fix: raise if index count like 2i is used when performing rolling, group_by_dynamic, upsample, or other temporal operatios

[MarcoGorelli]

closes #15749

[MarcoGorelli]

these two errors are completely different, I've moved the second one out into a separate test below

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 95.65217% with 1 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 81.35%. Comparing base (0c2783a) to head (6173e48).

❗ Current head 6173e48 differs from pull request most recent head fff4334. Consider uploading reports for the commit fff4334 to get more accurate results

Files	Patch %	Lines
crates/polars-time/src/windows/duration.rs	91.66%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main   #15751   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   81.35%   81.35%           
=======================================
  Files        1379     1379           
  Lines      176619   176613    -6     
  Branches     2544     2544           
=======================================
+ Hits       143686   143688    +2     
+ Misses      32449    32442    -7     
+ Partials      484      483    -1     

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[codspeed-hq]

CodSpeed Performance Report

Merging #15751 will not alter performance

_{Comparing MarcoGorelli:duration-validation (fff4334) with main (0c2783a)}

Summary

✅ 22 untouched benchmarks