Peewee is a simple and small ORM. It has few (but expressive) concepts, making it easy to learn and intuitive to use.
- A small, expressive ORM
- Written in python with support for versions 2.6+ and 3.2+.
- built-in support for sqlite, mysql and postgresql
- tons of extensions available in the playhouse
New to peewee? Here is a list of documents you might find most helpful when getting started:
- Quickstart guide -- this guide covers all the essentials. It will take you between 5 and 10 minutes to go through it.
- Guide to the various query operators describes how to construct queries and combine expressions.
- Field types table lists the various field types peewee supports and the parameters they accept.
For flask helpers, check out the flask_utils extension module. You can also use peewee with the popular extension flask-admin to provide a Django-like admin interface for managing peewee models.
Defining models is similar to Django or SQLAlchemy:
from peewee import *
import datetime
db = SqliteDatabase('my_database.db', threadlocals=True)
class BaseModel(Model):
class Meta:
database = db
class User(BaseModel):
username = CharField(unique=True)
class Tweet(BaseModel):
user = ForeignKeyField(User, related_name='tweets')
message = TextField()
created_date = DateTimeField(default=datetime.datetime.now)
is_published = BooleanField(default=True)
Connect to the database and create tables:
db.connect() db.create_tables([User, Tweet])
Create a few rows:
charlie = User.create(username='charlie') huey = User(username='huey') huey.save() # No need to set `is_published` or `created_date` since they # will just use the default values we specified. Tweet.create(user=charlie, message='My first tweet')
Queries are expressive and composable:
# A simple query selecting a user.
User.get(User.username == 'charles')
# Get tweets created by one of several users. The "<<" operator
# corresponds to the SQL "IN" operator.
usernames = ['charlie', 'huey', 'mickey']
users = User.select().where(User.username << usernames)
tweets = Tweet.select().where(Tweet.user << users)
# We could accomplish the same using a JOIN:
tweets = (Tweet
.select()
.join(User)
.where(User.username << usernames))
# How many tweets were published today?
tweets_today = (Tweet
.select()
.where(
(Tweet.created_date >= datetime.date.today()) &
(Tweet.is_published == True))
.count())
# Paginate the user table and show me page 3 (users 41-60).
User.select().order_by(User.username).paginate(3, 20)
# Order users by the number of tweets they've created:
tweet_ct = fn.Count(Tweet.id)
users = (User
.select(User, tweet_ct.alias('ct'))
.join(Tweet, JOIN.LEFT_OUTER)
.group_by(User)
.order_by(tweet_ct.desc()))
# Do an atomic update
Counter.update(count=Counter.count + 1).where(
Counter.url == request.url)
Check out the example app for a working Twitter-clone website written with Flask.
Check the documentation for more examples.
Specific question? Come hang out in the #peewee channel on freenode.irc.net, or post to the mailing list, https://groups.google.com/group/peewee-orm . If you would like to report a bug, create a new issue on GitHub.
I've written a number of blog posts about building applications and web-services with peewee (and usually Flask). If you'd like to see some real-life applications that use peewee, the following resources may be useful:
- Building a note-taking app with Flask and Peewee as well as Part 2 and Part 3.
- Analytics web service built with Flask and Peewee.
- Personalized news digest (with a boolean query parser!).
- Using peewee to explore CSV files.
- Structuring Flask apps with Peewee.
- Creating a lastpass clone with Flask and Peewee.
- Building a web-based encrypted file manager with Flask, peewee and S3.
- Creating a bookmarking web-service that takes screenshots of your bookmarks.
- Building a pastebin, wiki and a bookmarking service using Flask and Peewee.
- Encrypted databases with Python and SQLCipher.
- Dear Diary: An Encrypted, Command-Line Diary with Peewee.
- Query Tree Structures in SQLite using Peewee and the Transitive Closure Extension.