Linux terminal/development environment running under macOS, as a proof of concept only.

I recently made a tweet about this, and it went viral in an unprecedented way (I gained 100 followers in 12 hours, thanks for that!). Since then, I have received all sorts of questions about it, so here we go.

A: I was trying to make a Linux and macOS development environment for myself for some future projects (check out my GitHub profile), and was experimenting with QEMU virtual machines for this process. I discovered a feature that allowed for running QEMU headless with the output displayed in a Terminal window instead of having full VGA support. I immediately got sidetracked and... this is the result.

A: Scroll down further. Although I will warn you, this is very unpolished.

A: It's a proof of concept name only. If I were to distribute this as a finished piece of software, which I probably won't (see why below) I would choose a different name.

A: Yes, it is. And yes, it's simple. Why did I choose to put this on my Twitter, you ask? Because I couldn't find something exactly like what I did, and because before I posted it, I had 50 Twitter followers, total. I did not expect to get the over 700 likes that it did when I posted it; as a matter of fact, I would have been perfectly satisfied if it had gotten 7 likes.

A: From what I can tell (and admittedly, I haven't tested this piece of software), it already exists. Lima seems to have a lot more features (such as file sharing, something that I have not implemented) and seems to be geared towards a different application (containers).

A: Very true, but that's not a question.

Note: this will work on Apple Silicon with slight modifications to the qemu commands, although I haven't tested this since I don't own one.

1. Install Homebrew.
2. Install QEMU: brew install qemu
3. Download the 64-bit Debian 11 installation image from https://debian.org/download. Other distributions should work as well, but I have only tested Debian (and these instructions are Debian-centric).
4. Create a new directory for running the Linux VM out of: mkdir msl && cd msl (This could be any directory you want, of course.)
5. Create the Linux system disk. 40GB should be fine, but you can make it as large or as small as you want (it will dynamically allocate space). To do this, type the following:

qemu-img create -f qcow2 msl.qcow2 40G

6. Start the VM with the following command:

qemu-system-x86_64 -accel hvf \
-m 4096 \
-hda msl.qcow2 \
-cdrom <path to debian iso> \
-boot d \
-smp 2 \
-net nic \
-net user,hostfwd=tcp::4022-:22 \

Note: to adjust the RAM and CPU core amount, adjust the -m and -smp values.

7. Start the VM.
8. Set up the VM as normal, making sure to a) leave the root password blank in order to allow for sudo access; b) make sure that the "username" of Debian is the same as your macOS username (not strictly necessary, but recommended); and c) uncheck all desktop environments and check the "SSH server" option.
9. The VM will reboot back to the installer once the installation is completed. When it does, close the QEMU window.
10. Restart the VM with -boot d changed to -boot c and the -cdrom line removed. For example:

qemu-system-x86_64 -accel hvf \
-m 4096 \
-hda msl.qcow2 \
-boot c \
-smp 2 \
-net nic \
-net user,hostfwd=tcp::4022-:22 \

11. Upon rebooting into Debian, log in and type sudo nano /etc/default/grub to edit the GRUB configuration file.
12. Set GRUB_TIMEOUT to 0.
13. Set GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT to "quiet console=ttyS0". This is an S, the letter, not a 5.
14. Add the following line: GRUB_SERIAL_COMMAND="serial"
15. Uncomment GRUB_TERMINAL=console and change it to GRUB_TERMINAL="serial console" (the quotes are important here).
16. Press Ctrl-X, then Y, then Return.
17. Run sudo update-grub. If you see any errors, make sure that all text is in quotes.
18. Run sudo shutdown -h now.
19. Rerun the VM, but add -nographic to the command line arguments. For example:

qemu-system-x86_64 -accel hvf \
-m 4096 \
-hda msl.qcow2 \
-boot c \
-smp 2 \
-net nic \
-net user,hostfwd=tcp::4022-:22 \
-nographic

Note: This is the command you will use to launch the VM, so it's a good idea to put this in a script if you're launching it often.

20. Restart the VM, and you should now see the GRUB screen appear, followed by the kernel boot. If it just hangs at Welcome to GRUB, or at Loading initial ramdisk... that probably means that you didn't run sudo update-grub or didn't add all the required lines to /etc/default/grub.
21. That's about it! The concept has been proven.

1. Shut down the VM with sudo shutdown -h now.
2. Install XQuartz, log out, and log back in.
3. Restart the VM in another terminal.
4. Open XQuartz.
5. Open a new terminal tab.
6. Run ssh -X -p 3022 localhost. Type yes, and enter your Debian password.
7. Install any graphical application; e.g. vlc.
8. Run the application from the terminal.