rofairy is a small proof-of-concept tool, to showcase how administrative tools that require write permission can be used in a read-only root filesystem. Its primary purpose is to enable traditional package managers like apt to function when system directories like /boot or /usr are in a read-only state.

Unlike previous approaches,¹² rofairy allows the read-only restriction to be lifted only as necessary and only for the wrapped application, while all other processes in the system continue to operate within a read-only environment. This approach eliminates potential issues that arise when read-write filesystems are remounted back as read-only.

Just prefix your application with rofairy and specify which directories should be writable and which directories should be read-only.

rofairy [options] application [application arguments|options]

Modify read-only restrictions per application.

Options:
 -r,  --readonly PATH      - remount PATH read-only
 -ra, --readonly-all PATH  - remount PATH read-only,
                             including all submounts
 -w,  --readwrite PATH     - remount PATH read-write
 -wa, --readwrite-all PATH - remount PATH read-write,
                             including all submounts
 -f,  --file FILE          - load instructions from FILE;
                             if path is relative
                             search FILE in /etc/rofairy.d
 -h,  --help               - display this help and exit
 -s,  --sync               - sync all filesystems that
                             were remounted read-write

Create an executable script /usr/local/bin/rofairy.dpkg that wraps dpkg:

#!/bin/sh
exec /usr/local/bin/rofairy -wa /boot -wa /etc -wa /opt -wa /usr -ra /usr/local -s /usr/bin/dpkg "$@"

Create a new file /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/90rofairy.dpkg.conf:

Dir::Bin::dpkg "/usr/local/bin/rofairy.dpkg";

Now you can use apt in a read-only root filesystem just as usual.

Download the script and make it executable:

DEST="/usr/local/bin/rofairy"
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/smitsohu/rofairy/main/bin/rofairy | sudo tee "$DEST"
sudo chmod 0755 "$DEST"

In Linux, filesystems are equipped with two read-only attributes: one associated with the mount point and the other with the superblock. The mount point attribute determines whether file modifications are allowed within a specific mount point. Conversely, the superblock attribute is a system-wide setting that impacts all mount points across all namespaces.

To enable write access to a file, both the mount point and superblock read-only flags must be unset. rofairy clears the superblock flag as needed and does not restore it. This way read-only access is controlled solely at the mount point level, allowing files to be read-only in the current mount namespace while becoming writable in a child mount namespace.

Easy. Run sudo mount -o remount,ro <any filesystem mountpoint> after you are done.

Some limitations apply while rofairy or any of its descendants are running:

• Processes with sys_admin and sys_chroot capability can enter the writable mount namespace by utilizing setns system calls.
• A set of processes, typically limited to those with sys_ptrace capability, has permission to access the writable mount namespace by following the symbolic links /proc/[pid]/root or /proc/[pid]/cwd, or they might be able to gain access by issuing ptrace system calls. For detailed information, refer to the ptrace manual.