more Hardwired sensor installations using proprietary protocols found in today's district heating substations limit the potential usability of the sensors in and around the substations. If sensor resources can be shared and re-used in a variety of applications, the cost of sensors and installation can be reduced, and their functionality and operability can be increased. In this paper, we present a new concept of district heating substation control and monitoring, where a service oriented architecture (SOA) is deployed in a wireless sensor network (WSN), which is integrated with the substation. IP-networking is exclusively used from sensor to server; hence, no middleware is needed for Internet integration. Further, by enabling thousands of sensors with SOA capabilities, a System of Systems approach can be applied. The results of this paper show that it is possible to utilize SOA solutions with heavily resource-constrained embedded devices in contexts where the real-time constrains are limited, such as in a district heating substation.
State of the art factory automation systems are now using Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) in ... more State of the art factory automation systems are now using Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) in order to increase flexibility and lower complexity of process monitoring and control. However, the service technology has not yet penetrated into the lower levels of plant-wide automation processes i.e. throughout shop floor devices such as programmable controllers, embedded sensors and actuators. Different techniques to adapt the web service technology to the specific requirements of embedded systems domain are intensively investigated by researchers and yet real-time properties, limited resources and wireless links are still posing immense challenges. The most promising solutions proposed are based on a newly emerging structured data format -Efficient XML Interchange (EXI). It is designed to compensate for the inefficiency of widely used throughout service implementations XML format. This paper investigates the design of EXI processor targeted at highly resource constrained embedded devices found at the shop floor level. The EXI processor is proposed as an alternative to the XML parsers and serializers currently used in web service implementations. Among the results presented are a novel low level processor interface and measurements quantifying the gained efficiency compared to traditional XML-like interfaces. Reference open source implementation equipped with the new interface is also provided.
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Papers by Rumen Kyusakov