This repository discusses the issue I ran into when backporting gl2ps from Ubuntu Impish to Ubuntu Bionic by looking deep into two packages:

• Debian's debhelper
• CMake

I looked into the source code of these two packages in order to understand the causes of the issue.

debuild -us -uc will report errors of Cannot find (any matches for) "usr/lib/*/lib*.so" (tried in ., debian/tmp). See the section "Reproduce the Issue" for more details.

You need to meet the following prerequisites:

• Vagrant 2.2.14+
• VirtualBox 6.1.32+
• Network connection.

Follow the steps below to reproduce the issue:

• 1). Run cd impish.

• 2). Run vagrant up to create the virtual machine for Ubuntu Impish. The Vagrantfile has built-in script to install the needed packages to reproduce the issue.

  • 2.1). Run vagrant ssh to log into the VM.
  • 2.2). Run cd /vagrant/official/gl2ps.
  • 2.3). Run debuild -us -uc && echo "Succeed!" and it should print "Succeed!" in the end. impish/official/debuild.txt is a build log for reference.

• 3). Run cd bionic.

• 4). Run vagrant up to create the virtual machine for Ubuntu Bionic. The Vagrantfile has built-in script to install the needed packages to reproduce the issue.

  • 4.1). Run vagrant ssh to log into the VM.
  • 4.2). Run cd /vagrant/official/gl2ps.
  • 4.3). Run debuild -us -uc && echo "Succeed!" and it should print "Succeed!" in the end. bionic/official/debuild.txt is a build log for reference.
  • 4.4). Run cd /vagrant/backported/gl2ps.
  • 4.5). Run debuild -us -uc || echo "Failed!" and it should print "Failed" in the end. bionic/backported/debuild.txt is a build log for reference. The error messages are pasted as follows:

Install the project...
/usr/bin/cmake -P cmake_install.cmake
-- Install configuration: "None"
-- Installing: /vagrant/backported/gl2ps/debian/tmp/usr/lib/libgl2ps.a
-- Installing: /vagrant/backported/gl2ps/debian/tmp/usr/lib/libgl2ps.so.1.4.2
-- Installing: /vagrant/backported/gl2ps/debian/tmp/usr/lib/libgl2ps.so.1.4
-- Installing: /vagrant/backported/gl2ps/debian/tmp/usr/lib/libgl2ps.so
-- Installing: /vagrant/backported/gl2ps/debian/tmp/usr/include/gl2ps.h
-- Installing: /vagrant/backported/gl2ps/debian/tmp/usr/share/doc/gl2ps/README.txt
-- Installing: /vagrant/backported/gl2ps/debian/tmp/usr/share/doc/gl2ps/COPYING.LGPL
-- Installing: /vagrant/backported/gl2ps/debian/tmp/usr/share/doc/gl2ps/COPYING.GL2PS
-- Installing: /vagrant/backported/gl2ps/debian/tmp/usr/share/doc/gl2ps/gl2psTest.c
-- Installing: /vagrant/backported/gl2ps/debian/tmp/usr/share/doc/gl2ps/gl2psTestSimple.c
-- Installing: /vagrant/backported/gl2ps/debian/tmp/usr/share/doc/gl2ps/gl2ps.pdf
make[1]: Leaving directory '/vagrant/backported/gl2ps/obj-x86_64-linux-gnu'
   dh_install -O--buildsystem=cmake
dh_install: The use of "debhelper-compat (= 11)" is experimental and may change (or be retired) without notice
dh_install: Cannot find (any matches for) "usr/lib/*/lib*.so" (tried in ., debian/tmp)

dh_install: libgl2ps-dev missing files: usr/lib/*/lib*.so
dh_install: Cannot find (any matches for) "usr/lib/*/lib*.so.*" (tried in ., debian/tmp)

dh_install: libgl2ps1.4 missing files: usr/lib/*/lib*.so.*
dh_install: missing files, aborting
debian/rules:8: recipe for target 'binary' failed
make: *** [binary] Error 25
dpkg-buildpackage: error: debian/rules binary subprocess returned exit status 2
debuild: fatal error at line 1152:
dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -us -uc -ui failed

The built files were all under the path usr/lib/lib*.so which doesn't match the pattern usr/lib/*/lib*.so, hence the error.

