.github/workflows: upgrade postgres version to 16

[tamirms]

PR Checklist

PR Structure

• This PR has reasonably narrow scope (if not, break it down into smaller PRs).
• This PR avoids mixing refactoring changes with feature changes (split into two PRs
  otherwise).
• This PR's title starts with name of package that is most changed in the PR, ex.
  services/friendbot, or all or doc if the changes are broad or impact many
  packages.

Thoroughness

• This PR adds tests for the most critical parts of the new functionality or fixes.
• I've updated any docs (developer docs, .md
  files, etc... affected by this change). Take a look in the docs folder for a given service,
  like this one.

Release planning

• I've updated the relevant CHANGELOG (here for Horizon) if
  needed with deprecations, added features, breaking changes, and DB schema changes.
• I've decided if this PR requires a new major/minor version according to
  semver, or if it's mainly a patch change. The PR is targeted at the next
  release branch if it's not a patch change.

What

• Run unit tests and integration tests with postgres versions 12 and 16
• Only run integration tests with protocol 20 (we no longer need to support protocol 19)
• Only run integration tests with captive core using buckets db since in-memory mode is deprecated

Why

We will soon be upgrading to postgres 16, see #4831

Known limitations

[N/A]

[Shaptic]

Are we leaving 12 just temporarily?

[tamirms]

Are we leaving 12 just temporarily?

yes, once we run postgres 16 in production we can remove it from the test matrix