The majority of recent studies use either predictions of resource suitability or databases that are either developed thru crowdsourcing that often have significant sampling biases or have time lags between when projects are permitted and when location data becomes available. Here, we address this shortcoming by developing a spatially explicit machine learning model to map utility-scale solar projects across India using freely available satellite imagery. Model predictions were validated by human experts to obtain a total of 1363 solar PV farms. Using these outputs, we provide a cumulative measure of the solar footprint across India and quantified the degree of land modification associated with land cover types that may cause conflicts.

If you make use of this implementation or dataset in your own project or want to refer to it in a scientific publication, please consider referencing this GitHub repository and citing our paper:

@article{ortiz2022Solar,
  title   = {An Artificial Intelligence Dataset for Solar Energy Locations in India},
  author  = {Anthony Ortiz and Dhaval Negandhi and Sagar R Mysorekar and Shivaprakash K Nagaraju and Joseph Kiesecker  and Caleb Robinson and Aditi Khurana and Felipe Oviedo and Juan M. Lavista Ferres},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2202.01340},
  year    = {2022},
}

Our solar farm dataset is available in this repo under the data folder. The file "solar_farms_india_2021.geojson" includes the raw geometries for individual polygons. The file "solar_farms_india_2021_merged.geojson" contains the individual oplygons cluster into solar pv farms based on proximity. The file "solar_farms_india_2021_merged_simplified.geojson" simplifies the geometry of the solar farms for easier use.

The dataset includes the following variables:

• fid: Unique identifier for a solar farm. It is shared by polygons belonging to the same farm.
• Area: The area of the site in squared meters (m2).
• Latitude: Latitude corresponding to the center point of the solar installation.
• Longitude: Longitude corresponding to the center point of the solar installation.
• State: Indian State where the solar PV installation is located at.

Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

The dataset is open for anyone to use under the CDLA-Permissive-2.0 license.

• Open a terminal on the machine
• Install conda (note: if you are using a DSVM on Azure then you can skip this step as conda is preinstalled!)

cd ~
wget https://repo.anaconda.com/archive/Anaconda3-2019.07-Linux-x86_64.sh
bash Anaconda3-2019.07-Linux-x86_64.sh # select "yes" for setting up conda init
rm Anaconda3-2019.07-Linux-x86_64.sh

## logout and log back in
exit

• Install NVIDIA drivers if you intend on using GPUs; note this might require a reboot (note: again, if you are using a DSVM on a Azure GPU VM then this is also handled)
• Setup the repository and install the demo data

# Get the project and demo project data
git clone https://github.com/microsoft/solar-farms-mapping.git

# install the conda environment
# Note: if using a DSVM on Azure, as of 7/6/2020 you need to first run `sudo chown -R $USER /anaconda/`
# make sure conda-forge and pytorch are in the conda channel

conda config --append channels pytorch
conda config --append channels conda-forge

# create precise solar farms environment
cd solar-farms-mapping
conda env create --file environment_precise.yaml
cd ..

🐍 Python 3.x

• torch==1.4.0
• torchvision==0.5.0
• tifffile==2020.2.16
• pyarrow==0.16.0
• imutils==0.5.3
• scikit-image==0.16.2
• scikit-learn==0.22.2
• tqdm==4.46.1
• imageio=2.9.0
• matplotlib==3.2.2
• shapely
• scipy>=1.6.0
• fiona
• geopandas==0.9.0
• opencv-python==4.5.1.48
• pillow==8.1.2
• rasterio==1.2.0
• seaborn==0.11.1

conda create --name solar python=3.X
conda activate solar
conda install pytorch torchvision cudatoolkit=XX.X -c pytorch

install dependencis from previous list

Note: Make sure to intall a version of cudatoolkit supported by your NVCC version. Our code was tested with Python 3.6 and cudatoolkit 11.0

You can download a pretrained solar farm model in the following link:

• Solar Farm Model

Note: Before running the example notebooks place the checkpoint.pth.tar file in the following directory: data/models/unet_hnm/

To train the network with default values and see training output on the command line run:

python3 train.py --data_dir=/dir_to_datasets_directory/ --verbose

Note: For training customized model check options available in the options directory

Use the "tile_inference.py" script to do inference on image tiles. "inference_large_scale.py" lets you do inference for a list of tiles. Explore the demos uner the notebooks directory for inference examples.

We include two jupyter notebook demos under the notebooks directory. Feel free to explore it to get familiar with the code base. The "Inference Demo" give you examples of using one of our models to preddict solar farms from Sentinel 2 Imagery. The "Built Date Estimation and LULC study Demo" lets you get temporal S2 imagery from the Microsoft' planetary computer matching Solar Farms geometries, estimate when the solar farms were built and find the land covel/ land use classes that where substitute by solar farms.

Visist our web visualizer to interact with our data and visualize the simplified version of the dataset and download the data interactively.

You can contribute to the project by submitting bugs and feature requests.

Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Licensed under the MIT license.