The cause of the build errors about usr/lib/*/ has something to do with the debian/patches. To be more exact, it is about where the CMake statement INCLUDE(GNUInstallDirs) in inserted into CMakeLists.txt:

• 1). I looked at the official packaging of gl2ps on Bionic and noticed that after the debian/patches were applied, the INCLUDE(GNUInstallDirs) statement was inserted after project(gl2ps C), then this official packaging could build without problems:

project(gl2ps C)
...
INCLUDE(GNUInstallDirs)

• 2). But with the backported version, after the debian/patches were applied, the INCLUDE(GNUInstallDirs) was inserted before project(gl2ps C):

INCLUDE(GNUInstallDirs)
...
project(gl2ps C)

• 3). It turned out to be that:
  • a). The path of the library file installation is determined by CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR which by default is lib (so together with CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX being /usr the whole default path is /usr/lib).
  • b). The CMake module GNUInstallDirs (/usr/share/cmake-3.10/Modules/GNUInstallDirs.cmake) determines the actual value of CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR during CMake configuration. Its logic is generally as follows:

set(_LIBDIR_DEFAULT "lib")
if(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME MATCHES "^(Linux|kFreeBSD|GNU)$"
      AND NOT CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING)
  # CMake code that forms the `x86-64_linux-gnu` part.
endif()

• c). In other words, if CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME is not Linux/FreeBSD/GNU, CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR will not be lib/x86-64_linux-gnu.
• 4). And it turned out to be that the statement project(gl2ps C) actually defined CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME (based on my black-box testing, not reading its code): Before running project(gl2ps C), CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME was empty (or undefined); after running project(gl2ps C), CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME has the value "Linux".
  • a). As a result, the official packaging on Bionic could work because INCLUDE(GNUIntallDirs) was run after project(), so CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR became lib/x86-64_linux-gnu , and the usr/lib/*/ pattern could work with it.
  • b). But the backported version ran INCLUDE(GNUInstallDirs) before project(gl2ps C) got the chance to define CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME, so CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR ended up being only lib, so the built library files were placed under the path usr/lib/lib*.so, so the pattern usr/lib/*/lib*.so wouldn't work.
• 5). The official packaging on Impish is a different story: INCLUDE(GNUInstallDirs) is still inserted before project(gl2ps C) and that's why the backported version also does so because the backported version uses the Debian packaging files on Impish. However, on Impish, the build scripts of debhelper change:
  • a). When we run debuild with cmake being the build system, eventually, the Debhelper/Buildsystem/cmake.pm Perl script of debhelper is called.
  • b). On Impish, the CMake configuration option -DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=lib/x86-64_linux-gnu is added unconditionally. See the code snippet below. As a result, although INCLUDE(GNUInstallDirs) still says CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR is just lib, this CMake CLI option overrides the value and makes it lib/x86-64_linux-gnu. This can be confirmed by the content of impish/official/debuild.txt.

sub configure {
        if (is_cross_compiling()) {
           ...
        }
        push(@flags, "-DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=lib/" . dpkg_architecture_value("DEB_HOST_MULTIARCH"));
}

• c). On Bionic, the CMake configuration option -DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=lib/x86-64_linux-gnu is only added when it is cross-compiling. See the code snippet below. But we were not cross-compiling in our case, so there was no forced -DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR on the CMake command line, so CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR ended up whatever value INCLUDE(GNUInstallDirs) determined.

sub configure {
        if (is_cross_compiling()) {
                ...
                push(@flags, "-DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=lib/" . dpkg_architecture_value("DEB_HOST_MULTIARCH"));
        }
}