This historical boundaries project aims at providing ready-to-use base maps for mapping historical data. As a vast, epoch-specific historical knowledge is required to make these files more reliable, this project is open to all contributions. Please do not hesitate to fork this repository and file pull requests.

All maps are stored in the geojson format: single file per feature layer, human and machine readable, easy to import in qGIS or use in D3 (see d3example.html written for D3v4 and d3v5example.html for D3v5, as well as d3v5_roughjs_example.html with the additional use of rough.js).

Geodata precision and generalization is adapted for mapping data on the scale of a continent or of the whole world.

When using the data, keep in mind that

1. historical boundaries are even more disputed than contemporary ones, that
2. the actual concept of territory and national boundary becomes meaningful, in Europe, only since the Peace of Westphalia (1648), that
3. areas of civilizations actually overlap, especially in ancient history, and that
4. overlaying these ancient vector maps on contemporary physical maps can be misleading; rivers, lakes, shorelines do change very much over millenia; think for instance about the evolution of the Aral sea since the 1980s.

Finally, note that overlapping areas are useally dealt with as topological errors in traditional GIS. Fuzzy borders are difficult to handle. Certainly a field to investigate...

The geodata are stored in the WGS 84 projection, EPSG:4326 (crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84). Coordinates are in LatLon, the projection is geographical. Consider reprojecting to show the maps on world scale, choosing a projection with minimal area distortion, such as the Dymaxion projection in the first example or the Molweide projection. Most mapping software and algorithms reproject on the fly.

You are welcome to contribute by making your forks and filing pull requests.

When correcting the geometries of individual geojson files whose dates are close to each other, please make sure that boundaries remain aligned over all concerned files. This will allow others to make animations. The multilayer topological editing tool in QGIS 3 might help you with that. Further notes on contributing in CONTRIBUTING.md

This project started as a collection of basemaps collected, adpated and converted from diverse sources, sometimes only available through the wayback machine. Among these sources, anonymous students from the "ThinkQuest Team C006628".

• GIS data : historical country boundaries
• CShapes by Niels Weidman, also available as an R package.
• Ancient World Mapping Center at the University of orth Carolina

• Wikimedia: Maps of the world showing history
• Interactive World History Atlas since 3000 BC. The commercial version of the program allows you to see the timeline.

• Ourednik, A. (2010) L'habitant et la cohabitation dans les modèles de l'espace habité (2010), EPFL. (PhD thesis, in French) - on the notion of codwelling in space and time. Central topic: changing spatial ontologies (i.e. the type and extent of things in space).

• Ourednik, A. (2014), The impossible here (research paper) - "Grain upon grain, one by one, and one day, suddenly, there’s a heap, a little heap, the impossible heap."

• Ourednik, A. (2015) Les cartes du boyard Kraïenski (novel, in French) - a cartographer sent to map the eastern border or the European Union gets lost in a fictive country somewhere between Ukraine and Bulgaria...

If you edit the geojson maps and want to refer your own published work, please add here.