This runs a nested Wayland compositor that presents unscaled pixels to a new XWayland instance. Programs run under this X session look sharp. You can use it to achive per-app scaling with both X11 and native wayland clients.

sudo apt install -y pkg-config git make xwayland libwayland-dev libgbm-dev gcc libx11-xcb-dev \
    libsystemd-dev libxcb-composite0-dev libxkbcommon-dev libxrender-dev libxtst-dev libpixman-1-dev libdrm-dev

meson out
cd out
ninja
meson install

per-app scaling with GTK:

GDK_BACKEND=x11 GDK_SCALE=2 sommelier -X --scale=2 gedit -s --gdk-debug=misc

shared X server:

sommelier -X --scale=2 --x-display=2 --no-exit-with-child true
export DISPLAY=:2

intellij-idea-ultimate

vs-code:

GDK_SCALE=2 sommelier -X --scale=2 code -w

error: zxdg_surface_v6@35: error 3: xdg_surface has never been configured

• virtwl.h source
• upstream source

Original readme follows:

Sommelier is an implementation of a Wayland compositor that delegates compositing to a 'host' compositor. Sommelier includes a set of features that allows it to run inside a tight jail or virtual machine.

Sommelier can run as service or as a wrapper around the execution of a program. As a service, it spawns new processes as needed to service clients. The parent process is called the master sommelier.

The master sommelier instance will create a wayland socket in XDG_RUNTIME_DIR and accept connections from regular wayland clients. Each connection will be serviced by spawning a child sommelier process.

An X11 sommelier instance provides X11 forwarding. Xwayland is used to accomplish this. A single X11 sommelier instance is typically shared across all X11 clients as they often expect that they can use a shared X server for communication. If the X11 sommelier instance crashes in this setup, it takes all running X11 programs down with it. Multiple X11 sommelier instances can be used for improved isolation or when per-client configuration is needed, but it will be at the cost of losing the ability for programs to use the X server for communication between each other.

Each Linux program that support the Wayland protocol can have its own sommelier. This provides better use of multiple cores when servicing clients, and it prevents errors in one client from causing other clients to crash.

Sommelier needs a channel to the host compositor in order to serve Wayland clients inside a container. If the container environment provides a socket that can be used to establish a connection to the host compositor, then pointing sommelier to this socket using the --display=DISPLAY flag is sufficient.

The VirtWL device can be used to establish a new connection when no socket is available (typically when running inside a VM). If a VirtWL device has been specified (e.g. --virtwl-device=/dev/wl0) then sommelier will use this mechanism by default to establish new channels between the host compositor and sommelier instances. Data is forwarded between the VirtWL device and the core Wayland dispatch mechanism using non-blocking I/O multiplexing.

Shared memory allocated inside a container cannot always be shared with the host compositor. Sommelier provides a shared memory driver option as a solution for this. What's the most appropriate option depends on the host compositor and device drivers available for allocating buffers.

The noop shared memory driver simply forwards buffers to the host without any special processing. This requires that the client inside the container is using memory that can be shared with the host compositor.

The virtwl driver creates a set of intermediate virtwl buffers for each surface, and copies minimal damaged areas from the client’s standard shared memory buffers into the virtwl buffers that can be shared with the host compositor.

The virtwl-dmabuf works the same way as the virtwl driver but allocates buffers that can be shared with the host compositor using the linux_dmabuf protocol. The benefits of using this driver over the basic virtwl driver are:

• Larger set of supported formats (E.g NV12).
• Host compositor can avoid expensive texture uploads.
• HW overlays can be used for presentation if support by the host compositor.

The dmabuf driver is similar to the virtwl-dmabuf driver. It creates a set of intermediate buffers for each surface and copies minimal damaged areas from the client’s standard shared memory buffer into the DMABuf buffer. However, the buffer is allocated using a DRM device and a prime FD is used to access buffer memory inside the container. Intermediate buffers are shared with the host compositor using the linux_dmabuf protocol.

Shared memory drivers that use intermediate buffers require some form of damage tracking in order to update intermediate buffers.

Each client surface in sommelier is associated with a buffer queue. Each buffer in the buffer queue has a region (list of rectangles) that describes the part of the buffer that is damaged compared to the last frame submitted by the client. This provides high precision damage tracking across multiple frames. Each new frame from the client adds damage to existing buffers. When submitting a frame to the host compositor, the next available buffer is dequeued and updated to not contain any damage. This is done by copying contents from the current client buffer into the dequeued buffer.

The client's buffer is released as soon as this copy operation described above is complete and the client can then reuse the shared memory buffer for another frame.

Note: It is important to release the buffer immediately as clients don’t expect it to be held by the compositor for long when using shared memory.

Sommelier doesn’t provide any back pressure for when the client is producing contents faster than the host compositor can consume it. The size of the buffer queue can as a result grow large. This is not a problem as Xwayland and other clients handle back pressure themselves using Wayland frame callbacks or similar mechanism.

Socket pairs created inside a container cannot always be shared with the host compositor. Sommelier provides a data driver option as a solution for this.

The noop driver simply forwards socket pair FDs to the host without any special processing. This requires that the client inside the container is using socket pairs that can be shared with the host compositor.

The virtwl driver creates a special pipe that can be shared with the host compositor and forwards all data received over this pipe to the client FD. Forwarding is done using non-blocking I/O multiplexing.

Sommelier has two forms of configuration. Command line flags and environment variables. Standard practice is to expose each option both as a command line flag and as an environment variable. Command line flags will always override the configuration provided by environment variables. This makes it easy to run sommelier as a systemd service and allow the system-wide configuration to be overridden using a local user provided systemd override file.

A protocol aware proxy compositor between the client and the host compositor makes it easier to support Linux programs that lack good HiDPI support. It can also be used to adjust the scale of contents to support the dynamic density changes that Chrome OS UI provide, and it gives the user an option override any density decisions made by the host compositor. For example, HiDPI aware programs can run at native display resolution, while some older programs can use half of that resolution.

Contents scaling can be applied to both native wayland clients and X11 clients. It can be controlled using the --scale=SCALE flag or SOMMELIER_SCALE=SCALE variable. Where SCALE is a display density multiplier. For example, if the default density is 200 DPI, then using --scale=0.5 will result in contents produced for 100 DPI.

An optimal scale factor is calculated for Wayland clients based on contents scale setting and the current host compositor scaling. This allows Wayland clients to produce contents at an optimal resolution for all combinations of scaling used by sommelier and the host compositor.

An exact value for DPI is calculated by sommelier. However, many Linux programs expect DPI to be one out of a well known set of values. Sommelier solves this by adjusting DPI using a set of buckets. For example, given the set of buckets (72, 96, 160, 240), Sommelier will use 96 as DPI when the exact value is 112, or 160 when exact value is 188. The DPI buckets that sommelier should use can be specified with --dpi=[DPI[,DPI...]]. Where, --dpi=”” will result in sommelier exposing the exact DPI value to clients (this is the default behaviour).

Sommelier will set XCURSOR_SIZE environment variable automatically based on the contents scale and preferred host compositor scale factor.

If the host compositor support dynamic handling of keyboard events, then keyboard shortcuts are forwarded to the Linux program by default. A small set of shortcuts are expected to be reserved by the host compositor. A list of reserved shortcuts on Chrome OS can be found here.

There’s unfortunately no reliable way to detect if a Linux program handled a key event or not. This means that all non-reserved shortcuts that the user want the host compositor to handle needs to be explicitly listed as an accelerator. For example, on Chrome OS, the launcher can be brought up using the "launcher" button during normal usage. The "launcher" button event is forwarded to Linux programs by default so it won’t work when a Linux program has keyboard focus unless this shortcut is explicitly listed as an accelerator.

Sommelier provides the --accelerator=ACCELERATORS flag for this purpose. ACCELERATORS is a comma separated list of accelerators that shouldn’t be forwarded to the Linux program but instead handled by the host compositor. Each accelerator can contain a list of modifiers (e.g. <Control><Alt>) and must be followed by an XKB keysym. The xev utility can be used to determine what the XKB keysym is for a specific key. Given the launcher button example above (which happens to have XKB keysym Super_L on the Chromebook Pixel), --accelerators=Super_L needs to be passed to sommelier for the this button to bring up the application launcher when Linux programs have keyboard focus.

Consistent with other flags, SOMMELIER_ACCELERATORS environment variable can be used as an alternative to the command line flag.

Start master sommelier and use wayland-1 as name of socket to listen on:

sommelier --master --socket=wayland-1

Start sommelier that runs weston-terminal with density scale multiplier 1.5:

sommelier --scale=1.5 weston-terminal

Start sommelier that runs inkscape with density scale multiplier 0.75 and 120 dots per inch (note that -X is specified as inkscape is an X11 client and requires X11 forwarding):

sommelier -X --scale=0.75 --dpi=120 inkscape

Start sommelier that runs gedit with some accelerators reserved to the host compositor instead of being sent to gedit:

sommelier --accelerators="<Alt>Bracketright,<Alt>Bracketleft" gedit